A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520309494

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A MANUAL OF THE

Flowering Plants of California WILLIS LINN JEPSON

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley, Los Angeles, London

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA P R E S S B E R K E L E Y AND L O S A N G E L E S CALIFORNIA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD. LONDON, ENGLAND

Copyright 1925 by Willis Linn Jepson Copyright renewed 1953 by Helen-Mar Wheeler Standard Book Number 520-00606-2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

O U T L I N E OF G E O G R A P H I C D I S T R I B U T I O N OF SEED P L A N T S IN C A L I F O R N I A The flora of California is one of the distinctive floras in the region of Pacific North America. While continental floras are not sharply delimited, because there are no abrupt limits to climatic areas, it is possible, nevertheless, to determine, in a workable manner, the geographic bounds of the California flora or California province. From the standpoint of plant provinces the term California must be defined in a sense different f r o m t h a t of its political boundaries. The natural biological province of California is primarily determined by its mountains and the Pacific Ocean. The two great mountain ranges, the Sierra Nevada on the east and the Coast Ranges on the west, enclose the bowl of the Great Yalley— the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. This main area is supplemented by two mountain masses, one (coastal Southern California) lying between the deserts and the ocean, an area very closely related botanically to the California area proper, the other mountain mass (the-Klamath Mountains) lying a t the northwesterly end of the bowl and equally related to the California area. There are, then, excluded the Colorado and Mohave deserts and desert slopes in the south, and also the interior plateaus, slopes and ranges belonging to the Great Basin and extending from Inyo County to Modoc County and thence to eastern Siskiyou County. The northern boundary of the California province requires a particular description. I n the western United States, there are only two rivers, aside from the Columbia Eiver, which break through the main Sierra-Cascade axis and drain lands of the Great Basin, the Klamath Eiver and the SacramentoP i t River. There are thus three major physical breaks or barriers in the axis. As marking botanical boundaries, neither the Sacramento-Pit Gap nor the Klamath Gap is of as much significance in this connection as the Rogue River. Of the various physical features which distinguish the northern margins of the California province, the Rogue River is one of the greatest importance as defining by a mainly physiological barrier the botanical boundary of the California province northward. While the Klamath Gap marks the northern or southern extension of a number of species it is of secondary importance as compared with the Rogue River. There are a large number of species of Washington and Oregon which extend south to, or nearly to, the Rogue River, while a very large number of species of California extend north to, or nearly to, the Rogue River: the significance of these two categories is markedly greater t h a n t h a t of those widely-ranging species which cross the Rogue. A number of California species, to be sure, cross the Rogue but extend northward only a short distance. Similarly a number of Oregon species cross the Rogue b u t extend southward only a limited distance. The Rogue, in addition, therefore, as to such species, represents a mean of the physical conditions in a transition area. The boundaries of the botanical province of California, in the largest sense, are, therefore, the Rogue River, the crests of the main Sierran axis, and the pass in the peninsular chain of mountains a t or near the southern boundary of the state. The province thus consists of the bowl of the Great Valley, its great bounding chains east and west, and the contiguous coastal mountain masses, one a t the south end, the other a t the northerly or northwesterly end of the oblong bowl. This region is physiographically compact, and represents a very n a t u r a l biological area; although it is a t once obvious t h a t there are marked intrusions f r o m other floral provinces. A considerable element, arctic species, f r o m the f a r north, enters the region along the summits of the high Sierras, as well as many boreal species f r o m the Hudsonian and Canadian regions which are respectively subalpine and high montane in the Sierras. Important invasions f r o m the floras of Washington and Oregon occur a t middle altitudes in the mountains or in the coastal belt; while the flora a t the lower altitudes, especially southward, shows in a marked degree the mingling of a large representation of species whose main center of distribution is in northern Mexico. I t is, therefore, sometimes said t h a t there is no such category

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4

O U T L I N E OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

as a Califomian flora, but, instead, a flora of the southwest United States and northern Mexico and a flora of the Northwest. To this argument the following rejoinders may be made: 1. The mass of endemic species in the California flora is large and of very marked character, as will be shown later in this outline. 2. The province is well characterized by a large number of species which have within the province their greatest development and extend little beyond it. 3. The species of the tongues of intrusion from neighboring floras have their highest development in botanical provinces to the north or to the south. 4. The thrusts from the north and the south lie at altitudinally different levels or occupy separate subclimatic areas, and do not intermingle or only to a limited degree. The Life-Zones As a result of the varying combinations of climatic factors in the area, intensified by distance from the ocean and by altitudes, the vegetation of California is markedly stratified into horizontal bands called life-zones. Six lifezones are here recognized, the terminology in their designation being that of C. H. Merriam (Life Zones and Crop Zones in the United States, 1-79—-1898), namely, 1. Lower Sonoran. 2. Upper Sonoran. 3. Transition. 4. Canadian. 5. Hudsonian. 6. Boreal. The isothermal lines of a temperature chart of California correspond in a general way, though not exactly, with these life-zones, while a contour rain-chart shows similar correspondence. Annual rainfall, which is slight in the deserts of the Lower Sonoran, increases one-half inch for every one hundred feet in proceeding up the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. Insolation increases to the southward and increases markedly with altitude. Humidity is greatest along the coast and diminishes most sensibly toward the interior and in the south. The response of species to the climatic factors varies greatly, and consequently they differ in their capacity for altitudinal distribution as well as in horizontal distribution. Certain general categories may be noted: 1. A few species occur in three or four zones, such as (a) aquatics or cosmopolites (Potamogeton pectinatus, Myriophyllum spicatum) or (b) species of wide range (Populus trichocarpa, Barbarea vulgaris, Eadicula curvisiliqua, Trifolium involucratum, Hypericum anagalloides and Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa). 2. A large number of species occur in two zones (examples are Juncus bufonius, Brodiaea ixioides, Castanopsis sempervirens and Eremocarpus setigerus). 3. A large proportion of—in some cases half—the species of a zone occur only in that zone or are not well developed beyond its borders. Of these certain ones are selected as "Indicators" of the zone, or Index Species. The characteristics which determine an Index Species are: (a) restriction to the life-zone or, if it be abundant, weak transgression beyond its limits; (b) wide range in the zone; (c) abundance of individuals. I t is now necessary to describe the climatic and vegetational features of the life-zones within the state of California and cite some important index-species, so f a r as may be done within the brief limits of this outline. The Lower Sonoran. Zone comprises three distinctive areas: (a) Colorado Desert or Colorado Sonoran, (b) the Mohave Desert or Mohave Sonoran, (c) the Great Valley or Valley Sonoran. The two deserts are characterized by a typical desert climate. They have a low humidity and a low rainfall, the annual precipitation varying from about 0 to 5 inches. They have high summer temperatures, averaging from 90° to 130° ; they have low winter temperatures, varying from about 15° to 50°; and finally, as to temperature, they have a great annual temperature range and a great diurnal range. Drying winds of gale force are prevalent. The vegetation has the characteristic aspect or facies of plants of desert regions, that is, there is everywhere exhibited a marked development of structures to inhibit transpiration, or of physiological devices for the conservation of water. These various forms may be described, in general, under five headings: (a) Plants with condensed bodies such as the species of Cereus, Mammillaria, Echinocactus and Agave, (b) Plants with reduced or obsolete leaf surface, such as Cercidium torreyanum, Ephedra californica and Parosela spinosa. (c) Plants with fleshy leaves, such as Lycium andersonii. (d) Plants with resinous, woolly, or scurfy covering to

THE LIFE-ZONES

5

the whole body, such as Atriplex hymenelytra, Grayia spinosa and Tidestromia oblongifolia. (e) Ephemeral annuals whose life history from germination to seeding is accommodated to the short period (often only a few weeks) of late winter or vernal rains and of moderate temperatures. These annuals are represented by numerous species and often by vast numbers of individuals. Certain shrubs or small trees show a similar adaptation in t h a t their leaves appear only during the rains (Fouquieria splendens). The Colorado Desert lies a t a low altitude, mainly between 0 and 500 feet. Characteristic species of chenopods are Atriplex hymenelytra, lentiformis, polycarpa and canescens. Achyronychia cooperi is prostrate on the desert sands. Parosela emoryi and schottii are low bushes. Other common species are Astragalus sabulonum, Euphorbia eriantha, Thamnosma montana, Petalonyx thurberi, Langloisia setosissima, Chilopsis linearis, Orobanche cooperi, Filago depressa, Encelia farinosa, P a l a f o x i a linearis and Baileya pauciradiata. Only a few species of trees occur, such as Olneya tesota, Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa and Prosopis pubescens, all the arborescent species being limited to stream beds and the borders of springs or low-lying valleys. This desert passes gradually into the Mohave Desert; the most practicable line of separation extends from Morongo Pass easterly to Riverside Mt. on the Colorado Eiver. The low-lying Palo Verde Valley thus falls within the Colorado Desert. The Mohave Desert lies a t a higher level than the Colorado Desert, the altitudes ranging, f r o m about 2000 to 5000 f t . , and the rainfall is usually somewhat greater. In other respects it has a desert climate similar to t h a t of the Colorado Desert, and its vegetation presents a similar desert facies. Hundreds of square miles exhibit the dark green of Larrea t r i d e n t a t a var. glutinosa, a shrub commonly 3 to 6 feet high with very small resin-covered evergreen leaves, the individuals widely b u t rather regularly spaced in response to the meagreness of soil-water. Low shrubs or bushes of gray hue are abundant, and include such widely distributed species of the desert valleys as Atriplex eonfertifloru, parryi, hymenelytra, lentiformis, torreyi, polycarpa and canescens, Franseria dumosa and Encelia farinosa. Chrysothamnus nauseosus and Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus are abundant and widely distributed on the mesas, while Lepidium fremontii is a frequent low bush. Salazaria mexicana, Lycium andersonii and cooperi are roughish or spiny shrubs. Suaeda suifrutescens is characteristic of alkaline valleys, while Thamnosma montana is a small switch plant of the arid slopes. Characteristic desert herbs are Hesperocallis undulata, Calochortus kennedyi, Chorizanthe rigida, Chorizanthe thurberi, Eriogonum trichopodum, inflatum, baileyi and mohavense, Achyronychia cooperi, Dithyrea californica, Lesquerella palmeri, Lepidium flavum, Astragalus layneae, tricarinatus and dispermus, Petalonyx thurberi, Phacelia minor, Orobanche cooperi, Monoptilon bellidiforme, Aster carnosus, Hymenoclea salsola and P a l a f o x i a linearis. Extensive groves of Yucca brevifolia, the individuals 16 to 30 f t . high, lend an added touch of strangeness to the xerophytic populations. Save for this one species, true trees are mainly absent except t h a t along stream courses, about springs or in low valleys where roots may go down 20 to 70 feet to a low-lying water stratum, a few species occur, such as Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa and Prosopis pubescens. The Valley Sonoran comprises the plain of the Great Valley of California except the lower or central delta portion. I t is a grass land formation, varying in altitude from 10 to 500 feet, with less extremes of temperature than the desert areas and a greater rainfall. In its primitive condition it is characterized by vast numbers of annuals which germinate with the winter rains and flower during the vernal period, such as Trifolium tridentatum, Gilia tricolor, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Allocarya stipitata, Orthocarpus erianthus, purpurascens and densiflorus, Mimetanthe pilosa, Layia platyglossa and Achyrachaena mollis; while very characteristic perennial herbs are Esch¿choltzia californica and Grindelia camporum. Large areas of alkaline flats are encountered, especially on the west side of the valley. These have a characteristic vegetation such as Distichlis spicata, Anemopsis californica, Nitrophila occidentalis, Allenrolfea occidentalis, Atriplex eordulata, bracteosa and expansa, Spergularia macrotheca, Lepidium latipes, Astragalus tener, Trifo-

6

UPPER SONORAN LIFE-ZONE

lium fucatum, Sida hederaeea, Frankenia grandifolia and Cressa cretica. On the valley floors or undulating plains the traveler finds small depressions a few yards square and a few inches deep which fill with water in the rainy season. When a little deeper, well-defined and numerous, they take the name of " h o g w a l l o w s . " With the coming on of the dry season the water evaporates and the beds of these pools in late spring or early summer give rise to a distinctive flora composed of such species as Lepidium latipes, Boisduvalia cleistogama and B. glabella var. campestris, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Navarretia leucocephala, Downingia elegans and pulchella, Mimulus tricolor, Psilocarphus brevissimus and E v a x caulescens. The narrow curtain of trees along the streams is composed of P l a t a n u s racemosa, Populus frcmonti, Salix nigra var. vallicola, laevigata and lasiandra—though the willows are not confined to the valley floors. The Upper Sonoran Zone may often, in certain districts, be divided into two subareas, the lower foothill belt and the chaparral belt. The lower foothill belt is a grass-land formation, sometimes with a scattered growth of Quercus douglasii and Q. engelmannii. Its characteristic herbs are Odontostomum hartwegii, Ghlorogalum angustifolium, Allium serratum, Collomia heterophylla, Trichostema lanceolatum and Plantago erecta. Next above the lower foothill belt is the chaparral belt, or hard chaparral, a very remarkable formation, so called by the writer to distinguish it from the soft chaparral. I t has an average altitude of 1000 to 4000 feet and is characterized by the presence of extensive brush lands consisting of shrubs, some of which have been reduced in size from tree species (Jepson, Silva of California, 39). Most of the species represent extreme arid-land types and possess various markedly xerophytic structures, such as small or reduced leaves, entire leaves, thickened epidermis, hard and very dense wood, vertically placed leaves, small flowers, and seeds adapted to xerophytic conditions. The most widely spread and characteristic species are Ceanothus cuneatus, divaricatus and sorediatus, Arctostaphylos glauca, glandulosa, viscida and canescens, and Cercocarpus betuloides. One of the most extreme of chaparral types in xerophytic character is Pickeringia montana. Other species associated with the chaparral species but exhibiting iess extremes of xerophytic structure, are Dendromecon rigida, Photinia arbutifolia, Rhamnus californica, Rhus diversiloba, Fremontia californica and Eriodictyon californicum. Many of the species of true chaparral grow to large size, simulate trees in shape and hence form what is called a pigmy forest. For the most part they inhabit rocky or gravelly slopes or ridges and grow on well-drained slopes. True or hard chaparral is always a mixed formation. Chamisal, characteristic of the same sub-life zone, is commonly a pure formation of Adenostoma fasciculatum. Chaparral is, for the most p a r t , a firetype formation and shows evidences of long-continued fire-ravage. In all likelihood the f a c t o r of fire has contributed to the xerophytic character of the chaparral, because fire has, without doubt, run through the chaparral belt for many thousands of years, very likely one hundred thousand years at least. Of all the genera in the chaparral the genus Arctostaphylos has the largest number of species represented in the formation and shows the most marked responses and most evident adaptations to age-old fire conditions. The responses are of two main kinds and I have named them as follows: 1. Empyroism (Empyrophytes). Under which the individual continues to live. Some species, such as Arctostaphylos glandulosa, develop the root-crown horizontally in the form of woody platforms at and just below the surface of the ground a f t e r fire, and from these woody platforms crown-sprouts arise for the replacement of the shrub crown. As fires run year a f t e r year, or decade a f t e r decade, the woody platform continues to increase in diameter horizontally, and o f t e n become 3 to 5 f e e t broad. Other species, such as Adenostoma fasciculatum, form bulbous or carrot-like root-crowns which continue to enlarge under successive fires. 2. Pyrodaptism (Daptophytes). Under which the individual dies. Certain species, such as Arctostaphylos sensitiva, are shallow-rooting and are killed outright by chaparral fires. They have not the capacity to develop root-crowns horizontally or bulbous-wise. They must depend for regeneration of the species wholly upon seeds. Seeds are produced in great abundance, germi-

TRANSITION LIFE-ZONE

7

nate freely after fire and promptly establish seedlings on a burn. Such seedlings have the power to come into the reproductive stage in a short period— sometimes in five or six years. This is a clear adaptation of the species to reproduce in a span of years fewer than the years of fire interval. This species and Arctostaphylos manzanita, stanfordiana, viscida and mariposa are true fire-type shrubs. A list of some characteristic herbaceous index species of the Upper Sonoran Zone would comprise Carex tumulicola, bolanderi and barbarae, Juncus balticus and effusus, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Allium hyalinuni, Brodiaea laxa, Chenopodium californicum, Clematis ligusticifolia and lasiantha, Sedum spathulifolium, Trifolium variegatum, Hypericum concinnum, Helianthemum scoparium, Viola douglasii, Datisca glomerata, Sanicula bipinnatifida, Emmenanthe penduliflora, Salvia columbariae, Lotus scoparius, Micropus californicus, Psilocarphus tenellus, Hemizonia virgata, Layia glandulosa, Baeria chrysostoma, Monolopia major, Helenium puberulum and the shrubs Artemisia californica and Baccharis pilularis. Coastal Southern California lies, below about 4000 or 5000 feet, mostly in the Upper Sonoran Life-Zone. I t has many Upper Sonoran species peculiar to the area or extending into Lower California. Some of the more important are: Calochortus concolor and plummerae, Quercus engelmannii, Oxytheca trilobata, Clematis pauciflora, Romneya coulteri, Streptanthus campestris, Rhus laurina and integrifolia, Ceanothus macrocarpus and spinosus, and Mimulus brevipes. The Transition Life-Zone is well defined, especially on its lower borders. The Sierra Transition lies between average altitudes of 2000 and 5000 feet, has a mean temperature of 55° to 60° and an average rainfall of 25 to 35 inches. I t includes the main forest belt, and is repeated in the mountains of Southern California and in the Coast Ranges, where these latter rise to sufficiently high altitudes. This life-zone is distinctive and on the whole rather definitely circumscribed. I t contains, for California, a greater number of species of trees and shrubs than any other life-zone and has, in addition, a very large population of herbs. W i d e l y developed in some parts of the state and very narrow in others, the A r i d Transition of the Great Basin underlies the lower margin of the main Humid and Sierra Transition. I t is, in California, a drier and more exposed subarea, often with a preponderance of brush slopes and scattered trees. Its most characteristic species are Pinus ponderosa, Artemisia tridentata, Arctostaphylos patula, Garrya fremontii and Prunus subcordata. The Sierra Transition has a high development and forms a broad band. I t carries the less open part of the forest belt. The dominant forest species are Pinus ponderosa and lambertiana, Libocedrus decurrens and Abies concolor. Sequoia gigantea is a marked feature of this zone in the southern part of the Sierra Nevada. The dry or more open forest or forestless slopes present many shrubs of wide range such as Corylus rostrata var. californica, Ribes roezlii, Rubus parviflorus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Rhamnus rubra, Ceanothus integerrimus, velutinus and prostratus, Cornus nuttallii, Rhododendron occidentale and Arctostaphylos patula. On the dry flats or open forest slopes typical herbs are Sporobolus confusus, Stipa elmeri, Allium campanulatum, Fritillaria parviflora, Habenaria unalaschensis, Corallorrhiza maculata, Asarum hartwegii, Silene lemmonii, Lathyrus graminifolius, Gayophytum diffusum, Pterospora andromedea, Pirola picta, Apocynum androsaemifolium var. pumilum, Gilia aggregata, Draperia systyla and Aster integrifolius. In the wet meadows or in swamps grow such species as Agrostis oregonensis, Veratrum californicum, Polygonum bistortoides, Ranunculus orthorhynchus, Heracleum lanatum, and Vaccinium occidentale. The Redwood Transition, which comprises the coastal Redwood belt, extends from sea-level to 2000 or sometimes to 3000 f e e t altitude. I t has, therefore, a very much lower altitude than the Sierra Transition. From the standpoint of precipitation, it is at a somewhat higher physiological level, because it has a greater rainfall, varying from 25 to 122 inches. From the standpoint of temperature it enjoys a lower annual range and lower diurnal range. Being wholly within the coastal f o g belt and lying next the ocean, it has much

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BOREAL LIFE-ZONE

g r e a t e r h u m i d i t y . P r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e G r e a t V a l l e y t o t h e c o a s t a l e d g e of t h e B e d w o o d b e l t , one p a s s e s t h r o u g h f o r m a t i o n s s i m i l a r , in a n ecological v i e w , t o t h o s e m e t w i t h in a s c e n d i n g t h e S i e r r a s f r o m t h e G r e a t V a l l e y , s i n c e there are met successively the dry b a r r e n plains, the b a r r e n foothills, the c h a p a r r a l a n d f i n a l l y a n a r r o w b a n d of P i n u s p o n d e r o s a a n d Q u e r c u s k e l l o g g i i , w h i c h is A r i d T r a n s i t i o n . I n i t s g r e a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t t h e R e d w o o d f o r m s p u r e s t a n d s . I n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e b e l t it is d o m i n a n t b u t w i t h i t is a s s o c i a t e d Lithocarpus densiflora, P s e u d o t s u g a taxifolia, Tsuga heterophylla, P i c e a s i t c h e n s i s a n d A b i e s g r a n d i s . On t h e i n n e r side of t h e E e d w o o d b e l t is a m a r k e d b a n d of A r b u t u s m e n z i e s i i , P s e u d o t s u g a t a x i f o l i a a n d Q u e r c u s g a r r y a n a . T h e f o r e s t floor of t h e E e d w o o d b e l t is c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y c e r t a i n h e r b s w h i c h , o f t e n s h a d e - l o v i n g , o c c u r in g r e a t a b u n d a n c e a n d a r e , i n Calif o r n i a , r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e b e l t , s u c h as T o r r e s i a m a c r o p h y l l a , S c o l i o p u s b i g e lovii, C l i n t o n i a a n d r e w s i a n a , M a i a n t h e m u m b i f o l i u m v a r . k a m t s c h a t i e u m , Trillium ovatum, Asarum caudatum, Vancouveria parviflora, Achlys triphylla, S a x i f r a g a mertensiana, Oxalis oregana, Viola sarmentosa and ocellata, and M i m u h i s d e n t a t u s . C e r t a i n s h r u b s f o r m a v e r y low u n d e r s t o r y a n d o f t e n o c c u r in h e a v y s t a n d s , as C e a n o t h u s t h r y s i f l o r u s , V a c c i n i u m o v a t u m a n d G a u l t h e r i a s h a l l o n . W h a t I h a v e c a l l e d soft chaparral r e f e r s to a s h r u b f o r m a t i o n of t h e T r a n s i t i o n Zone. I t is c o m p o s e d of s u c h s p e c i e s as P h y s o c a r p u s c a p i t a t u s , H o l o d i s c u s discolor, R u b u s p a r v i f l o r u s , V a c c i n i u m o v a t u m a n d S y m p h o r i c a r p o s a l b u s . S o f t c h a p a r r a l o c c u r s in t h e C o a s t R a n g e T r a n s i t i o n , t h e R e d w o o d T r a n s i t i o n , t h e S i e r r a T r a n s i t i o n a n d f r e q u e n t l y as i s l a n d s in the Upper Sonoran. T h e C a n a d i a n L i f e - Z o n e is n o t well defined in t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a a n d h a s , a s a s e p a r a t e zone, o n l y a s h a d o w y or w a v e r i n g e x i s t e n c e . I t s n a t u r a l p l a c e is on t h e a v e r a g e b e t w e e n 5000 a n d 7000 f e e t , w h e r e t h e r e is a m e a n a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e of 50° t o 55°, a n d a n a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l of 40 to 50 i n c h e s . T h e m o s t u s e f u l i n d e x s p e c i e s in t h i s l i f e - z o n e a r e A b i e s m a g n i f i c a , P i n u s ponderosa var. jeffreyi, Pinus monticola and Pinus contorta var. murrayana. T h e f i r s t t h r e e s p e c i e s a r e , h o w e v e r , o f t e n f o u n d in t h e u p p e r p a r t of t h e T r a n s i t i o n Z o n e , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t y p i c a l T r a n s i t i o n species, w h i l e t h e f o u r t h is f r e q u e n t l y a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e c i e s of t h e n e x t l i f e - z o n e a b o v e , t h e H u d s o n i a n . T h e f o l l o w i n g h e r b s a n d s h r u b s m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d as b e l o n g i n g t o t h i s z o n e : P r u n u s e m a r g i n a t a , A r c t o s t a p h y l o s n e v a d e n s i s , N a i n a lobbii, Hesperochiron californicus, Mimulus lewisii and Pedicularis semibarbata. T h e H u d s o n i a n L i f e - Z o n e is t h e t i m b e r - l i n e zone, a n d is f a i r l y well defined a s t o i t s u p p e r b o r d e r s . I t h a s a n a v e r a g e a l t i t u d e of 7000 t o 9000 f e e t , a m e a n a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e of 45" to 50°, a n d a n a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l of 50 t o 55 inches. The most i m p o r t a n t index species are P i n u s albicaulis, J u n i p e r u s occidentalis, J u n c u s drummondii and parryi, Calochortus leichtlinii, Salix lemmonii and geyeriana var. argentea, Polygonum shastense, davisiae and imbricatum, Eriogonum pryrolaefolium, Ribes cereum, viscosissimum and montigenum, Epilobium latifolium and obcordatum, K a l m i a polifolia var. microphylla, Cassiope m e r t e n s i a n a , Polemonium c o n f e r t u m var. eximium, C a s t i l l e i a c u l b e r t s o n i i , O r t h o c a r p u s pilosus, P e d i c u l a r i s a t t o l l e n s a n d groenlandica. T h e B o r e a l L i f e - Z o n e is t r u e a l p i n e . I t s a l t i t u d i n a l r a n g e v a r i e s f r o m 9000 to 14,500 f e e t , w i t h a m e a n a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e of 40° t o 45° a n d an a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l of 60 t o 70 i n c h e s . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n d e x s p e c i e s a r e T r i s e t u m spicatum, Carex breweri and nigricans, Oxyria digyna (which-extends north t o t h e a r c t i c c i r c l e ) , S i l e n e w a t s o n i i , R a n u n c u l u s e s c h s c h o l t z i i ( w h i c h extends north to the arctic circle), Aquilegia pubescens, Dicentra uniflora, P a r r y a eurycarpa, S a x i f r a g a tolmiei and bryophora, Potentilla procumbens, fruticosa, gordonii and muirii, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Primula suffrutescens, Erigeron compositus a n d radicatus, Hulsea algida and Senecio muirii. D r a b a lemmonii, b r e w e r i and glacialis, and Eriogonum ovalifolium are typical c u s h i o n p l a n t s . T h e B o r e a l Z o n e p r e s e n t s m a r k e d p l a n t f o r m a t i o n s on t h e Salmon Mountains, Mt. Shasta, Lassen P e a k and the high Sierra Nevada. I t r e c u r s e v i d e n t l y , t h o u g h r e p r e s e n t e d b y f e w species, on M t . S a n G o r g o n i o i n t h e S a n B e r n a r d i n o M o u n t a i n s a n d f e e b l y on J I t . S a n J a c i n t o in t h e S a n Jacinto Mountains.

IRREGULARITIES I N L I F E - Z O N E S

9

Irregularities ill the Life-Zones The temperatures given above are of the Fahrenheit scale. While they are mean annual temperatures, and do not, therefore, represent the critical temperatures for plant life or plant growth, they do give an idea of the climate of the various life zones from the standpoint of temperature. However, these life-zones must not be thought of as marked by rigid horizontal lines or even by regular contour lines. The local boundaries of the zones are irregular or jagged for the following reasons: 1. Insolation increases markedly on proceeding southward, and normal temperatures increase correspondingly, so that, for example, the timber line on Mt. Shasta is at about 7500 feet, while on Mt. Whitney, 400 miles southeasterly, it is at 11,000 feet. In addition, normal temperatures fall with increase in altitude about 1° for each rise of 330 feet (S. S. Visher, Climatic Laws, 20). That is, all the zones gradually increase in altitude southward. 2. Exposure is related to local changes in the zones. The southerly or westerly slopes of a mountain receive a greater amount of direct heat from the sun, and a forest belt or a plant formation will run much higher on such a slope. The easterly or north slopes are much cooler, since partially protected from the direct rays of the sun, and a forest or a characteristic vegetational belt will run much lower on such slopes than the average boundary of the life-zone in that region. 3. Steepness of slope affects the regularity of the zone since it causes marked local changes in drainage, temperature and insolation. 4. Accumulating bloclcs of hot air at lower levels may cause local variations in the boundaries of the life-zone above, since hot air rises along definite slopes or air-lanes, avoiding others on account of topography. 5. The flow of cold water and cold air down a canon will cause plants of a zone to extend to lower levels in that locality. 6. Physiological Islands. By reason of local topography and moisture and temperature conditions, a small area may be isolated from its proper lifezone and yet carry characteristic index species of that zone. Such areas are called " i s l a n d s . " They are surrounded by physiological barriers which sometimes delimit them sharply, almost as sharply as an oceanic island surrounded by the physical barrier of salt water. A well-marked Canadian LifeZone island, carrying Pinus contorta var. murrayana, occurs in the lower part of Yosemite Valley (Transition Zone) under the shadows of the great cliffs about Bridal Veil Fall and the rock of El Capitan. A large island of the Lower Sonoran occurs in coastal Southern California between the Santa Ana and San Jacinto mountains, while a long but narrow island of the same zone occurs in the upper part of the Salinas Valley and Carissa Plain. These two islands lie in the Upper Sonoran. 7. The role of fire now and for many centuries past is and has been a major one in the Californian forests. Forests of the Transition Zone, when destroyed by fire, are often completely replaced by brush lands. In areas of deficient rainfall or slopes where high erosion results in thorough denudation of surface mulch, the brush areas may become permanent on the lower boundary of the Transition Life-Zone; such an area often goes over, in its vegetation, to the Upper Sonoran Life-Zone, and displays typical chaparral. Expression of the distribution of life by means of the life-zone concept, while imperfect, furnishes a practical working plan from which may be derived substantial and useful results, especially in the light thrown on the problem of species. Botanists in flat countries, as in the eastern United States, often evince strong distrust of the life-zone concept but it is to be said that these vegetational bands are marked actualities in a region where mountains rise from or near sea-level to heights of from 10,000 to 14,500 feet within a distance of ten to thirty miles, and where localized climatic areas bring hygrophytic forests within a short distance of arid deserts. The life-zone nomenclature has a practical value as giving expression to certain observations and will remain useful until this concept is replaced by a superior hypothesis. The concept of centers of distribution as worked out by C. C. Adams (Biol. Bull. 3: 115-131—1902; 9: 53-71—1909) is one which may give a clearer

10

P L A N T DISTRIBUTION A N D GEOLOGIC HISTORY

and more t r u t h f u l picture of geographic distribution. Analysis of our flora along such lines must, in the main, look to the future, although the chaparral formation has been intensively studied by W. S. Cooper and the results published in an admirable paper (The Broad-Sclerophyll Vegetation of California, 1-124, pi. 1-20). In this brief sketch of the life-zones only the broadest outlines are indicated, the statements are condensed, and the short lists of species are purely illustrative or suggestive. Plant Distribution and Geologic History Even an outline of geographic distribution of plants in California and the main factors causing distribution as we find it, would be incomplete without a short note on the relation of local floras to geologie history, since the earth movements on the California coast in recent geologic periods, especially since the Pleioeene, have been numerous, with subsidence and uplift of great extent. I t is to such physiographic changes that we must appeal for explanation of certain restricted floras or " i s l a n d s . " Along the coast of California grow a number of local species, either highly localized or limited in range and thus forming " i s l a n d s " or floristic remnants. Cupressus macrocarpa and goveniana form a small " i s l a n d " at Monterey, Pinus radiata occurs in small " i s l a n d s " at Ano Nuevo Point, Monterey, San Simeon, and on two of the Santa Barbara islands, while Pinus torreyana occurs in two small " i s l a n d s , " one at San Diego, the other on Santa Rosa Island. Lyonothamnus floribundus is confined to four of the Santa Barbara Islands. Pinus muricata is rather localized on the north coast. During the Pliocene, there was elevation of the whole west coast and the Sierra Nevada became elevated again. At the close of the Pliocene and in early Quaternary the elevation of the west coast continued, causing great caiions to be formed in the Sierras and Coast Ranges. In the early Quaternary the Coast Ranges stood 2000 to 3000 feet higher than now. Increasingly lower temperatures accompanied this period of elevation and culminated in the Glacial Epoch; the Sierra Nevada was covered with glaciers and a much higher rainfall prevailed than at the present time, especially in the coastal region (J. P. Smith, Sci. 30: 346-351—1909). I t seems certain that during the Glacial Epoch, an extensive hygrophytic forest stretched southward along the south coast and that, due to elevation, the continental area included the Santa Barbara Islands, ar. 1 that, following uplift and subsidence, more arid conditions ensued and the insular species were left as littoral relicts. During the Glacial Epoch the main mass of the California flora of lower altitudes must have migrated southward. A f t e r the Glacial Epoch another era of subsidence began, carrying the shore line 300 to 700 feet lower than now. After this a renewed elevation was followed by a subsidence which flooded coastal valleys, resulting in the present shore-line harbors. With the final migration of the flora northward, a f t e r the Pleistocene, there was introduced or developed in the Great Valley and in the foothills a flora, profuse and diversified, that has its relationships or origins mainly with the regions southward, chiefly in northern Mexico. The Coast Ranges are the most recent of the great structural features of California. At times, during the Eocene and Pleioeene, and again in the Pleistocene, the Great Valley was an inland sea (W. C. Anderson, Proe. Cal. Acad. ser. 4, 3:6, 7, 32—1908) and into it the sea-waters from the ocean ran through one or more of the tidal gaps of the Carquinez, Pacheco Pass, Panoche Pass and Waltham Pass. The relicts found on the summits of Mt. St. Helena, Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and Loma Prieta are doubtless connected with this history: such endemic relicts as Allium breweri, Streptanthus hispidus, Sanicula saxatilis, Phacelia phacelioides (and perhaps I . breweri), and Campanula exigua, all of which are survivals on the mountain peaks. The Yollo Bolly, Scott, Salmon, Marble, and Siskiyou mountains form a group of chains known geologically as the Klamath Mountains (J. S. Diller, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur. no. 196). Their rocks are older and harder than those of the Coast Ranges and similar to those of the Sierra Nevada. During the Miocene the Coast Ranges were submerged and during the Pleistocene there

ENDEMIC POPULATIONS

11

was a downward movement of 1500 feet of the whole coast of northern California and southern Oregon. This succession of movements, subsidence and uplift, helps to explain localized distribution. In the region of the " K l a m a t h M o u n t a i n s " there occur a number of species restricted to t h a t area and not recurring in neighboring areas, such as Picea breweriana, Quercus sadleriana, and garryana var. breweri, Lewisia cotyledon and oppositifolia, Draba howellii, S a x i f r a g a fragarioides, Potentilla daucifolia and howellii, Rliamnus californica var. oecidentalis, Viola cuneata, and Pedicularis howellii. There also occur in the Klamaths some equally marked or singular species which are not found elsewhere except in the southern Sierra Nevada. These are Pinus balfouriana, Erythronium citrinum, Lewisia leana, Dicentra pauciflora, Hazardia whitneyi, and Raillardella scaposa var. pringlei. At the north end of the oblong bowl of the Great Valley the landmark of Mt. Shasta rises to 14,350 feet. It is a volcanic cone of quite symmetrical outline, save for the subsidiary cone, Shastina. The mountain is of more recent origin than the Sierran axis or K l a m a t h group, and in consequence does not belong historically either with the Sierra Nevada or Klamath Mountains, but is a part of the volcanic chain of Cascade peaks, namely, Mt. P i t t , Mt. Mazama, Mt. Hood, and Mt. Adams. I t s flora is less rich than t h a t of the high Sierras, and although its summit for about 5000 f e e t lies within the Boreal Zone, it carries a less number of the boreal species t h a t distinguish the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada, Mt. Dana, Mt. Lyell, Mt. Goddard, Mt. Whitney, and many others. Ranunculus eschscholtzii is a true boreal found on high Sierran peaks and is one of f e w species which goes north to the arctic circle, but it is not found on Mt. Shasta. Other boreal or high montane Sierran species not found on Mt. Shasta are Lewisia nevadensis, Draba lemmonii, breweri and glacialis, Mitella breweri, Phyllodoce breweri, Primula suffrutescens, Gentiana holopetala, Chrysopsis breweri, Hulsea algida, and Raillardella scaposa. Leucotlioe davisiae of the northern Sierra Nevada does not occur on Mt. Shasta but recurs in the Klamath Mountains area westerly. Gaultheria humifusa is likewise common to the two regions just mentioned, but is not known on Mt. Shasta. This list can be extended by a perusal of the body of this text (cf. also C. II. Merriam, Biological Survey of Mt. Shasta, 75). Lassen Peak is similar to Mt. Shasta in t h a t it belongs to the Cascade group of peaks. While it is, like Mt. Shasta, weak in boreal elements, it is, however, only 10,437 feet in altitude and is probably relatively stronger than Mt. Shasta in true alpines. For example, Arenaria nuttallii, Draba aureola, and Gentiana newberryi are found on Lassen Peak b u t not on Mt. Shasta. Other species which occur on Lassen Peak b u t have not been found on Mt. Shasta are Trifolium lemmonii, Collomia larsenii, Mimulus leptaleus, Raillardella argentea, and Senecio paucifiorus.

The Endemic Populations This Manual describes a total of 4019 species, 3727 of these being native plants, aside f r o m 292 species of alien immigrants. Of these native species, 1416 species are endemic, t h a t is, they are found only in the region covered by this Manual, the state of California. In other terms, the endemic species are about 40 per cent of the whole native population. A certain portion of the endemics have a rather wide range in the state and may be called broad endemics; other have a narrow range or are confined to a single station or a few associated stations and are called narrow endemics. Narrow endemics may be of two kinds and owe their restricted status to essentially different causes. First, we have narrow endemics which are relicts or reliquial species persisting in a locally favorable station, being remnants of a once wide distribution. Second, narrow endemics may be species which have recently originated a t t h a t station and have not yet been afforded opportunity for wide distribution. Very remarkable endemics are Lyonothamnus floribundus, Carpenteria californica and Arctostaphylos myrtifolia. On morphologic, systematic, and geologic grounds these species may be regarded as reliquial species, while on similar grounds Downingia concolor and D. ornatissima may be considered as recent species. In the case of broad endemics definite

12

ENDEMIC POPULATIONS

endemism areas in certain cases emerge as our knowledge of species and their distribution becomes known in g r e a t e r detail. They are closely involved with the life-zone areas and are o f t e n b e s t considered as subareas of t h e life-zones with m a r k e d longitudinal limits. Some of t h e most o u t s t a n d i n g or most significant of these endemism areas w i t h their c h a r a c t e r i s t i c endemics I h a v e named as follows: 1. T H E L O W F O O T H I L L A R E A . An a r e a of t h e Upper Sonoran Zone surrounding t h e Great Valley and e x t e n d i n g out into its rolling, gravelly or more elevated plains: P i n u s s a b i n i a n a , Odontostomum hartwegii, Chlorogalum angustifolium, Brodiaea multiflora and volubilis, Calochortus luteus, Fritillaria pluriflora, Chorizanthe m e m b r a n a c e a , Silene californica, Isopyrum occidentale, Calycanthus occidentalis, L i t h o p h r a g m a affinis, P o t e n t i l l a elata, L a t h y r u s sulphureus and californicus, L i n u m californicum, Aesculus californica, Oenothera graciliflora, Eulophus californicus, L i n a n t h u s filipes, Collinsia sparsiflora, Pogogyne douglasii, Galium bolanderi, Microseris a c u m i n a t a , Lessingia v i r g a t a , Calvcadenia t r u n c a t a and ciliosa, and Lagophylla dichotoma. The a l t i t u d i n a l range of t h e Low Foothill Area is a b o u t 100 to 1500 (or 3000) f e e t . 2 . T H E T E H A M A N A R E A . An a r e a of t h e Transition Zone, f o r m i n g a curved band, somewhat like an inverted U, e x t e n d i n g f r o m L a k e Co. to Shasta Co. around the head of the S a c r a m e n t o Valley, thence southerly f r o m Shasta Co. to Mariposa Co., a t about 3000 to 7000 f t . Sometimes an endemic of this a r e a extends into southern Oregon. The following a r e to be n o t e d : Cupressus m a c n a b i a n a , Schoenolirion album, Calochortus coeruleus and nudus, Polygonum davisiae, Eriogonum ursinum, Berberis pumila, Peltiphyllum p e l t a t u m , Boykinia m a j o r , Brickellia greenei, M a d i a bolanderi, Senecio mendocinensis, Crepis a c u m i n a t a v a r . pleurocarpa, and Erigeron miser. The climatic significance of this area is emphasized by species of W a s h i n g t o n and Oregon which enter it f r o m the n o r t h and whose range in California is nearly or quite coextensive with t h e a r e a : f o r example Melica subulata, Carex densa and laeviculmis, Lithospermum ruderale and Chamaesarcha n a n a . 3 . T H E T E H A C H A P A N A R E A . An area somewhat like an ox-bow set on end, extending in t h e Transition Zone f r o m t h e San B e r n a r d i n o M o u n t a i n s through the San Gabriel M o u n t a i n s to Mt. Pinos and F r a z i e r Mountain, thence through t h e T e h a c h a p i M o u n t a i n s to t h e southern Sierra N e v a d a in K e r n and Tulare counties: Oxytheca parishii, P o t e n t i l l a wheeleri, A s t r a g a l u s pachypus ( a t low a l t i t u d e s ) , Collinsia childii, P e n t s t e m o n rothrockii, A s t e r adscendens var. delectabilis, W y e t h i a ovata, Chaenactis santolinoides and Senecio ionophyllus. The genus Oreonana is limited to this area. 4. T H E M O H A V A N A R E A . A n a r e a of t h e lower Sonoran Life-Zone, about coextensive w i t h t h e Mohave D e s e r t : Calochortus palmeri, Chorizanthe spinosa (a narrow endemic), Oxytheca w a t s o n i i a n d luteola, Canbya Candida, and Nicolletia occidentalis. 5. T H E D E A T H V A L L E Y A R E A . An area of t h e lower Sonoran Life-Zone inclusive of t h e bounding foothills of D e a t h Valley: Phyllogonum luteolum, Boerhaavia a n n u l a t a , Oxystylis lutea, A s t r a g a l u s a t r a t u s var. panamintensis, Brickellia knappiana, Salvia funerea, Viguiera reticulata and Enceliopsis argophylla var. grandiflora. 6. T H E K L A M A T H A R E A . Described a b o v e in t h e section on Geologic H i s t o r y . 7 . T H E N A P A - L A K E A R E A . An area including the lower m o u n t a i n s ( 8 0 0 to 3 0 0 0 f t . ) and valleys in n o r t h e r n N a p a Co. and L a k e Co.: Brodiaea rosea, Chorizanthe elevelandii, Delphinium uliginosum, A s t r a g a l u s clevelandii, A n t i r r h i n u m virga, Cordvlanthus pringlei, Senecio greenei and clevelandii, and Arctostaphylos elegans. Raillardella scabrida and Epilobium nivium are a t higher a l t i t u d e s on the n o r t h side of this area. 8 . T H E L U C I A N A R E A . This area includes t h e S a n t a Lucia Mountains, t h e only mountain r a n g e of t h e California coast o v e r h a n g i n g t h e Pacific Ocean: Abies venusta, Cupressus goveniana, Chorizanthe vortriedei, breweri and palmeri, S t r e p t a n t h u s lemmonii, and Ribes sericeum. 9 . T H E S A N T A BARBARA I N S U L A R A R E A . An area which includes all the S a n t a B a r b a r a Islands: Dissanthelium californicum, Quercus toinentella (also on Guadalupe Isl.), Eriogonum arborescens and giganteum, Arabis filifolia,

E N D E M I S M AREAS

13

SOME ENDEMISM AREAS IN CALIFORNIA. T h e numbers on the map r e f e r t o the n u m b e r e d p a r a g r a p h s on p a g e s 12 and 13. T h e l e t t e r s r e f e r t o t h r e e r e m a r k able endemics: a, Carpenteria c a l i f o r n i c a ; b, A r c t o s t a p h y l o s m y r t i f o l i a ; c, Lyonotliamnus floribundus.

C e a n o t h u s a r b o r e u s , C o n v o l v u l u s m a c r o s t e g i u s ( a l s o on G u a d a l u p e I s l . ) , P h a c e l i a l y o n i , H i e r a c i u m a r g u t u m , H a z a r d i a cana, and H e m i z o n i a Clementina. 10. T H E FRANCISCAN AREA. T h i s is an a r e a e x t e n d i n g f r o m n o r t h e r n M o n t e r e y C o u n t y to southern M e n d o c i n o C o u n t y . I t c o n t a i n s a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n o f e n d e m i c shrubs ( J e p s o n , F l . W . M d . C a l . ed. 2, 4 ) , a n d i t is t h o u g h t , a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f e n d e m i c s t h a n a n y o t h e r e n d e m i c a r e a in C a l i f o r n i a , b u t t h e a r e a has n o t , as y e t , b e e n s u f f i c i e n t l y s t u d i e d f r o m t h i s v i e w p o i n t and i t s g e o g r a p h i c l i m i t s a r e n o t c l e a r l y d e t e r m i n e d . O n l y a f e w species can h e r e be l i s t e d : I r i s longipetala, Chorizanthe pungens, M o n t i a gypsophiloides, Arabis blepharophylla, Acaena pinnatifida var. californica, Thermopsis m a c r o p h y l l a , H y s t r i x c a l i f o r n i c a , Ceanothus foliosus, papillosus, sorediatus and

14

CONCEPT OP GENERA AND SPECIES

incanus, Dirca occidentalis, N a v a r r e t i a abramsii, mellita and heterodoxa Orthocarpus floribundus, Cordvlanthus mollis, Corethrogyne californica, Lessingia ramulosa, Micropus amphibolus, Layia chrysanthemoides and ealliglossa.

The Alien Populations Exotic species which have, through accidental or other introduction, become an integral part of the California flora number 292. These immigrants have been derived f r o m all continents of the earth but chiefly f r o m the Mediterranean region. The number 292 gives no proper concept of these alien populations, since the species are often very aggressive, produced in countless numbers of individuals and have an important significance in relation to the dominance or persistence of native species which, in many cases, they successfully disposess. In the low valleys and in the open foothills there are many districts where the aliens make 50 to 75 per cent of the total population. Only aliens which are really established and have a true competitive status are included in this text. Many alien species t h a t have been introduced are not as yet well established or are only accidental or casual and often disappear. Likewise are excluded those cultivated plants which are transiently spontaneous or which may persist only in a protected spot.

The Concept of Genera and Species The treatment of genera and species in this work differs markedly f r o m t h a t of certain authors, more particularly from those who have published new genera and species in an isolated manner and not in revisions, monographs or floras. The differences are sometimes very great, as, for example, in the genus Eschscholtzia. This text includes 7 species f o r California; Fedde in Das Pflanzenreich makes 100 species as occurring in California. The genus Ptelea is represented by one species as viewed by this Manual; Greene (Contrib. U. S. N a t . Herb. 10) has 6 species f o r California. Such instances might be multiplied almost indefinitely, and necessitate a statement as to the principles worked out and employed by the writer in the preparation of his systematic papers. A genus, in the view of the writer, should include all species of close genetic connection which have a marked natural resemblance or are closely bound together by structural peculiarities which indicate a close line of descent or form a compact natural group. Genera so founded are sufficiently large to establish relationships on a recognizable scale and to bring out the intimate relationships which exist between floras of different regions or countries as a result of past migrations. Genera having marked characters should not be subject to a segregation which reduces the generic character to the level of a species character. I t is, however, necessary t h a t the limits of genera should, with increase of knowledge of their structure, probable phylogeny, geographic history and ecology, be subject to revision and modification. No genus has any vested rights on account of long usage or approval by great masters. Continued research, increased knowledge and an enlarged viewpoint must continually find vent in new generic expressions. Otherwise devotion to the past becomes a species of mental slavery wholly a t variance with the spirit of scientific research. Similar observations apply to the species unit. It must consist of individuals having the same genetic constitution, t h a t is, bound together by intimate genetic connection as determined by the morphology, detailed structure, life history, genetic evidence, geographic history and ecologic status. The species should represent a natural unit, more especially f r o m the geographic standpoint. I t should be, as an objective aim, distinguishable f r o m related units. It must have practical value or utility, t h a t is, it must be useful in the scientific sense. Every effort should be made to give it clear definition. Ordinarily such a species will possess structural and ecological characters by which its identity can be established. Since species are so much more numerous than genera, the problems have likewise been more numerous than in the case of genera. Investigation by the author of a vast amount of original plant material and of a very large number of segregate

15

LIFE HISTORY

species published f o r California and its neighboring states has developed certain guiding principles which are here set down as a condensed outline of his practice and serve to indicate broadly his mode of research, and the principles on which t h a t mode is based. 1.

KANGE OF VARIATION. B y m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n i t h a s b e e n

the

practice to secure as full data as is possible regarding variation in the organs of a species, especially from one individual or from a series of individuals, where these have common parentage, either directly known or obviously inferred. Such a mass of statistics is of primary importance in the problems of species. 2. SPECIAL MORPHOLOGY. B y field observations, by garden cultures or b y laboratory methods the structure, character and presence or absence of plant organs has furnished invaluable data f o r determining the validity of species. The specific mark of a segregate, f o r example, is often described as the possession of an organ which is, in reality, present in all the segregate forms referred to. On the other hand microscopic study of morphologic detail has often revealed structural differentiae of the greatest importance f o r segregating new species or validating old ones. An illustration of the l a t t e r instance is afforded b y the study of the trichome-like processes in the glands of Calochortus which furnished a new and more s a t i s f a c t o r y basis f o r species differentiae in t h a t genus (Jepson, F l . Cal. 1 : 291-302). 3. LIFE HISTORY. The entire life history of the plant forms an invaluable record in determining relationships and phyletic descent, because the successional stages of development in the individual exhibit certain characters or structures which, as critically weighed, are repetitions in a greater or less degree of the history of its race or line. This theory is summarized in the well-known biogenetic law, a renewed and able defense of which has recently been made b y E . C. J e f f r e y (Sci. 6 0 : 5 3 1 — 1 9 2 4 ) . Osmaronia cerasiformis, a well-known species of the soft chaparral, belongs to the f a m i l y Rosaceae, a f a m i l y characterized b y the presence of stipules. I n Osmaronia stipules are absent or f e e b l y developed only on young shoots; they are, when present, short vestigial structures and significantly indicative of ancestry. I n connection with this general principle, it is to be noted t h a t juvenile characters in certain individuals are sometimes prolonged or reappear in the adult stage, and have been seized upon as the basis for specific segregates. I n addition specimens which merely represent extreme m a t u r i t y on the one hand or extreme youth on the other, are frequently used as the basis for specific segregates. This is so commonplace t h a t it would not require mention save t h a t segregates with such a basis are sometimes published a t b o t a n i c a l centers of admittedly high reputation. In general fuller data regarding juvenile stages are available than are data regarding extreme maturity, especially the stage of senescence or of death. An illustration of the value of what I here call a senescence character is furnished b y Cordylanthus pilosus, in which the writer has observed t h a t the lower of the two sepals is deciduous in extreme age. This is a true senescence character. This species belongs to the subgenus Eucordylanthus, in which the calyx is diphyllous; in the section Hemistegia, which is here regarded as congeneric with Cordylanthus and not accepted as a separate genus, the calyx is monophyllous from the beginning, the upper sepal only being present. Physocarpus capitatus, a shrub of the soft chaparral, loses its stipules in extreme maturity and fails, therefore, to show a well-known family character at this stage. The valves of the capsule in J u n c u s drummondii become more distinctly retuse a f t e r dehiscence, in extreme age. This mark of senescence is a valuable specific character. All such instances, which appear like departures from the set family, genus or species character, should not be regarded b y the student as annoying or i r r i t a t i n g exceptions but as evidences of evolutionary trend which are full of genetic significance and pregnant with phyletic meaning. 4. MUTILATION. Excision of the crown of an adult tion of it or of particular organs or parts of organs, ditions, often results in the production of a range exhibited b y the individual or not at t h a t age. Such

individual or of a porunder appropriate conof form not normally structures often throw

16

FIELD STUDIES

valuable light on phylogeny. Annual species of Gilia, as an example, are often characterized by early or basal leaves of quite different shape or size f r o m the floral leaves. By mutilation, a plant may be induced to exhibit only the type of leaves associated with the flowering stage. Not infrequently accidental mutilation may occur in a state of nature and individuals of this sort have been collected and, by certain authors, named and described as if good species. 5. GARDEN CULTURES. Very few native plants have as yet been treated as cultures. This work is necessarily a slow one but the practice yields invaluable data regarding genetic relations and specific limits. As an illustration the case of Eschscholtzia may be cited. By transplanting individuals of Eschscholtzia californica from the Great Valley to the seacoast the writer was enabled to observe changes in a given individual which corresponded to characters of certain so-called segregates, while in the Great Valley he was enabled to demonstrate (Fl. Cal. 1 : 5 6 4 - 5 7 2 ) t h a t one individual showed successively, during the long flowering period, certain phases which correspond with some five or six of the most extreme segregates in the large number of segregates artificially split away from t h a t species. This work had great significance because it justifies the reduction of Eschscholtzia species from the total of 123 to a much smaller number, say about 10 or 20. Important results in the case of other genera are also on record. 6 . F I E L D STUDIES. The importance of field studies cannot be overestimated, for it is in the field t h a t plants are growing under natural conditions. The most valuable records are those which relate to habit, life-history, soil, exposure, and associated species. The array and inter-relationship of forms in a plant community provides an exhibit of living phenomena which suggests solutions or clews to many problems which may be f u r t h e r developed by critical investigation. Vestigial structures often have great weight in relation to phylogeny and are often most easily discovered or clearly perceived in the field; while excellent examples of range of variation in organs can often be satisfactorily worked out in the field. For this purpose, in the course of the a u t h o r ' s investigations, expeditions have been made to all parts of California over a period of several decades and have always been f r u i t f u l of results. 7. INDICATION OF RANGE. N O two species react similarly to a given combination of the climatic factors, but f o r each species there is an optimum area where it has its greatest development. In this area of greatest development the species has greatest range of tolerance and often grows in the widest variety of situations. As it radiates f r o m this area it shows a more and more limited tolerance along each of the various lines of radii; t h a t is, each radius exhibits it as keeping to a narrower and narrower set of conditions until the species reaches its limits. Since a species can, in certain respects, be studied to greatest advantage a t the limits of its range, an attempt is here made to indicate range limits more accurately than has hitherto been attempted. 8. BIO-GEOGRAPHIC S T A T U S . Most species grow under a comparatively narrow range of climatic conditions. The determination of geographic position and climatic status is always of importance in relation to validity of species. I t not infrequently happens t h a t the range of a species is successfully predicted in advance of exploration. Contrariwise it often happens t h a t plants published as separate species but without geographic d a t a seem, on the basis of their descriptions, lacking in the essentials of good species. I t not infrequently falls out t h a t the later investigator of such proposed species is enabled to determine t h a t the forms in question belong to the same division of a life-zone, and he is thus afforded helpful clews to, or even essential confirmation of, specific identity. Complete elucidation may follow naturally f r o m the known laws of geographic distribution in the region. 9.

F I E L D RECORDS.

Records

of

observations

or

experiments

in

the

field,

must, in order to have real value, be made on the spot and a t the time, and be f u r t h e r validated by herbarium specimens. Truly useful herbarium specimens consist of ample series and represent the widest possible phases of the life history.

WRITING OF DIAGNOSES

17

10. W R I T I N G OF DIAGNOSES. The writing of diagnoses proceeded upon a definite plan, in order to give the best possible expression to the a u t h o r ' s results. The ideal descriptions give an exposition of relationships and phylogeny which is in as nearly complete accord as possible with the f a c t s of nature. All data, structural, morphological, ecological and physiological may aid in this task, while of course the herbarium is a constant resource. The construction of diagnoses, according to such a standard, is one of intense and prolonged labors, but such work not only serves to approximate a t r u t h f u l account of the flora of a region b u t it also affords a means of judging proposed new species. The original description of a species and the type speci men are invaluable f o r determining identity, b u t t h a t once done, the origina. description has served its purpose. I t is necessary t h a t this original description, resting commonly on few individuals, or on a single one, or even on a slight f r a g m e n t , should be supplanted by a diagnosis of the species which covers the species population as the species exists in a state of nature. Imperfect or diluted original descriptions have been made, too frequently, a plausible pretext f o r publishing segregates without real value. The writing of sound diagnoses is a highly important art because it helps to stabilize specific units. I t might seem t h a t such a procedure as has been indicated is so obvious or so natural as not to require a statement of this kind. On the contrary, descriptions in certain floras are so frequently copied f r o m other works t h a t the f a c t of copying has come to be assumed, by many botanists, as if it were universal in the case of floras. Even E. Warming (Oecology of Plants, 1) speaks of " t h e compilation of a F l o r a . " New descriptions, the result of prolonged field studies or garden experiments and containing new life-history material, are by the copyist conveniently copied, not infrequently under the impression t h a t these descriptions are themselves copied ones. Even the copying of good descriptions serves no useful purpose, simply because the making of floras by copying results in a mass of unrelated and unorganized material, a way of doing things which has done much to promote the multiplication of useless species. 11. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH.

A l l p r o b l e m s of r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d

phylogeny

t h a t arise in a group must be resolved and interpreted a f t e r acquiring ample knowledge of the group and a f t e r fullest determination of the facts, without preconceived rules or prejudice. This is so well known and so f u n d a m e n t a l a principle t h a t it scarcely requires mention here, save t h a t a contrary principle embodied in an ancient fallacy constantly reappears under a new and often engaging guise. By some method, it is said, the riddle of relationships for all plants can be solved: b y the use of physiological traits, by the use of the carpel, by the use of stamens, by the use of biometric measurements (and so on down through the centuries), the species of the books may, by a given method, be made uniform. The answer to this is t h a t characters of evaluation for a given group cannot be determined in advance. This matter can be partly illustrated by the w r i t e r ' s studies on the genus Arctostaphylos. From the standpoint of the practice of evaluation by morphologic characters, or by biometric measurements or by any other method determined in advance, scarcely more than five or six species could well be recognized for California. In this Manual 25 species are described, a larger number f o r California than has hitherto been accepted in any work. Based upon morphologic character these 25 species fall into a number of groups of 3 or 4 species each, the species being separable in herbarium specimens only by minute differences in pubescence, glaucescence, or foliage and the like, too slight for good evaluation. In their relation to chaparral fires, however, the species within each group react in a fundamentally unlike manner—some kill outright under fire of even slight intensity, others lose their crowns, but persist by root-crown sprouting even a f t e r the most destructive of chaparral fires. That is, the responses are constant and fundamentally unlike. This specific segregation is f u r t h e r correlated with geographic and ecologic segregation and we have an excellent example of the working out of what I have called the biogeographic principle (Jepson, Madrono, 1: 76-96). This one illustration proves sufficiently that a scientific method cannot be determined in advance.

18

EDAPHIC VARIATIONS

Climatic and Edaphic Variations and Parallel Variations The object of the diagnoses is to set f o r t h the families, genera and species by descriptions based upon the prevailing or dominant type in each rank. I t is hoped in this way to exhibit as clearly as possible the probable phylogeny, so f a r as it can be done in a linear sequence, and to bring out the salient f a c t s which indicate relationship. No a t t e m p t is made to cover the range of mutating or fortuitous variation, or the ordinary climatic or edaphic variations. To do this fully in all its bearings might well require a volume of this size for a single species. To expect a diagnosis to apply exaetly to an individual rather than to the species population which it describes is to demand t h a t species be fixed invariable entities. No biological f a c t is, perhaps, better established than the f a c t of variation. No two individuals of any species of a seed-plant, we will say, are exactly alike. The student should, therefore, when making determinations, assemble by dissections and by observations and records the f u n d a m e n t a l morphologic evidence in connection with field data. He should bear constantly in mind t h a t careful determination represents exercise of the critical faculties. Even professional botanists sometimes imagine t h a t the identity of a species and its phylogenetic position can be named offhand. This is merely a notion, and is, of course, entirely fallacious. For these reasons, the inexperienced user of this Manual should keep in mind the principle of non-inherited variations. A few illustrations of climatic and edaphic variations of this sort are indicated as follows: 1. Plants in rich soils or unusually favorable moisture conditions become much larger or ranker than the average of the species. One must, to be sure, on the one hand, distinguish between seasonal or local rankness and, on the other hand, large forms which represent gigantism, a condition which is inherited. Minor and major forms occur in many genera. Typical Brodiaea laxa represents gigantism; its minor form is var. nimia. Typical B. coronaria is a minor form which has a major form in var. mundula. 2. In sterile soils or under unfavorable seasonal conditions a species may develop very small individuals, much smaller than described for the species This is particularly true of the large number of annuals in the Californian flora. A single illustration will suffice. In Sierran swales or under forest untold millions of individuals of Gilia leptalea, simple-stemmed and only 1 to 3 inches high, grow in the granite sand. This species at lower altitudes is normally branched and 10 to 18 inches high. Extensive areas of dwarfs occurring with such marked uniformity are, to be sure, worth ecological notice, b u t they do not represent a genetic variation. One must again, however, distinguish between these seasonal d w a r f s and true pygmies, the latter representing nanism which is inherited. 3. In many species size of flowers or size of heads is proportionate to size and vigor of the individual plants. Pentachaeta bellioides furnishes a striking illustration. 4. In wet soils or in swamps the plant tends to become succulent and also glabrous. 5. In valley loams growth is commonly much more r a n k t h a n on hillsides or clay flats. 6. On hilltops plants tend to become dwarf and also stemless, as is frequently seen in the case of Eschscholtzia californica. 7. In cold soils or in beaten ground, stems and branches often tend to spread or even to become prostrate. 8. In strongly alkaline valleys or near the sea t h e tissues of individuals often tend to become more succulent or fleshy. 9. In subsaline soil the stems and foliage of many species are more vigorous and the flowers larger than on stiff clays or adobes. 10. In the deep shade of woods leaves become thinner and larger, the internodes longer and the plants taller. In the shade of Redwoods on upper San Leandro Creek, for example, the shrub Cornus californica exhibits leaves 3 to 5 inches long; in the open 100 yards distant, its more usual situation, the leaves are 1 to 2 inches long and much thicker in texture. In shade, also, plants tend to become glabrous.

P A R A L L E L VARIATIONS

19

11. In intense sunlight plants tend to be compact with short internodes and small leaves. 12. At high altitudes the flowers are larger in proportion to stature and brighter in color. 13. Plants growing in water have longer internodes and longer and often pointed leaves as compared with the terrestrial form with shorter blunt leaves. Jussiaea californica in deep water has elongated pointed leaves; the terrestrial form has shorter internodes and short and broad subrosulate leaves very obtuse at apex. 14. Plants growing in dry places or in situations which inhibit vigorous growth sometimes have entire leaves instead of serrate ones, as is the case with Pentstemon newberryi growing on lava cones. 15. Plants growing normally in wet or moist situations sometimes tend to become spinescent in arid situations, as is the case with Navarretia leucocephala. 16. Plants which in their early stages are subaquatic and produce fistulous phyllodes at this stage fail to develop phyllodes in dry seasons, though going on to maturity, as in the case of Eryngium vaseyi. 17. In early and warm rainy seasons annuals and biennials sometimes tend to become perennial. 18. Habital similarity of unrelated species. The phrase habital similarity, as here used, refers to the appearance of parallel or analogous structures in unrelated species, the structures evidently representing adaptation or physiological response to a like combination of the climatic and edaphic factors. A few apt illustrations may be grouped in types which I have named as follows: A. Polymitism (Mitophyt.es). Represented by annuals with numerous filiform or slender stems having a " b u s h y " habit, illustrated by such unrelated species as Eriogonum spergulinum and Nemacladus ramosissimus. This habit is assumed by annuals which B. Prophalism (Prophalophytes). produce a single flower or a single head or a single spike of flowers at the ground under the earliest seasonal impulse, further growth being inhibited by dryness; or on the other hand, if favorable conditions continue, there will ensue a development of many ascending or decumbent branches proliferous from beneath the initial flowering, these later shoots giving rise to profuse flowering. This habit guarantees at least some seed in case of seasonal drought and occurs in such plants as Navarretia prostrata and Oenothera trichocalyx, species from families widely separated phylogenetically. C. Simulism (Simulophytes). This is a case of pure habital similarity, a similarity in branching, in hue or in foliage, and is illustrated by the resemblance of such widely unrelated pairs of species as the following: forms of Navarretia squarrosa to forms of Centromadia pungens; Collomia rawsoniana and Clinopodium mimuloides; Lomatium parryi and Cymopterus anisatus (of the Great Basin) ; early stages of Dodecatheon jeffreyi and Rumex occidentalis. D. Proliferism (Proliferophytes). Certain species with a slender stem or main axis produce proliferous branches and in habit assume analogy to other species, as: Pentachaeta exilis, Rigiopappus leptocladus, Navarretia prolifera. Obviously the student should be on his guard, against being misled by analogies or superficial resemblances, especially in the absence of reproductive organs from the material. A specimen of an old and well-known California species of Prunus (family Rosaceae) has recently been published by an American botanist as a new species of Lycium (family Solanaceae). He was misled by habital similarity due to definite external conditions ("epharmonic convergence"). The student, therefore, should always secure the fullest possible evidence from the sexual reproductive organs, especially the gynoecium or pistil, because the reproductive organs are, as to structure, removed (normally) from external influence. On the other hand the vegetative organs are freely subject to edaphic influence because they are directly concerned with the struggle for existence in the individual. In determining the morphologic value of an organ the facts should be established in the order of their importance, namely: 1. Position (the most important consid-

20

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

eration). 2. Structure (also highly important). 3. Shape (of secondaryvalue). 4. Size (of quite secondary value). 5. Color (its value is very slight). If the plant or material bears no sexual reproductive organs the student should observe great caution and reserve in determining its systematic affinities or phylogenetic position. Acknowledgments This volume provides the first Manual of the flowering plants and ferns of California. During the progress of its preparation, many thousands of notes and specimens have been contributed by Mr. F r a n k W. Peirson on the flora of the San Gabriel Mountains, by Mr. Joseph P. Tracy on the flora of Humboldt County, by Dr. A. L. Grant on the flora of the Sierra Nevada, by Dr. P. B. Kennedy on the flora of Fresno and Eldorado counties, and by Dr. L. N. Upton on the flora of the deserts. Many other correspondents, too numerous to mention, have sent special but important data. For all this valuable and timely aid the author returns his g r a t e f u l thanks as well as to those contributors whose names appear in the text as authors of special families or genera. Dr. A. S. Hitchcock and Mrs. Agnes Chase furnished the manuscript for Gramineae, Mr. K. K. Mackenzie provided that for Carex, Mr. C. P. Smith contributed the text for Lupinus, while the Cactaceae were done by Mr. S. B. Parish. For certain other parts I am indebted to my students: Dr. Alice M. Ottley did the genus Lotus, Miss E. M. Zeile attended to Castilleia and Mr. H. L. Mason drew up keys f o r Phlox and Polemonium. The drawings were chiefly done by Miss Joyce M. Saunders under the a u t h o r ' s direction. Finally must be mentioned the work of Dr. C. B. Bradley in accenting the Latin names, a task characterized by his usual scholarship and erudition. Department of Botany, W I L L I S L I N N JEPSON. University of California, Berkeley, J u l y 15, 1921. N O T E O N T H E A C C E N T U A T I O N OP T H E L A T I N B y CORNELIUS BEACH BRADLEY, L L . D .

NAMES

The scheme for marking the accentuation of plant-names in this work is that used in the current manuals. Both the acute and the grave accent-marks indicate that the vowels to which they are attached are to be stressed; but the grave P ] indicates further that vowel has its long sound in English, while the acute [ ' ] indicates either its short sound or some other variation from the long. The accepted accentuation has been followed save in a few cases where it has seemed to be clearly mistaken. One such ease is the little group of English surnames like Forbes and Jones, in which the e is silent, and the words are monosyllabic. There seems to be no good reason why the addition of Latin suffixes should not only give sound to the silent e, but also ridiculously lengthen it. I have therefore treated all such stems as monosyllabic, precisely as Johns would be treated in like circumstances; as, e. g. Jon[e]si, Jbn[e]sia, Jon[e]siana, etc. Another such group are the personal names ending in -son, with short, unstressed o. All the Latin forms built up from such stems have therefore been accentuated on that basis, thus: Johnsoni, Jdhnsoniana, but Johnsonia. In Latin, moreover, there are many quasi-compounds, like our hyphenated compounds, in which both elements retain their separate accentuation. Such a compound is sempervirens—cf. Oxford Dictionary s.v. Semper. Naturally, therefore, the word has been regularly pronounced sempervirens—both by scholars and laymen. But some wiseacre has made the discovery that the t of the penult is short, and a determined effort seems to be made to spread the " c o r r e c t " pronunciation sempervirens! The matter would deserve no notice here were it not that the attempted innovation seems almost an insult to our noble Redwood. There remains a word more to be said concerning the unlucky suffix -oides, which seems to be generally mispronounced as a dissyllable, with the o and i coalesced into a diphthong, a f t e r the analogy of ovoid, thyroid, and mastoid. All such tabloids are of modern manufacture, and suited to the haste and impatience of our modern life. But -d-l-dh is a leisurely and dignified mouth-filling trisyllable, and has been such at least ever since the Trojan War.

G E N E R A L KEY T O T H E FAMILIES I . SUBKINGDOM

P T E R I D O P H Y T A , FERN PLANTS

P l a n t s with typically distinct a l t e r n a t i o n of generations, the l e a f y p l a n t ( s p o r o p h y t e ) r e p r o d u c i n g by non-sexual spores. Spores developing prothallia or flat p l a t e s of tissue ( g a m e t o p h y t e ) b e a r i n g a n t h e r i d i a ( c o n t a i n i n g male cells or sperms) and archegonia ( c o n t a i n i n g a f e m a l e cell or oospore). Oospore f e r t i lized in the presence of w a t e r by a self-motile sperm. Flowers or seeds none. Ours herbs. Stems not jointed or rush-like. Stems small in comparison with the leaves, o f t e n very short, usually unbranched. L a n d plants, or a t least essentially t e r r e s t r i a l ; s p o r a n g i a borne on the lower side or edges of the leaves; spores all of one kind and size (isosporous). L e a f 1, erect in t h e b u d ; s p o r a n g i a borne in spikes, the spikes simple or branched, not g r e e n . . .OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, p. 25. Leaves several to numerous, circinate in the bud, o f t e n large and characteristically much-divided; s p o r a n g i a borne in clusters (sori) on the back or m a r g i n of green leaves POLYPODIACEAE, p . 2 6 .

A q u a t i c or s u b a q u a t i c p l a n t s ; s p o r a n g i a and spores of 2 kinds. S p o r a n g i a borne in special conceptacles; stems not corm-like. P l a n t s floating in w a t e r ; leaves minute, e n t i r e or 2-lobed. . . . SALVINIACEAE, p . 3 9 .

P l a n t s r o o t i n g in m u d ; leaves 4-foliolate or filiform MARSILEACEAE, p . 3 9 .

S p o r a n g i a borne in the l e a f - a x i l s ; leaves awl-like or linear, clustered on a flattened or corm-like s t e m . .ISOETACEAE, p. 43. Stems more or less elongated, f r e e l y b r a n c h i n g , closely clothed or imbricated with small awl-like or scale-like leaves; s p o r a n g i a borne in or near the leaf axils. Spores of one kind LYCOPODIACEAE, p. 41. Spores of two kinds SELAGINELLACEAE, p. 41. Stems jointed or rush-like, hollow, the reduced leaves joined into a toothed sheath a t the nodes; s p o r a n g i a borne on the under side of the scales in a terminal cone-like s p i k e ; spores of 1 kind EQUISETACEAE, p. 39.

II. SUBKINGDOM S P E R M A T O P H Y T A , SEED PLANTS P l a n t s without distinct a l t e r n a t i o n of generations, the sexual phase (gamet o p h y t e ) much reduced and p a r a s i t i c upon the s p o r o p h y t e ; egg-cell fertilized t h r o u g h the intervention of the pollen-tube, the developed embryo f o r m i n g a resting body called a seed.

CLASS 1. GYMNOSPERMAE, CONE-BEARING PLANTS Ovules and seeds borne naked on the s u r f a c e of a scale; stamens a n d ovules in catkin-like clusters; cotyledons 2 to 17; cone-bearing trees or shrubs, all of ours evergreen; t r u e flowers none; leaves needle-like, narrowly linear, awl-like or scale-like. Trees, rarely shrubs, with resin. F r u i t a woody cone ( s o f t a n d berry-like in J u n i p e r u s ) , containing several to m a n y seeds; ovules in catkins. Cone-scales i m b r i c a t e d , with a conspicuous or minute b r a c t at base on lower s i d e ; leaves needle-like or narrowly l i n e a r ; seeds 2 to each scale, b e a r i n g a t h i n wing PINACEAE, p. 44. Cone-scales without b r a c t s .

21

22

K E Y TO T H E

FAMILIES

Leaves narrowly linear and 2-ranked in flat sprays, or lanceolate or awl-like and disposed all around the branchlet; cone-scales not imbricated, ending in broad flattish summits; seeds 2 to 9 to each scale, not winged TAXODIACEAE, p. 54. Leaves minute and scale-like, thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets; cone-scales imbricated, or with broad flattish summits and not imbricated; seeds 1 to several to each scale, winged or wingless CUPRESSACEAE, p. 55. F r u i t berry-like or drupe-like, one-seeded; ovules solitary; leaves narrowly linear, in flat sprays TAXACEAE, p. 59. Shrubs without resin; deserts GNETACEAE, p. 60. CLASS 2 .

ANGIOSPERMAE,

FLOWERING P L A N T S

Ovules borne in a closed sac or ovary, which becomes the f r u i t and encloses the seed; cotyledons 1 or 2; plants wirli true flowers, typically with an abbreviated stem (receptacle) bearing regular whorls of perianth parts, stamens, and pistils. SUB-CLASS 1 .

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Leaves parallel-veined (except Trillium) ; parts of the flower usually in 3s, rarely in 2s, 4s or 5s; vascular bundles scattered irregularly through the pithy tissue, not in rings or annual layers; embryo with 1 cotyledon; perennial herbs commonly with rootstocks or bulbs, or annuals, or a few trees or shrubs. A.

P E R I A N T H NONE OR CALYX-LIKE W I T H SCALE-LIKE DIVISIONS; PARTS OP THE FLOWER MOSTLY UNEQUAL IN NUMBER; CARPELS 1 TO SEVERAL, DISTINCT, OR SOMETIMES UNITED BUT SEPARATING AT MATURITY.

1. Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy bracts; ovary superior;

herbs.

Leafless minute aquatics, the stems represented by leaf-like floating fronds LEMNACEAE, p . 1 9 4 .

L e a f y plants. Immersed aquatics; leaves filiform or linear, or some floating ones with broad blades; flowers inconspicuous, naked or with a very small calyx, borne on a spike or spadix; stamens 1 to 4 ; ovaries 1 to 4. . . NAIADACEAE, p . 6 3 .

Plants of marshes or rising out of water. Flowers monoecious; reed-like plants with linear leaves. Inflorescence a dense cylindrical spike. TYPIIACEAE, p. 61. Inflorescence a dense globose head SPARGANIACEAE, p. 62. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous, in racemes or spikes. Inflorescence with a spathe; calyx none; stamens 6 ARACEAE, p . 1 9 3 .

Inflorescence naked; calyx of 6 (or 3) distinct sepals, or none; s t a m e n s 6 or 1

JUNCAGINACEAE, p . 68.

2. Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy bracts, arranged in spikes or

spikelets.

Stems mostly terete and hollow; leaves in 2 rows; sheaths mostly split open opposite the blade; bractlets 2 to each flower; f r u i t a grain (seed mostly adnate to the pericarp) GRAMINEAE, p. 72. Stems mostly triangular, solid; leaves in 3 rows; sheaths entire; ligule obsolete or minute; bractlet 1 to each flower; f r u i t an achene (seed f r e e from the pericarp)

B.

CYPERACEAE, p. 144.

P E R I A N T H ALWAYS PRESENT, ITS SEGMENTS I N 2 SERIES, RARELY IN 1, OFTEN COROLLA-LIKE; PARTS OF T H E FLOWER USUALLY EQUAL IN NUMBER; CARPELS UNITED INTO ONE COMPOUND OVARY (EXCEPT A L I S M A C E A E ) .

Inflorescence without a spathe. Pistil 1. Ovary superior; perianth regular; stamens 6, sometimes 3 or 4. Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like; flowers small or minute; rush-like p l a n t s . . . . JUNCACEAE, p. 196.

K E Y TO T H E

23

FAMILIES

Perianth-segments distinct or partly united, at least the inner petallike; flowers mostly showy; plants not rush-like LILIACEAE, p .

Ovary inferior; flowers perfect, mostly conspicuous; perennial. Perianth regular; ovary 3-celled. Stamens 6; leaves (in ours) fleshy, in a basal rosette

208.

AMARYLLIDACEAE, p . 2 5 2 .

Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked, sword-like and sheathing

IRIDACEAE, p .

253.

Perianth irregular; stamens 1, rarely 2; ovary 1-celled; leave9 sheathing, often reduced to scales. . . O R C H I D A C E A E , p. 255. Pistils several, distinct, 1-celled, superior, becoming achenes; perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals; stamens 6 to many A L I S M A C E A E , p. 6 9 . Inflorescence with a spathe; pistil 1. Herbs. Ovary inferior; 1 to 3-celled; stamens 3 to 12; aquatic plants; leaves opposite or whorled H Y D R O C H A R I T A C E A E , p. 7 2 . Ovary superior. Aquatic plants; leaves ribbon-like P O N T E D E R I A C E A E , p. 1 9 5 . Marsh or bog-perennials; leaves broad A R A C E A E , p. 1 9 3 . Trees; flowers on a spadix or fleshy spike P A L M A C E A E , p. 1 9 3 . SUB-CLASS

2.

DICOTYLEDONEAE

Leaves commonly netted-veined; parts of the flower mostly in 4s or 5s; vascular bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem, when perennial, increasing in girth by annual layers; embryo with 2 cotyledons; herbs, shrubs or trees. I. APETAXOUS DIVISION. Corolla none; calyx present, herbaceous or often petal-like, sometimes none. A. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both kinds in catkins; trees or shrubs. 1. Leaves

opposite.

Flowers dioecious. Catkins erect; maritime shrub Catkins drooping; montane shrubs Flowers monoecious; ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled 2. Leaves

BATIDACEAE, GARRYACEAE, BDXACEAE,

p. p. p.

340. 731. 606.

alternate.

Both kinds of flowers in catkins. Flowers 1 to each scale or bract; calyx none. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded capsule; seeds with a coma; flowers dioecious; foliage deciduous S A L I C A C E A E , p. 261. Fruit waxy-coated, berry-like; flowers monoecious or dioecious; foliage evergreen or deciduous M Y R I C A C E A E , p. 279. Flowers 2 or 3 to each scale or bract; calyx present; staminate catkins long. pendulous, the pistillate small, spike-like, maturing into a woody cone containing small nutlets B E T U L A C E A E , p. 269. Only the staminate flowers in catkins, the pistillate flowers solitary or clustered, rarely in catkins. Leaves simple. Fruit a nut set in a scaly cup or bur (acorn or chestnut) FAGACEAE, p . 2 7 1 .

Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy tubular involucre. . C O R Y L A C E A E , p. 270. Leaves pinnately compound; f r u i t a nut with a fibrous coat JUGLANDACEAE, p. 279.

24

K E Y TO T H E

FAMILIES

B. Flowers perfect or unisexual, not in catkins. 1. OVARY SUPERIOR, THAT I S , FREE PROM THE CALYX.

a. Flowers hypogynous. * Calyx present; corolla none.

Pistil one. Ovary 1-celled; styles or stigmas 1 or more than one. Fruit in dehiscent (circumscissile in some Amaranthaceae). Fruit dry (an achene or utricle) ; stamens 1 to 9. Herbage with stinging hairs; flowers very small, monoecious, in a catkin-like inflorescence; sepals 4; stamens 4; herbs

URTICACEAE, p .

280.

Herbage without stinging hairs. Plants commonly scurfy, of alkaline or maritime habitat; sepals herbaceous, or in unisexual flowers, tha pistillate without calyx and enclosed by 2 bracts; bractlets none; stamens 1 to 5; leaves alternate, rarely opposite or leafless; stipules none CHENOPODIACEAE, p . 3 1 9 .

Plants not scurfy. Calyx not tubular; leaves alternate or opposite or basal. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene; calyx colored or herbaceous. 5 or 6-cleft or -parted; flowers with or without bractlets ; stamens 3 to 9; stipules present or none

POLYGONACEAE, p . 2 8 6 .

Fruit a utricle; calyx scarious, 5 or 3-cleft or -parted; flowers with bractlets; stamens 3 to 5 (rarely 1); stipules none AMARANTHACEAE, p . 3 3 3 .

Calyx tubular, corolla-like, the base of the tube hardening and enclosing the achene; stamens 3 to 5; leaves opposite, without stipules NYCTAGINACEAE, p . 3 3 5 .

Fruit fleshy. Fruit a berry; leaves triternately compound; herb

ACTAEA, p . 3 7 4 .

Fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate. Sepals 6, petal-like, distinct; stamens 9, the anthers opening by valves; evergreen tree.LAURACEAE, p. 396. Calyx 5 or 6-parted, greenish; stamens 5 or 6, the anthers opening by longitudinal slits; deciduous tree. . . Fruit dehiscent (a capsule) ; leaves opposite. Calyx synsepalous, 5-lobed. Stipules none; erect perennial herb Stipules present; prostrate annual Calyx of 5 distinct or nearly distinct sepals

ULMACEAE, p . 2 8 2 .

GLAUX, p. 756. CYPSELEA, p. 341.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 3 5 2 .

Ovary 2 to 5-ceIled. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; trees or shrubs. Fruit a capsule; styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as ovary-cells

EUPHORBIACEAE, p . 5 9 4 .

Fruit a samara or drupe; leaves opposite. Styles 2; fruit a double samara ACER, p. 611. Style 1; fruit a simple samara or d r u p e . . . .OLEACEAE, p. 759. Flowers perfect. Stamens distinct; calyx inconspicuous; herbs. . .AIZOACEAE, p. 341. Stamens monadelphous; calyx showy; shrub. . .FREMONTIA, p. 636. Pistils more than 1 and distinct; sepals commonly 5, sometimes 3 to 9, distinct, often petal-like; stamens 10 to many RANUNCULACEAE, p. 372.

K E Y TO T H E

24a

FAMILIES

** Calyx and corolla both wanting; pistil 1. Flowers perfect, borne in a spike. Spike without an involucre; herbs of woods ACHLYS, p. 395. Spike subtended by a conspicuous colored involucre; herbs of saline habitat. SAURURACEAE, p . 2 8 6 .

Flowers monoecious. Terrestrial plants. Flowers in clusters, the clusters often surrounded by a petal-like involucre resembling a perianth; stamens 1 to many; capsule 3 (or 1) -celled; juice often milky EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 594. Flowers in ball-like clusters scattered on a slender axis; trees PLATANACEAE, p . 4 7 6 .

Aquatic or palustrine plants; leaves opposite. Leaves dissected; ovary 1-celled, in f r u i t a spinose or tuberculate achene

CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 371.

Leaves entire; ovary 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 4 parts

CALLITRICHACEAE, p . 6 0 2 .

b. Flowers jjerigynous, that is, the stamens borne on the calyx or on a dink. Flowers solitary or clustered or in heads. Stipules present; flowers perfect. F r u i t an achene; herbs or shrubs ROSACEAE, p. 476. Fruit a utricle; small herbs CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 352. Stipules none. Flowers perfect. Leaves opposite; herbs. Calyx turbinate; stamens numerous; f r u i t a circumscissile capsule

SESUVIUM, p. 342.

Calyx salverform; stamens commonly 5; f r u i t an achene

ABRONIA, p . 3 3 7 .

Leaves alternate; shrubs

calyx 4-cleft; stamens 8;

f r u i t drupe-like;

THYMELAEACEAE, p. 663.

Flowers dioecious; leaves opposite, silvery; shrubs

ELAEAGNACEAE, p . 6 6 3 .

Flowers in little umbels; f r u i t a drupe, often berry-like.. .RHAMNAOEAE, p. 613. 2 . OVARY INFERIOR, THAT I S , MORE OR LESS ADHERENT TO T H E CALYX.

Flowers dioecious or the pistillate with stamens. Stamens 8 to 12; f r u i t a 1-celled capsule; leaves alternate, divided DATISCACEAE, p . 6 5 3 .

Stamens 3; f r u i t a berry; leaves opposite; plants parasitic on trees

LORANTHAOEAE, p . 2 8 2 .

Flowers perfect or sometimes unisexual. Leaves alternate; terrestrial plants. Lobes of the calyx 3; ovary 6-celled; f r u i t a capsule; leaves cordate or reniform

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p . 284.

Lobes of the calyx 4 or 5; f r u i t indehiscent; leaves not reniform or cordate. Ovary 3 to 9-celled; succulent herb TETRAGONIA, p. 342. Ovary 1-celled; root-parasite SANTALACEAE, p. 284. Leaves opposite; aquatic or palustrine plants. Fruit a 4-celled capsule; capsule m a n y - s e e d e d . . . . . . . LUDWIGIA, p. 666. F r u i t consisting of 1 to 4 nutlets; nutlets 1-seeded. . HALORAGEAE, p. 690. I I . CHORIPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla present; petals distinct or essentially so. A. Ovary superior, that is, free from the calyx. 1 . S T A M E N S HYPOGYNOUS, MORE T H A N 1 0 .

a. Pistils 2 to many, simple and distinct. Leaves simple, entire to divided, or compound; pistils becoming achenes or follicles

Leaves peltate; aquatic plants

RANUNCULACEAE, p . 372.

BRASENIA, p. 372.

24b

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

b. Pistil 1. Leaves alternate or basal. Ovary 1-celled, the styles or stigmas often more than one. Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many as the sepals PAPAVERACEAE, p . 3 9 7 .

Sepals persistent or at least not caducous. Plants with scapes and basal leaves; petals 5 to 16; sepals 2 to 8; leaves succulent LEWISIA, p. 350. Plants with leafy stems. Petals 5. Leaves pinnately compound; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; f r u i t a legume

ACACIA, p. 514.

Leaves simple, entire; calyx of distinct sepals; f r u i t a capsule. Sepals 2; styles 3 CALANDRINIA, p. 34^ Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller a r d bract-like; style 1. . CLSTACEAE, p . 6 4 1 .

Petals 1 or 2; sepals about 4; f r u i t a berry; leaves compound. Ovary more than 1-celled. Stamens distinct. Petals 5; sepals 5 ; leaves basal, pitcher-shaped

ACTAEA, p . 3 7 4 .

SARRACENIACEAE, p . 4 4 8 .

Petals 10 to 20; sepals 5 to 12; aquatic herbs. .NYMPHAEA, p. 371. Stamens not distinct. Ovary 5 to 30-celled; stamens numerous, united in a tube around the pistil; flowers perfect or unisexual; leaves rounded, palmately veined to palmately divided.. .MALVACEAE, p. 626. Ovary 3-celled; stamens 10 to 15, united in sets of 5 in a central column; flowers unisexual; leaves rather narrow ARGYTHAMNIA, p . 5 9 6 .

Leaves opposite, simple. Stamens disposed in 3 to 5 indistinct bunches; f r u i t a capsule

HYPERICACEAE, p . 6 3 7 .

Stamens distinct; f r u i t capsular or separating into distinct carpels PAPAVERACEAE, p . 3 9 7 . 2 . S T A M E N S HYPOGYNOUS, 1 0 OR FEWER.

a. Pistils more than 1, distinct; flowers regular. Pistils distinct and exceeding in number the sepals or petals; leaves mostly palmately divided or lobed. RANUNCULACEAE, p. 372. Pistils of the same number as the sepals or petals (4 or 5), becoming follicles; leaves fleshy, entire CRASSULACEAE, p. 449. b. Pistil 1, the styles or stigmas 1 or sometimes more than one. * Flowers irregular; ovary 1-celled; leaves alternate or basal. Flowers papilionaceous; petals 5 (1 petal in Amorpha) ; stamens 10, united in 1 or 2 sets (distinct in several genera, 4 in Krameria, 7 in Cassia, these two with subregular corolla); leaves compound (simple in a few genera); f r u i t a legume, rarely indehiscent. . . .LEGUMINOSAE, p. 510. Flowers not papilionaceous. Petals 5, one with a spur; sepals 5, aurieled; stamens 5. .VIOLACEAE, p. 642. Petals not spurred. Stamens 6, slightly united in two sets; leaves compound FUMARIACEAE, p . 4 0 4 .

Stamens 3 to 40, distinct; leaves simple RESEDACEAE, p. 642. ** Flowers regular. Flowers cruciferous, that is, with 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens (4 long and 2 short, rarely 4 or 2) ; ovary 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, sessile (except Stanleya), becoming in f r u i t a silique or silicle. . . . CRUCIFERAE, p. 409.

K E Y TO T H E

FAMILIES

24c

Flowers not cruciferous. Leaves not palmately compound. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves simple. Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; stamens commonly 5 ; ovary 1celled; capsule 3-valved PORTULACACEAE, p. 343. Calyx not of 2 distinct sepals. Leaves opposite. Placenta central ; stamens 5, a l t e r n a t e with the petals, or 10 ( 5 alternate, 5 opposite) ; rarely f e w e r ; calyx t u b u l a r and 5-toothed, or of 5 distinct sepals; capsule 3 to 10-valved or -toothed, or the f r u i t 1-seeded and indehiscent CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 352. P l a c e n t a basal but p a r i e t a l ; stamens 4 to 7; calyx t u b u l a r , 4 or 5-toothed; capsule 2 to 4valved FRANKENIACEAE, p. 639. Leaves a l t e r n a t e or basal. Leaves b a s a l ; stamens 5, opposite the petals. Calyx f u n n e l f o r m , 5-toothed; f r u i t a n achene. . . PLUMBAGINACEAE, p . 7 5 7 :

Calyx saucer-shaped, 5 - p a r t e d ; f r u i t a capsule. .

DROSERACEAE, p . 4 4 8 .

Leaves reduced to scales, borne along the s t e m ; sepals d i s t i n c t ; saprophyte in forests PLEURICOSPORA, p . 7 4 0

Leaves pinnately compound. P e t a l s 6 ; stamens 6 ; anthers opening by u p l i f t e d valves; f r u i t a capsule or berry BERBERIDACEAE, p. 393. P e t a l s 5 ; stamens 10 or 7 ; anthers opening by lengthwise slits; f r u i t a legume LEGUMINOSAE, p. 510. Ovarii more t h a n 1-celled. Stipules none. Flowers p e r f e c t ; petals 5 or 4 ; leaves simple. Stamens distinct. Styles 2 to 5 ; flowers 5 - m e r o u s . . . .LINACEAE, p. 586. Style 1; flowers 5 or 4-merous. Leaves entire or merely toothed; fruit a capsule ERICACEAE, p . 7 3 5 .

Leaves dissected; fruit separating into 5 subglobose carpels . LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 592. Stamens united in a tube. 5 p e r f e c t stamens a l t e r n a t i n g with 5 staminodia a t summit of tube AYENIA, p. 637.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous; stamens 2 to 4 ; trees or shrubs. Ovary 2-celled; petals 2 ; leaves opposite, p i n n a t e ; f r u i t a samara OLEACEAE, p. 759. Ovary 6 to 9-celled; petals mostly 3 ; leaves alternate, simple; f r u i t a drupe EMPETRACEAE, p. 752. Stipules present; leaves opposite, at least the lower. Fruit a 2 to 5-celled capsule; stamens 2 to 5; leaves s i m p l e . . ELATINACEAE, p . 6 3 8 .

Fruit splitting into 5 carpels or nutlets; stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 with anthers) ; petals 5; sepals 5. Styles 5, united around an elongated axis, free only at t i p ; carpels separating elastically when ripe, tailed by the persistent coiled styles; leaves or leaflets parted, cleft or toothed . . . GERANIACEAE, p. 589. Style 1; carpels not tailed; leaves pinnate, the leaflets entire ZYCOPHYLLACEAE, p. 603.

24(1

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leaves palmately compound with 3 to 5 leaflets. Calyx with less than 6 sepals. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10, more or less united at base; ovary 5-celled, sessile OXALIDACEAE, p. 587. Sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6, distinct; ovary raised on a stipe, 1 or 2-celled

CAPPARIDACEAE, p . 406.

Calyx with 6 sepals in 2 series; stamens 6

VANCOUVEKIA, p. 395.

3 . S T A M E N S PERIGYNOUS, THAT I S , OM T H E CALYX OR ON A MORE OR LESS EVIDENT D I S K ; COROLLA REGULAR.

a. Stamens borne on a hypogynous

disk or on a disk lining the base of the trees or shrubs.

calyx;

F r u i t a double samara; stamens 3 to 10; leaves opposite, simple ACERACEAE, p . 6 1 1 .

F r u i t not a double samara. Leaves palmately compound, opposite, the leaflets 5 to 7; stamens 4 to 9; petals clawed, slightly irregular; f r u i t a 1-seeded dehiscent pod. . SAPINDACEAE, p .

612.

Leaves simple, pinnately compound or 3-foliolate. Stamens numerous (15 to 50) ; pistils 2 to 9, distinct; petals 5 ; seeds with a fimbriate aril CROSSOSOMATACEAE, p. 475. Stamens 4 to 10. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many. Leaves with minute stipules or mostly so. Style 1 or none; f r u i t a capsule or follicle; seeds with an aril; leaves alternate or opposite CELASTRACEAE, p . 6 0 9 .

Styles 3 ; f r u i t a bladdery pod; seeds not arillate; leaves opposite, pinnate STAPHYLEACEAE, p. 610. Leaves without stipules. Style 1. Leaves glandular-dotted or aromatic, simple or 3foliolate

RUTACEAE, p. 604.

Leaves not glandular-dotted, alternate. Disk 10-lobed; leaves pinnate or reduced scales

to

SIMARUBACEAE, p . 606.

Disk not lobed. Leaves pinnate; seeds not winged

BURSERACEAE, p . 6 0 7 .

Leaves simple, scale-like; seeds w i n g e d . . . .

KOEBERLINIACEAE, p . 6 0 9 .

Styles 3 to 5 ; leaves alternate. Leaves broad; herbage with resinous or acrid juice. .

ANACARDIACEAE, p . 6 0 7 .

Leaves minute, appressed; juice not acrid TAMARICACEAE, p . 6 4 0 .

Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; leaves simple, alternate (opposite in Adolphia). Shrubs; petals commonly hooded; f r u i t 3 (or 2) -celled, dry, splitting into 3 (or 2) one-seeded parts, or drupaceous

RHAMNACEAE, p. 613.

Woody climbing vine; petals not hooded, caducous; f r u i t a berry "VITACEAE, p. 625. b. Stamens

borne on the

calyx.

Stipules present (except Holodiscus and Aruncus and sometimes in Osmaronia) ; pistils one to several, sometimes partly united to the disk; petals 5; stamens 10 to numerous; leaves alternate, simple or compound (opposite in Lvonothamnus and Coleogyne) ROSACEAE, p. 476.

24e

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Stipules none; leaves simple. Pistils many, concealed in a hollow receptacle; petals many; stamens numerous; leaves opposite; shrubs CALYCANTHACEAE, p. 393. Pistil 1; stamens 3 to 10 or numerous. Styles or stigmas more than 1; petals commonly 5 (4 to 8) SAXIFRAGACEAE, p . 4 5 4 .

Style and stigma 1; capsule enclosed by but free from the calyx

LYTHRACEAE, p . 6 6 4 .

B. Ovary inferior, that is, more or less adherent to the calyx. 1. T R E E S OR SHRUBS.

Stamens more numerous than the petals; petals 5. Leaves alternate; f r u i t a pome ROSACEAE, p. 476. Leaves opposite; f r u i t a capsule WHIPPLEA, p. 466. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; petals 5, hooded; capsule 3celled, 1 seed in each cell; shrubs or small trees. . . .CEANOTHUS, p. 615. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them. Style 1; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; flowers small, in cymes, or if in a head, surrounded by a conspicuous corolla-like involucre; f r u i t drupe-like; leaves opposite CORNACEAE, p. 732. Styles 2. more or less distinct; petals 5 (or 4) ; stamens 5 (or 4) ; flowers in racemes or solitary; f r u i t a smooth or prickly berry; leaves alternate, commonly with stipules RIBES, p. 467., 2. HERBS.

Petals 5 or fewer. Flowers in umbels; stamens 5. Umbels compound, often simple, sometimes capitate; petals inflexed at t i p ; styles 2; f r u i t splitting into 2 one-seeded carpels UMBELLIFERAE, p . 6 9 1 .

Umbels simple, panicled; petals not inflexed at t i p ; styles 5; f r u i t berry-like

ARALIACEAE, p. 691.

Flowers not in umbels. Styles or stigmas 2 to 5; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 ; stamens 5 or 10; f r u i t a 1 to 5-celled capsule SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 454. Style 1. Sepals and petals 4 (rarely 5 or 2), the stamens commonly twice as many; f r u i t commonly a 4-celled capsule ONAGRACEAE, p . 6 6 5 .

Sepals and petals 5 ; stamens numerous; f r u i t a 1-celled capsule opening at the t o p ; rough-hairy herbs, sometimes small bushes

LOASACEAE, p. 648.

Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens 7 to 20; style mostly 3 to 8-parted; fleshy herb PORTULACA, p. 352. Style none; stigmas 4 ; leaves in whorls; aquatic plants HALORAGEAE, p . 6 9 0 .

Petals and stamens numerous; f r u i t 5 to 12-celled, dehiscing at summit; succulent maritime herbs MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, p. 342. I I I . SYMPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla both present, the corolla with the petals united, at least at base. A. Stamens more than 5. 1. COROLLA URNSHAPED TO TUBULAR OR CAMPANULATE, OR AT LEAST MARKEDLY SYMPETALOUS.

Stamens free from corolla or only lightly adherent at base. Style 1, stigma 1; ovary 4 to 10 (rarely 1, 2 or 3)-celled; anthers commonly opening by a terminal pore, sometimes slit lengthwise; (•Rhododendron occidentale has 5 stamens) ERICACEAE, p. 735.

24f

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Styles 3, united to middle: ovary incompletely 3-celled; thorny desert shrub. FOUQUIERIACEAE, p . 6 4 0 .

Stamens inserted in throat of tubular corolla; root parasite; (stamens 5 to 7 ) .

LENNOACEAE, p . 7 3 4 . 2 . COROLLA NEVER TUBULAR OR URNSHAPED, COMMONLY W I T H THE PETALS JOINED ONLY AT BASE.

a. Ovary

superior.

Pistils 4 or 5, distinct; stamens 10 CRASSULACEAE, p. 449. Pistil 1. Corolla irregular; style 1, entire. Flowers papilionaceous. Ovary 1-celled; petals 5; f r u i t a legume; leaves compound, sometimes simple LEQUMINOSAE, p. 510. Ovary 2-celled; petals 3 ; f r u i t a capsule; leaves simple, e n t i r e . . . POLYGALACEAE, p . 5 9 3 .

Flowers with the 4 petals in two dissimilar pairs; sepals 2; stamens 6; leaves divided FUMARIACEAE, p. 404 Corolla regular. Stamens 10, united at very base; ovary 5-celled; style 5-lobed; leaves 3-foliolate

OXALIDACEAE, p . 587.

Stamens numerous, monadelphous in a t u b e ; ovary 5 to many-celled; leaves simple, roundish, subentire to palmately divided

MALVACEAE, p . 6 2 6 .

b. Ovary inferior or slightly

inferior.

Petals and stamens numerous; succulent very spiny plants. . .CACTACEAE, p. 654 Petals 4 to 8, the stamens about twice as m a n y ; shrubs...STYRACACEAE, p. 758.

B. Stamens 5 or less, inserted on the corolla. 1. OVARY SUPERIOR, THAT I S , FREE FROM THE CALYX.

a. Corolla regular. Pistil 1. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them; style 1; f r u i t a capsule; (stamens 5 to 7 in Trientalis) PRIMULACEAE, p . 7 5 3 .

Stamens as many as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Corolla colored, not dry-scarious. Ovary 1, 2 or 3-celled. F r u i t a capsule (sometimes a b e r r y ) , not opening by a lid. Style 3-cleft; ovary 3-celled, the flower otherwise with the parts in 5s; capsule 3-valved

POLEMONIACEAE, p . 7 8 1 .

Style not 3-cleft; ovary 1 or 2-celled. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, or the sepals united only below; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5 ; capsule commonly 2-valved. Erect or diffuse p l a n t s ; corolla-lobes commonly imbricate in the b u d ; flowers in coiled racemes or spikes or in heads or solit a r y ; corolla-tube o f t e n with internal scales; styles 2 and distinct, or 1 and more or less cleft a t apex; capsule few to many-seeded; (style 1 and entire in RomanzofBa) Twining

HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p . 8 0 9 .

or trailing plants; corolla mostly plaited, the plaits twisted in the b u d ; flowers not in coiled inflorescences;

24g

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

corolla-scales none except in Cuscuta; styles 1 or 2; capsule 1 to 4 - s e e d e d . . . . CONVOLVULACEAE, p . 7 7 5 .

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed or c l e f t ; style 1, entire. Ovary 2-celled; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5 ; f r u i t a many-seeded capsule or berry; stigma 1 (2 in D a t u r a ) ; leaves alternate

SOLANACEAE, p . 8 8 6 .

Ovary 1-celled; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, commonly withering-persistent; stamens 4 or 5 ; stigmas 2 ; f r u i t a septicidal capsule; leaves opposite.. GENTIANACEAE, p. 761. F r u i t a circumscissile capsule; stamens 2; shrubs MENODORA, p . 7 6 0 .

Ovary 4-celled, commonly 4-lobed, splitting when ripe into as many nutlets; stamens 5; style 1; 1 flowers in coiled spikes or racemes

BOBAQINACEAE, p . 835.

Corolla dry-scarious; capsule opening by a lid; ovary 2 or 4-celled; stamens 2 to 4 ; style 1 PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 954. Pistils 2 (the ovaries distinct b u t the styles or stigmas u n i t e d ) ; herbs with milky juice. Stamens and stigmas united, the column bearing hood-like a p p e n d a g e s . . . . Stamens and stigmas not u n i t e d ; no hoods

ASCLEPIADACEAE, p . 7 6 9 .

APOCYNACEAE, p. 768.

b. Corolla from strongly 8-lipped to slightly irregular. Stamens 4 or 2. F r u i t a capsule. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2; corolla spurred; aquatic plants with finely divided leaves, some bearing bladders. .LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 950. Stamens 4. Corolla gibbous; capsule very large, its beak splitting into 2 diverging spines; terrestrial trailing plants MARTYNIACEAE, p . 9 5 0 .

Corolla not gibbous; capsule small, not beaked; root-parasites without green foliage OROBANCHACEAE, p. 951. Ovary 2-celled. Placentae axile; seeds not winged. Herbs, rarely shrubs; corolla strongly 2-lipped to nearly regular ; stamens 4 or 2, a fifth rarely present as a sterile filament or rudiment (or stamens 5 in Verbascum) ; leaves alternate or opposite SCROPHULARIACEAE, p . 8 9 5 .

Shrubs; stamens 2; calyx with a pair of opposite bractlets at base

ACANTHACEAE, p. 954.

Placentae parietal; seeds winged; s h r u b s . . .BIGNONIACEAE, p. 949. F r u i t of 2 to 4 nutlets; leaves opposite. Ovary not lobed, 2 to 4-celled, splitting into as many nutlets; stamens 4 ; style 1, entire VERBENACEAE, p. 857. Ovary 4-lobed, splitting into as many nutlets; Btamens 4 or 2; style 1, cleft a t apex; stems square; herbage with the odor of mint. . LABIATAE, p . 8 6 0 .

Stamens 5, some or all woolly

VERBASCUM, p. 896.

2 . OVARY INFERIOR, THAT I S , ADHERENT TO THE CALYX-TUBE.

1. Stamens

distinct.

Leaves alternate; flowers regular; stamens 5 ; ovary and capsule 2 to 5-celled; herbs CAMPANULACEAE, p . 971. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens 1 to 3 ; flowers irregular; f r u i t 1-celled, 1-seeded; herbs VALERIANACEAE, p . 9 7 0

24h

K E Y TO THE FAMILIES Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 2. Ovary 1-celled; flowers in involúcrate heads or short spikes; f r u i t an achene; herbs DIPSACEAE, p. 969. Ovary more than 1-celled (except in Viburnum). Ovary in ours 2-celled; flowers regular; f r u i t berry-like or dry, commonly separating into 2 one-seeded achene-like portions; leaves simple; herbs or shrubs RUBIACEAE, p. 957. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; flowers regular or irregular; fruit a berry, drupe or pod; leaves simple or compound; erect or twining shrubs. CAPRIFOLIACEAS, p . 9 6 4 .

2. Stamens united into a tube around the style. X^lowers not in heads. Stamens 3 ; leaves commonly palmate; tendril-bearing herbs CüCURBITACEAE, p . 6 6 0 .

Stamens 5 ; leaves narrow; annual herbs LOBELIACEAE, p. 974. Flowers collected into a head furnished with a calyx-like involucre, the whole resembling a single flower; stamens 5, rarely 4 ; fruit an achene COMPOSITAE, p . 9 7 9 .

ABBREVIATIONS

ace., according to. carp., carpel. cent., central. co., county; cos., counties. e., easterly, eastward, east. fl., flower, flowering. fr., fruit, fruiting. ft., foot or feet. in., inch or inches. invol., involucre. ish, island. line, -fa of an inch, 2 millimeters. long., longitudinal. mt., mount, mountain.

n., northerly, northward, north. n. comb., new combination. n. sp., new species. n. var., new variety. nat. from, naturalized from. nat. of., native of. no., number. pist., pistillate. s., southerly, southward, south. sect., section. stam., staminate. subsp., subspecies. var., variety. u\, westerly, westward, west.

MANUAL OF T H E FLORA OF C A L I F O R N I A Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA.

FERN

PLANTS

Ours herbs. Sporopliyte (or l e a f y p l a n t ) reproducing b y means of nonsexual cells or spores borne in sporangia. Spores giving rise to flat plates of tissue or p r o t h a l l i a ( g a m e t o p h y t e ) , these b e a r i n g male organs ( a n t h e r i d i a ) and f e m a l e organs ( a r c h e g o n i a ) . Archegonia containing an oosphere, t h i s fertilized in t h e presence of w a t e r by a self-motile sperm released f r o m an a n t h e r i d i u m , t h e fertilized cell developing in t u r n a l e a f y p l a n t or sporophyte. 6PHIOGLOSSACEAE. A D D E R ' S - T O N G U E F A M I L Y Stem reduced to a short s u b t e r r a n e a n vertical rootstock, producing one leaf every year. V e r n a t i o n s t r a i g h t or inclined. Leaf divided into 2 p a r t s , t h e foliage p a r t (here simply called t h e l e a f ) and t h e spore-bearing p a r t or spike (sporophyll). The spore-bearing spike f a c e s t h e foliage p a r t , b o t h being b r a n c h e s of t h e same s t a l k or petiole. Sporangia large, globose, borne laterally, opening t r a n s v e r s e l y by a slit. Leaf s i m p l e , e n t i r e ; s p o r a n g i a b o r n e i n a n u n b r a n c h e d s p i k e L e a f p i n n a t e ; s p o r a n g i a b o r n e i n a b r a n c h e d s p i k e or p a n i c l e

1.

OPHIOGIJOSSUM. 2 . BOTRYCHIUM.

1. 6 P H I O G L 6 S S U M L . A D D E R ' S T O N G U E Kootstock short. Leaf o v a t e to lanceolate, reticulately veined. Spike flattened, b e a r i n g i t s sporangia in 2 rows. (Greek opliis, snake, and glossa, tongue.) L e a f o v a t e t o e l l i p t i c ; b a s a l v e i n s 9 to 1 3 or m o r e Leaf lanceolate; basal v e i n s 3 to 7

1. O. 2. O.

vulpatum. californicum.

3. O. vulgatum L. P l a n t s 4 to 10 in. h i g h ; leaf ovate to elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, rounded a t apex, 1 to 4 in. long, sessile near t h e middle of t h e p l a n t ; midvein indistinct or none; principal veins f o r m i n g a loose n e t w o r k , t h e meshes nearly f r e e f r o m secondary veins; spike % to 2 in. long, long-stalked, exceeding t h e leaf.—Siskiyou Co.; e. to t h e Atlantic. 2. O. californicum P r a n t l . P l a n t s 1 to 3 in. h i g h ; leaf lanceolate to ovate, acute or obtuse, % to 1 in. long; basal veins 3 to 7, t h e middle one stronger, t h e l a t e r a l b r a n c h e d ; t r a n s v e r s e veinlets oblique, f o r m i n g long narrow areolae w i t h f e w or no f r e e v e i n l e t s ; spike 3 to 6 lines long, with about 15 sporangia on either side.—lone, A m a d o r Co.; San Diego. 2 . BOTRYCHIUM Sw. M O O N W O R T Kootstock small, tuberous. Leaf uni- to quadri-pinnate, fan-veined. Spike p i n n a t e l y branched, covered on t h e s u r f a c e f a c i n g t h e blade with small coriaceous sporangia. (Greek botrus, a cluster, r e f e r r i n g to t h e sori.) L e a f a r i s i n g f r o m a b o v e the m i d d l e of the p l a n t L e a f a r i s i n g f r o m n e a r the b a s e of the p l a n t . Leaf pinnate Leaf ternately decompound

1 . B.

lunaria.

2 . B. 3 . B.

simplex. ailaifolium.

1. B. lunaria (L.) Swz. P l a n t s fleshy, 6 to 9 (2% to 12) in. h i g h ; leaf usually sessile, borne a t or above t h e middle of t h e plant, p i n n a t e with 2 to 8 pairs of lobes; lobes l u n a t e or fan-shaped, c r e n a t e or entire, closely imbricated or somewhat d i s t a n t ; sporophyll bi- or t r i - p i n n a t e , 1 to 2 in. long, o f t e n exceeding t h e l e a f . — L y t l e Creek, San Antonio Mts., 7000 f t . ; Whitehorse Lake, Modoc Co., about 5000 f t . ; e. to Vt. 2. B. simplex E. Hitchc. P l a n t s slender, 2 to 5 in. h i g h ; leaf borne near t h e base of the plant, ovate in outline, % to IVi in. long, p i n n a t e l y p a r t e d (or sometimes t e r n a t e w i t h p i n n a t e d i v i s i o n s ) ; segments obovate, obtuse, erenulate or lobed, 3 to 5 lines long; sporophyll a simple or slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to a f e w s p o r a n g i a ; spores large, minutely t u b e r c u l a t e . — S a n B e r n a r d i n o Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co.; Siskiyou Co.; e. to N o v a Scotia.

25

26

POLYPODIACEAE

3. B. silaifolium Presl. var. californicum (TJnderw.) Jepson n. comb. CALIFORNIA GRAPE-FERN. P l a n t s stout, 8 to 18 in. high, t h e common stalk very short, wholly underground; leaves solitary or sometimes 2, broadly t r i a n g u l a r or somewhat 5-sided in outline, t h e 3 main divisions copiously tri-pinnatifid or even quadri-pinnatifid, thick and fleshy, coriaceous in drying, glaucous, 4 to 10 (or 14) in. Broad, nearly as long; ultimate segments numerous, ovate or obliquely oval, crenulate, 2 to 3 lines long; leaf-stalk 1 to 4 (or 6) in. long; sporophyll 2 to 5-pinnate, long-stalked, stout, 6 to 10 in. long.—Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. to Plumas and Modoc Cos., thence westerly to Humboldt Co. Var. cotiLTERi (Underw.) Jepson n. comb. Similar; leaf-stalk % to 1 in. long; ultimate segments crowded.—In hot springs, Kings Valley, Lassen Peak. POLYPODIACEAE.

FERN FAMILY

Ours herbs. Leaf-blades ( f r o n d s ) commonly much lobed or divided, borne on petioles (stalks) arising f r o m creeping rootstocks; vernation circinate. Sporangia borne in clusters (sori) on t h e backs or margins of the leaves, and provided with a vertical incomplete thickened r i n g or annulus, dehiscing by a transverse cleft. Sori occurring as dots or collected in lines, commonly covered by a membrane or scale (indusium) derived f r o m the margin or surface of the f r o n d . Indusium none or obscure, the sori naked. Leaves powdery or waxy or tomentose beneath; leaves uni- to quadri-pinnate. Sori elongated, following the veins, often branched or netted. . 1 . GYMNOQRAMITI. Sori roundish or oblong, marginal 2. NOTHOLAENA. Leaves not powdery or waxy or tomentose; sori round or dot-like. Leaves simply pinnatifid; sori large, on the tips of the v e i n s . . . . 3 . P0IJYP0DIUM. Leaves thrice pinnatifid; sori small, on the backs of the veins. . . 4 . PHEGOPTERIS. Indusium present. Sori marginal or submarginal, covered by the more or less modified margin of the leaf or indusium. Sori clearly distinct 5. ADIANTUM. Sori in a more or less continuous marginal band. Leaf stalks stout, commonly solitary 6. PTERIS. Leaf stalks slender, clustered. Fronds hairy, scaly or viscid (except 1 species) 7. CHEILANTHES. Fronds glabrous. Sterile and fertile fronds much alike; leaf-stalk dark-colored. . . . 8.

PELLAEA.

Sterile and fertile fronds very unlike; leaf-stalks light brown or cinnamon. Fronds bi- or tri-pinnate 9. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Fronds simply pinnate 10. LOMARIA.

Sori not marginal. Fruit-bearing veins parallel to the midrib; sori linear, nearer the midrib than the margin; leaves pinnately compound, all alike. . . .11. WOODWABDIA. Fruit-bearing veins not parallel to the midrib. Sori oblong, seated on oblique veins. Sori straight; leaves evergreen 12. ASPLENIUM. Sori curved; leaves herbaceous 13. ATHYEIUM. Sori round. Indusium conspicuous. Indusium peltate; leaves firm or coriaceous. . . . 1 4 . POLYSTICHUM. Indusium reniform; leaves membranaceous 15. ASPIDIUM. Indusium inconspicuous. Indusium placed beneath the sorus, irregularly lobed or fringed. . Indusium attached at the side, hooded

16.

WOODSIA.

17. CYSTOPTERIS.

1. GYMNOGRAMME Desv. Densely t u f t e d f e r n . Leaves in ours pinnate, white or golden beneath with a waxy powder. Sori oblong or linear, simple, forked or pinnate, following the course of t h e veinlets. Indusium none. (Greek gumnos, naked, and gramme, line, the indusium lacking.) 1. G. triangularis K a u l f . GOLD FERN. Fig. 1. Five to 10 in. high; stalks d a r k brown, polished; f r o n d s pentagonal or deltoid in outline, partly or twice pinnate, 2 to 4 (or 5) in. long; lower pair of pinnae the larger, pinnate; pinnules oblong, nearly entire to pinnately lobed; sori more or less confluent and largely covering the backs of the pinnae.—-Damp rock crevices or moist places, 100 to 4500 f e e t : Coast Eanges; Sierra N e v a d a ; cismontane S. Cal.;

27

PERN FAMILY desert r a n g e s ; n. to B. C., e. to Ariz. (Ceropteris t r i a n g u l a r i s U n d e r w . ) . V a r . VISCÓSA E a t . U p p e r s u r f a c e of leaves viscid.—San Diego Co. 2. N O T H O L A È N A E. Br. Ours small f e r n s . Leaves small, uni- to quadrip i n n a t e , hairy, tomentose or w h i t e - w a x y ben e a t h . Sori seated on t h e veins a t or n e a r t h e i r extremities, roundish or oblong, soon more or less confluent i n t o a n i r r e g u l a r marginal band. I n d u s i u m none. V e i n s always f r e e . (Greek nothos, spurious, and laina, cloak, t h e woolly h a i r s f o r m i n g a f a l s e indusial covering to t h e sorus.)

1. Gymnogramme triangularis Kaulf. ; frond x Vi.

Fronds simply pinnate 1. N. sinuata. Fronds bipinnate to quadripinnate. Fronds woolly, especially beneath. Segments of the fronds with a close felt; stalks commonly with intermixed hairs and shorter gland-tipped hairs, sometimes glabrate; scales of rootstock subulate; cismontane S. Cal 2. N. newberryi. Segments of fronds coarsely and thickly woolly; stalks woolly or at length more or less glabrate; scales of rootstock lanceolate; deserts. . .3. N. parryi. Fronds glabrous or nearly so. Pinnules sessile; fronds colored beneath; basal lower pinnules of lowest pair of pinnae much elongated and again pinnatifid. Fronds bright yellow or white beneath, the segments without inturned margin or scarcely 4. N. Candida. Fronds brown or dull white beneath, the segments with strongly incurved margin 5. N. californica. Pinnules stalked; fronds green; lowest pinnules not elongated 6. N. jonesii.

è%

1. N. s i n u a t a (Swz.) K a u l f . P l a n t s rigidly erect, 8 to 14 in. h i g h ; stalks short, arising f r o m a densely red-scaly rootstock; f r o n d s simply p i n n a t e , t h e lower s u r f a c e densely scaly; pinnae numerous, o v a t e or roundish, 3 to 8 lines long.—Providence Mts.; e. to Tex., s. to Mex.

^kt

2. N . newbSrryl E a t . COTTON FERN. Fig. 2. P l a n t s 3 to 8 in. high, densely felt-like, or white-tomentose or silvery, a t length r u s t y on t h e lower s u r f a c e of t h e f r o n d s ; rootstocks densely clothed w i t h d a r k - b r o w n s u b u l a t e scales; f r o n d s lanceolateoblong, tri- or quadri-pinnate, 3 to 4 in. long, as long as t h e s t a l k s ; p i n n a e oblong-ovate or sometimes narrowly t r i a n g u l a r ovate, mostly (4 or) 6 to 12 lines long, t h e lower 1 to 3 pairs discrete or d i s t a n t ; pinnules crowded, t h e i r seg2. Notholaena m e n t s m i n u t e ( a b o u t % line l o n g ) , roundishnewberryi o v a t e ; hidden b y t h e t o m e n t u m ; sporangia r a t h e r E a t . ; frond x large, blackish, a t l e n g t h emergent f r o m t h e %, the pinnules hidden t o m e n t u m . — A m o n g stones or u n d e r boulders, by the v e r y dry places, San B e r n a r d i n o Mts. to San tomentum. Diego Co. and L. Cal. f'WiU 3 . N . parryi E a t . P A R R Y CLOAK FERN. Fig. 3 . P l a n t s 2 % to

8 in. high, t h e t o m e n t u m similar to b u t coarser t h a n in no. 1; rootstocks short, densely clothed w i t h red-brown lanceolate scales which o f t e n h a v e a b l a c k m i d n e r v e ; f r o n d s oblong- lanceolate ( % or) to 4 in. long, a b o u t as long as t h e stalks, t r i p i n n a t e , t h e lower pinnae d i s t a n t ; p i n n a e 2 to 4 or 5 lines long, commonly so densely tomentose as to look like pellets of wool; u l t i m a t e segments oblong-ovate, 1 line long; sporangia blackish, e v e n t u a l l y p r o j e c t i n g beyond t h e m a r g i n of t h e segments.—Crevices of cliffs and u n d e r b o u l d e r s : Death Valley; e. Mohave D e s e r t ; Colorado D e s e r t ; L. Cal., e. to Ariz, and 3. Notholaena parryi Eat.; Utah.

^Vd^èfa''•MKm

frond x V2, the

hidCandida Hook. v a r . accessita J e p s o n n. var. P I G M Y pinnules den by the FERN. P l a n t s 2 to 4 in. h i g h ; scales of t h e rootstock nearly wool. 4.

N.

28

POLYPODIACEAE

black; fronds roundish-cordate or triangular-ovate, pinnate, % to 1 in. long, covered beneath with a white or yellow waxy powder; pinnae oblong-lanceolate from a broad base, obtuse, pinnatifid; pair of lowest pinnules with the basal segment on the lower side greatly elongated and pinnatifid, resembling a supplementary pinnule; lower basal segment greatly elongated and again pinnatifid, the other pairs regularly segmented and gradually decreasing upward; segments elliptic, obtuse.—San Diego Co.: upper Vallecito (Jepson 8031, t y p e ) ; Spring Valley. 5. N. califórnica Eat. Stalks t u f t e d , 1% to 5% in. high, glabrous; fronds % to 1% in. long, similar to no. 3, but brownish or dull white beneath, segments with strongly incurved margins.—S. Cal. (Deadman Pt., Victorville; San Bernardino; Palm Sprs., Mt. San J a c i n t o ) ; s. to L. Cal., e. to Ariz. 6. N . jdnesii Max. T u f t e d , i y 2 to 3% in. high; fronds oblong-ovate, bipinnate, glabrous; pinnae f e w ; pinnules 1 or 2 pairs, mostly short-stalked, distant, roundish or subcordate, entire or crenate, 1 to 2 (or 2%) lines long, the vulgare terminal segment similar b u t o f t e n larger; sori in a broad occidentale frond x submarginal band.—Desert ranges: San Bernardino Mts. (n. slope); P a n a m i n t Mts.; e. to Utah. (N. teñera Am. auth.)

var. Hook.; 14.

3 . POLYPÓDITTM L . POLYPODY Ours small ferns with creeping scaly rootstocks and glabrous herbage. Leaves not t u f t e d , pinnately parted. Sori roundish, arranged in a row either side of the midvein. Indusium none. (Greek polus, many, and pous, foot, the stipes many in some.) Sori

to 1 'i> l i n e s b r o a d ; f r o n d mostly m e m b r a n o u s ; t e r m i n a l p i n n a usually not conspicuous. P i n n a e a c u m i n a t e , o f t e n s o m e w h a t f a l c a t e ; v a r . occidentale of 1. P. vulgare. P i n n a e acute, n o t f a l c a t e (or o b t u s e ) . V e i n s f o r m i n g areolae, with a n i n c l u d e d veinlet b e a r i n g a s o r u s ; lower altitudes, c o m m o n ; v a r . i n t e r m e d i u m of 1. P. vulgare. V e i n s n o t f o r m i n g areolae, f r e e ; h i g h m o n t a n e , r a r e 2. P. virginianum. Sori 1 VÍ; to 2 l i n e s b r o a d ; f r o n d s c o r i a c e o u s ; t e r m i n a l p i n n a c o n s p i c u o u s . . 3 . P. scouleri.

1. P. vulgäre L . var. occidental« Hook. LICORICE F E R N . Fig. 4. Stalk slender, 2 to 5% in. long; fronds thin-membranous, 6 to 11 in. long, pinnatifid almost to the midrib; pinnae lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat curved, tapering to an acuminate point, 1 to 2% in. long; sori about % line broad, distinct.—On trees or in moist soil in the Redwood belt of Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash. Apparently also in Marin Co. Boots roasted as a confection. (P. occidentale Max.) Var. INTERMÉDIUM (H. & A.) Fer. California Polypody. Stalks somewhat slender, 2 to 4 in. long; fronds ovate or ovate-oblong, pinnatifid almost to the midrib, 3% to 10 (or 14) in. long; pinnae oblong, tapering to an acute apex, serrulate, 1% to 3 in. long; sori 1 to 1% lines broad, distinct or confluent.—Mossy banks, crevices of rocks, rarely on trees: Sierra Nevada foothills from Butte Co. to Fresno Co. (1500 to 4000 f t . ) ; near the coast from Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. (50 to 1500 f t . ) ; coastal Mts. of S. Cal. (100 to 4000 f t . ) . Var. KAULFÜSSII ( E a t . ) Fer. P l a n t s smaller (3 to 5 or 7 in. h i g h ) ; pinnae mostly obtuse.—• Headland slopes facing the sea, Marin Co., San Francisco and s. co'uteriyH°(&,G1frond X hi. "

C0

2.

n0-

P. virginianum L.

GOLDEN POLYPODY.

Similar

to

P l a n t s 8 t o 1 4 i n " h i £ h ¡ fronds subcoriaceous; lowest pairs of pinnae more frequently alternate than

PERN

FAMILY

29

in no. 1.—High montane, 5000 to 8000 ft., rare: Yosemite; San Bernardino Mts.; e. to the Atlantic. 3. P. scoüleri H. & G. LEATHER-LEAF. Fig. 5. Fronds ovate, coriaceous, 4 to 10 in. long, parted to the midrib; stalks stout, 4 to 6 in. high; pinnae oblong, rounded at apex, obscurely serrulate, 1% to 2% in. long, the terminal pinna distinct, much longer than the upper lateral ones, often the largest of all; sori roundish, 1% to 2 lines broad, distinct or eventually more or less confluent.—On trees or rocks: Bedwood belt from San Mateo Co. to Del Norte Co.; Santa Barbara Isis.; n. to B. C. 4.

PHEGÖPTERIS Fee.

BEECH FERN

Rather large ferns. Fronds nearly tripinnate in ours. Sori round, minute, seated on the veins below their apex; indusium none. (Greek phegos, a kind of oak with edible nut, and pteris, fern.) 6. Phegopteris 1. P. alpestris Hoppe var. americäna (Butters) Jepson alpestris var. 1 americana n. comb. A L P I N E B E E C H F E R N . Fig. 6. P l a n t s % or L /» to 2 % Jepson; pinna f t . high; fronds oblong-lanceolate, glabrous (6 or) 10 to 20 in. x 1. long; pinnae narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, the pinnules oblonglanceolate, pinnatifid with the segments toothed.—High montane, 7000 to 11,500 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tuolumne and Lassen Cos.; thence nw. to Siskiyou Co.; White Mts. of Inyo Co.; n. to B. C.; Eur. 5. ADIANTUM L. Delicate ferns with creeping rootstocks. Leaf stalks blackened or purplish brown, commonly highly polished. Pinnules more or less one-sided. Sori borne on the ends of the veinlets at the edge of the pinnules and covered by a reflexed margin or indusium. (Greek a, not, diaino, to wet, the foliage shedding rain.) Leaf stalks continuous, bearing pinnae along their axes. U p p e r margin of fertile pinnules more or less palmately incised or serrulate 1. A. capillvs-veneris Upper margin of fertile pinnules rounded, entire save for 1 to 3 very short clefts. . 2. A. emarginatum Leaf stalks forked at the summit, each curving fork bearing several p i n n a e . 3 . A. vedatum. 1. A . c a p í l l u s - v é n e r i s L . COMMON MAIDEN-HAIR.

Fig. 7. Leaves % to 1% (or 2) f t . high; stalks and rachises black, polished; pinnae with about 3 to 10 pinnules; pinnules obovate or roundish, cunéate and entire at base, palmately cleft or serrulate above, 3 to 6 (or 11) lines long; indusia marginal, transversely oblong, separated.—Moist cool and shady cañón walls at low altitudes, widely scattered in the state but relatively rare; cosmop. 2. A. emarginatum Hook. CALIFORNIA MAIDENHAIR. Fig. 8. Similar to no. 1; stalks stouter; pinnules broadly fan-shaped, reniform to cunéate at the entire base, above serrulate in the sterile 7. Adiantum pinnules, or with only 1 to 3 very short clefts in 8. Adiantum capillus-veneris the fertile pinnules, 6 to 8 (or 13) lines broad; emarginatum L.; pinna x indusia marginal, transversely elongated, only Hook.; p i n n a x y2 slightly interrupted around the whole upper portion of the pin' nule.—Moist places at low altitudes: cismontane S. Cal.; Coast Ranges; rare in the Sierra foothills (American R i v e r ) . 3. A. pedátum L. FIVE-FINGER F E R N . Fig. 9. Leaves 1 to 2% f t . high, the stalks forked at the top, the outwardly curving f o r k s each bearing 3 to 8 pinnae; pinnae long-oblong, 3 to 9 in. long; pinnules oblong, incised on the upper margin, entire below, short-stalked; indusia long-oblong.—Moist cool

30

POLYPODIACEAE places throughout the state; N . Am., Asia. "Var. aleuticum Eupr. Pinnae f e w e r and more strict; pinnules longerstalked, more deeply cleft.-—Rare, high Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 10,000 f t . ; n. to Alas. 6. P T E R I S L .

Bracken

Ferns with usually solitary stalks and dark cord-like rootstocks creeping widely underground. Leaves ample, once to thrice pinnate or decompound. Sori marginal, continuous, borne on a marginal vein which connects the ends ^ e ' a t e r a l veins. Indusium continuous around the margins of the segments or sometimes interrupted at their ' \ \ Y/^lr^/'J^s^ apices. (Greek pteris, a wing, the name ^ " ^ S f j ^ ^ applied to ferns on account of the feathery fronds.) P ' aquilina L. var. lanuginosa ( B o r y ) Hook. Fig. 10. Plants 1 to 4 f t . high; fronds ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk, then twice pinnate, tomentulose beneath; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid.—Common throughout the state in the foothills, ascending in the mountains to the Yellow Pine belt. The young shoots were eaten by the native tribes and the fronds are used by white settlers f o r thatching summer shelters. (Pteridium aquilinum ( L . ) Kuhn var. lanuginosum.)

cedAatumLm Pinnar^V

7. C H E I L A N T H E S Sw. L i p F e r n

t

1

~ '.[«:

L o w ferns with bi- or tri-pinnate leaves. Sterile and fertile leaves nearly alike. Sori roundish, distinct or nearly contiguous, seated on the thickened ends of the f r e e veinj, •,„•, pinnule x l t e .

4. C. gracillima E a t . LACE FERN. Fig. 13. Densely tufted, 2 to 6 (or 8) in. high; stalks glabrous or nearly so, red-brown; fronds linear or lanceolate, bi-pinnate, ll/o to 2 % in. long; pinnae 2 to 4 (or 6) lines long; pinnules elliptic or ovate, glabrous above, woolly beneath, 1 to 1 % lines long, the terminal one often larger, commonly obliquely lobed a t base, often once lobed or once cleft above, the margin strongly reflexed.— Among rocks in the higher mountains, 2 5 0 0 t o 4 5 0 0 or 8 0 0 0 f t . :

North

Coast

Ranges from Marin Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Lassen Co. 5. C. fefei Moore. Plants IV2 to 5 % in. high, the redbrown stalks densely tufted, sparingly hairy or often glabrous; fronds lance-ovate, tripinnate, 1 % to 2 % in. long, densely hairy-tomentose beneath, green and sparingly hairy above or glabrate; pinnae 3 to 6 lines long, the secondary pinnae with crowded pinnules; pinnules elliptic or roundish, about % line long, the margin weakly recurved.—E. Mohave Desert (Providence M t s . ) ; Charleston Mts., Nev.; B. C. to 111. and Tex. 6. C. fibrilldsa Davenp. Plants 3 to 6 in. high; stipes 2 to 3 in. long; fronds oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate, loosely tomentose, at length subglabrate, 2 to 3 in. long, % to 1 % in. wide; rachises having the scales mixed with a coarse fibre.— Mt. San Jacinto (w. base near the village of F l o r i d a ) ; apparently extinct. 13. Cheilanthes 7. C. parishii Davenp. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, tri- to Ea^'frond quadri-pinnate, both surfaces scantily but coarsely tomentose, x' 1.

32

POLYPODIACEAE

A ¡.flggfe gjj s 'U'S i^CheUamhes

3 to 4 in. long; segments roundish, the terminal largest and 3 lobed.—Andreas Canon, e. base Mt. San Jaeinto. 8. C. co-villei Max. Fig. 14. Plants 2 to 6 in. high; rootstocks short, ascending; stalks t u f t e d ; fronds ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, green and subglabrous above, the rachises and midribs densely covered beneath with broadly lanceolate scales, these white or soon rusty brown, mostly entire; ultimate bead-like segments numerous, crowded, sometimes suggesting a tesselated pavement, destitute of scales above.—Dry rocky peaks or ridges, 2500 to 6500 f t . , both in cismontane S. Cal. and the Colorado Desert, extending n. in the inner Coast Range to Lake Co., in the Sierra Nevada to Eldorado Co., and through the Mohave Desert and thence n. to Inyo Co. and Lassen Co. (C. fendleri Cal. auth.). Var. INTERT£XTA Max. Segments bearing a few minute scales above; scales beneath copiously eiliate, entangled, forming a loose tomentum.—Mendocino Co. to the Santa Cruz Mts. and Mt. Hamilton Range. 9 c c i e V e l a n d i i E a t . P l a n t s 6 to

frondxl. "

in. high; stalks rather scattered or loosely t u f t e d ; fronds 4 to 8 in. long, ovate-lanceolate tri- to quadri-pinnate, glabrous and green above, rusty brown beneath with a densely imbricated covering of broad ciliated scales; ultimate segments numerous, crowded, round, % to V2 line broad, the terminal ones a little larger.—Foothills: San Diego and Eiverside Cos.; Santa B a r b a r a Co.

i a

8. P E L L A E A Link. C L I F F BRAKE b Small rock ferns. Stalks usually dark-colored. Sterile . .. and fertile fronds much alike, 1 to 4-pinnate, generally Hook Ta fertUeM1 glabrous and sometimes glaucescent. Sori roundish or frond; b. sterile oblong, seated near the ends of the veins, often confluent frond, x Vi in a submarginal band. Indusium membranous, often broad, continuous round the pinnules and derived from their reflexed margins. (Greek pellos, dusky, r e f e r r i n g to the leaf stalks.) Fronds simply pinnate. P i n n a e entire, coriaceous, the veins usually not visible 1. P. bridyesh. P i n n a e 2-parted or mostly so, thin, the veins clearly visible 2. P. breweri. Fronds bi- or tri-pinnate. Fronds bipinnate only; pinnules acute or mucronate. Fronds linear in outline; secondary rachises very short, the linear-elongated pinnules very closely crowded 3. P. brachyptera. Fronds lanceolate in outline; secondary rachises mostly % to 1 in. long, the oblong pinnules closely set but not crowded 4. P. compacta. Fronds bipinnate or partly tripinnate. Fronds 2 to 5 times as long as broad; common. P i n n u l e s mucronate, all sessile or nearly so, some of the lower replaced by a cluster of 3 sessile pinnules 5. P. ornithopus. P i n n u l e s obtuse or emarginate, the lateral sessile or nearly so. the terminal ones with long petiolules 6. P. andromedaefolia. Fronds roundish in outline, nearly as broad as l o n g ; pinnules linear, acute at both e n d s ; rare 7. P. densa.

1. P . bridg&sii Hook. BRIDGES CLIFF-BRAKE. Fig. 15. P l a n t s 4 to 5 (or 10) in. high; stalks densely t u f t e d , copper-color; fronds pinnate, 2 to iVi in. long; pinnules many, roundish-ovate or suborbicular, 2 to 4% or 6 lines long, the lower shortly stalked, the upper sessile.—Clefts of dry exposed rocks, 6000 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Sierra Co.; n. to Ore. 2 . P . breweri E a t . SIERRA C L I F F - B R A K E . Fig, 16. P l a n t s very densely t u f t e d , 3 to 6 (or 8) in. high; rootstocks densely dark red-scaly, as if tomentose, the scales attenuate, linear-filiform and very rusty; stalks red-brown; Jepson, Manual, pp. 1-32, Nov. 27, 1925.

FERN

33

FAMILY

fronds simply pinnate, to 4 in. long; pinnae deeply 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, the divisions ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 7 (or 10) lines long; veins freely forking.—Under rocks, higli Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 11,000 f t . , from Tulare Co. to Placer Co., thence to Siskiyou Co.; P a n a m i n t Mts.; White Mts. ; Nev. to Ida. 3. P . brachyptera Baker. Fig. 17. P l a n t s loosely t u f t e d , 6 to 9 in. high; rootstocks densely scaly, almost as if rusty tomentose with very slender denticulate red-brown scales; stalks red-brown; 17. Pellaea fronds linear, 3 to 5 in. long, bipinnate, the 3 to 6 brachyptera Baker: pairs of pinnules densely crowded on t h e short pinna x 1. rachises; pinnules linear, 3 or 4 to 6 lines long, mar 16 Pellaea g " l s indexed to the midrib in fertile fronds.— -Kocks, monbrewer! Eat.; tane, 4000 to 8000 ft., from Plumas Co. to Siskiyou Co. and frond x a . Trinity Co.; n. to Ore. 4. P . compacta Max. Fig. 18. Tufted, glabrous, 5 to 7 in. high, evergreen; stalks brown; fronds lanceolate, bipinnate, 3 to 5 in. long; pinnae oblong to ovate, 4 or 6 to 12 lines long; pinnules 3 or 6 to 10 pairs, sessile, closely set but not crowded, oblong, mucronate, 1% to 2 lines long, spreading at right angles or slightly curved upward, their reflexed or indusial margin strongly inrolled, denticulate.—Dry slopes or flats, montane, 5000 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. southw.; Panamint Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; San Jacinto Mts. 18. Pellaea 5 . P . ornithopus Hook. BIRD'S-FOOT F E R N . Fig. compacta 19. Plants loosely t u f t e d , 7 to 12 (or 17) in. high, Max. ; pinna X 1. evergreen, dry and brittle; stalks rigidly erect, wiry, mahogany color; fronds bipinnate or partly tripinnate, oblong- or deltoid-lanceolate, bluish or lead-color, 5 to 9 or 14 in. long; pinnae oblong to linear, with about 3 to 5 (or 8) pairs of pinnules; pinnules oblong, mucronate, 1% to 2 lines long, sessile or nearly so, spreading a t right angles to the rachis, or the lower pairs commonly replaced by secondary pinnae of 3 pinnules, these clusters of 3 resembling the print of a b i r d ' s foot.—Driest rocky points and gravelly or bare ledges in the foothills, common, 400 to 4000 (or 5000) f t . : Coast Ranges from Mendocino and Glenn Cos. to San Luis 19. Pellaea ornithopus Obispo Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Hook. ; pinna Butte Co. to Tulare Co.; P a n a m i n t Mts.; w. X 1. Mohave Desert; coastal S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. Sometimes called Tea F e r n ; also Poison Fern and Black Fern, since causing death to sheep. (P. mucronata E a t . ) 6. P .

andromedaefolia

Fee.

COFFEE FERN.

Fig.

20.

Plants very loose or open, 10 to 22 in. high, evergreen; stalks straw-color, slightly chaffy; fronds 4 to 7 in. long, bi-pinnate or partially tri-pinnate; pinnae with 3 to 5 pairs of pinnules or the lower one or two pairs replaced by secondary pinnae of 3 pinnules; pinnules oblong, obtuse, 2 to 5 (or 6) lines long, the lateral sessile or nearly so, the terminal one with a long petiolule.—• Rocky soil in the foothills, 1000 to 4000 f t . : cismontane S. Cal.; Coast Ranges n. to Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills (Tulare Co. to Amador Co.); Marysvine Buttes; s. Ore. Also called Sheep Fern, the wiry stalks breaking into needle-like pieces when eaten by sheep and penetrating the intestines, just as in the case of the Black Fern. 7. P. dènsa Hook. OREGON CLIFF-BRAKE. Fig. 2 1 . Plants loosely t u f t e d , 4 to 6 in. high; stalks subfiìiform

20. Pellaea anarome-

^fnnix*^

34

POLYPODIACEAE

or slender, mahogany color; fronds deltoid- or roundish-ovate, closely tripinnate, % to 2 in. long; pinnules linear, acute at both ends, mucronate, ascending, 3 to 3% lines long.-—Bare, high Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co., 6000 to 8500 ft., sometimes in cool canons as low as 2000 ft.; nw. Mendocino Co. (Leggett V a l l e y ) ; n. to B. C., e. to Wyo. (Cryptogramma densa Diels. Cheilanthes siliquosa Max.) 9. C R Y P T O G R A M M A E . B r .

Bather small ferns with densely clustered stalks and chaffy rootstocks. Leaves bi- to tri-pinnate, glabrous, of 2 kinds, the fertile taller than the sterile. Sori oblong or roundish, soon confluent. Indusium continuous, formed of the reflexed mar21. Pellaea densa gins of the pinnule, these meeting at the midrib, at Hook.; frond x 1. length opening out flat. (Greek cryptos, hidden, and gramme, line, referring to the concealed sori.) 1.

C. a c r o s t i c h o i d e s B. B r .

BOCK BRAKE.

F i g . 22.

Leaves ovate, 2 to 3 (or 5) in. long; sterile leaves with narrowly winged racliises, the pinnules ovate, crenate or slightly incised; fertile leaves with the rachises scarcely winged, the pinnules linear, 3% to 5 (or 8 % ) lines long.—Rocky places, high montane, 6000 to 10,000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada and n. to Modoc Co.; high North Coast Eanges in Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash, and Unalaska. in

TAif inT*

TIT'11 i

2 2 C r y p t o g r a m m a acros.

tichoides R. Br.; a, fertile

10. L O M A R I A Willd. p i n n a ; 6> s t e r i l e p i n n B . x Tufted ferns with short thick very chaffy erect rootstocks and simply pinnate or pinnatifid leaves. Leaves of 2 kinds, the sterile with broad foliaceous pinnae, the fertile with very narrow pinnae. Sori in a continuous band, one on each side of and parallel to the midrib of the fertile pinnae (but nearer the margin than the midrib), covered till mature by an elongated marginal or sub-marginal indusium. (Greek loma, a hem or edge, referring to the indusium.) 1. L. spicant Desv.

DEER TERN. Fig. 23. Leaves erect, glabrous, the sterile ones nearly sessile or on short stalks, lancelinear, % to 2 or 3 ft. high, pinnatifid to the rachis, the pinnae numerous, closely placed, oblong or oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, often upwardly falcate, % to l'/j in. long; fertile leaves taller than the sterile, more erect, long-stalked, pinnate, the pinnae less crowded, very narrowly linear, sessile by a suddenly dilated base; mature sporangia 23. Lomaría spicant Desv. nearly covering the back of the pinnae.—Redwood Segments of sterile ( a ) and fertile (b) fronds, belt from Santa Cruz Co. to Del Norte Co.; rare in x M. the Sierra Nevada (Eldorado Co., along alpine streams); n. to Alas.; Eur., Asia. Eaten by deer in the spring. 11. W O O D W A R D I A

Sm.

Large ferns with ample pinnate leaves. Bootstocks stout, very densely chaffy with rusty-brown scales. Sori oblong-linear, forming a chain-like row each side of the midribs of the segments. Indusium convex, fixed by its outer margin to the veinlet, free on the inner side. (T. J. Woodward, English botanist.) 1. W . r&dicans Sm. CHAIN FERN. Fig. 24. Leaves long-stalked, standing in a circle, 4 to 6 or 8 ft. high, oblong-ovate in outline; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, 6 to 11 in. long, their segments lanceolate, slightly falcate, spinulose-serrulate or sometimes pinnatifid.—Springy spots where

FEEN

35

FAMILY

there is all-the-year seepage, foothills and mostly lower altitudes in the mountains, 100 to 4500 (or 8000) f t . , almost throughout Cal., b u t not f r e q u e n t in the Sierra Nevada (Yosemite, Little Chieo C r e e k ) ; Mex., S. Am., A f r . , Asia. (W. spinulosa Mart. & Gal.) 12.

ASPLENTUM

L.

SPLEENWORT

Medium-sized ferns. Fronds in ours once pinnate, the veins free. Sori oblong or linear, straight, obliquely seated (i. e. oblique to midvein), distinct. Indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of t h e fertile vein. (Greek a, without, and splen, spleen, t h e herbage once used in medicine.) 1. A. trichomanes L. var. vespertinum (Max.) Jepson n. comb. D W A R F SPLEENWORT. Leaves t u f t e d , evergreen, the stalks y~2 to 1% in. long; fronds once pinnate, linear in outline, 2 to 4y 2 in. long; pinnae subsessile, oblong to ovate, 3 to 3% lines long; sori 3 to 7 on each segment.—Under boulders, cismontane S. Cal. (San Bernardino, Millard's Canon, Pasadena, Pala, Potrero grade, Witch Creek). 24. Woodwardia rS pinnaSxS%.'

13. A T H Y R I U M Both Medium-sized ferns. Fronds bi- or tri-pinnate. Sori oblong or linear, often curved, seated obliquely on the midvein. Indusium fixed as in Asplenium. (Greek a, privative, and thurium, shield, t h e application uncertain.) 1. A. filix-foemina (L.) Both var. californicum Butters. LADY FERN. Fig. 25. Leaves in large clumps, 2 to 4 f t . high; fronds ovate or lance-ovate, 1 to 2% f t . long, mostly 6 to 10 in. broad; pinnae oblong-acute or oblong-lanceolate; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid with the lobes toothed at apex, 6 to 14 lines long; sori oblong to oval; indusia toothed or ciliate on the f r e e edge.-—Moist usually shady places in the mts., 4000 to 8000 f t . (San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada and n. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.), or along the coast (Santa B a r b a r a Co. to Humboldt Co.); e. to Ida. and Col., s. to Mex.; Eur., Asia. Very variable in leaf form. "Var. ANGTJSTUM (Willd.) Farwell. Fronds narrow (2% to 3 or 4 in. wide), the pinnae ascending or curved upward.—San Mateo Co.; Lake Co.; Siskiyou Co. Var. SITCHISNSE Rupr. Swamp Fern. Fronds mostly very large and broad; pinnules narrowly lanceolate, revolute; sori roundish.—Monterey Coast; San Francisco; lower Klamath River; n. to Alas. 14. P O L Y S T I C H U M Roth

25. A t h y r i u m filix-foemina E o t h v a r . cali-

Leaves t u f t e d at the end of a stout rootstock, firm or coria- fornicum Butceous, evergreen, pinnate or bipinnate. Stalks and rachises t e r s x ' y 2 ' nna scaly. Pinnae often with a strong lobe a t base on the upper side. Sori round. Indusium peltate, t h a t is, fixed centrally. (Greek polus, many, and stichos, row, t h e sori in some species many-ranked.) L a r g e p l a n t s ; teeth of the p i n n a e o r p i n n u l e s spine-tipped. F r o n d s simply p i n n a t e . F r o n d s scarcely stalked, l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e ; N e v a d a Co. to Siskiyou Co 1. P . lonchitis. F r o n d s long-stalked, l a n c e o l a t e ; t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e 2. P . munitum. F r o n d s b i p i n n a t e or b i p i n n a t i f i d . P i n n a e "with m a n y distinct or n e a r l y distinct p i n n u l e s or s e g m e n t s ; coastal 3. P. aculeatum. P i n n a e w i t h a basal p a i r of d i s t i n c t s e g m e n t s ; i n n e r m t s 4. P. scopulinum. Small p l a n t s ; teeth of t h e f r o n d s e g m e n t s n o t s p i n e - t i p p e d ; Siskiyou C o . . . . 5 . P . lemmonii. 1. P . lonchitis (L.) Roth. H O L L Y F E R N . Fig. 26a. Stalks cespitose, very

scaly, short ( % to 1% in. l o n g ) ; fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, linear or nearly so, acute, pinnate, 6 to 20 in. long, 1% to 2 ^ in. wide; pinnae numer-

36

POLYPODIACEAE

ous, closely set, oblong, falcate, acute, cuspidate-serrulate, % to lM, in- long, cuneate at base on the lower side, truncate on the upper with a single strong lobe or auricle; lowest pinnae symmetrically triangular; sori in 2 rows on the pinnae and the auricle; indusium orbicular, attached by the center.—Castle Lake, Nevada Co.; Long Lake, Plumas Co.; Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Colo, and Nova Scotia; Eur., Asia, 2. P . munitum Presl. SWORD FERN. F i g . 26b,

c. Plants in heavy stools, 1% to 5 ft. high, evergreen; stalks with brown lanceolate or subulate scales; fronds lanceolate, simply pinnate, % to 2% ft. long; pinnae linear-acuminate, nearly sessile, auricled on the upper side at base and obliquely truncate on the lower, ser26. a, Polystichum lonchitis Roth, rate with incurved spinulose teeth, to 2i/> pair of pinnae; b, P . munitum Presl, pinna, usual f o r m ; c, pair in. long, all or only the upper fertile; sori abundant, at length confluent.—Stony slopes of pinnae smaller form, x % . or marshy f a t s in the hills and mountains throughout the state, 100 to 7000 ft., quite common. Var. NUDATUM (Eat.) Gilbert. Fronds small (ti to 8 in. long), the stalks scaly only below; pinnae remote, oblong-oval, lobed or slightly auricled on the upper side at base; sori scanty, confined to the ends of the highest pinnae.—Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Mariposa Co. Var. i M B R i C A N s (Eat.) Max. Small; rachis and stalk naked, but the stalk very chaffy at base; pinnae crowded, ascending-imbricated, cuspidate-tipped; sori confined to the upper pinnae.—Mendocino Co.; Plumas Co.; Yosemite. 3. P. aculeatum (Swz.) Koth. BRISTLE FERN. Fig. 27 a, b. Tufted ferns 1 to 3 ft. high; stalks densely scaly at base; fronds oblong-lanceolate, bipinnatifid, % to 2% ft. long; pinnae closely set, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid nearly or quite to the midrib, 1*4 to 4 in. long, the basal segment or pinnule on the upper side much more pronounced; pinnules rather crowded, ovate, incised, sessile, 5 to 9 lines long, the teeth bristletipped; sori 4 to 15 to each segment in 2 rows, distinct or confluent. — Near the coast from the Santa Cruz Mts. to Mendocino

Co.

Var.

DTJDLEYI

(Max.) Jepson n. comb. Pinn u l e s separated, distinctly short-stalked, mostly auricled, slightly incised, the basal one largest and again pinnatifid; under surface chaffy-fibrillose. —Santa Cruz Mts. Var. CALIF6RNICUM (Eat.) Jepsonn.comb. Fig. 27c. Fronds p i n n a t e , the pinnae slightly incised above the middle, more and more deeply cut below, but their segments not distinct, sessile by a broad base.—Santa Cruz Co. to Mendocino Co. and n. to Mt. Eddy.

27. a, Polystichum aculeatum Roth, upper fertile pinna; b, lower sterile pinna: c, var. californicum

4. P. scopulinum (Eat.) Max. Fig. 28. Similar to no. 3; stalks very short; fronds partially bipinnate, 6 to 10 in. long, l1/-: to 2 in. wide; pinnae ovate or oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, 7 to 9 lines long; upper pinnae spinuloseserrulate, not incised or divided but often with a marked lobe or tooth on the upper side at base; lower pinnae with a pair of distinct pinnules at base, the upper or main part of the pinna incised or serrate.—Montane, 6000 to

FERN

37

FAMILY

6500 f t . : Snow Cañón, San Bernardino Mts.; Nelson Creek, Plumas Co.; Mt. Shasta; also Garberville, Humboldt Co., 1500 f t . ; Utah to Wash. & Ida. 5. P. lemmdnii Underw. BHASTA F E R N . Stalks 1% to 2 in. long, this and the rachis more or less brown scaly; fronds linear, bipinnatifid, 5 to 6% in. long, about 1 in. 28. Polystichum scopulinum Max.; pinnae showing pair of wide; pinnules ovate, 6 to 7 lines long, pair of lower pinnules at base x 1. pinnatifid, the segments ovate or oval, sparingly incised or crenate, 3 lines long; sori on the upper pinnae; indusia large and often imbricated.—Mt. Shasta and Mt. Eddy; n. to Wash. (Aspidium mohrioides Eat.) 1 5 . ASPÍDIUM Swz. SHIELD F E R N Mostly large ferns. Leaves membranous, much dissected. Sori round. Indusia orbicular-cordate or reniform, seated on the midvein or along the sinus. Veins free or the lowest united. (Greek aspidion, a small shield, referring to the indusium.) Fronds pinnate, the pinnae pinnately parted into regular lobes. Segments or lobes of the pinnae more or less falcate or upcurved. Lowest pinnae gradually reduced to mere lobes; Sierra N e v a d a . . 1 . A. nevaden.se. Lowest pinnae little shorter than those above; S. Cal 2. A. patens. Segments of the pinnae obtuse or even truncate; San Bernardino Mts.. . 3 . A. filix-mas. Fronds bi- or partly tri-pinnate. Sori in 2 regular rows on the pinnules; margin of indusium glandular. . 4 . A. rúiidum. Sori not in regular rows on the pinnules; indusium not glandular. . 5 . A. spinulosum.

1. A. nevadénse Eat. SIERRA WATER F E R N . Fig. 29. P l a n t s forming t u f t s , 1 to 2 (or 3) f t . high; stalks short (1 to 2 in.); fronds membranous, lanceolate; pinnae sessile, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, 1 to 3 in. long, the lowest pairs distant and much reduced; lobes of the pinnae crowded, oblong-acute, upcurved, lightly resinoussprinkled beneath, 2 to 3 lines long, the lowest much longer than the others; sori borne on either side the midvein of the lobes but near the margins; indusium minute.—Along streams, mostly higher altitudes, Sierra Nevada from Madera Co. to Plumas Co. and Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. (Dryopteris oregana C. Clir.) 2.

A.

pátens

Swz.

SOUTHERN

WOOD

FERN.

Fig. 30. Plants 1 to 3 f t . high, the rootstock thick, bearing several leaves at the end; leaves 1 to 4 f t . long, the rachis pubescent; fronds thin-coriaceous, pinnate; thinly pubescent beneath; pinnae linear-acuminate, 2 to 6 in. long, regularly incised with upwardly curved acute lobes, the apex caudate-attenuate and merely serrate or entire.—S. Cal. (Santa Barb a r a ; Eaton Cañón, Los Angeles; Tahquitz Cañón, Mt. San J a c i n t o ) ; L. Cal. to Fla. 3. A. filix-más (L.) Swz. M A I . E F E R N . P l a n t s forming a t u f t , 1 to 3 f t . high; fronds membranous, broadly oblong-lanceolate to oblong, pinnate, % to 2 f t . long; pinnae lanceolateacuminate to oblong-laneeolate, mostly short29. Aspidium stalked, pinnatifid more than half way to nevadense Eat. the midrib, or the uppermost pinnae merely pinna x 1. toothed, 2 to 4 in. long; segments broadly oblong, mostly serrulate at the obtuse or truncate apex, the basal ones symmetrical; sori 1 to 4 on each segment, seated nearer the midvein than the margin.-—Known in Cal. only from Holcomb Valley, San Bernardino Mts., 8000 f t . ; all continents except Australia. 4.

A. rigidum Swz. var. argütum E a t .

FERN. Fig. 31.

CALIFORNIA WOOD

Plants in tufts, evergreen, about 1 to 2% f t .

^Mk* PATE1ISPSW'Z'.T

pinna x 1.'

38

POLYPODIACEAE

vgjrysg^

high, the stalks very chaffy; fronds subcoriaceous, ovatelanceolate, bipinnate, 10 to 18 in. long (4 or) 6 to 10 in. wide; pinnae lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4% in. long, sessile by a narrow or mostly a broad base; pinnules oblong, mostly obtuse, incised or doubly serrate, cuspidatetoothed, 5 to 7 lines long, the lower basal one usually with a semicordate base; sori in 2 rows on the pinnules; indusia orbicular, the margin minutely glandular.—Half-moist stony woods or half-shady slopes in the mountains, 500 to 5000 ft., rather common: San Diego Co. to the San Bernardino Mts. and San Gabriel Mts.; Santa Barbara Isis.; Sierra Nevada; Coast Eanges (most common in the fog b e l t ) ; n. to B . C. 5. A. spinulösum (Mull.) Swz. var. dilatätum Hoffm. COM-

WW' ämifi

MON WOOD F E R N .

Fig.

32.

Plants

1 to

1%

or

3

ft.

high;

scales of stalks large; fronds subcoriaceous, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, bipinnate or partly tripinnate, about 1 to 2 ft. long, 5 to 35 in. wide; secondary rachises obscurcly wing-margined; pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or the lower pairs triangular; pinnules oblong-ovate, acute, pinnat31. Aspidium ifid, spinulose-serrulate, 4 to 9 (or 12) lines long; sori small, rigidum var. borne on the back of the free veins; indusium delicate, roundargutum E a t . ; pinna z reniform.—Near the coast on fallen logs in the shade of dense woods, from Marin Co. (Bear Valley) to Humboldt Co. (Alton); n. to Alas., e. to N Eng. 16. WOÖDSIA R. Br. Small tufted ferns. Sori round, seated on the back of the free veins. Indusium very delicate, sometimes evanescent, fixed to the receptacle under the sorus and in ours concealed by it, stellately and often very deeply divided so as to make irregular lobes or a fringe, or reduced to a few hairs. (Joseph Woods, English botanist.) Leaves glabrous, bright green Leaves finely glandular-puberulent, dull green

1. W. oregana Eat. Leaves glabrous, lance-oblong in outline, pinnate, 5 to 9 in. long, the sterile ones shorter than the fertile; pinnae many, oblong-ovate, 5 to 12 lines long, deeply pinnatifid into toothed lobes; sori submarginal, sometimes covered by the reflexed teeth of the lobes; lobes of the indusium hair-like.—San Bernardino Mts.; n. Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 5000 ft., from Sierra Co. to Lassen Co. and Modoc Co.; n. to Ore. 2. W. scopullna E a t . Similar to no. 1; stalks, rachis and lower surface of leaves furnished with scattered slender hairs and stalked glands; leaves lanceolate in outline, finely glandular; lobes of the indusium broader at base.—Exposed rocks, 4000 to 9000 ft., infrequent: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Sierra Co. (Mt. Silliman; South Fork San Joaquin River; Yosemite; Mono P a s s ) ; Providence Mts.; n. to the Modoc lava beds; f a r n. to B. C., e. to Ariz.

. . 1. W. orefjana. .2. TF. scoftulina.

h Nv;

17. C Y S T d P T E R I S Bernh. Delicate ferns with small leaves. Leaves bi- or 32. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum Hoffm.; tri-pinnate or bipinnatifid. Sori rather small, seated primary pinna x Vz. on the back of the free veins, covered when young with a delicate hood-like indusium attached by a broad base to the veinlet on the inner side, soon thrown back by the ripening of the sporangia and becoming somewhat cleft or jagged. (Greek kustis, bladder, and pteris, fern, the indusium inflated.) 1. C. fr&gilis (L.) Bernh. BLADDER F E R N . Fig. 33. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, 4 to 14 in. long; pinnae ovate-lanceolate, pinnate or pinnat-

39

HARSILEACEAE

ifid, the pinnules pinnatifld or incised, sessile by a narrow or more commonly a broad base.—Wet rocks or stony stream banks: high mts. of S. Cal. 5000 to 8500 ft.; Sierra Nevada (2000 to 10,000 f t . ) ; Coast Ranges (700 to 6000 ft.) from the Santa Cruz Mts. to Siskiyou Co.; White Mts. (10,300 ft.) of Inyo Co.; n. to Unalaska; cosmop. SALVINLACEAE.

SALVINIA FAMILY

Small floating plants with dorsiventral stems, the two rows of leaves borne on the upper side, the roots on the lower. Sporocarps borne 2 or more on a common stalk, each 1-celled and having a central simple or branched receptacle which bears sporangia, some sporocarps containing macrosporangia with solitary macrospores, others containing microsporangia with many microspores. 1. A Z O L L A

Lam.

Stems pinnately branched, covered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves. Sporocarps borne in pairs on the 33. Cystopteris fragilisBernh.; under side. (Origin of name doubtful.) frond x x k. 1. A . filiculoides Lam. DUCKWEED FERN. Moss-like plant, often reddish, the stems 3 to 12 lines long; leaves ovate, about % line long.— Quiet waters, commonly gregarious and often covering considerable surfaces, scattered throughout the state, 500 to 1000 f t . : Willow Creek Valley, Modoe Co.; Greenwood, Mendocino Co.; San Francisco; Lagrange, Stanislaus Co.; Miramonte, Kern Co.; Inyo Co.; San Bernardino; Ramona; Grapevine Spr., e. of Warner Pass, San Diego Co. Also S. Am. MARSILEACEAE.

MARSILEA F A M I L Y

Small perennial herbs with the slender creeping rootstock rooted in mud and with long-petioled leaves. Sporocarps borne on peduncles which arise from the rhizome, and containing both macrospores and microspores.

Leaves with cuneate or fan-shaped leaflets; sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped. 1. MARSILEA. Leaves filiform; sporocarps globose 2. PILULARIA. 1.

MARSLLEA

L.

Aquatic. Leaves with 4 leaflets at apex of the long petiole, circinnate when young. Peduncles arising from the rhizome near the base of the petiole, bearing the sporocarps in pairs or solitary. Sporocarps with 2 teeth near the base, its cells arranged in 2 vertical rows; on germination a gelatinous worm-like mass emerges bearing a large number of sporangia somewhat pinnately arranged. (Aloysius Marsigli, early Italian patron of botany.) 1. M. vestlta H. & G. CLOVER FERN. Leaflets broadly cuneate, entire, usually hairy, 2 to 7 lines long; peduncles short, bearing a solitary sporocarp; upper tooth longest, acute, the lower obtuse.—Eagle Lake; Chico; Yuba Co.; Lemon Cove; Visalia; Ramona; Cuyamaca. 2.

PILULARIA

L.

Aquatic. Leaves needle-like. Peduncles short or almost none, borne in the axils of the leaves. Sporocarps longitudinally 2 to 4-celled, the cells with parietal placentae that bear on the upper portion microsporangia and on the lower portion macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores. (Latin pilula, a little ball, alluding to the shape of the fruits.) 1. P . americana A . Br. PILL-WORT. Leaves 1 in. long; sporocarps about 1 line broad, 3-celled, attached by the side to a short peduncle.—Rain pools on the mesas, Santa Barbara to San Diego. EQUISETACEAE.

HORSE-TAIL FAMILY

Rush-like often branching plants with running rootstocks. Stems jointed, in ours hollow with solid nodes and sheaths at the joints, the fertile stems terminated by a cone-like spike composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the sporangia beneath. Spores all alike.

40

EQUISETACEAE 1. E Q U I S f i T U M L .

HORSETAIL

Rootstocks perennial, jointed, branched, the roots in whorls from the nodes, annual. Stems usually erect, regularly striated or ridged, the stomata borne in the grooves in rows; internodes with a large central air-passage and with smaller air-passages (vallecular canals) beneath the grooves and smaller ones (carinal canals) beneath the ridges. L e a v e s much reduced, simple, united into a sheath at the nodes, their tips thinner and prolonged into teeth. ( L a t i n , equus, horse, and seta, bristle.) Spikes tipped with a rigid but often bluntish point; above-ground stems perennial (evergreen), tall and rigid, usually without whorls of branches; stomata commonly in single rows; teeth of the sheaths short, deciduous, leaving a cleancut upper border. Sheaths short-cylindric, appressed, not widened above; stems r o u g h . . . 1 . E. hyemale. Sheaths widened upwards so as to appear more or less funnel-shaped; stems smooth. . 2. E. laevigatum. Spikes rounded or merely acute at apex, without a rigid point. Above ground stems all alike, green; teeth of the sheaths short. Fertile stems usually not branched but sometimes with whorls of minute branches; stems very rough with cross bands of silex 3. E. funstonii. Fertile stems branched, usually with numerous whorls of branches; stems not roughened with cross bands of silex 4. E. palustre. Above ground stems of two kinds, the sterile ones green and with whorls of numerous branches, the fertile brown and simple, withering after the spores are shed; teeth of the sheaths Vz to as long as the sheath itself. Sterile stems 2 to 7 ft. high, the branches several-angled, terete; fertile stem 1 to l1/^ ft. high, robust; spike 2 to 3 in. long, its axis hollow 5. E. telmateia. Sterile stems mostly 1 to lVz ft. high, the branches sharply 3 or 4-angled; fertile stem 4 to 7 in. high; spike 1 to IV2 in. long, its axis solid 6. E. arvense. 1.

E . hyemale L. var. californicum Milde.

COMMON SCOURING-RUSH.

Stems

stout,stiffish,evergreen,rough,8 to 34-furrowed, 2 to 4 f t . high, simple or rarely with a few short and occasionally fertile branches; ridges with two indist i n c t lines of tubercles; grooves with a single row of stomata on each side; sheaths rather long, cylindric, appressed, commonly marked with a black girdle at base and top and separated by an ashy b a n d ; leaves with a deep central groove, obscurely 4-carinate; teeth long and flexuous, brown, soon deciduous; spikes narrowly white-bordered.—Uncommon, B e r k e l e y , Sacramento. V a r . ROBTJSTUM (A. B r . ) A. A. E a t . Stems of one kind, unbranched or sometimes with short branches the second year, the ridges with one row of tubercles; sheaths whitish, % to ]/2 in. long, with a broad black band below and a narrow or penciled black band above j u s t at the base o f the deciduous t e e t h ; leaves usually 3-carinate; spike ovate, about % in. long.— B y streams and in marshy places in the hills and mountains: Coast Ranges, 100 to 2500 f t . , from Humboldt Co. to S. Cal., 2500 to 5000 f t . ( E . robustum A. B r . ) . V a r . INTERMEDIUM A. A. E a t . Stems 1 to 4 f t . high, 1 to 4 lines in diameter; sheath segments keeled below the middle, o f t e n centrally grooved a b o v e . — M e n d o c i n o Co.

V a r . HERBACEUM A . A . E a t .

C e s p i t o s e , 3 t o 10 in.

high, the stems Y> to 1 line in diameter; sheaths elongated and very widespreading.—Tulare and K e r n Cos.

2. E . laevigatum A. B r . Stems slender, 1 to IV2 f t . high, commonly unbranched, pale green, mostly smooth, 10 to 30-furrowed, the stomata in a single regular row on each side of the ridges; sheaths 4 to 6 lines long, widened upwards, the tips of t h e teeth deciduous, the persistent base forming a narrow black and white limb to the sheath; spikes 5 to 12 lines long.— S i e r r a Nevada; n. to B . C., e. to V a . 3. E . funstdnii A. A. E a t . Stems slender, very rough, 10 to 30-grooved, IV2 to 6 f t . high, the ridges with many transverse bands of silex; f e r t i l e stems with a whorl of small sterile branches at b a s e ; sheaths 3 to 5 lines long, the margin with a narrow black band and strongly incurved in a g e ; spikes slender, 6 to 14 lines long.—Damp or dry soil, often in partial shade: t h e most common species in cismontane S. Cal.. 1000 to 7000 f t . ; n. to Monterey Co. and I n y o Co. V a r . CAESPIT&SUM ( A . A. E a t . ) J e p s o n n. comb. Stems 3 to 10 in. high, sometimes 100 in a cluster, very rough; teeth persistent, becoming w h i t e ; leaves rounded on the b a c k . — S a n B e r n a r d i n o ; San Diego. Var. N i r o u M

LYCOPODIACEAE

41

(A. A. Eat.) Jepson n. comb. Stems 1 to 2 f t . high, erect, unbranehed.—The common form of S. Cai. Var. RAMÒSUM (A. A. Eat.) Jepson n. comb. Stems 1 to 2 f t . high with whorls of branches developing at time of fruiting.—San Bernardino. 4. E. palustre L . M A R S H HORSETAIL. Stems slender, % to f t . high, 5 to 10-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow roughish wing-like ridges, the central canal very small; stornata abundant in the grooves; sheaths loose and somewhat dilated, the teeth whitish-margined; branches simple, few in the whorls; spike 1 in. long.—Wet places, San Mateo Co., only known locality in Cai.; distributed around the north temperate zone. 5 . E. telmateia Ehrh. var. braunii Milde. GREAT HORSETAIL. Fertile stems, white, smooth, succulent, 16 to 22-grooved, 1 to 1% f t . high, % to % in. in diameter; sheaths loose, whitish below, brownish above, 1 to 1% in. long, often longer t h a n the internodes; internodes usually without stornata; spikes 2 to 3 in. long, to % in. in diameter; sterile stems greenish, 20 to 26 (or 40)-furrowed, 2 to 4 (or 7) f t . high; sheaths to V-i in. long, whitish, the teeth brownish; branches numerous, simple, 3 to 6 in. long, the ridges rough.-—Rich moist ravines: Coast Ranges; Amador Co. foothills; San Bernardino; San Diego Co. 6. E. arvénse L . COMMON HORSETAIL. Fertile stems simple, 4 to 7 in. high, internodes with stornata; sheaths 5 to 7 lines long, the teeth almost as long; spikes narrow, 1 to 1% in. long; sterile stems green, rather slender, 1 to f t . high, 10 to 15-furrowed, the stornata in 2 rows in the furrows, the sheaths loose, scarious, mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown teeth; branches numerous, long, mostly simple, solid, 4 (or 3)-angled, the sheaths of the branches 4-toothed.—Sandy wet soil or in swamps, 3000 (or 1000) to 8000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Ventura Co.; Sierra Nevada., e. to the Atlantic, n. to the Arctic; Eur., Asia. Var. BOREALE (Bong.) A. A. E a t . Teeth of sheaths acute, black.—Berkeley. LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB M O S S F A M I L Y Low moss-like evergreen perennial herbs. Stems elongated, often muchbranched, densely crowded with leaves in 4 to 16 rows. Leaves lanceolate or subulate, 1-nerved. Sporophylls borne at or near the tips of the branches, similar to the leaves, the sterile portions of the stem passing gradually into the fertile portion without any break, or differing from the leaves, the sporophylls then collected into special apical cones. Sporangia all alike, borne singly in or almost in the axils of the sporophylls. Spores of one kind. 1. L Y C O P Ò D I U M L .

CLUB MOSS

Sporangia coriaceous, flattened, mostly reniform, 1-celled, 2-valved. (Greek lukus, wolf, and pous, foot, from a fancied resemblance to a w o l f ' s foot.) 1. L. clavàtum L . R U N N I N G P I N E . Stems 1 to 2 f t . long, creeping, with similar ascending branches; leaves subulate, 2 to 3 lines long, ascending or spreading; fertile branches ending in a slender peduncle (2 to 3 in. long), which bears 1 or 2 to 5 spikes; spikes 1 to 2 in. long.—Forming dense masses on trees, Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N. Eng. Cosmop. Very rare in Cai., common beyond our borders. SELÀGINELLÀCEAE.

SELAGINELLA F A M I L Y

Low moss-like herbs. Stems slender, branched, mostly prostrate and creeping. Leaves small and scale-like in 4 or more ranks, mostly imbricated and channeled dorsally, spinulose-ciliate. F r u i t i n g spikes borne at the ends of the branchlets, o f t e n quadrangular, the bracts closely aggregated and resembling the leaves. Sporangia solitary in or near the axils of the bracts, minute, some containing 4 macrospores, the others filled with numerous microspores. 1. SELAGINÈLLA Beauv. The only genus. (Latin selago, a plant resembling the savin tree, and ella, the diminutive.)

42

SELAGINELLACEAE

Plants erect or ascending, with roots only on the lower part; leaves bristle-tipped; Napa Co. to S. Cal 1. S. biffelovii. Plants trailing or creeping and forming pendent or prostrate spreading masses; stems commonly rooting throughout. Stems extensively trailing, y% to 2 ft. long; leaves spreading, bristle-tipped, or merely acute; North Coast Ranges 2. struthioloides. Stems creeping, shorter; leaves appressed or spreading in 2 planes. Leaves not bristle-tipped. Stems not dorsiventral, the leaves not curving toward the upper side; San Diego Co 3. S. bryoides. Stems dorsiventral, the leaves curving toward upper side of stem. Leaves of upper plane oval, obtuse; n. Cal 4. S. douglasii. Leaves all lanceolate, acute; Colorado desert 5. S. parishii. Leaves bristle-tipped. Bristles white or whitish; common 6. S. rupestris. Bristles yellowish-green; stems stout, closely branched, 1 to 2 ^ in. long; Sierra Nevada 7. S. watsonii.

1. S. bigeldvii Underw. Stems slender, shortly branched, 2 to 8 in. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate, about 6-ranked, appressed-imbricate, 12 to 15-' ciliate on either margin, tapering into a white awn; spikes mostly quadrangular, 2 to 8 lines long, at the ends of short lateral branches; bracts ovate, otherwise like the leaves.—Exposed places and rock crevices, Mt. St. Helena to the Santa Lucia Mts. and s. to San Diego Co. 2. S. struthioloides (Presl) Underw. Stems slender, widely trailing, the branches and branchlets o f t e n coiled like ostrich plumes; leaves linear-lanceolate, shortly 1 to 4-ciliate on either margin; spikes very slender, % to IV2 in. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate, otherwise similar to the leaves; macrospores lenticular, indistinctly netted on the basal side.—Del Norte Co.; n. to Ore. 3. S. bryoides ( N u t t . ) Underw. Stems with the short branches and branchlets forming a close carpet which is ashen in age; leaves linearlanceolate, acutish, pale green, loosely imbricated, t h e margins minutely spinulose-ciliate; spikes short, at the ends of the branches and branchlets, the ovate bracts densely clustered; maerospores honey-combed below with rope-like ridges, papillose above; microspores usually on separate spikes, spinulose.—Dry bare clay hills, San Diego Co. (S. cinerascens A. A. E a t . ) 4. S. douglasii (H. & G.) Spr. Stems 3 to 12 in. long, decumbent, the branches 2 to 6 in. long, bi- or tri-pinnately divided; leaves rigid, in 2 planes, those of the upper plane half as long as those of the lower, shortly pointed; spikes % to 1 in. long, quadrangular, the bracts deltoid-cuspidate, strongly imbricate.—Damp shades, n. Cal.; n. to B. C. (Lycopodium douglasii H. & G. L. ovalifolium H. & G.) 5. S. parishii Underw. P l a n t s prostrate, close-creeping, much-branched, the stems 2 to 4 in. long, the branches short; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, brownish below, bright green above, conspicuously 6 to 20-ciliate on either margin, coiling over the stems when dry; spikes quadratish, 2 lines long, at the ends of short branches, the bracts similar to the leaves; maerospores yellow, globose, microspores orange-yellow, sphero-tetrahedral, long remaining united in tetrads.—Colorado Desert; s. to Mex. 6. S. rupestris (L.) Spr. var. bolanderi (Hier.) Jepson n. comb. Stems prostrate, cespitose, branching, not dorsiventral, scarcely 2*4 in. long; leaves linear-oblong, the margins 8 to 15-ciliate; spikes horizontal, at the ends of the branches, not over 2y 2 lines long; bracts ovate-triangular, short acuminate, 10 to 20-eiliate; maerospores with more or less regular net-like thickenings of the membrane.—Mostly on rocks, Auburn, Placer Co. Var. HANsiiNii (Hier.) Jepson n. comb. Stems dorsiventral, prostrate, 1% to 2y 2 in. long; leaves glaucous, linear-lanceolate, 6 to 12-ciliate on either margin, curving toward the upper side of the stem; spikes terminating the branchlets, 4Y> lines long; bracts ovate-triangular, acuminate, 25 to 30-ciliate on either margin; maerospores tetrahedral or globose with slight crown-shaped rings on the outer surface.—Lower altitudes, Sierra Nevada f r o m Butte Co. to Fresno Co. Var. f e n d l e r i Underw. Stems prostrate, loosely cespitose, rather remotely branched, 3 to 6 in. long; leaves lanceolate, 5 to 7-ciliate on either margin; spikes erect. 2% to 9 lines long, at the ends of the branchlets; bracts

ISOETACEAE

43

ovate-triangular, 12 to 15-eiliate on either side, otherwise similar to the leaves; macrospores reticulate-tuberculate, with short prominent commissural ribs; microspores minutely puncticulate, the commissural side with radiate striae.—Mendocino and Sonoma Cos.; Col. to N. Mex. 7. S. watsdnii Underw. Stems stout, creeping, 1% to 2 y2 in. long, sparingly short-branched; leaves thick, short-lanceolate, deeply channeled dorsally, the margins with 4 to 9 cilia or none, the thickened tips ending abruptly in a short yellowish-green bristle; spikes sharply quadrangular, 6 to 11 lines long; bracts ovate, otherwise similar to the leaves.—High n. Sierra Nevada; e. to Utah. ISOETACEAE.

Quillwort Family

Aquatic or marsh plants, with an extremely short unbranched corm-like stem, crowned with a tuft of rush-like or awl-like leaves. Sporangia of 2 sizes, borne singly in the axils of the leaves, each containing only one kind of spore. Spores of 2 sizes and kinds, maerospores and microspores. 1. I S d E T E S L. Quillwort Stem fleshy, very short and depressed, the under side bearing roots, the upper side bearing the leaves. Leaves at base dilated into a sheath with a groove, above rounded or somewhat angular, bearing a bast-bundle in the center and 4 or more in the periphery with 4 air-canals in the intervening area. Sporangia plano-convex, seated in the grooves at the base of the leaf and more or less covered by the velum (formed from the thin edges of the groove). Macrospores with an elevated ridge or equator about the middle, with 3 others (commissures) arising from this and meeting at the top of the upper hemisphere. Microspores obliquely oblong, triangular in section. (Greek isos, ever, and etas, green, the application uncertain.)

Aquatic plants. Submerged, normally growing under water, only in unusually dry seasons coming above the surface; leaves quadrangular, without peripheral bast-bundles; velum incomplete. Stomata lacking; sporangia not spotted, covered with a narrow velum. Leaves 10 to 18, 2 to 3 in. long 1. / . lacustris. Leaves 5 to 10, Vz to 1 in. long 2. / . pygmaea. Stomata few. Sporangia orbicular to broadly elliptic, spotted, Y2 to % covered by fl broad velum 3. I. echinospora. Sporangia broadly oblong, mostly not spotted, with a narrow velum 4. J. bolanderi. Amphibious, partly emerged, submerged only in the earlier period of growth or temporarily. Velum partial; Ooast Ranges and Sierra Nevada 5. I. howellii. Velum complete; San Diego 6. I. orcuttii. Terrestrial plants, maturing when entirely out of water; stomata abundant. Velum partial or almost wanting 7. I. melanopoda. Velum complete 8. J . nuttallii.

1. I. lacustris L. var. paupercula Engelm. Stem bilobed; leaves obtusely quadrangular, acute but scarcely tapering, dark or olive-green; ligula triangular; macrospores marked with irregular ridges; microspores somewhat granulated.—Castle Lake, Mt. Shasta, 7000 ft. (I. occidentalis Henderson). 2. I . pygmafea Engelm. One of the smallest species, the stout rigid bright green leaves rapidly tapering to a fine point, and with very short almost square epidermal cells; macrospores marked with minute warts; microspores brown, almost smooth.—Cold running water, e. slope of Mono Pass at 7000 ft. 3. I. echin6spora Dur. var. braunii Engelm. Rather small; leaves 13 to 15, soft, green or reddish-green, erect or spreading, 3 to 6 in. long, tapering, usually with stomata only towards tip; maerospores covered with broad retuse spinules; microspores smooth.—Cal. (acc. Britton); n. to Alas., e. to N. J . 4. I. bolanderi Engelm. Small-sized; stem deeply 2-lobed; leaves 5 to 20 (or 25), erect, soft, bright green, 2 to 5 in. long, tapering to a fine point, the stomata few; ligula triangular; macrospores marked with minute points and wrinkles; microspores usually spinulose.—Shallow mountain lakes or lake-

44

PINACEAE

lets, Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 10,000 feet. Var. SÓNNEI Henderson. Leaves shorter, more rigid; macrosporangia almost orbicular, spotted with small dark spots; velum wide, covering % to % the sporangium.—Donner Lake. 5. X. howéllii Engelm. Medium-sized; leaves 10 to 25, bright green, 5 to 8 in. long, with thick dissepiments; stornata always present; sporangia oval, spotted or unspotted, 1M> to 21/-» lines long, % to % covered by the velum; ligula subulate, equaling sporangium; macrospores rough with prominent rounded single or confluent tubercles.—Borders of ponds, Coast Eanges and Sierra Nevada; n. to Ore. 6. I . orcuttii Eat. Stem slightly trilobed, globose, 1 to 2 in. high; leaves 6 to 15, triangular-winged at base; bast-bundles 2, weak; stornata n o n e ( ? ) ; ligula lunate or semi-circular; macrospores very small, polished, finely pitted and often sparsely mealy; microspores dark brown, spinulose.-—Winter pools on mesas, San Diego Co. 7. I. melanópoda J. Gay var. pàllida Engelm. Stem subglobose, deeply bilobed; leaves 15 to 60, slender, stiff, erect, bright green, pale at base, (2 or) 5 to 18 in. long; sporangia oblong, 2 to 5 lines long, spotted, % to % covered by the velum; polygamous; macrospores with depressed tubercles often confluent into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth; microspores spinulose.— San Diego; Upland; Monterey; Kaweah River; s. to L . Cai., e. to 111. 8. X. nuttàllii A . Br. Stem almost globose, trilobed, slightly grooved; leaves 20 to 60, 3 to 4 in. long, slender, bright green, with only 3 peripheral bast-bundles; sporangium oblong or oval; macrospores variable in size, densely covered with minute but prominent rounded warts or rarely almost smooth; microspores papillose, brown.—Banks of streams, Marin Co.; Ore. to Wash.

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED

PLANTS

Plants without distinct alternation of generations, the l e a f y plant (sporophyte) bearing ovules and,stamens in which the gametophyte is extremely reduced or masked. Microspore or pollen grain typically transported through the air to the vicinity of the oosphere (or egg-cell) where it germinates and gives rise to a non-motile sperm. Fertilized oosphere developing into an embryo contained in the resting body or seed. CLASS 1. G Y M N O S P E R M A E . CONE-BEARING P L A N T S Cone-bearing trees or shrubs, all of ours evergreen; leaves needle-like, narrowly linear, awl-like or scale-like. Ovules and seeds borne naked on the surface of a scale; stamens and ovules in catkin-like clusters; sperm passing to the oosphere directly through the micropyle; embryo with 2 to 17 cotyledons. PINACEAE.

PINE FAMILY

Trees or shrubs. Leaves narrowly linear and alternate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins, usually on separate branches but always on same tree. Staminate catkins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing two pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins with spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which commonly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody cone. Cones pendent or spreading, f a l l i n g f r o m the tree whole, the scales persistent. L e a v e s of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing the second year, their bracts minute 1. PINUS. L e a v e s of 1 kind, l i n e a r ; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. L e a v e s petioled, jointed on the woody base which is somewhat decurrent on the branchlet; trunk bark fissured or smoothish. not scaly 2.

TSUQA.

44

PINACEAE

lets, Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 10,000 feet. Var. SÓNNEI Henderson. Leaves shorter, more rigid; macrosporangia almost orbicular, spotted with small dark spots; velum wide, covering % to % the sporangium.—Donner Lake. 5. X. howéllii Engelm. Medium-sized; leaves 10 to 25, bright green, 5 to 8 in. long, with thick dissepiments; stornata always present; sporangia oval, spotted or unspotted, 1M> to 21/-» lines long, % to % covered by the velum; ligula subulate, equaling sporangium; macrospores rough with prominent rounded single or confluent tubercles.—Borders of ponds, Coast Eanges and Sierra Nevada; n. to Ore. 6. I . orcuttii Eat. Stem slightly trilobed, globose, 1 to 2 in. high; leaves 6 to 15, triangular-winged at base; bast-bundles 2, weak; stornata n o n e ( ? ) ; ligula lunate or semi-circular; macrospores very small, polished, finely pitted and often sparsely mealy; microspores dark brown, spinulose.-—Winter pools on mesas, San Diego Co. 7. I. melanópoda J. Gay var. pàllida Engelm. Stem subglobose, deeply bilobed; leaves 15 to 60, slender, stiff, erect, bright green, pale at base, (2 or) 5 to 18 in. long; sporangia oblong, 2 to 5 lines long, spotted, % to % covered by the velum; polygamous; macrospores with depressed tubercles often confluent into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth; microspores spinulose.— San Diego; Upland; Monterey; Kaweah River; s. to L . Cai., e. to 111. 8. X. nuttàllii A . Br. Stem almost globose, trilobed, slightly grooved; leaves 20 to 60, 3 to 4 in. long, slender, bright green, with only 3 peripheral bast-bundles; sporangium oblong or oval; macrospores variable in size, densely covered with minute but prominent rounded warts or rarely almost smooth; microspores papillose, brown.—Banks of streams, Marin Co.; Ore. to Wash.

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED

PLANTS

Plants without distinct alternation of generations, the l e a f y plant (sporophyte) bearing ovules and,stamens in which the gametophyte is extremely reduced or masked. Microspore or pollen grain typically transported through the air to the vicinity of the oosphere (or egg-cell) where it germinates and gives rise to a non-motile sperm. Fertilized oosphere developing into an embryo contained in the resting body or seed. CLASS 1. G Y M N O S P E R M A E . CONE-BEARING P L A N T S Cone-bearing trees or shrubs, all of ours evergreen; leaves needle-like, narrowly linear, awl-like or scale-like. Ovules and seeds borne naked on the surface of a scale; stamens and ovules in catkin-like clusters; sperm passing to the oosphere directly through the micropyle; embryo with 2 to 17 cotyledons. PINACEAE.

PINE FAMILY

Trees or shrubs. Leaves narrowly linear and alternate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins, usually on separate branches but always on same tree. Staminate catkins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing two pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins with spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which commonly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody cone. Cones pendent or spreading, f a l l i n g f r o m the tree whole, the scales persistent. L e a v e s of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing the second year, their bracts minute 1. PINUS. L e a v e s of 1 kind, l i n e a r ; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. L e a v e s petioled, jointed on the woody base which is somewhat decurrent on the branchlet; trunk bark fissured or smoothish. not scaly 2.

TSUQA.

44

PINACEAE

lets, Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 10,000 feet. Var. SÓNNEI Henderson. Leaves shorter, more rigid; macrosporangia almost orbicular, spotted with small dark spots; velum wide, covering % to % the sporangium.—Donner Lake. 5. X. howéllii Engelm. Medium-sized; leaves 10 to 25, bright green, 5 to 8 in. long, with thick dissepiments; stornata always present; sporangia oval, spotted or unspotted, 1M> to 21/-» lines long, % to % covered by the velum; ligula subulate, equaling sporangium; macrospores rough with prominent rounded single or confluent tubercles.—Borders of ponds, Coast Eanges and Sierra Nevada; n. to Ore. 6. I . orcuttii Eat. Stem slightly trilobed, globose, 1 to 2 in. high; leaves 6 to 15, triangular-winged at base; bast-bundles 2, weak; stornata n o n e ( ? ) ; ligula lunate or semi-circular; macrospores very small, polished, finely pitted and often sparsely mealy; microspores dark brown, spinulose.-—Winter pools on mesas, San Diego Co. 7. I. melanópoda J. Gay var. pàllida Engelm. Stem subglobose, deeply bilobed; leaves 15 to 60, slender, stiff, erect, bright green, pale at base, (2 or) 5 to 18 in. long; sporangia oblong, 2 to 5 lines long, spotted, % to % covered by the velum; polygamous; macrospores with depressed tubercles often confluent into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth; microspores spinulose.— San Diego; Upland; Monterey; Kaweah River; s. to L . Cai., e. to 111. 8. X. nuttàllii A . Br. Stem almost globose, trilobed, slightly grooved; leaves 20 to 60, 3 to 4 in. long, slender, bright green, with only 3 peripheral bast-bundles; sporangium oblong or oval; macrospores variable in size, densely covered with minute but prominent rounded warts or rarely almost smooth; microspores papillose, brown.—Banks of streams, Marin Co.; Ore. to Wash.

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED

PLANTS

Plants without distinct alternation of generations, the l e a f y plant (sporophyte) bearing ovules and,stamens in which the gametophyte is extremely reduced or masked. Microspore or pollen grain typically transported through the air to the vicinity of the oosphere (or egg-cell) where it germinates and gives rise to a non-motile sperm. Fertilized oosphere developing into an embryo contained in the resting body or seed. CLASS 1. G Y M N O S P E R M A E . CONE-BEARING P L A N T S Cone-bearing trees or shrubs, all of ours evergreen; leaves needle-like, narrowly linear, awl-like or scale-like. Ovules and seeds borne naked on the surface of a scale; stamens and ovules in catkin-like clusters; sperm passing to the oosphere directly through the micropyle; embryo with 2 to 17 cotyledons. PINACEAE.

PINE FAMILY

Trees or shrubs. Leaves narrowly linear and alternate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins, usually on separate branches but always on same tree. Staminate catkins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing two pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins with spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which commonly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody cone. Cones pendent or spreading, f a l l i n g f r o m the tree whole, the scales persistent. L e a v e s of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing the second year, their bracts minute 1. PINUS. L e a v e s of 1 kind, l i n e a r ; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. L e a v e s petioled, jointed on the woody base which is somewhat decurrent on the branchlet; trunk bark fissured or smoothish. not scaly 2.

TSUQA.

PINE

45

FAMILY

Leaves sessile, jointed on the woody peg-like base which spreads at right angles to the branchlet; trunk bark marked by scars of deciduous scales

3. PICEA.

B r a c t s longer than the scales, notched at apex with a spear-like point in the notch; leaf-scars smooth; old bark very rough 4. PSEUDOTSUGA. Cones erect on branch, maturing the first year, their scales falling separately; leaf-scars smooth

5.

ABIES.

1. PÍNUS L. P I N E Trees with two sorts of leaves, the primary leaves thin and scaly or chafflike, bearing in their axils needle-shaped leaves, in bundles of 1 to 5, which emerge from slender buds whose scarious scales sheathe the base of the cluster. Staminate catkins spreading, crowded in a whorl towards the base of the shoot of the same spring. Ovulate catkins erect, 1 to 5 in a subterminal whorl. Cones maturing in the second autumn, reflexed or pendulous, their scales woody, imbricated, the exposed portion (apophysis) often much thickened and bearing centrally an elevated scar or prickly boss (umbo). Cotyledons 4 to 17. (Latin name of the pine.) WHITE PINES.—Cones subterminal, the apophysis of the cone-scale usually thin and unarmed; needles in 5 s ; wood light-colored, soft; chiefly high montane. Cones long-stalked, very long and slender when closed. Needles 1 to 3 % in. long; cones 6 to 8 in. long 1. P. montícola. Needles 2 to 3 % in. long; cones 13 to 18 in. long 2. P. lambertiana. Cones with short stalks or almost none; needles 1 to 2 % in. long. Scales very thick at tip, not closely overlapping; cones subglobose, 1 to 3 in. long; subalpine 3. P . albicaulis. Scale-tips slightly thickened, rather closely overlapping; cones commonly longovate, 2 to 5 in. long; desert mts. chiefly 4. P. flexilix. YELLOW PINES.—Cones subterminal, sessile or nearly so, the scales with a thick apophysis which is umbonate and armed with a prickle; needles in 5s, 3s, or 2 s ; wood very pitchy. Needles in 5s. Cones oblong-ovate, to 5 in. long; scales with minute prickles; needles % to 1 in. long; Mt. Whitney region and high North Coast Ranges 5. P. balfouriana. Cones slender ovate, 3 to 3 % in. long; scales with long slender prickles; needles 1 to in. long; desert ranges 6 .P. aristata. Needles in 3s, 5 to 10 in. long: cones breaking through near base when falling, some scales remaining on branch. Cones ovate, 3 to 5 in. long; common at middle altitudes 7. P. ponderosa. Cones round-oval, 5 to 10 in. long; at higher altitudes Var. jcffreyi. Needles in 2s r 1 to 2 % in. long 8. P. contorta. NUT PINES.—Cones lateral or subterminal, the scales strongly thickened at tip or prolonged into conspicuous spurs or hooks; seeds large, thick shelled, the wing short or none; needles 1 to 5 in a cluster; arid areas and chiefly low altitudes. Cones very large, with highly developed spurs, breaking through near base when falling, a few lower scales persisting on the branch; needles in 3s. Cones ovate, 10 to 13 in. long; needles erect, 5 to 14 in. long; trunk persisting through crown as one main axis; foliage yellowish; South Coast Ranges and Southern California 9 .P. coulteri. Cones round-oval, 6 to 10 in. long; needles drooping, 7 to 1 3 % in. long; trunk branching into several secondary axes; foliage gray; dry interior foothills 10. P. 8abiniana. Cones with pyramidal apophyses. Needles in 5s, 8 to 12 in. long; cones triangular-oval, 4 to 5 % in. long; scales with pyramidal apophyses; local on south coast 11. P. torreyana. Needles not in 5 s ; cones subglobose. Needles commonly in 4 s ; cones % to 1 % in. long; S. and L. Cal.; var. parryana of 12. P. cembroides. Needles 1 in a place; cones 2 % to 3 % in. long; desert ranges; var. cembroides. monophylla of 12. P. CLOSED-CONE PINES.—Cones lateral, sessile, one-sided, opening tardily, often remaining closed for many years, their scales conspicuously swollen at tip; needles in 3s or 2s, 3 to 6 in. long; lower altitudes, chiefly of coast. Needles in 2 s ; cones ovate, 2 to 3 in. long, often developing stout spurs; seashore. . . 13. P. muricata. Needles in 3s. Cones broadly ovoid, 2 % to 4Ys in. long; seashore 14. P. radiata. Cones oblong-ovate, 3 to 6 in. long; montane 15. P. tuberculata. 1 . P. montícola Don. SILVER PINE. Forest tree 50 to 175 ft. high, trunk 1 to 6 ft. in diameter, the bark whitish or reddish, very smooth though slightly checked; needles in 5s, very slender, 2 to 3% in. long; cones pendulous, 6 to 8 (or 10) in. long, very slender when closed and usually curved towards the tip, black-purple or green when young, 21/-» to in. broad near the base when open and tapering to the apex; scales thin, smooth, rounded

46

PINACEAE

at apex, umbo sear-like; seeds 3 to 4 lines long, their wings about 3 times as long; cotyledons 5 to 9, mostly 7 or 8.—Sierra Nevada, in the main timber belt from 6000 to 9500 f t . ; Mt. Shasta to Marble Mt. and the Siskiyou Mts.; n. to B. C. and nw. Mont. Wood valuable but the species weakly represented. 2. P. limbertiina Dougl. SUGAR P I N E . Fig. 3 4 . Forest tree 60 to 180 f t . high; t r u n k 2 to 6 f t . in diameter, its brown or reddish bark 2 to 4 in. thick, roughly fissured longitudinally with the surface breaking down into small deciduous scales; needles in 5s, slender, 2 to 3% in. long; cones pendulous, borne on stalks at the ends v . - of the branches, commonly in the very summit of the , tree, very long-oblong, 13 to 18 in. long, 4 to 6 in. thick - when opened; scale-tips thin, with terminal scar-like . umbo; seeds 2 to 5 lines long with broad wings twice ** as long; cotyledons 13 to 16.—Montane, 2500 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada, in the main timber belt; higher Coast Kanges; high mts. of S. Cai.; n. to Ore. Wood very valuable, white, soft and straight-grained. 3. P. albic&ulis Engelm. W H I T E - B A R K P I N E . Pig. 35. Usually dwarfish or prostrate, sometimes a tree up to 20 or 40 ft. high; trunk y2 to 2 f t . in diameter, often with 2 or 3 main stems from the base; bark thin, whitish and smooth; needles in 5s, 1 to 2 % in. long, densely clothing the tips of the slowly growing branchlets; \J cones ovoid or subglobose, yel34. P i n u s l a m b e r t i a n a lowish • brown, 1 to 3 in. long D o u g l . ; cone x W.. and nearly as thick; scales broad and rounded at apex with a short acute umbo, not overlapping closely but their tips strongly thickened and either projecting freely or presenting very bluntish points; seeds obovate, acute, % to % 35. P i n u s albicaulis E n g e l m . ; cone x Vz. in. long; wing narrow, usually persistent on the scale; cotyledons 7 to 9.—Subalpine, 8000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada; Salmon Mts. and f a r n. 4 . P. flixilis James. L I M B E R P I N E . Tree 10 to 60 f t . high with a short trunk 1 to 3 f t . in diameter; needles in 5s, 1 to 2% in. long, often curving, densely clothing the ends of the branchlets and forming a sort of brush; cones buff or olive-buff, globose to long-ovate, 2 to 5 in. long; scales broad with rounded slightly thickened tips and terminal scar-like umbo, overlapping rather closely and leaving only a narrow portion free on the upper side the scale; seeds nearly oval, markedly compressed, 4 to 5 lines long; wing narrow, generally persistent on scale; cotyledons 6 to 9.—Subalpine, desert ranges, 7500 to 11,000 f t . : desert slope of s. Sierra Nevada and high mts. of S. Cal.; White, Inyo and Panamint Ranges; e. to Eocky Mts., n. to Alb.

5. P. balfouriana Jeffrey. FOXTAIL P I N E . Subalpine tree, 20 to 45 f t . high, with conical trunk 1 to 4 f t . in diameter at the base; trunk bark reddish brown, smoothish but superficially checked; branches stout and rather short with half-drooping branchlets thickly clothed with short needles persisting 10 to 15 years and thus resembling a f o x ' s tail; needles in 5s, % to 1 in. long; cones slender when closed, oblong-ovate when open, terra-cotta color, 2i/2 to 5 in. long; tips of the scales thickened or low-pyramidal, with shrunken scar-like umbo; seeds 3% to 4 lines long, their wings narrow, 6 to 11 lines long; cotyledons 5.—Timber line tree, 6000 to 11,500 ft., local in

PINE

FAMILY

47

t w o w i d e l y separated areas; inner f a r N o r t h Coast Ranges ( S c o t t Mts. to Y o l l o B o l l y M t s . ) and high s. Sierra N e v a d a . 6. P . aristàta Engelm. HICKORY PINE. T r e e 25 to 55 f t . h i g h ; leaves 1 to 1V2 in. long; young bark milky w h i t e ; cones slender ovate, 2 to 3 y 2 in. long, the scales armed w i t h slender prickles 3 lines l o n g ; cotyledons 6 or 7.— H i g h desert ranges of I n y o and M o n o Cos. and eastw. to Col. and n. A r i z . , 8000 to 11,200 f t . 7. P. ponderósa Dougl. Y E L L O W P I N E . P i g . 36. Forest tree 60 to 225 f t . high, the trunk 2 to 8 f t . in diameter; bark 2 to 4 in. thick, t a w n y or yellow-brown, divided by fissures into large plates, or sometimes closely fissured; needles in 3s, 5 to 10 in. l o n g ; cones reddish brown, commonly 3 to 5 in. long, narrowly ovate when closed, roundish o v a t e or oval when open, a f t e r opening breaking through near the base and f a l l i n g , l e a v i n g the basal scales on the l i m b ; scales thickened or low-pyramidal at apex, the umbo w i t h a stout somewhat triangular point or short p r i c k l e ; seeds ovatish, 3 to 4 lines long, the w i n g broadest near the middle and tapering to apex, % to 1 in. long, and 4 to 6 lines broad; cotyledons 5 to 10.—Sierra N e v a d a , main timber belt, the most abundant species; higher Coast R a n g e s ; high mts. o f S. Cai.; e. to the R o c k y Mts., n. to B. C., s. to M e x . W o o d valuable, straight-grained, rather resinous.

36. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ,

C°ne X A ' V a r . JÉFFREYI V a s e y . J e f f r e y P i n e . T r e e 60 to 170 f t . high w i t h yellowish or wine-colored trunks, the bark broken into roughish plates; cones larger and denser, 5 to 10 in. long, shaped when open like an old-fashioned straw h i v e ; prickle of the umbo o f t e n more slender; seeds o f t e n obovate, 5 to 7 lines long with a w i n g 12 or 13 lines long; cotyledons 7 to 13.—High montane, 6000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; M t . San Jacinto and San Bernardino M t s . ; Y o l l o B o l l y M t s . to the Siskiyou Mts.

8. P . contórta Dougl. BEACH PINE. Scrub pine 2 to 35 f t . high, commonly w i t h depressed or irregular dark green crown, the trunk mostly Vi to f t . in diameter w i t h dark rough b a r k ; needles in 2s, to 2 in. long, clothing the branchlets densely; cones narrowly o v a t e or sub-cylindrie, somew h a t oblique, globose when open, 1 to 1 % in. long, f a l l i n g a f t e r 4 or 5 years or remaining on the tree many years; apophysis l o w pyramidal, bearing a v e r y slender prickle which weathers a w a y in a g e ; seeds 1% to 2 lines long, the w i n g 3 to 6 lines l o n g ; > v '< * • c o t y l e d o n s 4 or 5.—Seacoast, : 's -^ Mendocino Co. ( A l b i o n R i v e r ) to O^^^^N^Xr-^^-y N o r t e Co. and n. to Alas. i ) V a r . MURRAYÀNA Engelm. Tarnf V \ rac Pine37. Forest tree ; K ^ f o ^ f e 1 commonly 50 to 125 f t . high; bark remarkably thin in. t h i c k ) , smooth; needles 1 Và to 2 % in. l o n g . — D r y slopes or swampy swales, 6000 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; San Bernardino Mts. and San Jacinto M t s . ; M t . Shasta to the Siskiyou Mts. ; also f a r n. and e. Lodge-pole P i n e of the northwest. Var. BOLXNDERI V a s e y . Cane-like d w a r f 2 to 5 f t . high; cones . . _ . „ v e r y small.—Mendocino coastal 37. P i r n s contorta Dougl. var. murrayana Engelm. ; a, cone ; b, seed, x 1. plain.

U

48

PINACEAE

9. P. còulteri Don. BIG-CONE P I N E . Tree 40 to 90 f t . high with usually spreading crown and long lower branches; b a r k dark, roughly broken; needles in 3s, erect, tipped with a short hard point, 5 to 10 (or 14) in. long; cones long-ovate, 10 to 13 in. long, 5 to 7 VJ in. thick, when falling breaking through near the base like the cone of the Yellow Pine; scales at tip drawn out into prominent tusk-like points or spurs which towards the base of the cone on the outer side are developed into curving talon-like appendages; seeds 6 to 8 lines long with a wing twice or nearly twice as long; cotyledons 10 to 17—Dry rocky mountain slopes, 3000 to 6500 f t . : Mt. Diablo (1200 f t . ) , Mt. Hamilton, San Carlos and Santa Lucia Banges to the mts. of S. Cal. Timber poor. 10. P. sabiniàna Dougl. DIGGER P I N E . Fig. 38. Tree 40 to 90 f t . high, the trunk in typical trees parting into a cluster of erect branches which form a broom-like top; needles in 3s, drooping, 7 to 1 3 i n . long; cones on stalks 2 to 2% in. long, ovate, subglobose when open, 6 to 10 in. long, 5 to 7 in. thick and only slightly unsymmetrical, when falling breaking through near the base and leaving the basal portion on the limb; tips of the scales strongly developed into triangular hooks projecting downwards, about 1 in. long; seeds hard-shelled, oblong, slightly flattened, 9 to 11 lines long, 4 to 5 lines wide, bearing a short wing 3 to 5 lines long and Y> in. broad; cotyledons 11 to 17.— Arid foothills, forming a very thin s t a n d : Sierra foothills; Coast Eanges, mostly toward the interior, reaching the coast only in the Santa Lucia Mts. Timber inferior.

Vsj 38. Pinus sabiniana Dougl.; cone xVz-

11. P. torreyàna P a r r y . TORREY P I N E . Low crooked or sprawling tree 15 to 35 f t . high, or sometimes straight and 60 f t . high; needles in 5s, 8 to 12 in. long; cones triangular ovate, 4 to 5% in. long, the scales at apex thickened into heavy pyramids; cotyledons 12 to 14.—Local on the San Diego coast about Del Mar and on Santa Eosa Isl.

12. P. cembroides Zucc. var. parryàna Voss. PARRY P I Ñ Ó N . Short-trunked low tree 15 to 30 f t . high; needles % to 1% in. long, usually 4 (sometimes 2, 3 or 5) in a cluster; cones subglobose, % to l 1 /^ in- long; seeds with rudimentary wings; cotyledons 6 to 8.—San J a c i n t o Eange and s. to L. Cal. (P. p a r r y a n a Engelm.) Var. M Ò N O P H Ì L L A Voss. One-leaf Piñón. Low flatcrowned tree 8 to 25 (or 45) f t . high, the t r u n k very short; needles 1 in a place, cylindric, curving upward, 1% to 2 in. long; cones subglobose, chocolate-brown or yellow, 2% to 3% in. in diameter; scales thick, raised a t apex into high broad-based pyramids with slightly umbilicate or flattened summits bearing a minute deciduous prickle; seeds dark brown, oblong in outline, slightly flattened, % in. long, without wings; cotyledons 7 to 10.— Common on desert slopes and ranges; extremely local (4 or 5 stations) on w. slope Sierra Nevada f r o m the Tuolumne Eiver to the K e r n Eiver. (P. monophylla Torr.) 13. P. muricàta Don. B I S H O P P I N E . Tree 4 0 to 8 0 f t . high, 1 to 3 f t . in t r u n k diameter; bark dark, roughly fissured; needles in 2s, 4 to 6 in. long; cones broadly ovate, 2 to 3 in. long, almost as thick, or when open more or less globose, borne on the slioot in circles of 3, 4 or 5, gradually turned downward, developed more strongly on the outside towards the base and in consequence always one-sided; scale-tips rhomboidal, bearing a central

PINE

49

FAMILY

prickle with a broad base, or the highly developed scales towards the base on the outside standing out as very stout straightish or upwardly curving spurs; seeds black, sometimes mottled, the thin shell minutely roughened, 21/-» to 3 lines long; wing 5 to 8 lines long; cotyledons 4 to 7.—Low swampy hills or flats or rocky slopes, always near the sea: Luffenholz Creek near Trinidad; Mendocino and Sonoma coasts; P t . Reyes Peninsula; Monterey; Coon Creek, San Luis Obispo. 14.

P . r a d i a t a D o n . MONTEREY P I N E .

Fig. 39. Symmetrical tree or in age with flattened or broken top, 30 to 70 or 115 f t . high; trunk 1 to 4 f t . in diameter, the dark hard bark roughly fissured; needles in 3s, or a few in 2s, 3 to 6 in. long; cones tan or cinnamon color, turned downward, sessile and 39. P i n u s radiata D o n ; cone x unequally developed, broadly ovoid and bluntly pointed, or globose when open, 2*4 to 4% in. long; scales on the outer side toward the base conspicuously swollen at tip into a hemispherical tubercle or boss and armed with a prickle which usually weathers oif; seeds black, minutely roughened on the surface, 3 lines long, bearing a broadly oblong brown wing 2% to 3 times as long; cotyledons 5 to 7.—Seacoast, only in a few small scattered colonies: Alio Nuevo Pt., Santa Cruz Co.; Monterey; Cambria, San Luis Obispo Co.; S a n t a Rosa, S a n t a Cruz and Guadalupe Isls. 15. P. tuberculata Gord. KNOB-CONE P I N E . Fig. 40. Tree 5 to 30 or 50 f t . high with thin crown and slender t r u n k ; needles in 3s, 3 to 5 in. long; cones strongly deflexed, buff in color, narrowly ovate, oblique, acutely or bluntly pointed and somewhat curved, especially at tip, 3 to 6 in. long; scales moderately thickened at tip, except on the outside towards the base where they are raised into conspicuous rounded or pointed a»/";. ..v\ knobs; umbos small and contracted into slender usually deciduous prickles; seeds brownish black, ovatish, 3 to 4 lines long, the surface minutely roughened; wings 9 to 12 lines long, 3 to 4 lines broad, broadest near the middle; cotyledons 5 to 8. —Barren or rocky slopes a t medium altitudes, the localities few and widely scattered: Santa Lucia Mts.; Santa Cruz Mts.; Moraga Ridge; Mt. St. Helena; n. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co. The cones persist on the trunk and long slender main branches many (15 to 25) years, forming circles from near the base to the summit. The seeds are seldom liberated except when the cones are heated in a forest fire. I t is thus very interesting t h a t a burned forest of Knobcone Pine is promptly resown with its own seed. 2. TSUGA Carr. HEMLOCK Slender trees with nodding leading shoots. Leaves linear; resin canal 1; petioles jointed on a woody base which persists a f t e r leaf-fall as a decurrent projection roughening the branchlet. Staminate catkins pendulous, consisting of a subglobose cluster of stamens on a long peduncle arising f r o m an

40

Pinus

tuberculata

G o r d . ; cone x y 2 .

50

PINACEAE

axillary winter bud. Anthers subglobose, tipped with a short spur or knob, their cells opening transversely. Ovulate catkins erect, from terminal winter buds. Cones maturing in the first autumn, solitary on ends of branchlets. pendent; scales thin, longer than the bracts. Seeds with resin vesicles on the surface; cotyledons 3 to 6.—(Tsuga, its Japanese name.) Leaves in flat sprays; cones V2 to 1 in. long Leaves spreading around stem; cones 1 V2 to 3 in. long

1. T. 2. T.

heteropht/Ua. mertensiana.

1. T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. COAST HEMLOCK. Graceful conifer, 100 to 180 ft. high, with trunk 1 to 4 ft. in diameter, the branches and branchlets slender, forming sprays which droop cascade-wise but not pendulous; trunk bark brown or dark red inside, smoothish or broken into small oblong plates; branchlets finely hairy with the leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks; leaves linear, flat, 3 to 10 lines long, % to 1 line wide, shortly but distinctly petioled; cones oblong or conical when closed, roundish when open, to % or 1 in. long; scales longer than broad, roundish at apex, entire; bracts about % the length of the scales, broadly triangular with truncate or obtuse summits; seeds light-brown, 1% line long, the wing 3 or 4 lines long and twice the breadth of the seed.—Mountain slopes near the sea from Gualala River, Sonoma Co., to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas, and w. Mont. 2. T. mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK. Fig. 41. Alpine tree 15 to 90 (rarely 115) ft. high, with conical trunk % to 2>/2 ft. in diameter, bearing branches quite to the ground and forming pyramidal bases which are soon narrowed to slender tops; branches slender, horizontal or mostly drooping, the branchlets slender, pubescent and drooping; leaves standing out all around the branchlet, flattish above, strongly ridged below, bearing stomata on both surfaces, bluntish at apex, % to 1 in. long, less than 1 line wide, shortly petioled; cones cylindric and tapering to base and apex, 1 y2 to 3 in. long, % to % in. in diameter; opened cones oblong or tapering from base to apex, 1 to 1% in. in diameter; scales thin, rounded at apex, in the open cone spreading at right angles to the axis or even recurving, their bracts % to % as long, rounded above and tipped with a short point; seeds 2% lines long, the wing 4 or 5 lines long.—Timberline tree, 6000 to 11,000 f t . : 41. Tsuga mertensiana Sarg.; fr. branchlet x

Nevada from Bubbs Creek, Fresno Co., to Mt. Shasta, thence w. to the Salmon and Siskiyou mountains; n. to Alas, and w. Mont. SierTa

3. PlCEA Link. SPRUCE Trees with tall tapering trunks and thin scaly bark. Leaves narrowly linear, spreading on all sides, jointed near the stem on a woody base which persists after leaf-fall as a prominent spreading " p e g " ; resin canals in ours 2. Staminate catkins from terminal or axillary winter buds, erect or nodding; anthers with nearly circular toothed crests, opening longitudinally. Ovule-bearing catkins erect. Cones maturing in the first autumn, pendent, usually scattered over the upper half of the tree; scales very thin, the bracts

51

PINE FAMILY

shorter than t h e scales. Seeds without resin vesicles; cotyledons 4 to 15. ( P i c e a , ancient L a t i n name, from pix, pitch.) Scales of cones thin, s e r r u l a t e ; leaves prickly pointed or cuspidate. B r a c t s % to % as long a s the s c a l e ; coastal B r a c t s % to as long as the s c a l e ; montane Scales of cone thickish, e n t i r e ; leaves merely a c u t e ; high montane

1. P. sitchensis. 2 . P. engelmannii. 3. P. breweriana.

1. P . sitchinsis ( B o n g . ) Carr. TIDELAND SPRUCE. F i g . 42. F o r e s t tree 80 to 190 f t . high, with trunk 3 to 20 f t . in diameter, wide spreading rigid branches, and drooping b r a n c h l e t s ; trunk b a r k reddish brown, developing roughish and ill-defined deciduous scales; leaves linear, Yi to 1 in. long, % to 1 line wide, whitened and flat above but with a median ridge, convex or strongly ridged below, very stiff and usually tapering to a prickly point or the upper leaves less sharp or bluntly pointed; cones dull brown, long oblong, 2 to 4 in. long and when open 1% to 1% in. in diameter; scales narrow, finely and irregularly toothed, with ovate-lanceolate bracts, Y2 to % as long; seeds 1% lines long, t h e wing 3 to 4 lines long and 1 Yi to 2 lines broad.—Lowlands f a c i n g the ocean, Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas. E x tensively lumbered. I n cultivation called S i t k a Spruce. 2. P . engelmannii Engelm. ENGEL-

MANN S P R U C E .

T r e e 20 to 50 (or

100)

f t . high; branchlets (in ours) glabrous; leaves strongly ridged above and below, cuspidate, 8 to 11 lines long, resin-ducts often 1 or 2; cones oblong, 2 to 214 in. long, 1 Yi in. in diameter when open; scales rounded or a little contracted a t apex; b r a c t M> to Yi as long as the s c a l e . — Clark Creek, S h a s t a Co. (only known locality in C a l . ) ; Ashland B u t t e , s. O r e . ; n. t o B . C., e. t o B o c k y

Mts.

4 2 . P i c e a sitchensis C a r r . ; f r . branchlet x

3. P . briweriitna W a t s . WEEPING SPRUCE. Tree 20 to 95 f t . high; branches clothing t h e t r u n k to the ground, few and mainly horizontal, ornamented with cord-like branchlets hanging straight down; trunk Y2 to 3Yi f t . in diameter, its b a r k thin, whitish and smoothish, the deciduous scales making irregular but sharply defined scars; leaves roundish and green below, whitish above on either side the conspicuous median ridge, obtuse at apex, % to 1 in. long; cones narrowly cylindric, 3Yi to 4*4 in. long, to 1 Yi in. in diameter; scales rounded at apex, very t h i c k f o r a spruce and with smooth entire edges; bracts oblong, acute, Ys to Yi as long as the scales; seeds 1 Yi lines long, t h e wing 4 lines long.—High cold hollows or north slopes, 6000 to 7000 f t . : T r i n i t y M t s . to the Siskiyou M t s . ; also sw. Ore. 4. P S E U D O T S U G A Carr. L a r g e trees with flat short-petioled leaves spreading around the stem or on horizontal branches often somewhat 2-ranked. S t a m i n a t e c a t k i n s axillary, the pollen-sacs tipped with a spur and opening obliquely. Ovulate c a t k i n s erect, terminal or axillary. Cones pendent, maturing in the first autumn, borne all over crown; scales thin, rounded, shorter than t h e slender acutely

52

PINACEAE

2-lobed bracts which bear a spear-like point in the notch. Seeds without resin vesicles; cotyledons 5 to 12.—In botanical relationship it stands in an intermediate position among the Spruces, Hemlocks and Firs. I t s peculiar cone bracts, signally different from those of any other conifer, and the obliquely dehiscing pollen-sacs are the chief marks of the distinctive genus Pseudotsuga. (Greek pseudos, false, and Japanese tsuga, hemlock.) Cones

1% to ZVz in. l o n g ; bracts conspicuously exserted; Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges 1. P . taxifolia. Cones 4 to IV2 in. l o n g ; bracts protruding little; S. Cat. only 2. P . macrocarpa. 1. P. taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. DOUGLAS F I R . DOUGLAS SPRUCE. Fig. 4 3 .

Magnificent forest tree, 70 to 250 f t . high, the t r u n k 1 to 8 f t . in diameter; bark on old trees very thick, soft and putty-like, broken into broad heavy furrows; branchlets with the leaves spreading all around the stem or on horizontal branchlets turned more or less to right and l e f t b u t not in truly flat sprays; leaves linear, blunt at apex, flat with a median groove above and a ridge below, green, with two pale longitudinal bands on the under surface, very short-petioled, % to IV2 in. long, % to 1 line wide; cones cinnamon or red-brown, long-oval and more or less pointed, 1% to 3% in. long, when open to 1% in. thick; scales broad and rounded at apex; bracts conspicuously exserted, broadly linear and bearing in the deep notch at apex a spear-like point; seeds 3 lines long, almost as long as the wings; cotyledons 5 to 8.—Moist mountain slopes: Coast Eanges, especially toward the coast, from the Santa Lucia Mts. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to 43. P s e u d o t s u g a taxifolia B r i t t . ; a, fr. B. C. Valuable timber tree; known to branchlet x %; 6, bract and scale x y 2 .

woodsmen as Red F i r or Yellow

Fir,

but when manufactured into lumber the product is sold under the trade name " O r e g o n P i n e . "

2. P. macrocarpa Mayr. BIG-CONE SPRUCE. Tree 30 to 60 or occasionally 80 f t . tall, with very long lower branches, the foliage and cones very similar to no. 1; bark dark or black; leaves slightly curved; cones 4 to 7% in. long, 2 to 3 in. in diameter when open; bracts protruding little or not a t all beyond the scales, except the lowest, the tails of which are often as much as % in. long; cotyledons 6 or 7.—Canons and north slopes: San Emigdio Mts. westw. to the San E a f a e l and S a n t a Inez ranges, southw. to the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, Palomar and Cuyamaca mountains, 2500 to 8000 f t . 5. ABIES Link, FIR Highly symmetrical trees of l o f t y stature, the branches in regular whorls and r a m i f y i n g laterally, forming flat sprays. Leaves linear, flat, thickened or 4-angled, whitened beneath, spreading in 2 opposite directions or even 2-ranked, or more Often curving upwards, leaving a smooth circular scar when they fall. Catkins f r o m axillary winter buds. Staminate catkins borne on t h e under side of the branches, mostly in the upper half of the tree. Ovulate catkins erect, on the upper side of the topmost spreading branches. Cones erect, maturing in t h e first autumn, falling to pieces on the tree; scales thin, incurved at the broadened apex; bracts often exserted. Seeds with resin vesicles; cotyledons 4 to 10. (The Latin name.) Leaves of lower and uppermost branches slightly different; bracts not bristle-like. Cones 2 to in. long; bracts not exserted. Leaves glaucous or dull green with stomata above, flat or on cone-bearing branches keeled above, acute or rarely notched at apex, spreading in two ranks or curving upwards, with a twist in the short petiole; old bark drab or g r a y i s h ; high montane 1. A. concolor.

PINE

53

FAMILY

Leaves dark lustrous green, no stomata above, white beneath, notched at apex, usually spreading in two ranks, on cone-bearing branches often blunt, curving u p w a r d s ; bark w h i t e ; north coast only 2. A. grandis. Cones 4 to 8 in. long, the bracts concealed or exserted; leaves ridged above and below so as to be 4-sided, somewhat compressed, thicker on the uppermost branches, curving upwards but not twisted, sessile; old bark reddish brown; high montane 3. A. magnified. Leaves alike all over tree; cones with conspicuous bracts, the exserted portion long and bristle-like; bark light brown, smoothish; Santa Lucia Mts. only. . . 4 . A. venusta.

1. A. concolor Lindl. & Gord. W H I T E F I R . Fig. 44. Forest tree 60 to 150 or 200 f t . high, with a narrow crown and a t r u n k 1 to 6 f t . in diameter; bark smooth, silvery or whitish in young trees, becoming thick and heavily fissured into rounded ridges on old t r u n k s and gray or drabbrown in color, in section showing dull brown areas separated by a coarse light-colored mesh; leaves M> to in. long, flat, o f t e n with a median channel on upper side, or on the uppermost branches keeled, a prominent midrib beneath with a broad depressed stomatal band on either side, acutish, obtuse or slightly notched at summit, contracted at base into a very short petiole, spreading in two ranks or more or less erect by a twist in the very short petiole; cones brown, oblong, rounded at summit and base, 2 to 5 Y> in. long, 1 to 1% in. in diameter; bracts about x/-> as long as the scales, roundish and 44. Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord. ; fr. branchlet x Yz. finely toothed, often with a notch at top and usually terminating in a short slender point; seeds 5 lines long, the wing 6 or 7 lines long.—Mountain slopes, 3000 to 7000 or 10,000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; high North Coast Ranges; high mts. of S. Cal.; e. to the Rocky Mts. Makes a second-grade saw-timber. Also, but wrongly, called Silver Fir. 2 . A. grandis Lindl. LOWLAND F I R . Forest tree t r u n k 1% to 4 f t . in diameter; leaves flat, 1 to 2 in. long, notched at apex, dark lustrous green above and with a median channel, below with two white bands separated by a ridge; cones long-oblong in outline, 2% to 4 in. long, IVJ to 1% in. thick; bracts small, with a short awl-like point set on the roundish apex, y, as long as the scales; seeds drab-color, 4% lines long with a wing somewhat longer and twice as broad as the seed; cotyledons 6.—Low hills or valleys near the sea: n. Sonoma Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to B. C.

3. A. magnifica Murr. RED FIR. Superb forest tree 60 to 175 or even 200 f t . high, with a t r u n k 1 to 5 f t . in diameter and a very narrow crown composed of numerous horizontal s t r a t a of fan-shaped sprays; bark on young trees whitish or silvery, on old trunks dark red, very deeply and roughly fissured; leaves % to "lY> in. long, ridged above and below so as to be equally 4-sided, although more or less compressed, acutish at

40

to

160

f t . high, the

45 Abics ifica M u r r . T a r . shastensis Lem.; fr. branchlet x Vs.

54

TAXODIACEAE

apex, those on the under side of the branches spreading right and l e f t , in the top of the tree more thickened, erect, incurved and hiding the upper side of the branch; cones brown, 4 to 8 in. long, 2% to 3% in. in diameter, broadly oval in outline, the broad scales with upturned edges; bracts oblong, acute, not exserted; seeds 7 lines long with a semi-fanshaped wing 8 lines long; cotyledons 9 to 13.—Mountain slopes and ridges, 5000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; high North Coast Ranges f r o m n. Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co. Wood straight- and fine-grained, heavy and very durable. Var. S H A S T É N S I S Lem. Shasta Fir. Fig. 45. Bracts enlarged or spatulate at apex, mucronate, exserted.—Sierra Nevada and n. to Mt. Shasta and s. Ore. 4 . A. venusta (Dougl.) Koch. SANTA L U C I A F I B . Singular montane tree 30 to 75 or 100 f t . high with a narrow crown abruptly tapering above into a steeple-like top; t r u n k XA> to 2% f t . in diameter, vested in light reddish brown bark, and bearing short slender declined or drooping branches nearly or quite to the ground; leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, dark green and nearly flat above, below with a white band on either side of the strong median in. long, 1 to 1% lines wide, mostly 2-ranked; ridge, 1*4 or mostly 1% to cones elliptic-oblong, 2% to 4 in. long, l 1 /^ to 2 in. thick, borne on peduncles Yn in. long; bracts wedge-shaped, truncate or notched at summit, the midribs prolonged into a long-exserted bristle Vs to 1% in. long and Vi line wide; seeds reddish brown, 3% lines long with a broad wing 4 to 5 lines long and rounded at apex; cotyledons 7.—Eocky mountain peaks and deep canons, Santa Lucia Mts. TAXÒDIÀCEAE.

REDWOOD F A M I L Y

Trees with linear or awl-shaped alternate leaves. Staminate and ovulate catkins on the same tree. Staminate catkins small. Scales of the ovulate catkins spirally arranged, more or less blended with the bract, often spreading horizontally f r o m the axis of the cone and developed into broad flattish summits. Ovules to each scale 2 to 9. Seeds not winged or merely margined 1. SEQUÒIA Endl.

REDWOOD

Tall trees with thick, red, fibrous b a r k and linear, awl-shaped, or scale-like leaves. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets or on short lateral branchlets, with many spirally disposed stamens, each bearing 2 to 5 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins terminal, composed of many spirally arranged scales, each with 5 to 7 ovules at base. Cone woody, its scales divergent at right angles to the axis, widening upward and forming a broad rhomboidal wrinkled summit with a depressed center. Seeds flattened; cotyledons 2 to 6. (The Cherokee Indian, Sequoyah, who invented an alphabet f o r his tribe.) Leaves awl-shaped, ascending all around stem ; cones 2 to 3 % in. l o n g ; Sierra Nevada only 1. S. gigantea. Leaves linear, petioled, spreading in 2 ranks and forming a flat spray; cones % to in. long; Coast Ranges only 2. S. sempervirens.

Wmm

1. S. gìgantèa (Lindi.) Dec. BIG TREE. Fig. 46. Giant t r e e 100 to 325 f t . high with columns 80 to 225 f t . to the first 46. Sequoia gigantea Dec. ; fr. limb and 5 to 30 f t . in diameter at 6 f t . branchlet x above the ground; crown rounded at summit or much broken in age; b a r k red, deeply furrowed or fluted, % to 2 f t . thick; leaves awl-like, 1 to 6 lines long, only the tips free, adherent below

CUPRESSACEAE

55

to the stem which they thickly clothe; cones maturing in the second autumn, red-brown, ovoid, 1% to 2% in. long, composed of 35 to 40 scales; scales with transversely rhomboidal summits and a centrally depressed umbo; seeds numerous, flattened, margined all around with a border, ovatish or oblong in outline, 2% to 3 lines long.—Western slope of the Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 8000 ft., from Placer Co. to Tulare Co., a longitudinal range of 250 miles but occurring in more or less widely disconnected and limited areas called ' ' groves," 32 in number. The trees have been extensively lumbered and the product marketed as Eedwood. The wood is similar to Redwood but more brittle. 2. S. s^mpervlrens (Lamb.) Endl. EEDWOOD. Fig, 47. Tall and massive tree 100 to 340 ft. high, the trunk 2 to 16 ft. in diameter; bark % to 1 ft. thick; foliage reddish brown; leaves linear, spreading right and left so as to form flat sprays, % to 1% (mostly % to % ) in. long and 1 to 1V+ lines wide, or in the top of adult trees with short linear acuminate leaves 3 to 5 lines long, such branchlets striki n g 1 y suggestive of those of the Big Tree; cones oval, reddish, brown, % to 1% in. long, maturing i n first autumn; scales 14 to 24; seeds narrowly margined, elliptic in outline, 2 lines long.—This forms a n a r r o w belt along the c o a s t from t h e Santa Lucia Mts. to the Oregon line, never ranging inland beyond the influence 4 7 . Sequoia sempervirens E n d l . ; f r . b r a n c h l e t x Vz. of the sea-fogs, reaching its greatest development in Humboldt Co. I t is the tallest tree on the American continent. The wood is light, non-resinous, very straight-grained and exceedingly durable. No other tree has been so important to the development of civilization in California, since the wood, abundant and cheap, is highly useful for all sorts of building and industrial purposes and in manufactures and the arts. CUPRESSACEAE. C Y P R E S S F A M I L Y Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled scale-like (or rarely linear) leaves thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets. Stamens and ovules in separate catkins terminal on the branchlets. Staminate catkins small, with shield-like stamens bearing 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of several opposite or whorled scales which bear at base 1 to several erect ovules. Cones dry or berry-like, of few scales; scales consisting (morphologically) of a completely blended scale and bract. F r u i t a woody c o n e ; s t a m e n s and ovules on same tree. B r a n c h l e t s flattened, disposed in flat s p r a y s ; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, the successive p a i r s u n l i k e ; cones m a t u r i n g in first a u t u m n ; seeds 2 to each scale. S c a l e s of cones imbricated. Cones pendent, scales 4 to 7, only the middle p a i r s e e d - b e a r i n g ; seeds unequally 2-winged 1. LIBOCEDRUS. Cones reflexed, scales 8 t o - 1 2 , the 2 or 3 middle p a i r s e e d - b e a r i n g ; seeds equally winged 2 . THUJA. S c a l e s of cones p e l t a t e ; seeds n a r r o w l y winged 3. CHAMAEOYPARIS.

56

CUPRESSACEAE

Branchlets cord-like, not in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, alike; cones maturing in second a u t u m n ; seeds acutely margined, many to each scale. . . 4. CUPKESSUS. F r u i t a b e r r y ; seeds 1 to 3 to each f r u i t ; stamens and ovules on different trees; branchlets cord-like; leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite 5. JUNIPERUS.

1. L I B O C E D R U S Endl. INCENSE CEDAR Aromatic trees with flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves scale-like, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike. Staminate and ovulate catkins terminal on separate branchlets. Staminate catkins with 12 to 16 decussately opposite stamens, each bearing 4 to 6 pollensacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of 4 to 8 scales, only one pair ovule-bearing, each scale of this pair with 2 ovules at base. Cone maturing in one season, oblong, composed of 6 imbricated oblong scales. Seeds unequally 2-winged; cotyledons 2. (Greek libas, referring to the trickling of resin, and kedros, cedar.) 1. L . decurrens Torr. INCENSE CEDAR. F i g . 4 8 . F o r e s t

tree 50 to 125 f t . high with conical trunk 2 to 7 f t . in diameter; bark cinnamon, loose or fibrous in age; leaves minute, 1 to 3 lines long, coherent, also adherent to the stem, free only at the tips, those above and below obtuse but minutely pointed and forming a pair overlapped by the keelshaped lateral pair; cones red-brown, oblong - ovate when closed, % to 1 in. long, consisting of 2 seed-bearing scales with one septal scale between them and often with 2 small scales at base; scales with a small triangular umbo at tip; seeds 4 lines long, margined on each side from near the base to the apex by two very unequal wings; larger wing ovatish, about 6 lines long.—Mountain slopes, 2000 to 7000 f t . : common in the Sierra N e v a d a ; higher Coast Eanges; nits, of S. Cal.; s. to L . Cal., n. to Ore. Wood soft, fine and straight-grained, highly durable. 2. T H U J A L . ARBOR-VITAE Aromatic trees with scattered branches, the flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves scale-like, opposite, and imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike, adnate with free tips. Catkins terminal. Staminate catkins with 4 to 6 stamens, each with 3 or 4 anther-cells under the subpeltate crests. Ovulate catkins with 8 to 12 erect scales, each with 2 erect ovules at base. Cones small, maturing the first autumn, reflexed; scales 8 to 12, thin-leathery, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds bordered by nearly equal lateral wings so as to be nearly round, their coats with minute resin-cells; cotyledons 2. (Ancient Greek name f o r a resinous tree.) 1. T. plic&ta Don. CANOE CEDAR. Giant tree 80 to 190 f t . high, of pyramidal outline, slender branches, drooping sprays and whip-like often nodding leader; trunk 3 to 16 f t . in diameter at the ground but tapering rapidly above; bark cinnamon-red; branchlets repeatedly 2-ranked, forming flat

CYPRESS

FAMILY

57

sprays, thickly clothed with leaves; leaves minute, those on the margin of the flat sprays keeled and acute a t tip, those above and below flattish and triangular at apex; cones borne on short lateral branchlets, on opening turned downward beneath the spray, cinnamon color, oblong when closed, Mi i n - long; scales 9; seeds winged all around and with a narrow notch a t apex, the whole structure 3 lines long.—Along the coast from Humboldt Co. (Bear River Mts.) to Wash, and se. Alas.; inland to Mont. Wood aromatic, light, soft, remarkably durable, extensively manufactured into shingles. 3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach Trees or shrubs; leading shoot nodding; branchlets more or less flattened and in flat sprays; leaves scale-like, adpressed, thickly clothing the branchlets, opposite, in 4 rows, the successive pairs in ours unlike. Catkins and cones very similar to Cupressus. Stamens with usually 2 pollen-sacs. Ovules 2 to 5 at the base of each scale. Cones maturing in the first autumn. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 2. (Greek chamai, dwarf, and kuparissos, cypress.) 1. C. lawsoni^na Pari. P O R T ORFORD CEDAR. L A W S O N CYPRESS. Forest tree 80 to 175 f t . high, with straight s h a f t s and narrow pyramidal crown of drooping branches ending in broad flat drooping fern-like sprays; bark reddish brown, smooth or later longitudinally furrowed; foliage f r a g r a n t ; leaves above and below rhomboidal, glandular-pitted, and overlapped by the keel-shaped ones on the margin; cones globose, consisting of about 7 scales, 3 to 4 lines long; seeds \Mi to 2 lines long, narrowly wing-margined on each edge, the whole structure orbicular.—Moist hillsides or canon bottoms, nw. Cal. from w. Shasta Co. and n. Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou and Del Norte Cos.; sw. Ore. 4 . CUPRESSUS L . CYPRESS Trees or shrubs with the leaves small and appressed, scale-shaped and closely imbricated in 4 ranks on the ultimate branchlets, or awl-shaped on vigorous shoots. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets, with 3 to 5 pollen-sacs to each stamen. Ovulate catkins upon short lateral branchlets, the ovules numerous, erect, in several rows at the base of the scales. Cones globose to oblong, maturing in the second year, the shield-shaped scales fitting closely together by their margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, their broad summits with a central boss or short point. Seeds acutely angled or with a narrow hard wing; cotyledons 2 to 5. (Classical name of the Cypress.)

Our species are of very localized occurrence, t h a t is they appear as small " i s l a n d s " at rather widely separated stations, in the case of nos. 1 and 2 being known only at 1 or 2 approximate stations. The species depend for their separation on characters t h a t are too vague and it might be better to receive a less number of them. Their history is as yet little known and new stations are still being discovered. Umbos more or less upwardly impressed and more or less crescent-shaped. Bark of mature trunks dark brown, roughish and more or less fissured. Glands on leaves none or rare; maritime or coastal species. Crown with "finger-pointed" branchlets. Seeds brown or commonly s o ; umbos prominent; Monterey coast 1. C. macrocarpa. Seeds black; umbos small; Mendocino coast 2. C. pyfjmaea. Crown compact or smooth; cones with low umbos; M o n t e r e y . 3 . C. goveniana. Glands more or less present as a closed dorsal pit; montane species 4. C. sargcntii. Bark of mature trunks red, smoothish, s h i n i n g ; San Diego Co 5. C. forbesii. Umbos more or less conical or peak-shaped; leaves with conspicuous dorsal resin pits. Umbos all straightish; Piute Mt., Kern Co 6. C. nevadensis. T w o uppermost umbos horn-like and incurved; n. Cal 7. C. macnabiana. 3. C. macrocarpa Hartw. MONTEREY CYPRESS. Fig. 4 9 . Tree 1 5 to 8 0 f t . high with broadly conical crown, the spreading branches with the terminal divsions strict and therefore " f i n g e r - p o i n t e d " ; bark strands spirally twisted to the l e f t or straight; leaves not resin-pitted; cones broadly short-cylindric

58

CUPKESSACEAE

or oblong, the scales with a central curved thin-edged ridge or umbo, or the umbo sometimes subconical; seeds brown.—Headlands at mouth of Carmel Eivcr, Monterey coast. 2. C. pygmaea Sarg. MENDOCINO CYPRESS. Tree 25 to 75 f t . high, the crown with fingerpointed branchlets, or sometimes a low shrub or reduced to a dwarf cane; leaves not resinpitted; cones 5 to 9 lines long, the umbos small and low; seeds black. — Mendocino coastal plain. Said to become 100 f t . high. 3. C. goveniana Gord. G O W E N CYPRESS. Shrub 1 to 5 f t . high, its outline compact or smooth; branchlets slender, squarish; leaves without dorsal pits; cones subglobose or oval, 6 to 8 lines long; seeds commonly black.—Monterey. 4. C. sargentii Jepson. Shrub 5 to 10 f t . high; branchlets thickish, obscurely squarish; leaves or many of them with closed 49. Cupressus macrocarpa H a r t w . ; dorsal pits; cones 8 to 10 lines long; seeds fr. branchlet x brown.—On or near serpentine rocks: Santa Cruz Mts. to Mt. Tamalpais, Hoods Peak Range and Mendocino Co. Var. DUTTONI Jepson n. var. Symmetrical tree 40 to 72 f t . high, the branchlets more or less divaricate; bark strands spirally twisted to right or straight, Assuring into narrow laced ribbons; leaves triangular-ovate, very short, the dorsal pits none or f e w ; cones globose, 8 to 12 lines long, the umbos peakshaped or tending to be so; seeds brown.—Cedar Mt., Alameda Co., occupying a colony about 1% by % mile in area (Jepson 7741, t y p e ) .

ml

5. C. forbesii Jepson. Slender tree 15 to 20 f t . high; bark very smooth, shining, red-brown or even dark cherry red; branchlets squarish; foliage bright green; dorsal pits of leaves minute or commonly wanting; cones globose, % to 1% in. long; seed red-brown.—Mts. of San Diego Co.: Cedar Canon betw. El Nido and Dulzura; Mt. Tecate; near Pala. 6. C. nevadensis Abrams. Tree 20 to 50 f t . high; branchlets slender, 4-angled; leaves light green with conspicuous dorsal resin pit; cones oblong to subglobose, 10 to 12 lines long; upper umbos pointed; seeds light brown.— Local on P i u t e Mt., K e r n Co. 7. C. macnabi&na Murr. M C N A B CYPRESS. Fig. 50 a, b. Tree 15 to 40 f t . high, often somewhat bushy, sometimes a low shrub; foliage blue-green, pungently aromatic; branchlets very slender; leaves with a conspicuous dorsal resin pit or white gland, often slightly glaucous; cones globose, 5 to 8 lines in diameter, reddish or grayish brown; umbos conical, t h e uppermost pair very prominent or horn-like and incurved; seeds brown.—Dry hills and flats, Napa Co. to Shasta Co., thence easterly to the n. Sierra foothills as f a r south as Yuba Co. Var. BAKERI Jepson n. comb. Baker Cypress. Fig. 50c. Slender t r e e ; cones silvery or glaucous; umbos short-conical.—Modoc lava beds. (C. b a k e r i Jepson.) 5.

JUNIPEEUS

L.

JUNIPER

Trees or shrubs. Leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite, scale-like, imbricated, closely appressed and adnate to the branchlets or linearsubulate and spreading. Stamens and ovules on separate trees. Staminate catkins with

c,

°»P™»«

var. bakeri Jepson. cone x 1.

59

TAXACEAE

many stamens, each with 2 to 6 anther cells. Ovulate catkins of 3 to 6 succulent coalescent scales, each bearing 1 or 2 ovules. Cones fleshy and berrylike, ripening the second year, in ours 1 to 3-seeded; cotyledons 2 to 6. Catkins a x i l l a r y ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, cuspidate, spreading, white-glaucous above, 3 to 6 lines l o n g ; subalpine shrub 1. J. communis. Catkins terminal on short branchlets; leaves ovate, scale-like, l 2 to 1 line long, closely appressed to the branchlets in whorls of 3, with a more or less distinct dorsal gland or pit. Berries reddish brown, oblong; cotyledons 4 to 6 ; medium altitudes. .2. J. californica. Berries blue-black, globose or subglobose; cotyledons 2 ; high montane 3. J. occidentalis.

1. J. communis L . var. mont&na A i t . DWARF JUNIPER. LOW or prostrate alpine shrub, 1 f t . high or less, forming patches a f e w f e e t in diameter; leaves rigid, 3 (rarely 2) at a node with very short internodes; berries globose, blue, covered with white bloom, 1% to 2% lines long.—Sierra Nevada, 8000 to 9500 ft., from Mono Pass to Mt. Shasta, thence w. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Arctic regions; rare in Cal. 2. J. californica Carr. CALIFORNIA JUNIPER. Shrub, much-branched from the base, 2 to 15 f t . high, or occasionally a tree up to 40 f t . in height; bark brown or ashen gray, shreddy; berries subglobose or oblong, reddish or brownish, covered with a dense white bloom, 4 to 8 lines long, with dry fibrous sweet flesh and 1 to 3 seeds; seeds ovate, acute, brown, with a thick smooth but angled or ridged polished bony shell, 3 to 5y 2 lines long.—Western Mohave Desert, s. to L . Cal., n. in the Sierra Nevada foothills to Kern Co. and in the inner Coast Ranges to M t . Diablo; local near Coulterville and in the mts. n. and w. of Clear Lake. Yar. UTAH£NSIS Engelm. Desert Juniper. Shrub 3 to 10 f t . high or a tree to 20 f t . high; branches more slender; leaves usually glandless; berries usually globose, blue-black with a bloom, 4 to 5 lines long.—Desert ranges, I n y o Co.; e. to Utah. (J. utahensis Lem.) 3. J. occidentalis Hook. SIERRA JUNIPER. Subalpine tree 10 to 25 or even 65 f t . high; trunk 1 to 5 f t . in diameter; bark dull red, shreddy; berries globose to ovoid, blue-black with a whitish bloom, 3 to 5 lines long, with resinous juicy flesh and 2 seeds (rarely 1 or 3 ) ; seeds flat on the face, the convex back with 3 to 5 resinous-glandular pits.—Granite ridges and cirques, 7000 to 10,500 f t . : common in the Sierra Nevada, rare in the San Bernardino, Panamint and Yollo Bolly mountains; n. to Wash.

TAXACEAE.

YEW

FAMILY

Trees or shrubs with linear leaves 2-ranked by a twist in their petioles. Stamens and ovules borne on different trees. Stamens united by their filaments into a column with 4 to 8 pollen-sacs pendent from each filament. Ovule solitary, terminal on a short axillary branch. Seeds set loosely in a fleshy cup, or quite enveloped by it and thus appearing drupe-like, ripe in first autumn; cotyledons 2. Fruit red, berry-like; leaves % to % in. long, acute Fruit green or purplish, plum-like; leaves 1 Vt. to 2 ^

1. T A X U S L .

1. TAXUS. in. long, stiffish, bristle-pointed. . . . 2. TORREYA.

YEW

Trees or shrubs, the leaves bluntish or merely acute. Stamens 7 to 12 in a cluster, the 4 to 9 pollen-sacs borne under a shield-like crest. Ovule seated upon a circular disk which in fruit becomes cup-shaped, fleshy, and red, surrounding the bony seed, the whole berry-like. (Ancient Latin name of the yew, probably from Greek toxon, a bow, the wood used f o r bows.) 1. T. brevifdlia Nutt. WESTERN YEW. Fig. 51. Small tree 10 to 30 f t . high, the crown irregular with the branches of unequal length and standing at various angles but tending to droop; bark thin, red-brown, shreddy; leaves linear, acute at apex, shortly petioled, flat, with midrib in relief above and below, 3 or mostly 6 to 8 lines long, 1 line wide, spreading right and l e f t in flat sprays; seeds borne on the under side of the sprays and when mature set in a fleshy scarlet cup, the whole looking like a brilliantly colored

60

GNETACEAE

berry/—Deep, shady canons: Santa Cruz Mts. to Mendocino Co. and northw. to Mt. Shasta, thence s. through the Sierra Nevada. Localities few and scattered, and the individuals not numerous. Wood fine- and close-grained, hard, heavy and durable. 2.

TORREYA

AM.

STINKING

YEW

Trees with rigid sharp-pointed leaves in 2 ranks. Stamen clusters solitary in the adjacent leaf axils, made up of 6 to 8 whorls of stamens, 4 stamens in a whorl, each, filament with 4 pollen-sacs without crests. Ovule completely covered by a fleshy aril-like coat, the whole becoming drupe-like in fruit. Seed with thick, woody outer coat, its inner layer irregularly folded into the white endosperm; embryo minute. (John Torrey, Professor of Botany in Columbia College, long-time a student of western botany, who traveled in California before the days of the Overland Bailroad.) 1. T. californica Torr. CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. Fig. 52. Handsome tree 15 to 50 ft. high, the trunk % to 3 ft. in 1 -t i- xt n a, tf r . vbranchi. diameter; m vbrevifolia o l . Taxus Nutt.; , ,' leaves rigid, . n & ' lVi ' , to , 2 /. in. let X H; b, long. sect. fr. x long, lines wide, flat, dark green above, yellowish green beneath and with two longitudinal glaucous grooves, linear or tapering above middle, bristle-tipped, twisted on their short petioles so as to form a 2-ranked flat spray; fruit elliptical, green in color or when ripe streaked with purple, 1 Vs to 1% in. long; flesh thin and resinous; endosperm copious, with irregular incisions filled by the inner coat, giving it a marbled appearance so_ that in cross-section the seed resembles the true nutmeg of commerce.—Cool, shady canons: Santa Cruz^ Mts. to Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada. A forestrally> rare tree. GNETACEAE.

GNETUM

FAMILY

Woody plants without resin. Catkins unisexual. Embryo axile in the endosperm; cotyledons always 2. 1. E P H E D R A

L.

MEXICAN TEA.

JOINT P I N E

Equisetum-like shrubs with slender long-jointed stems, opposite or fascicled branches and opposite scale-like leaves. Scales more or less connate, sheathing the stem, at length splitting to the base. Staminate and ovulate catkins very small, on different shrubs. Staminate catkins with 2 to 8 stamens united into a column and a perianth of 2 segments. Ovulate catkins 1, 2, or usually 3 at each node, each 1 or 2-ovulate, with several subtending bracts. Ovule produced at apex into a style-like process (the micropyle) which is exserted through the opening in the urn-shaped perianth. Seed nut-like, enveloped by the indurated perianth, and partly or wholly enclosed by the bracts. (Greek ephedra, the name used by Pliny for the horse-tails.)

52. Torreya californica T o r r . ; f r . branchlet

61

TYPHACEAE

Scales and bracts in 2s; bracts connate at base; ovulate catkins (and sometimes the staminate) on peduncles Vz to 4 lines long. Branches bright or yellowish green, erect and broom-like 1. E. viridis. Branches pale or glaucous, divergent 2. E. nevadensis. Scales and bracts in 3 s ; bracts distinct; ovulate catkins sessile or nearly so; branches clustered, erect. Fruiting catkin subglobose, 3 to 4 lines long 3. E. californica. Fruiting catkin slender-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long 4. E. trifurca.

1. E. v i r i d i s Cov. E r e c t green shrub iy> to 3 f t . liigh, w i t h numerous broom-like muriculate branches; f r u i t i n g bracts green, firm, w i t h narrow scarious edge; f r u i t s 1 or usually 2 in a catkin, w i t h flat f a c e s and strongly c o n v e x or carínate backs, 3 y 2 to 4 lines l o n g . — D e s e r t ranges, 5000 to 7000 f t . ; M o h a v e D e s e r t ; I n y o Co.; e. to Ariz, and Utah. 2. E . n e v a d é n s i s Wats. E r e c t olive-colored shrub Y> to 2 f t . h i g h ; branches somewhat scabrous, d i v e r g e n t ; scales sheathing, at length mostly deciduous; f r u i t i n g bracts o v a t e or round o v a t e , firm, scarious on edges, 4 to 6 pairs; fruit one in a catkin, exserted, 3 or 4 lines long, 3-ridged or trigonous, or, w h e n 2 in a catkin, w i t h more or less flat f a c e s and strongly c o n v e x or carínate backs.—Desert valleys: Honey Lake Valley s. to the Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. 3. E. c a l i f ó r n i c a Wats. F i g . 53. Light green shrub, i y 2 to 3 f t . high; fruiting bracts reddish or brownish, submembranous, in 4 or 5 whorls, reniformorbicular, entire, with a short broad claw; fruit one in a catkin, ovate, included, 4-angled, 2% to 3 lines long.—Mohave and Colorado deserts, n. to western Fresno Co., w. to San Diego, s. to L. Cal. 4. E. t r i f u r c a Torr. Erect light- or yellowish-green shrub 1 Vi to 5 f t . high, with spinosely tipped straight branches; scales conspicuously sheathing, 3 to 6 lines long, finally weathering fibrous; ovulate catkins nearly sessile, of 8 to 10 pairs of bracts; fruiting bracts large, very thin, scarious, round-cordate, clawed, with reddish centers; fruit one in a catkin, slender, 4-sided, included, 6 lines long.—Mohave River at D a g g e t t ; Superstition Mts., Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to Mex. CLASS 2.

ANGIOSPÉRMAE.

FLOWERING PLANTS

Ovules, enclosed in a sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit and encloses the seed. Plants with true flowers, typically with an abbreviated stem (receptacle) bearing regular whorls of floral envelopes and stamens and pistils.

MONOCOTYLEDONS Leaves parallel-veined. Stem with vascular bundles scattered irregularly through the pith. Flowers with the parts usually in 3s. Embryo with one cotyledon.

TYPHÁCEAE. Marsh creeping crowded 1-celled,

CAT-TAIL

FAMILY

or aquatic perennial herbs, the solid cylindric jointless stems from rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers monoecious, in dense cylindrical spikes, without perianth. Ovary 1-ovuled; style slender. Fruit a seed-like nutlet. 1. T Í P H A L.

CAT-TAIL

S t e m s tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate portion below, the s t a m i n a t e portion above. S t a m e n s seated directly on the axis, intermixed w i t h l o n g bristle-like hairs. Ovaries minute, pedicellate; pedicels b e a r i n g c l a v a t e bristles ^VnUa^Vats*-' which envelop t h e v e r y small nutlets in a copious down, ovulate branch( A n c i e n t Greek name of the Cat-tail.) letxi. Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes contiguous, rarely separated; pistillate flowers without bractlets 1. T. latifolia. Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes usually separated by a small interval; pistillate flowers with bractlets 2. T. angustifoHa.

1. T. l a t l f ò l i a L. COMMON CAT-TAIL. Stout, 3% to 6 f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s very long, flat, s h e a t h i n g at the base, % to 1 in. broad; spike 7 to 13 in. long; pistillate portion of spike w i t h o u t bractlets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pollen-grains in 4s; f r u i t i n g spike dark brown or blackish, 10 to 12 lines thick.—• Common in marshy places; north temperate regions.

61

TYPHACEAE

Scales and bracts in 2s; bracts connate at base; ovulate catkins (and sometimes the staminate) on peduncles Vz to 4 lines long. Branches bright or yellowish green, erect and broom-like 1. E. viridis. Branches pale or glaucous, divergent 2. E. nevadensis. Scales and bracts in 3 s ; bracts distinct; ovulate catkins sessile or nearly so; branches clustered, erect. Fruiting catkin subglobose, 3 to 4 lines long 3. E. californica. Fruiting catkin slender-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long 4. E. trifurca.

1. E. v i r i d i s Cov. E r e c t green shrub iy> to 3 f t . liigh, w i t h numerous broom-like muriculate branches; f r u i t i n g bracts green, firm, w i t h narrow scarious edge; f r u i t s 1 or usually 2 in a catkin, w i t h flat f a c e s and strongly c o n v e x or carínate backs, 3 y 2 to 4 lines l o n g . — D e s e r t ranges, 5000 to 7000 f t . ; M o h a v e D e s e r t ; I n y o Co.; e. to Ariz, and Utah. 2. E . n e v a d é n s i s Wats. E r e c t olive-colored shrub Y> to 2 f t . h i g h ; branches somewhat scabrous, d i v e r g e n t ; scales sheathing, at length mostly deciduous; f r u i t i n g bracts o v a t e or round o v a t e , firm, scarious on edges, 4 to 6 pairs; fruit one in a catkin, exserted, 3 or 4 lines long, 3-ridged or trigonous, or, w h e n 2 in a catkin, w i t h more or less flat f a c e s and strongly c o n v e x or carínate backs.—Desert valleys: Honey Lake Valley s. to the Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. 3. E. c a l i f ó r n i c a Wats. F i g . 53. Light green shrub, i y 2 to 3 f t . high; fruiting bracts reddish or brownish, submembranous, in 4 or 5 whorls, reniformorbicular, entire, with a short broad claw; fruit one in a catkin, ovate, included, 4-angled, 2% to 3 lines long.—Mohave and Colorado deserts, n. to western Fresno Co., w. to San Diego, s. to L. Cal. 4. E. t r i f u r c a Torr. Erect light- or yellowish-green shrub 1 Vi to 5 f t . high, with spinosely tipped straight branches; scales conspicuously sheathing, 3 to 6 lines long, finally weathering fibrous; ovulate catkins nearly sessile, of 8 to 10 pairs of bracts; fruiting bracts large, very thin, scarious, round-cordate, clawed, with reddish centers; fruit one in a catkin, slender, 4-sided, included, 6 lines long.—Mohave River at D a g g e t t ; Superstition Mts., Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to Mex. CLASS 2.

ANGIOSPÉRMAE.

FLOWERING PLANTS

Ovules, enclosed in a sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit and encloses the seed. Plants with true flowers, typically with an abbreviated stem (receptacle) bearing regular whorls of floral envelopes and stamens and pistils.

MONOCOTYLEDONS Leaves parallel-veined. Stem with vascular bundles scattered irregularly through the pith. Flowers with the parts usually in 3s. Embryo with one cotyledon.

TYPHÁCEAE. Marsh creeping crowded 1-celled,

CAT-TAIL

FAMILY

or aquatic perennial herbs, the solid cylindric jointless stems from rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers monoecious, in dense cylindrical spikes, without perianth. Ovary 1-ovuled; style slender. Fruit a seed-like nutlet. 1. T Í P H A L.

CAT-TAIL

S t e m s tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate portion below, the s t a m i n a t e portion above. S t a m e n s seated directly on the axis, intermixed w i t h l o n g bristle-like hairs. Ovaries minute, pedicellate; pedicels b e a r i n g c l a v a t e bristles ^VnUa^Vats*-' which envelop t h e v e r y small nutlets in a copious down, ovulate branch( A n c i e n t Greek name of the Cat-tail.) letxi. Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes contiguous, rarely separated; pistillate flowers without bractlets 1. T. latifolia. Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes usually separated by a small interval; pistillate flowers with bractlets 2. T. angustifoHa.

1. T. l a t l f ò l i a L. COMMON CAT-TAIL. Stout, 3% to 6 f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s very long, flat, s h e a t h i n g at the base, % to 1 in. broad; spike 7 to 13 in. long; pistillate portion of spike w i t h o u t bractlets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pollen-grains in 4s; f r u i t i n g spike dark brown or blackish, 10 to 12 lines thick.—• Common in marshy places; north temperate regions.

62

SPAEGANIACEAE

2. T. angustifdlia L. Stems slender, 3 to 8 f t . high; leaves 3 to 6 lines broad, somewhat convex on t h e b a c k ; pistillate flowers with a hair-like bractlet dilated a t apex and a linear stigma; pollen-grains simple; f r u i t i n g spikes light or dark brown, 5 to 6 lines thick.—Marshes: Inyo Co. s. to cismontane S. Cal.; Atlantic coast; S. Am., Eur., Asia, n. A f r . SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED F A M I L Y Marsh or aquatic plants with terete stems f r o m creeping rootstocks, alternate long-linear 2-ranked leaves and monoecious flowers in globose heads. Ovary 1 or 2-celled. F r u i t consisting of obovoid or spindle-shaped nutlets, 1 to 2-seeded. 1.

SPARGANIUM

L.

BUR-REED

Perennials with fibrous roots and horizontal rootstocks. Heads scattered along t h e upper portion of t h e simple or sparingly branched stem; lower heads pistillate, with leaf-like bracts; upper heads staminate. Stamens with minute scales interposed, their filaments slender and elongated. Ovaries surrounded by 3 to 6 linear-subulate scales forming a sort of calyx. (Sparganion, the Greek name, diminutive of sparganon, a swaddling-band, on account of the ribbon-like leaves.) Inflorescence compound; pistillate flowers sessile; nutlets obovoid, with truncate or rounded summit; fruiting heads 10 to 15 lines in diameter 1. S. eurycarpum. Inflorescence simple; pistillate flowers pediceled; nutlets spindle-shaped, with tapering summit; fruiting heads 7 to 10 lines in diameter. Leaves ( 2 % to 5 lines w i d e ) and bracts conspicuously scarious-margined 2. S. simplex. Leaves (IV2 to 2 lines wide) and bracts not conspicuously scarious-margined 3. S. angustifolium.

1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Fig. 54. Erect, r a t h e r slender, 3 to 8 f t . high, with branching inflorescence; leaves flat and thin, slightly keeled beneath; staminate heads 5 to 13; pistillate heads 2 to 4 on the stem or branch, sessile or more commonly peduncled; f r u i t i n g heads % to 1% in. in diameter; nutlets sessile, obovoid, several-angled, with a truncate or depressed summit, tipped with t h e short style, 3 (or nearly 3) lines broad, 4 lines long, including the style.—Los Angeles Biver to the San Joaquin Valley; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. Var. GRJ:ENEI Graebner. Branches of the inflorescence more erect; achenes rounded at summit. — San Francisco Bay region, s. to L. Cal., n. to B. C.

2. S. simplex Huds. 1 Fig. 55. Stems erect, 1 to 3 f t . high, or some-' times floating; leaves 2 54. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.; a, infl. x Yt; b, to 6 lines broad, slightly achene with sepals x 2 ; carinate; inflorescence c, head of achenes x %. usually simple; staminate heads 3 to 5, congested or confluent, but distant from the pistillate; pistillate heads 2 to 6, the lowest peduncled, some supra-axillary, 8 or 9 lines in diameter in f r u i t ; nutlets narrow, 2 to 2% lines long, 1 to 1% lines thick on t h e lower third, a t apex gradually a t t e n u a t e into t h e long style, long-pedieeled, often 2-celled.—Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 7000 f t . , f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to N. Eng. 3. S. angustifdlium Michx. Stems 1 to 4 f t . high; leaves exceedingly long and narrow, 1 to 21/£> lines

55. Sparganium simplex H u d s . ; a, fr. branch x Vi; b, achene x 2.

63

NAIADACEAE

b r o a d , floating or e r e c t ; i n f l o r e s c e n c e s i m p l e ; s t a m i n a t e h e a d s 2 t o 6, somet i m e s blended b u t d i s t a n t f r o m t h e p i s t i l l a t e ; p i s t i l l a t e h e a d s sessile in t h e a x i l s , o f t e n a l i t t l e s u p r a - a x i l l a r y , r a r e l y p e d u n c l e d ; n u t l e t s 2 M> l i n e s l o n g , b r o w n i s h , c o n s t r i c t e d a t or a b o v e t h e m i d d l e , a b r u p t l y c o n t r a c t e d a t a p e x i n t o t h e l o n g s t y l e or b e a k , p e d i c e l e d . — L a k e l e t s a n d slow s t r e a m s , 8 0 0 0 t o 9 0 0 0 f t . , v e r y r a r e : S a n B e r n a r d i n o M t s . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a ; B . C. t o t h e Atlantic. NAIADACEAE.

PONDWEED

FAMILY

W a t e r p l a n t s e n t i r e l y s u b m e r g e d o r w i t h floating l e a v e s . L e a v e s t h r e a d l i k e o r g r a s s - l i k e o r s o m e w i t h b r o a d floating b l a d e s , c o m m o n l y s h e a t h i n g a t b a s e o r w i t h s h e a t h i n g s t i p u l e s . F l o w e r s i n c o n s p i c u o u s , n a k e d or w i t h a v e r y s m a l l c a l y x , c o m m o n l y b o r n e on a s h o r t s p i k e o r s p a d i x . O v a r i e s 1 t o 4 , dist i n c t , f r e e from t h e c a l y x i f t h a t be present, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, ripening into nutlet-like fruits. Flowers perfect, in spikes or clusters. Calyx of 4 distinct sepals 1. POTAMOGETON. Calyx none 2. RUPPIA. Flowers unisexual; calyx none. Leaves entire. Pistils about 4, borne in a cup-shaped involucre; fresh water ponds or streams. . 3 . ZANNICHELLIA.

Pistils many, borne on the side of a linear spadix; maritime. Flowers monoecious; nutlet ovoid; leaves 2 to 4 lines broad. . . .4. ZOSTERA. Flowers dioecious; nutlet sagittate-cordate; leaves % to 2 lines broad Leaves with spiny-toothed margins; pistil solitary and naked 1.

PDTAMOGISTON

L.

5 . PHYLLOSPADIX.

6. NAIAS.

PONDWEED

P e r e n n i a l herbs, commonly growing in the still waters of creeks and in f r e s h or b r a c k i s h p o n d s , t h e s t e m s a r i s i n g f r o m r o o t s t o c k s . L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e , o r t h e u p p e r m o s t o p p o s i t e , f r e q u e n t l y o f t w o k i n d s , t h e floating o n e s b r o a d , t h e submerged n a r r o w e r and o f t e n t h r e a d - l i k e or l i n e a r ; stipules present, o f t e n s h e a t h i n g t h e stem. F l o w e r s in spikes or heads on a x i l l a r y peduncles a n d enclosed in t h e bud b y s t i p u l a r sheaths. S e p a l s 4, with short claws. S t a m e n s 4 , i n s e r t e d on t h e b a s e o f s e p a l s . O v a r i e s 4. ( G r e e k p o t a m o s , a river, and g e i t o n , a n e i g h b o r , on a c c o u n t o f t h e a q u a t i c h a b i t . ) A. Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves; petioles of floating leaves present, often long, short or none in no. 4. Submerged leaves linear or thread-like, consisting of petioles only. Floating leaves elliptical, subcordate at base 1. P. natans. Floating leaves narrowly oblong, attenuate into the petiole 2. P. epihydrus. Submerged leaves linear or lanceolate, bearing true blades. Flowers capitate; peduncles 1 to 3 lines long; floating leaves less than 1 in. long. 3. P. dimorphus. Flowers spicate; peduncles 2 in. long or more; floating leaves 2 to 4 in. long. Plants reddish; nutlet with a distinct pit on each side 4. P. alpinus. Plants green; nutlet not pitted. Nutlet distinctly 3-kecled; low altitudes 5. P. americanus. Nutlet indistinctly 3-keeled; high montane 6. P. heterophyllus Submerged leaves, or some of them, broader and falcate 7 .P. amplifolius. Plants with the leaves all submerged; petioles short or none. Leaves with broad blades, ovate, orbicular or lanceolate, never linear. Stipules greenish; leaves with a short petiole or subsessile 8. P. lucens. Stipules white, with numerous fibrous nerves. Leaves clasping, hooded at apex; peduncles often 8 in. long or more 9. P. praelongus. Leaves cordate-clasping, not hooded, the lobes at base often touching around the stem 10. P. perfoliatus. Leaves linear, thread-like, or setaceous. Without propagating buds or glands 11. P. foliosus. With both propagating buds and glands. Leaves capillary; stem slender, not flattened 12. P. pusillus. Leaves linear, 1 to 2 lines wide; stem much flattened. . . . 1 3 . P. compressus. B. Stipules adnate Plants with submerged leaves only. Leaves capillary Leaves flat, Vs to 1 % lines broad. Leaves in terminal clusters Leaves 2-ranked

to the leaf

or

petiole. 14. P. 15. P . 16. P.

pectinatus. latifolius. robbinsii.

64

NAIADACEAE

1. P . n à t a n s L . BROAD P O N D W E E D . Stem thick, little if at all branched; floating leaves elliptical, subcordate at base, l ^ í to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad, on petioles longer than the blade; stipules linear-lanceolate, membranaceous, 2 to 4 in. long; submerged leaves consisting of petioles without blades, 2 to 9 in. long or more and 1 line wide, usually perishing early, their tips sometimes reaching the surface of the water and forming miniature blades; spikes dense, 1 or 2 in. long, on longer peduncles; nutlet evidently keeled along the back, 2 lines long.—Montane region at 5000 to 7000 f t , alt. : Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a ; Mt. Shasta; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic; Eur., Asia. 2. P . epihydrus E a f . Stems slender ( l * line broad), compressed, mostly simple, 1 to 2 f t . long; floating leaves narrowly oblong, 1% to 2 in. long, gradually narrowed into petioles about J /í as long; submerged leaves thin, grass-like, 2 to 3 in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide, the petiole-like base very short; spikes dense, % in. long, on peduncles 1V4 to lVi in. long; nutlet flattish, 3-keeled, the seed impressed on the sides.—Yoseinite Valley; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. 3. P. dimórphus E a f . Stems simple, l 1 /- f t . long; floating leaves in 2 or 3 opposite pairs, oblong, tapering to each end, impressed beneath with 7 to 9 nerves, 3 to 4 lines wide and 7 to 10 lines long, passing rather definitely at base into the somewhat shorter (or sometimes longer) petiole; submerged leaves % to % line wide, 1 or 2 in. long, acute at tip but not setaceous, stipules 1 to 5 lines long, adnate f o r about % their length; flowers in a fewflowered head (or the emerseci in a very short spike), the peduncles 1 to 3 lines long, shorter than the submersed spike; nutlet less than 1 line long, keeled on the back, the keel winged and sometimes denticulate; embryo coiled 1% times; pericarp very thin and fleshless, revealing clearly the coiled embryo, the whole suggestive of a snail shell.—San Jacinto Mts.; n. to the Great Valley; e. to Va. 4. P . alpinus Balbis. A L P I X E P O N D W E E D . Whole plant of a reddish tinge; stems simple, 1 or 2 f t . long; floating leaves narrowly oblong, tapering at both ends, 2 to 4 in. long, % to % in. wide, submerged leaves 2 to 7 in. long, V-i to V> in. wide, all sessile or narrowed to a short petiole; stipules broad, V-> to lVi in. long; spikes % to 1% in. long, on peduncles about 2 in. long; nutlet with a distinct pit on each side.—Ponds, montane, 6000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada, from Fresno Co. to Alpine Co.; n. to Alas, and Canada, e. to Fla.; Eur., Asia. 5. P . americànus C. & S. Stems terete, much branched, 3 to 6 f t . long; floating leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 2 to 4 in. long, % to 1% in. wide, the petiole often longer t h a n the blade, submerged leaves very thin, lanceolate, 4 to 12 in. long, 4 to 6 lines broad, rounded at base, or tapering into a petiole 1 to 4 in. long; stipules 1 to 4 in. long; peduncles 2 to 3 in. long; spikes 1 to 2 in. long, densely f r u i t e d ; nutlet obliquely obovate, 1% to 2 lines long, the back 3-keeled, with the middle keel prominent.—Ponds or slow creeks in the valleys or hills at low altitudes: Los Angeles Co.; Great Valley; Coast Ranges; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic; Eur., Asia, n. A f r . 6. P . héterophyllus Schreb. Stems slender, compressed, branched, 1 to 2 f t . long; floating leaves oval to oblong-elliptical, 1 or 2 in. long, 4 to 9 lines wide; petioles 1 to 4 in. long; stipules 1 in. long or less; submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at base, sessile, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 3 lines wide; spikes 1 in. long; peduncles 1 to 4 in. long; nutlet roundish, % to 1% lines Jong, indistinctly 3-keeled.—High montane. 8000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Wash., e. to the Atlantic; Eur., Asia. 7. P. amplifòlius Tuckerm. Stems mostly simple, 2 to 4 f t . long; floating leaves oblong-ovate or oval, mucronate, % to 1% in. broad, 2 to 3 in. long, the petioles of about the same length; submerged leaves with the sides folding together and assuming a falcate shape, the uppermost large, elliptical or ovate, 2% to 4 in. long, the lower lanceolate and often as much as 8 in. long and 2 in. wide; spikes % to 2 in. long; peduncles thickening upwards.

PONDWEED

FAMILY

65

2 to 3 in. long; nutlet 3-keeled, the middle keel prominent.—Sierra Nevada (Eed Lake on the San Joaquin Kiver) ; Ore. and B. C. to the Atlantic. 8. P. lùcens L. Stem thick, branching below and bearing masses of very leafy branches at summit; leaves all submerged, thin, elliptical to lanceolate or oblanceolate or the uppermost oval, acute or acuminate, often undulateserrate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or sessile, 2 to 7 in. long and % to 1% in. wide; stipules greenish, 1 to 2 in. long, loose and spreading, sometimes very broad; peduncles 3 to 6 in. long; spikes 2 to 2% in. long, thick cylindrical; nutlet \x/-> lines long, nearly as broad, with 3 distinct ribs on back.—Small lakes and ponds: San Diego Co.; San Francisco; n. to B. C., e. to Nova Scotia. 9. P . praelóngus Wulf. Stems whitish, zigzag, 3 to 8 f t . long, branching; leaves all submerged, bright green, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, " c u c u l i a t e at a p e x , " sessile by a clasping base, 4 to 9 in. long, and M> to 1 in. wide; stipules white, the uppermost obtuse, many-nerved, usually hugging the stem, % to 1% in. long; spikes 1 to 2 in. long, borne on peduncles 4 to 10 in. long (or even longer), erect and straight and often numerous; nutlet 2 to 2% lines long.—Deep water of ponds: Sierra Co.; Ore. to B. C. and N. J . ; Eur. 10. P. perfoliàtus L. var. richardsònii Benn. Stems straight, simple or branching; leaves long-lanceolate and acute, wavy, cordate at base and clasping, 1 to 4 in. long; stipules y» to % in. long, many nerved, often becoming much f r a y e d ; spikes 8 to 11 lines long; peduncles 1% in. long; nutlet 1% lines long.—Siskiyou Co.; Ore. to B. C. and N. J . 11. P. foliòsus Raf. L E A F Y PONDWEED. Stem flattened, much branched, 1 to 2% f t , high; leaves rather thickly clothing the stem, 1 to 1% in. long, Vj to 1 line wide, abruptly acute; stipules white, transparent, 6 to 9 lines long; flowers few in a head on a peduncle 2 to 6 lines long; nutlet nearly 1 line long, 3-keeled on the back, the central keel with narrow rough-edged wing.—Ponds, Coast Eanges and Sierra foothills; n. to Ore., e. to the Atlantic. Var. CALIFÓRNICUS Morong. Bushy in its h a b i t : stem thick.—Coastal S. Cai. Var. NIAGARÉNSIS Gray. Large-sized; leaves often 3 in. long or more; stipules longer t h a n in the species.—Visalia; e. U. S. 12. P. pusillus L. SLENDER PONDWEED. Stems filiform, branching, y2 to 1 f t . long; leaves narrowly linear, acute, with a crater-like gland on each side of the stem at base of the petiole or rarely glandless, 1 to 3 in. long, Vi to % line wide, sessile; stipules short, obtuse, becoming setose; peduncles flattened, slender, % to 3 in. long; spikes interrupted or capitate; nutlet obliquely elliptical, % to 1 line long, with a groove on each side of the rounded back, or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, beaked by a short style.— Coast Eanges; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic, s. to Mex.; Eur., Asia. Var. T E N U Ì S S I M U S Mert. & Koch. Leaves setaceous.—Soda Sprs., Tuolumne Mdws. 13. P. compréssus L. EEL-GRASS PONDWEED. Stem very much flattened; foliage bright green and shining; leaves fascicled at summit of the branches, with numerous fine nerves, 2 to 6 in. long, 1 % to 2 lines wide, abruptly acute, mucronate, sessile; stipules scarious, soon perishing; spikes % to 1 in. long, on peduncles 1 to 4 in. long; nutlet nearly or quite 2 lines long, 3-keeled on back.—Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co.; Ore. to B. C. and N. J . ; Eur. 14. P . pectinàtus L . F E N N E L PONDWEED. SAGO PONDWEED. Fig. 56. Stems % or 2 to 6 or 8 f t . long, from a running rootsock, repeatedly forking above, then very leafy and forming broom-like clusters; leaves very slender, setaceous, 1 to 3 in. long exclusive of the sheaths which are % to % in. long or on the lower leaves even 2 in. long; scarious margin of the sheaths very narrow; spikes Y> to 1V> in. long, the flowers in distinctly separated whorls; peduncles 1 to 3 or more in. long; nutlet to 2 lines long, with an obscure ridge on each side of the back.—The most common species throughout the state from sea-level to 7000 f t . ; of world-wide distribution. The rootstocks bear tubers about the size of a pea, which are fed upon by the Canvas-back and Broad-bill.

66

NAIADACEAE

15. P. latifdlius Morong. Near the preceding; stems stoutish, white, branching; leaves numerous, fascicled terminally, Vi to lines broad; adnate portion of stipule % to 1 in. long, broad on the uppermost leaves, scarious-margined, the f r e e portion shorter.—Brackish w a t e r ; n. Sierra Nevada from Lassen Co. to Modoc Co.; nw. Nev. 16. P. robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout; rootstocks running, sometimes nearly 1 f t . long; leaves crowded in 2 ranks, 1V2 to 4 in. long, i y 2 to 2 lines wide, obtuse, mucronate, auriculate a t junction of f r e e portion of stipule; adnate portion of stipules about % in. long, the free portion as long or longer.—Mariposa Co.; Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co.; Ore. to B. C. and Del. 2. R U P P I A L. Immersed aquatic herbs with long filiform f o r k i n g stems. Leaves almost capillary, with a broad membranous sheathing base. Peduncles slender, axillary, at first very short and enclosed in tlve spathe-like base of the 56. Potamoffeton p c c t i n a t u s L . ; a , f r u i t i n g leaf, each bearing two flowers disb r a n c h y b, rootstocks w i t h a s c e n d i n g s t e m s posed near together and rising to the p r o d u c i n g t u b e r s on b r a n c h e s f r o m t h e n o d e s ; surface in the period of anthesis, c, d, t u b e r s w i t h y o u n g shoots, x . a f t e r w a r d s coiling and drawing the f r u i t s beneath the surface. Flowers perfect, entirely destitute of perianth. Stamens 2, sessile, each anther consisting of 2 large and separate anther-cells. Pistils 4, a f t e r flowering becoming stalked and ripening into hard ovoid nutlets; stigmas depressed, sessile. (H. B. Ruppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.) 1. R. maritima L. DITCH-GRASS. P l a n t s 2 to 3 f t . long; leaves 2 to 3 in. long; nutlets % to 1% lines long, raised on stipes 1 to 12 lines long; f r u i t i n g peduncle 3 to 6 lines long.—Alkaline or brackish waters: throughout the state; cosmopolitan. 3. ZANNICHÉLLIA Mich. Immersed aquatic plants, flowering and f r u i t i n g under water, the threadlike stems from a creeping rootstock. Leaves opposite or in whorls. Flowers monoecious, without perianth, sessile, both kinds in the same axil: staminate flowers consisting of an anther on a pedicel-like filament; pistillate flowers 2 to 6 (usually 4) in a cluster and surrounded by a hyaline cup-shaped involucre shorter t h a n the pistils, each flower consisting of a single pistil with a thin peltate stigma on the summit of the short style. F r u i t an oblong somewhat flattened, beaked nutlet. (G. G. Zannichelli, 1662-1729, a botanist of Venice.) 1. Z. palustris L. HORNED PONDWEED. Stems sparingly branched, 1 to 1 V-i f t . long; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, filiform but flat; nutlet slightly incurved, becoming stipitate, 1 to 1% lines long, often roughened or toothed on the back.—Pools and still waters of streams: Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, n. to Alameda Co. and the Sacramento Valley; cosmopolitan. 4.

Z O S T È R A L.

GRASS-WRACK

Submerged maritime herbs with elongated and very narrow grass-like radi•al leaves and inflorescences raised on peduncle-like stems. Flowers monoe-

PONDWEED

67

FAMILY

cious, borne in 2 rows on the face of a flattened spadix with or without small lateral appendages covering them in the bud and closely invested by a protecting leaf-like spathe until anthesis. Staminate flower of 1 stamen. Pistillate flower of 1 pistil. Nutlet ovoid. (Greek zoster, a girdle or band, on account of the ribbon-like leaves.) 1. Z. marina L. EEL-GRASS. Leaves with long sheathing bases, 3 to 7nerved, 1 to 4 f t . long, 1 to 4 lines broad; spathes jointed at base, ending above in a more or less elongated leaf-like summit; spadix 2 to 4 in. long, 10 to 20-fruited; f r u i t s 1% lines long, the ribs of the seed showing clearly on the pericarp.—Shoal waters of bays, San Pedro to San Francisco Bay and n. to Alas. Var. LATIF to % as long as lemma.—Introd.; native country probably the Andes, now distributed from Chile to 3. U. S. Cult, as meadow grass in Southern States. 16. B. subveltltinus Shear. Culms 3 to 6 dm. high; sheaths canescent; blades narrow, rather rigid, becoming involute, canescent and also pilose; panicle 3 to 15 cm. long, narrow, stiff, the branches short, erect; spikelets about 25 cm. long; glumes puberulent, the first 3 to 5-nerved, the second 7nerved; lemmas appressed-puberulent, 12 to 14 mm. long; awn 3 to 4 mm. long.—Dry wooded hills and meadows; n. to Ore., e. to Wyo. 17. B. margin4tus Nees. Short-lived perennial; culms rather stout, 6 to 12 dm. high; sheaths pilose; blades broad, flat, more or less pilose; panicle erect, rather narrow, 10 to 20 cm. long, the lower branches somewhat spread-

80

GRAMINEAE

ing; spikelets 7 or 8-flowered, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long; glumes broad, scabrous, or scabrous-pubescent, the first subacute, 3 to 5-nerved, the second obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved; lemmas subcoriaceous, coarsely pubescent, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 to 14 mm. long; awn 4 to 7 mm. long.-—Open ground, open woods, roadsides and waste places; n. to B. C. and Alb., e. to Ariz. Var. SEMINÍTDUS Shear. Sheaths glabrous; plant often tall and stout with large spreading panicle.—Woods or near streams, at higher altitudes; n. to B. C. and Assin., e. to Col. 18. B. maritimus (Piper) Hitchc. Differs from no. 17 in having smooth sheaths, scabrous but not pilose blades, and narrow strict panicle, the branches short and erect.—Near the coast from Sonoma Co. to Monterey Co. 19. B. carinátus H . & A . CALIFORNIA B R O M E G R A S S . Fig. 6 0 . Culms 6 to 9 dm. high; sheaths pilose; blades narrow, flat, more or less pilose; panicle pyramidal, rather lax, the lower branches spreading or drooping; spikelets about 2.5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, 5 to 9-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous or slightly scabrous-pubescent, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, puberulent or short-pubescent, 12 to 16 mm. long; awn 7 to 10 mm. long.—Open ground, open woods, roadsides and waste places, throughout the state; ,n. to Wash. Var. CALIFÓRNICUS Shear. Sheaths smooth; spikelets narrower than in the species.— \ Common in the Coast Ranges; infrequent in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino A1t.s. Var. IIOOKERIANUS Shear. Sheaths smooth; spikelets as broad as in the species.—Range about as in the last, less common. Var. LINEARIS Shear. Sheaths pubescent; blades less than 2 mm. wide; panicle narrow, few-flowered. — Berkeley Hills; Mt. Lyell, above timber-line; known only from Cal. 20. B. suksdórfii Vasey. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high; sheaths and blades smooth, scattered; panicle narrow, erect, rather dense, 8 to 13 cm. long, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets about 2.5 cm. long, the pedicels shorter; glumes glabrous, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 1.2 to 1.4 em. long, appressed-pubescent near margin and on the lower part of the midnerve.—Rocky woods and 6 0 . B r o m u s c a r i n a t u s H . & slopes, 6000 to 8500 ft., Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to Wash. A. ; a. habit x \í ; b, spikelet x 1 Vz ; c, floret (dorsal 21. B. pórteri (Coult.) Nash. Culms 4.5 to 7.5 dm. view) x 1 % . high; sheaths more or less pubescent; blades 2 to 4 mm. wide; panicles rather few-flowered, the branches subcapillary; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm. long, conspicuously pubescent throughout.—Dry woods, rare; e. to the Eocky Mts. 22. B. orcuttiánus Vasey. Culms erect, leafy below, nearly naked above, 7.5 to 10.5 dm. high; pubescent at and below the nodes; sheaths pilose or more or less velvety; blades glabrous, rather short and erect; panicle narrowpyramidal, erect 10 to 15 cm. long, branches few, divaricate and rather rigid in fruit; spikelets 20 to 25 mm. long, subterete, on short stout pedicels; glumes narrow, smooth or scabrous, the first acute, 1-nerved, or sometimes with a faint lateral pair, the second broader, obtuse, 3-nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm. long, narrow, scabrous or scabrous-pubescent over the back, the awn 5 to 7 mm. long.—Open woods, mostly in the higher mountains; n. to Wash. Var. HÁLLII Hitchc. Blades soft-pubescent on both surfaces; glumes and lemmas pubescent.—Dry mostly wooded ridges and slopes, 5000 to 9000 ft., Sierra Nevada and mts. of S. Cal. 23. B. grándis (Shear) Hitchc. Culms 9 to 15 dm. high; sheaths pubescent; blades pubescent, elongated, spreading, rather lax; panicle broad, open, the branches slender, drooping, naked below, the lower usually in pairs, as much as 15 cm. long; first glume usually distinctly 3-nerved; lemmas densely

GRASS

81

FAMILY

pubescent over the back; awns 5 to 8 mm. long.—Dry hillsides at moderate altitudes, S. Cal. and South Coast Ranges; n. to Wash. Resembles B. orcuttianus var. hallii, from which it differs in the open drooping panicle and the more distinctly 3-nerved first glume. 24. B. vulgáris (Hook.) Shear. Culms 9 to 12 dm. high; nodes pubescent; sheaths pilose; blades scattered, more or less pilose; panicle open, 10 to 18 cm, long, the branches slender, drooping; spikelets slender, about 2.5 cm. long; glumes narrow, sparsely pubescent, the first 1-nerved, acute, the second 3-nerved, broader and longer than the first, obtuse or acutish; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent over back, pubescent or ciliate near the margins or nearly glabrous; awn 6 to 8 mm. long.—Rocky woods and shady ravines, 100 to 7000 ft.; n. to B. C. and Mont. Var. EXÍMIUS Shear. Sheaths glabrous.—Moist mt. sides, n. Cal.; n. to B. C. 25. B. laévipes Shear. Culms 7y 2 to 9 dm. high, the base often decumbent and rooting; sheaths and blades glabrous; panicle broad, lax, drooping, 15 to 20 cm. long; spikelets 2.5 to 3 cm. long; glumes smooth, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemmas obtuse, 7-nerved, 12 to 14 mm. long, densely pubescent on the margin nearly to the apex and on the back at the base; awn 3 to 6 mm. long.—Moist woods and shady banks; n. to Wash. 2.

FESTUCA

L.

FESCUE

Annuals or perennials. Spikelets few to several-flowered. Glumes narrow, acute, unequal, the first sometimes very small. Lemmas rounded on the back, membranaceous or somewhat indurate, 5-nerved, the nerves often obscure, acute or rarely obtuse, awned from the tip or rarely from a minutely bifid apex. (Ancient name for some grass.) Plants annual; florets najrowly lanceolate; stamens usually 1.—Subgenus VXJLPIA. Spikelets densely 5 to 13-flowered; lemmas without scarious margin. . . 1 . F. octoflora Spikelets loosely 1 to 5-flowered; lemmas with narrow scarious margin; first glume 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Branches of the short panicle normally divergent, a pulvillus at the base of a! least 1 of them. Florets mostly 3 to 5 ; only the principal panicle branches divergent. Lemmas glabrous. Glumes glabrous 2. F. pacifica Glumes hirsute 3. F. confusa Lemmas hirsute. Glumes glabrous 4. F. arida. Glumes hirsute 5. F. grayi. Florets mostly 1 to 3 ; all the spikelets divergent. Lemmas glabrous 6. F. reflexa. Lemmas pubescent. Glumes glabrous 7. F. microstachys. Glumes pubescent 8. F. eastwoodae. Branches of the narrow panicle erect or appressed. Lower glume % to % as long as the upper 11. F. bromoides. Lower glume not more than % as long as upper. Lemma ciliate 9. F. megalura. Lemma not c i l i a t e . . . 10. F. myuros. Plants perennial. Rhizomes developed; blades flat; lemma acuminate, unawned.—Subgenus HESPEBOCHLOA. . . .

2 4 . F.

confinis.

Rhizomes wanting (base of culm decumbent in F . r u b r a ) . — S u b g e n u s EUFESTUCA. Blades flat, rather soft and lax. Lemmas awnless, indurated, not keeled 20. F. elatior. Lemmas awned, membranaceous, more or less keeled. Florets long-stipitate 21. F. subuliflora. Florets sessile. Awn terminal 23. F. subulata. Awn from a cleft apex 22. F. elmeri. Blades usually folded or involute, narrow or capillary. Collar and auricles tomentose or bristly 19. F. californica. Collar and auricles not conspicuously tomentose or bristly. Lemmas acute, awnless or only awn-pointed 18. F. viridula. Lemmas awned. Tufts loose, the bases of the culms decumbent; blades usually smooth to the touch 12. F. rubra. Tufts compact; culms erect. Panicle open, the branches long and spreading; awn longer than body of lemma 14. F. occidentalis.

82

GRAMINEAE Panicle narrow, the branches ascending. Blades scabrous, usually elongate 15. F. idahoenais. Blades smooth. Plants about 12 dm. tall 13. F. howellii. Plants low, usually less than 1.5 dm. tall. Blades hard, involute, shining, not angled 17. F, supina. Blades soft, angled in drying, the tissue soft between the angles 16. F. brachyphylla.

1. F. octofldra Walt. Culms slender, erect, visually 1.5 to 3 dm. high; blades narrow, involute; panicle narrow, the short branches mostly appressed; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long; glumes subulate-lanceolate; lemmas firm, convex, glabrous or scabrous, 4 to 5 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn 2 to 4 mm. long.—Open ground throughout the U. S. Var. h i r t e l l a Piper. Lower, more densely tufted; foliage usually pubescent; lemmas hirtellous or pubescent.—Arid ground; more frequent than the species, cent. Cal. to Ariz, and Mex. 2. F. pacifica Piper. Culms slender, erect, 1.5 to 3 dm. high; blades soft, glabrous, loosely involute; panicle 2.5 to 6 cm. long, the lower branches solitary, divaricate; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered; glumes glabrous, the first subulatelanceolate, the second lanceolate-acuminate; lemmas scabrous, except in the lowermost floret (this smooth), 6 to 7 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn 10 to 15 mm. long.—Open ground, hill slopes and open woods in the mts. throughout the state; B. C. to Ariz, and L. Cal. 3. F. confusa Piper. Differs from no. 2 in having hirsute glumes; plants small, slender; sheaths and blades pubescent; spikelets 2 to 3-flowered.—Dry hillsides; middle Cal.; n. to Wash. 4. F. arida Elmer. Culms 1 to 3.8 dm. high; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades soft, loosely involute, usually glabrous; panicle 2.5 to 7 cm. long, the solitary rays at length divaricate; glumes lanceolate, glabrous; lemmas densely villous, 6 to 7 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn nearly as long.—Sandy ground, n. Cal.; Nev. (F. eriolepis of authors.) 5. F . grayi (Abrams) Piper. Habit of no. 2, but somewhat stouter; sheaths and sometimes blades pubescent; glumes and lemmas hirsute throughout.—Open ground and Tocky slopes; n. to Ore., e. to Ariz. 6. F. refl^xa Buckl. Culms 2 to 4.5 dm. high; sheaths smooth or pubescent; blades narrowly linear, flat, or loosely involute; panicle 5 to 12 cm. long, the solitary rays and the spikelets all at length divaricate; spikelets 1 to 3flowered, 5 to 7 mm. long; glumes glabrous; lemmas glabrous or somewhat scabrous, 5 to 6 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn, usually 5 to 8 mm. long.—Mesas, rocky slopes and wooded hills; n. to Vancouver Isl., e. to Utah. 7. F. micr6stachys Nutt. Habit of no. 6; differs in having pubescent lemmas.—Banks, hillsides and open ground; n. to Ore. Less frequent than no. 6. 8. F. eastwoodae Piper. Differs from no. 6 in having pubescent glumes and lemmas.—Open pine forests; cent. Cal. 9. F . megalura Nutt. Culms 2 to 6 dm. high; sheaths and blades smooth; panicle narrow, somewhat 1-sided, 8 to 20 cm. long; spikelets 4 or 5-flowered; glumes glabrous, the first about half the length of the second; lemmas scabrous above, attenuate into an awn about twice its length. The cilia on the lemmas, characteristic of this species, are sometimes hidden by the incurved edges of the lemma at maturity.—Cultivated or open ground, sandy soil, and waste places; n. to B. C. and Ida., s. to L. Cal. 10. F. myuros L. B a t ' s - t a i l Fescue. Similar to no. 9 but lemmas not ciliate.—Bare in waste grounds; nat. from Eur. 11. F. bromoides L. Similar to no. 9; culms 1 to 3 dm. high; panicle dense, 5 to 10 cm. long; lemma 7 to 8 mm. long, the awn 10 to 12 mm. long.—Dry hills and meadows; nat. from Eur. 12. F . rubra L. Bed Fescue. Fig. 61. Culms erect from a decumbent base, smooth, 4.5 to 9 dm. high; sheaths smooth, the lowermost usually purple; blades smooth, soft, usually folded or involute; panicle 5 to 18 cm. long,

GRASS FAMILY

83

usually contracted, the branches erect except at anthesis; spikelets 4 to 6-flowered, 7 to 10 mm. long, pale green or glaucous, often purpletinged; lemmas 5 to 7 mm. long, smooth, or scabrous toward apex, the awn usually about % as long.—Meadows and hills in the mts. or near the coast; distributed throughout the cooler parts of the n. hemisphere. 13. F . howéllii Hack. Resembling no. 12 b u t stouter and 9 to 12 dm. high; culms numerous, erect at base, in a close t u f t ; blades 3 dm. or more long, folded, smooth; panicles smaller; spikelets 8 to 12 mm. long; lemmas about 7 mm. long, awned.—Rocky woods, Sonoma Co.; n. to Ore. 14. F. occidentàlis Hook. Culms densely t u f t e d , slender, erect, 4.5 to 7.5 dm. high; leaves numerous, mostly basal; sheaths smooth; blades filiform-involute, bright green, soft, 5 to 20 cm. long; panicle loose, subsecund, 7 to 20 cm. long, nodding, the branches solitary or the lowest in pairs; spikelets loosely 3 to 5-flowered, 6 to 10 mm. long, mostly on slender pedicels, pale green; lemmas r a t h e r thin, 5 to 6 mm. long, scaberulous toward the apex, a t t e n u a t e into a slender awn somewhat longer t h a n the body.— Dry rocky wooded slopes and b a n k s : Sequoia P a r k ; San Mateo Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Wyo. and n. Mich. 61. Festuca rubra L. ; a, habit

florefs'Ta8

X 3;

15.

F . i d a h o é n s i s E l m e r . BLUE BUNCH GRASS.

Culms

densely t u f t e d , smooth or somewhat scabrous above, 3 to 9 dm. high; blades numerous, mostly basal, rather stiff and firm, more or less flexuous, scabrous, 1.5 to 3 dm. long, sometimes shorter; panicle narrow, 10 to 20 cm. long, the branches appressed or ascending, very scabrous; spikelets 8 to 10 mm. long; lemmas firm, the awn 2 to 4 mm. long.—Open woods and rocky slopes, 1000 to 2500 f t . , cent, and n. Cai.; n. to B. C. and Alb., e. to Col. 16. F. brachyphylla Schult. Culms erect, t u f t e d , 1 to 1.5 dm. high; blades about x/, spikelet x 1 ; c, rather firm, often scarious at the tip, the first 1-nerved glumes x 1 ; d, palea x 1. or sometimes 3-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemmas usually firm, rounded on the back, obtuse or acute, rarely acuminate, usually scarious and often erose at the tip, glabrous or puberulent toward the base, 5-nerved, the nerves parallel, obscure or indistinct, rarely rather prominent. Palea about as long as the lemma or somewhat shorter. (Benedetto Puccinelli, an Italian botanist.) Panicle open at maturity, the branches spreading or reflexed. Leaves mostly in a short basal cluster; panicle usually less than 10 cm. long; lemmas smooth 1. P . lemmoni. Leaves scattered; panicle usually more than 10 cm. long; lemmas minutely pubescent toward base 2. P. nuttalliana Panicle narrow, the branches ascending or appressed. Plant annual; panicles strict 3. P . simplex Plant perennial; panicles narrow but not strict. Lemma entire at apex; plants mostly less than 3 dm. tall; panicles not much exceeding the leaves, the branches smooth or nearly so.4. P . paupercula. Lemma ciliolate at apex; plants mostly more than 3 dm. tall; panicles large, exceeding the foliage, the lower branches as much as 7 cm. long, strongly scabrous 5. P . nutkaensis.

1. P. lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn. Fig. 64. Plants perennial, slender, 1.5 to 3.8 dm. high; blades short, filiform, mostly basal, smooth, involute; panicle 5 to 10 cm. long, becoming open, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 6 mm.

GRASS

87

FAMILY

long; glumes 1-nerved, 2 and 3 mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long.—Alkaline soil, Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co. n.; Nev. to Ore. 2. P. nuttalliana (Sehult.) Hitche. A L K A L I M E A D O W GRASS. Plants perennial, tufted, erect, 4.5 to 6 dm. high; sheaths and involute blades smooth; panicle open, 15 to 20 mm. long, the branches spreading, naked below; spikelets terete, about 6 mm. long, usually pale; glumes acutish, 1 and 2 mm. long; lemmas about 3 mm. long.—Alkaline soil throughout Cal.; e. to the Dakotas and Tex. 3. P. simplex Scribn. Culms 0.8 to 2 dm. high; blades narrow, soft, flat, scattered; panicle about % the entire length of the plant, the branches few, short, appressed; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long, appressed; glumes strongly 3-nerved, 1 and 2 mm. long; lemmas 3.5 mm. long, tapering from below the middle to the acute apex, pubescent on lower half.— Alkaline soil, Great Valley and Mohave Desert. 4. P. paupSrcula (Holm) Fer. & Weath. var. alaskana (Scribn. & Merr.) Fer. & Weath. Culms erect, tufted, about 3 dm. high; blades involute, erect, smooth; panicles narrow, 5 to 8 cm. long, the branches appressed; spikelets about 6 mm. long; glumes 3-nerved, 2 and 3 mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long, sparingly pubescent at base, especially on the lower part of the rather prominent marginal nerves. — Saline soil, Mendocino Co.; n. to Alas.; on Atlantic Coast from Conn, northw. (P. angustata Nash.) 5. P. nutkaensis (Presl) Fer. & Weatli. Culms in small tufts, rather stout, 4.5 to 6 64. Puccinellia lemmoni Scribn.; dm. high; leaves scattered, smooth, the a, habit x ^ ; b, glumes x 3 ; c, florets x 3. blades loosely involute, more or less spreading; panicle 10 to 15 cm. long, the branches appressed; spikelets about 8 mm. long; glumes nearly equal, 3-nerved, narrow, about 3 mm. long; lemmas 4 mm. long, smooth.—Saline soil near the coast, San Mateo Co. to Marin Co.; n. to B. C. (P. festucaeformis of authors.) 6.

P d A

L.

BLUE

GRASS

Annuals or usually perennials with open or contracted panicles, and narrow blades with boat-shaped tips (except in no. 5). Spikelets 2 to severalflowered, the uppermost floret reduced or rudimentary. Glumes acute, keeled, somewhat unequal, the first 1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved. Lemmas somewhat keeled, acute or acutish, awnless, membranaceous, often somewhat scarious at the tip, 5-nerved. (Greek poa, grass or fodder.) Plants annual. Lemmas villous on the nerves below. Panicle pyramidal, open; sheaths smooth Panicle narrow, contracted; sheaths scabrous Lemmas not villous on the keel and nerves. Sheaths rough; lemmas pubescent on the back Sheaths smooth; lemmas smooth Plants perennial. Plants sod-forming, with creeping rhizomes. Culms conspicuously flattened Culms terete or slightly flattened. Glumes about 8 mm. long; spikelet 1 to 1.5 cm. long

1. P. annua. 2. P. bigelovii. 3 .P. 4. P.

howellii. bolanderi.

12. P.

compressa.

5 .P.

macrantha.

88

GRAMINEAE

Glumes and spikelets smaller. Blades involute; plants of seacoast dunes. Lemmas pilose on the keel; panicle a dense ovoid head; plants dioecious 6. P. douglaaii. Lemmas not pilose; panicle small but rather open. . .7. P. confinis. Blades flat or folded; not seacoast plants. Lemmas without cottony hairs at base. Panicle almost spike-like; leaves mostly basal 8. P. atropurpúrea. Panicle open; culms leafy throughout 9. P. nervosa. Lemmas with a tuft of cottony hairs at base. Lemmas not pilose on keel or nerves; leaves mostly basal. . . . 10. P. kelloggii. Lemmas pilose on keel and marginal nerves; culms leafy throughout. Lemmas 3 mm. long; lower panicle branches in 5s 11. P. pratensi8. Lemmas 5 mm. long; lower panicle branches mostly in 2s : 13. P. rhizomata. Plants in bunches, without creeping rhizomes. Lemmas villous on the nerves or with a tuft of cottony hairs at base. Lemmas with cottony hairs at base; blades flat. Cottony hairs scant; plants less than 5 dm. tall; panicle few-flowered • . 14. P. leptocoma. Cottony hairs copious; plants commonly 6 to 13.5 dm. tall; panicle many-flowered. Sheaths smooth; spikelets bronzed at tip 15. P. palustris. Sheaths retrorsely scaberulous. Spikelets about 3 mm. long; panicle 0.8 to 1.6 dm. long, green 16. P. trivialis. Spikelets 5 to 7 mm. long; panicle 1.5 to 3 dm. long; pale. . 17. P. occidentals. Lemmas without cottony hairs at base (see also no. 14, sometimes very obscurely cottony). Blades soft, lax; alpine species 18. P. rupicola. Blades ñrm, stiff, folded or involute. Ligule not over 1 mm. long 19. P. fendleriana. Ligule 5 to 7 mm. long 20. P. longiligula. Lemmas neither villous on the nerves nor with a cottony tuft at base, the internerves sometimes puberulent toward the base. Lemmas minutely crisp-puberulent on the lower half or third. Sheaths scaberulous; panicle usually narrow, somewhat elongate, the short branches mostly appressed 21. P. scabrella. Sheaths smooth. Culms erect from a dense tuft of short leaves; panicle narrow. . . . 22. P. sandbergii. Culms decumbent and loose at base, the basal leaves relatively long; panicle open 23. P. gracillima. Lemmas glabrous or scabrous. Panicle mostly over 1 dm. long, narrow, the branches appressed except in anthesis; plants rather robust, usually 6 dm. tall or more. Sheaths scabrous; ligule 4 mm. long 24. P. nevadensis. Sheaths smooth; ligule not over 2 mm. l o n g . . 2 5 . P. brachyglossa. Panicle less than 1 dm. long, compact or open. Culm blades flat, the lower 2 to 3 mm. wide 26. P. epilis. Culm blades folded or involute, narrow or filiform. Panicle compact, spike-like; plants of seacoast cliffs 27. P. unüateralis. Panicle not spike-like, if narrow not compact. Glumes 4 to 5 mm. long; panicle shining, usually pale. . 28. P. pringlei. Glumes 3 mm. long; panicle usually purple 29. P. leiberyii. 1. P . a n n u a L . I n t u f t s or m a t s ; culms flattened, 0.8 to 2 dm. long, decumbent a t base, sometimes r o o t i n g a t t h e l o w e r nodes; blades soft, panicle 2.5 to 7 cm. l o n g ; spikelets c r o w d e d , 3 to 6-flowered, 3 t o 4 mm. l o n g ; l e m m a not c o t t o n y a t base, d i s t i n c t l y 5 - n e r v e d , t h e n e r v e s pilose on lower h a l f . — Open ground, along roadsides a n d in w a s t e places, t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e , e x c e p t in t h e d e s e r t s ; e x t e n d s f r o m Alas, to M é x . ; n a t . f r o m E u r . 2. P . bigelóvii Y a s e y & Scribn. Culms e r e c t , 1.5 to 3.8 dm. h i g h ; panicle n a r r o w , 7.5 to 15 cm. long, t h e b r a n c h e s short, a p p r e s s e d ; spikelets o v a t e , about 6 mm. l o n g ; glumes a c u m i n a t e ; lemmas c o t t o n y a t base, copiously pilose on t h e lower p a r t of t h e l a t e r a l n e r v e s a n d keel, villous on lower p a r t o f i n t e r n e r v e s . — O p e n ground, m o s t l y in t h e deserts, I n y o Co. to San Diego Co.; e. t o w e s t e r n T e x . , s. to M e x . 3. P . howéllii V a s e y & Scribn. Culms 3 to 9 dm. h i g h ; sheaths r e t r o r s e l y s c a b r o u s ; panicle % to x /¿ t h e e n t i r e height of t h e p l a n t , open, t h e b r a n c h e s

GRASS

89

FAMILY

in rather distant fascicles, spreading, naked below, some short branches intermixed; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long, usually 3 or 4-flowered; glumes narrow, acuminate; lemmas cottony at base, 2 mm. long, ovate, pubescent over the lower % or %, the nerves all rather distinct.—Eocky banks and shaded slopes at moderate altitudes, mostly in the Coast Ranges; s. to S. Cal., n. to Vancouver Isl. 4. P . bolanderi Vasey. Culms erect, 1.5 to 6 dm. high; sheaths smooth; panicle open, about % the entire plant, the branches few, distant, smooth, stiffly spreading or somewhat reflexed, naked below; spikelets, usually 2 or 3-flowered, about 5 mm. long; glumes broad; lemma sparsely cottony at base, smooth, scabrous on the keel, acute, the marginal nerves rather indistinct, the intermediate nerves obsolete.—Open ground or open woods, at high altitudes: San Jacinto Mts.; Sierra Nevada and n. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash, and Alb., e. to Utah. 5. P . macrantha Yasey. Rhizomes extensively creeping; culms erect from a decumbent base, 1.5 to 4.5 dm. tall, the sterile shoots widely spreading; sheaths smooth, tawny, papery; blades smooth, involute, more or less curved or iiexuous; panicle narrow, sometimes dense and spike-like, 5 to 13 cm. long, pale or t a w n y ; spikelets about 5-flowered; glumes smooth, 3-nerved, or the second indistinctly 5-nerved; lemmas 8 mm. long, not webbed at base, shortpilose on the keel and marginal nerves below, slightly scabrous on the keel above and sparingly on the back near margins; palea ciliate on keels.—Sand dunes along the coast, Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 6. P . douglasii Nees. Fig. 65. Rhizomes extensively creeping; ascending f r o m a decumbent base, usually less t h a n 3 dm. high; sheaths smooth, tawny and papery; blades involute, some usually exceeding the culm; panicles ovoid or oblong, dense, spike-like, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, pale or t a w n y ; spikelets 8 to 10 mm. long; glumes broad, 3-nerved, smooth, scabrous on upper p a r t of keel, nearly: equal; lemmas 6 mm. long, slightly cottony at base, villous on the lower part of keel and marginal nerves, scabrous on keel above, 1 to 3 pairs of indistinct intermediate nerves; palea ciliate on keels.—Sand dunes near t h e coast, Monterey Co. to Mendocino Co. 7. P. confinis Yasey. Culms low, often geniculate or ascending a t base, usually less t h a n 1.5 dm. high; sheaths and involute blades smooth; panicle narrow, contracted, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, t a w n y ; spikelets about 4 mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long, scaberulous, sparsely cottony at base, t h e nerves faint.—Sand dunes and sandy meadows near t h e coast, Mendocino Co.; n. to Alas. 8. P . atropurpurea Scribn. Culms 3 to 4.5 dm. high, slender; sheaths smooth; blades folded or involute, firm, smooth on under surface, the uppermost culm-leaf below the middle; panicle purple-tinged, 2.5 to 5 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long, tllrfriri • t r l i i m o s h r n n r ) • l e m m a s

2-tr.

culms

65. Poa douglasii Nees; a, staminate plant

x

% ! b> Pistillate plant X % ; c,

J.

J

,,

-n

plains, Mohave Desert and northw. on the e. side of the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Shasta; Wash, and Manit. to Tex. and L. Cal. 3. O. webberi (Thurb.) Benth. Culms t u f t e d , erect, 1.5 to 3 dm. high; blades involute, filiform, scabrous; panicle narrow, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, the branches appressed; glumes equal, narrow, obscurely 5-nerved, acuminate, about 8 mm. long; lemma narrow, 6 mm. long, densely long-pilose.—Deserts and dry gravelly stream channels in the mts.; se. Nevada Co.; Lassen Co.; e. to Col. 4. O. bl6omeri (Boland.) Ricker. Culms t u f t e d , 3 to 6 dm. high; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades crowded a t the base, involute, narrow, firm; panicle 8 to 15 cm. long, the branches slender, rather stiffly ascending, bearing spikelets from about the middle; glumes comparatively broad, indistinctly 3 to 5nerved, rather abruptly acuminate, equal; lemma elliptical, 5 mm. long, densely long-villous; awn tardily deciduous, geniculate, t h e lower part slightly twisted, appressed-villous.—Dry regions, Modoc Co.; Mt. Diablo; w. Mohave Desert; n. to Wash., e. to Manit. and N. Mex. 5. O. kingii (Boland.) Beal. Culms t u f t e d , slender, 2 to 3.8 dm. high; blades crowded at the base, involute, filiform; ligule about 1 mm. long; panicle narrow, loose, few-flowered; glumes broad, papery, nerveless, obtuse, purple at base, the first about 3.5 mm. long, t h e second a little longer; lemma elliptic, 3 mm. long, rather sparingly appressed-pubescent, t h e callus short; awn more or less sickle-shaped, not twisted, minutely pubescent, not readily deciduous, about 12 mm. long.—Dry open ground, Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Fresno Co., 7000 to 9500 f t . 5 1 . S T l P A L . PORCUPINE G R A S S . SPEAR GRASS Perennials, with usually convolute blades and narrow panicles. Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, the articulation oblique, leaving a bearded, sharp-pointed callus attached to the base of the floret. Glumes membranaceous, often papery, acute or acuminate, usually long and narrow. Lemma narrow, terete, firm or indurate, strongly convolute, terminating in a bent and twisted prominent persistent awn. Palea inclosed in the convolute lemma. (Greek stupa, tow, referring to the f e a t h e r y awns of some species.) A w n plumose. A w n w i t h 1 b e n d , copiously long-plumose below t h e b e n d A w n w i t h 2 bends, plumose to second b e n d . Ligule 3 to 6 m m . long Ligule very s h o r t . Sheaths pubescent

1. 2. S.

speciosa. thurberiana.

3. S.

elmeri.

GRASS

FAMILY

125

Sheaths glabrous. Blades involute, mostly basal 4. S. occidentals. Blades flat, tardily involute, scattered 5. S. californica. A w n more or less scabrous, but not plumose. Lemma clothed with copious hairs 4 mm. long. A w n with 2 bends; plants 1 m. or more tall 6. S. coronata Awn with usually 1 bend; plant less than 6 dm. tall 7. S. parishii Lemma more or less hairy, the hairs not over 1 mm. long. Panicle openL the branches naked below, more or less spreading. Upper glume 5-nerved; lower glume 3 or 5-nerved 8. S. cornata Upper and lower glumes 3-nerved. Ligule evident; terminal segment of awn mostly 4 cm. or more long. . . 9. S. pulchra. Ligule minute; terminal segment of awn mostly less than 2 cm. l o n g . . . 10. 5. lepida. Panicle narrow, the branches erect. Glumes 1.5 to 2 cm. long; blades as much as 7 mm. wide. .11. S. stillmanii. Glumes 1 cm. or less long. Sheaths hairy at the throat 12. tS\ vaseyi. Sheaths not hairy at the throat. Glumes broad, usually 5-nerved; fruit fusiform. . .13. S. lemmoni. Glumes narrow, 3-nerved. Blades short, slender, involute; lemma scarcely 5 mm. long. . 14. lettermani. Blades commonly elongate, flat; lemma usually more than 5 mm. long 15. S. minor.

1. S. speciósa Trin. & Rupr. Culms densely tufted, 3 to 6 dm. high; sheaths smooth, or lower pubescent or f e l t y at the very base, the throat bearded; blades elongate, involute-filiform, mostly basal, more or less deciduous from the outer and older persistent sheaths; panicle narrow, dense, 10 to 15 cm. long, not much exceeding the leaves, white or tawny, conspicuously feathery; glumes smooth, about 1.5 cm. long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, papery; lemma 7 to 9 mm. long, densely short-pubescent; awn about 4 cm. long.—Deserts and arid hills, especially characteristic species from Mono Co. to the Mohave and Colorado deserts; n. in the South Coast Ranges but rare; s. to L . Cai., e. to Col.; also in Chile. 2. S. thurberiàna Piper. Culms 1.5 to 4.5 dm. high; leaves mostly basal; blades involute, scabrous; panicle 5 to 10 cm. long, often subtended by an enlarged sheath; glumes about 1.2 cm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved; lemma 7 mm. long, appressed-pilose; awn about 4 em. long.—Open dry woods in the mts., Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; n. to Wash. 3. S. élmeri Piper & Brodie. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high, more or less puberulent, especially at the nodes; blades fiat or becoming involute, pubescent on the upper surface, or those of the innovations also on the lower surface; panicle narrow, rather loose, 15 to 40 cm. long; glumes 3-nerved, gradually acuminate, thin, papery, 1.2 to 1.4 cm. long, the first a little the longer; lemma about 7 mm. long, appressed-pubescent; awn 3 to 3.5 cm. long.—Open ground, in the mts., 4000 to 7000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to Wash. 4. S. occidentals Thurb. F i g . 108. Culms slender, tufted, 3 to 6 dm. high; blades narrow; panicle narrow, 10 to 20 cm. long; glumes 8 to 10 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, long-pilose; awn about 2.5 cm. long, sometimes pilose throughout.—Open dry woods of the Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 9600 f t . ; n. to Mt. Shasta; s. to the San Gabriel Mts.; far n. to Wash., e. to W y o . 5. S. califórnica Merr. & Davy. Culms 6 to 15 dm. high, smooth, or the nodes pubescent; sheaths villous at the throat; panicle narrow, usually 30 to 45 cm. long, the branches fascicled, appressed; glumes thin, papery, about 1 cm. long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves rather indistinct; lemma about 6 mm. long, appressedvillous; awn 2 to 3 cm. long.—Meadows and open woods, 6000 to 8000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Mariposa Co.; n. to Ore. 6. S. coronata Thurb. Culms robust, commonly 12 to 18 dm. high, smooth or pubescent below the nodes;

Thurb'-Ponion of'infl " x l!

126

GRAMINEAE

sheaths smooth, the margin and throat villous; ligule about 2 mm. long, ciliatemargined; blades elongate, flat, with a slender involute point; panicle narrow, dense, purplish, thick, 30 to 45 cm. long; glumes gradually acuminate, 3-nerved, the first about 2 cm. long, the second 2 to 4 mm. shorter; lemma 8 to 10 mm. long; awn about 3.5 cm. long.—Open ground, Santa Lucia Mts to cismontane S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. 7. S. parishii Vasey. Culms stout, 3 to 6 dm. high; sheaths smooth, villous at the throat; ligule short, ciliate; blades firm, flat, with a slender involute point, very scabrous above, about 4 mm. wide; panicle 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, dense, purple-tinged; glumes 3-nerved, long-acuminate, the first 1.4 cm. long, the second 2 mm. shorter; lemma 7 mm. long, densely long-villous, especially above; awn about 2.5 cm. long.—Open ground: San Diego Co.; San J a c i n t o Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; w. Nev. 8. S. cornata Trin. & Rupr. NEEDLE-AND-THREAD. Fig. 109. Culms 6 to 12 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth; ligule 4 to 6 mm. long; blades becoming involute, elongate; panicle loose, 15 to 25 cm. long; branches slender, ascending, or in anthesis spreading, bearing usually 2 spikelets toward the ends; glumes about 2.5 cm. long, gradually narrowed into an awn, thin, papery; lemma 1 to 1.2 cm. long, rather sparsely appressed-villous; callus 3 mm. long; awn 8 to 12 cm. long, twice bent and flexuous.—Dry open ground: Argus Mts.; White Mts.; L a k e Tahoe; n. to Wash., e. to the Great Plains.

1 0 9 . S t i p a cornata Trin. & Rupr. ; panicle x

• 9. S. púlchra Hitchc. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high; blades long, narrow, flat or involute; ligule about 1 mm. long; panicle about 15 cm. long, loose, the branches spreading, slender, some of the lower 2.5 to 5 cm. long; glumes narrow, long-acuminate, purplish, the first about 2 cm. long, the second 2 to 4 mm. shorter; lemma 8 mm. long, sparingly pilose; awn 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pubescent to the second bend.—Open ground at low altitudes: common in the Coast Ranges; Sierra foothills; s. to San Diego Co. and L. Cal. (S. setigera of authors.)

10. S. lèpida Hitchc. Culms slender, puberulent below the nodes, 6 to 9 dm. high; sheaths sparingly villous at throat; blades flat, narrow, 2 to 4 mm. wide, pubescent on upper surface near base; panicle rather loose, usually 15 to 20 cm. or sometimes more than 30 cm. long, the branches distant, slender; glumes acuminate, the first 6 to 10 mm. long, the second about 2 mm. shorter; lemma about 6 mm. long, sparingly villous, nearly glabrous toward the hairy-tufted apex; awn indistinctly twice bent, 2.5 to 4 cm. long, scabrous.—Open ground, Berkeley Hills to San Bernardino and San Diego; s. to L. Cal. (S. eminens of authors.) Var. ANDERSÒNII (Vasey) Hitchc. Differs chiefly in the slender involute blades; plant on the average smaller, with narrower few-flowered panicles, the spikelets usually smaller.-—Range about that of the species but extending n. to Mt. Shasta. 11. S. Stillmánii Boland. Culms stout, 6 to 9 dm. high; sheaths puberulent at the throat and collar; ligule very short; blades folded or involute, firm, the uppermost filiform; panicle dense or interrupted at base, the branches short fascicled; glumes equal, 2 to 3 cm. long, papery, minutely scabrous, acuminate into a scabrous awn-point, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemma 9 mm. long, short-pilose, with 2 slender teeth at the summit, the callus short; awn about 2.5 cm. long, once or indistinctly twice-geniculate.— Blue Canon, Placer Co., only known station. 12. S. vàseyi Scribn. SLEEPY GRASS. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high; blades elongate, involute; panicle about 30 cm. long, dense; glumes acuminate, scabrous, the first a little longer, rather strongly 5 to 7-nerved, 1 cm. long; lemma about 6 mm. long, appressed-pilose, the callus short; awn twice-geniculate,

GRASS

FAMILY

127

about 2.5 cm. long, minutely puberulent.—San Nicolas Isl.; Ariz, to Col., Tex. and Mex. 13. S. lemmòni (Vasey) Scribn. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high, sometimes pubescent below the nodes; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades usually flat, pubescent on upper surface; panicle loose, 10 to 15 cm. long; glumes subequal, scarious, acuminate, 1.2 cm. long; lemma 7 mm. long, rather thinly appressed-pilose, the callus short; awn about 2.5 cm. long, twice-geniculate, appressed-pilose to the second bend.—Open woods, Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada from the Tehachapi Range to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. Var. J Ò N E S I I Scribn. Differs in the more slender firm involute blades, and smaller spikelets; glumes about 8 mm. long; lemma about 6 mm. long, the awn 2 cm. long, tending to be incurved, the pubescence shorter.—Mts. of San Diego Co.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash, and Ida. 14. S. léttermanl Vasey. Culms tufted, slender, 3 to 4.5 dm. high; ligule very short; leaves crowded at base; panicle 7 to 20 cm. long; glumes acuminate, about 8 mm. long; lemma 5 mm. long, pilose; awn very slender, about 1.2 cm. long, nearly smooth, twice bent.-—Dry soil, higher altitudes, 5800 to 7000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Sierra Co.; Ore. to Ida. and Col. 15. S. minor (Yasey) Scribn. Culms in small tufts, 6 to 9 dm. high; ligule very short; blades flat or becoming involute, narrow, up to 30 cm. long; panicle 15 to 20 cm. long; glumes 6 mm. long; lemma pilose; awn 1 to 1.5 cm. long, nearly smooth, twice bent.—Open ground, 7000 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Col. 5 2 . ARÍSTIDA L . NEEDLE GRASS Annuals or perennials with narrow, often convolute blades and narrow or sometimes open panicles. Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes. Glumes narrow, acute, acuminate, or awn-tipped. Lemma indurate, narrow, terete, convolute, with a hard sharp-pointed minutely bearded callus at base, terminating above in a usually trifid awn. (Latin arista, awn.) Neck of fruit jointed at base 1. A. californica. Neck of fruit not jointed at base. Lateral awns wanting or reduced to mere points 2. A. schiedeana. Lateral awns evident. Panicle diffuse, open, the main branches usually horizontally spreading; glumes about equal; plants perennial 3. A. divaricata. Panicle narrow, somewhat open, the branches not divaricate. Plants annual. Glumes 2 to 3 cm. long, nearly equal; awns 4 to 7 cm. long 4. A. olifjantha. Glumes not over 1 cm. long, the lower about half as long as the upper; awns about 1 cm. long 5. A. adscensionis. Plants perennial. Glumes nearly equal 6. A. parishii. Glumes unequal, the first H to % as long as the second. Neck of fruit slender, straight or slightly twisted, about as long as the body; panicle narrow, strict 7. A. reverehoni. Neck of fruit short or not differentiated from the body. Pedicels slender, more or less recurved 8. A. purpurea. Pedicels stiffly erect. Panicle short, few-flowered; no ciliate line on collar of leaf 9. A. fendleriana. Panicle elongate, many-flowered; collar of leaf with pubescent line 10. A. wrightii.

1. A. californica Thurb. Perennial; culms tufted, much-branched at base, 1.5 to 3 dm. high; blades short, involute, sharp-pointed; panicles numerous, loose, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, few-flowered; glumes smooth or the first slightly scabrous near apex, 8 mm. long, the second about twice as long; lemma 6 mm. long, the narrowed apex articulated with the slender spirally twisted base of the awns, the base 1.8 cm. long; awns equal, spreading, about 2.5 cm. long. —Colorado Desert and e. Mohave Desert to n. Mex. 2. A. schiede&na Trin. & Rupr. Perennial; culms erect, scaberulous, 3 to 6 dm. high; sheaths scaberulous, villous at the throat; blades involute in drying, the persistent basal ones flat and flexuous, 10 to 20 cm. long; panicle somewhat open, about half the entire height of the plant, the lower branches

128

GRAMINEAE

slender, ascending or spreading; glumes acuminate or short-awned, the first longer, about 1 cm. long; neck of f r u i t twisted, 5 to 8 mm. long, the central awn spreading, 7 to 10 mm. long; f r u i t , including neck, 15 to 18 mm. long.—Deserts and rocks, Ariz, to N. Mex. and Mex.; probably in the Colorado Desert, recorded f r o m San Diego. 3. A. divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. Culms t u f t e d , erect, 3 to 6 dm. high; blades involute, as much as 15 cm. long; panicle usually more t h a n % the entire length of the plant; branches distant, mostly in pairs, spikelet-bearing toward the ends; glumes 1 to 1.2 cm. long, short-awned, the first scabrous on the keel; lemma about 1 cm. long, scabrous toward the scarcely narrowed apex; awns about equal, 1.2 to 2 cm. long, somewhat spreading.—Deserts and rocky hills, Bakersfield to Los Angeles and San Diego; e. to Tex. and Mex. Variable in length of awns. 4. A. oligàntha Michx. Culms erect, branched at base and all the nodes, 3 to 6 dm. high, o f t e n woolly a t the very base; blades usually involute, as much as 15 cm. long, sparingly pilose at base, the prophyllum often conspicuous at base of branches; panicles narrow, loosely few-flowered, bearing a few scattered large appressed short-pediceled spikelets; glumes long-awned from a bifid apex, the first strongly 5 to 7-nerved; lemma a little shorter t h a n the glumes, the gradually narrowed neck scaberulous, the callus rather minutely pubescent; awns about equal, widely sprcading, 4 to 7 cm. long.—Open ground, e. side of the Great Valley (Merced Falls; lower Mokelumne E i v e r ; Chico) ; Ore.; middle and e. U. S. 5.

A.

adscénsiònis

L.

DOGTOWN

GRASS.

Fig.

110.

Culms much-branched at the base, 1 to 3 dm. high, erect or prostrate; blades 2.5 to 5 cm. long, usually involute; panicle narrow, rather dense, 5 to 8 cm. long, the branches short, fascicled; glumes 1-nerved, obtuse or slightly mucronate; lemma 8 to 10 mm. long, the callus with a dense t u f t of short hairs, the apex scarcely narrowed; awns flat at base, equal, finally spreading, about 1 cm. long.—Open ground, San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co., e. to Inyo Co. and the Colorado Eiver; e. to N. Mex., s. to S. Am.; Mediterranean region and A f r . Also called Six-weeks Grass. (A. bromoides H.B.K.) 6. A. parishii Hitchc. Culms t u f t e d , 3 to 6 dm. high; sheaths ciliate a t the t h r o a t ; blades firm, flat or more or less involute, scabrous on the upper surface, smooth below or scabrous toward the tip, 1.5 to 3 dm. long; panicle narrow, about 15 cm. long, the branches rather stout, ascending or appressed; glumes short-awned, 110. Aristida adscen1-nerved or the first 3-nerved, the second 1.2 cm. long; sionis L. ; a, habit lemma a little shorter than the glumes, very scabrous x % ; i>, glumes x 2 % ; on the upper half, the neck rather stout, not twisted, c, floret x 2 Vi • the awns ascending, the central about 2 cm. long, the lateral a little shorter.—Dry ground, Palm Sprs. of Mt. San Jacinto to Riverside and s. to San Diego. 7. A. revérchoni Vasey. Culms densely t u f t e d , erect 3 to 6 dm. high; blades involute, more or less flexuous, as much as 15 cm. long; panicle 10 to 15 cm. long; glumes awnless, the first about 6 mm. long, the second about 10 mm. long; lemma 1 to 1.2 cm. long; awns equal, about 2 cm. long.—Deserts and plains, e. Mohave Desert; e. to Tex. 8. A. purpùrea Nutt. Culms t u f t e d , erect, about 6 dm. high; blades flat or involute, 5 to 12 cm. long; panicles 10 to 15 cm. long, rather loose; glumes short-awned, 1-nerved, the first 6 mm. long, the second about twice as long; lemma about 1 2 mm. long, purple, strongly scabrous in lines, the apex somewhat narrowed, flattened and slightly twisted; awns equal, 3 to 3.5 cm. long. •—Plains and deserts: cismontane S. Cal., e. to the Colorado Eiver; f a r e. to Tex. Jepson, Manual, pp. 33-128, Sept. 28, 1 9 2 3 .

GRASS

FAMILY

129

9. A. f6ndleri&na Steud. Plants forming dense cushions, the crowded blades curly, involute, arcuate, sharp-pointed, pilose at base, usually 2.5 to 5 cm. long, sometimes longer; culms 1.5 to 3 dm. high; panicle narrow, 5 to 10 cm. long, bearing a few, mostly short-pediceled, loosely arranged, more or less appressed spikelets; glumes awnless, 1-nerved, the first about 6 mm. long, the second 10 to 12 mm. long; lemma 8 mm. long, scaberulous and slightly narrowed above; callus 1 mm. long; awns equal, about 2.5 cm. long, ascending.—Deserts and plains: ne. (desert) side of the San Bernardino Mts., 6000 to 7000 ft.; e. to Tex. 10. A. wrlghtii Nash. Culms tufted, erect, 6 dm. high, wiry; blades involute, often curved; panicle 10 to 20 cm. long, the longer branches bearing 2 to 4 spikelets; spikelets 1.2 to 1.4 cm. long; glumes 1-nerved, the first half as long as the second; awns ascending, the central a little longer, about 2.5 cm. long.—Dry soil, Split Mt., Colorado Desert; e. to Tex. T r i b e 5. N a z i e a e .

Curly-Mesquite Tribe

Spikelets sessile in groups of 3, the group falling entire from the continuous axis, the perfect spikelet 1-flowered, the staminate 2-flowered; glumes usually firmer than the lemma and palea, sometimes awned, the lemma awnless. 53. HILARIA H. B. K. Stiff perennials, the groups of spikelets appressed to the axis, in terminal spikes. Spikelets sessile, in groups of 3, the groups falling from the axis entire, the central spikelet (next the axis) fertile, 1-flowered, the 2 lateral spikelets staminate, 2-flowered. Glumes coriaceous, those of the 3 spikelets forming a false involucre, in some species connate at the base, more or less asymmetric, usually bearing an awn on one side from about the middle. Lemma and palea hyaline, about equal in length. (August de St. Hilaire, French botanist.) (Pleuraphis Torr.) Culms felty pubescent Culms glabrous or nearly so

1. H. rifjida. 2. H. jamesii.

1. H. rigida (Thurb.) Benth. G a l l e t a . Fig. 111. Plants grayish, felty-pubescent throughout; culms numerous from woody rhizomes, 4.5 to 9 dm. high; blades 2.5 to 6 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, more or less involute, rigid, sharppointed; spikelets about 8 mm. long; glumes of central spikelet broadened upward from a narrow base, woolly-ciliate, several-awned from the tip, a stronger dorsal awn from about the middle; lemma 3-nerved, inclosing the palea and a rudimentary second floret, the nerves villous on the back, extending into delicate awns between the ciliate lobes of the apex; lateral spikelets similar, narrower, the glumes less awned, the second floret similar to the first. —Mohave and Colorado deserts; Ariz, to Mex. The most valuable forage grass in the desert. 2. H. j&mesii (Torr.) Benth. Culms erect from stout rhizomes, glabrous, the nodes villous; sheaths 2.5 to 4 cm. long, sparingly villous at the throat; blades mostly 2 to 4 mm. wide, rigid, soon involute, the upper reduced; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long, long-villous at base; glumes of 111. Hilaria rigida Benth.; central spikelet pubescent, cuneate, 2-lobed, the a, habit x 1 ; b, infl. x 1. lobes 2 or 3-awned, the central nerve between, extending from below the middle into an awn somewhat longer than the others, the awns all minutely plumose; lemma erose at apex, glabrous, 3nerved, the nerves parallel, the central extending into a short awn; glumes of lateral spikelets narrow, pubescent, the first unsyminetrical, 5-nerved, the second nerve on one side extending into a dorsal awn from below the

130

GRAMINEAE

middle, the apex unequally 2-lobed, the sinus extending down about half-way to the point of departure of the awn, the lobes minutely ciliate; second glume 5-nerved, awnless, entire, ciliate, conduplicate around the floret; lemma as in fertile spikelet.—Deserts of Inyo Co.; e. to Wyo. and Tex. T R I B E 6. Chlorideae. GRAMA TRIBE Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, sessile or short-pediceled, approximate or somewhat distant along one side of a slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal or nearly equal, awnless or mucronate, 1-nerved, usually shorter than the first lemma; lemmas obtuse or acute, sometimes 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned from between the teeth, 3-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent. 54. LEPTÓCHLOA Beauv. Our species annuals with flat blades and numerous spikes or racemes scattered along a common axis, forming a panicle. Spikelets 2 to severalflowered, subsessile, approximate or somewhat distant along one side of a slender rachis. Glumes unequal or nearly equal, 1-nerved, usually shorter than the first lemma. Lemmas obtuse or acute, sometimes 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned from between the teeth, 3-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent. (Greek leptos, slender, and chloa, grass.) Glumes longer than first lemma; sheaths papillose-hispid Glumes shorter than first lemma ; sheaths smooth. Lemmas awned Lemmas awnless 1. L . filifórmis (Lam.)

1. L.

filiformia.

2. L. fascicularis. 3. L. uninervia. FEATHER GRASS.

Beauv. Fig. 112. Culms 3 to 9 dm. high, often depauperate; spikes numerous, slender, 2.5 to 10 cm. long, usually purple, the spikelets rather distant, about 3 mm. long; glumes more or less mucronate, nearly equaling the 3 or 4 awnless florets.—Open ground, fields and moist depressions, Imperial Co.; common in the warmer parts of Am. 2. L. fascicularis (Lam.) Gray. Culms erect or spreading, 3 to 6 dm. high; blades erect, as long or longer than the culms; spikes numerous, 7 to 12 cm. long; spikelets 7 to 11-flowered, the florets much longer than the lanceolate glumes; lemmas hairy-margined toward the base, short-awned from the toothed apex.—Ditches and moist, especially alkaline soil, Fresno and Kern Cos., rare; e. to Md. and Fla.; also trop. Am. 3. L. uninèrvia (Presi) Hitchc. & Chase. Resembles no. 2; usually strictly erect, the panicle more oblong in outline, with shorter commonly dull purplish spikes; glumes broader and more obtuse; lemmas apiculate but not awned.—Ditches 1 1 2 . Leptochloa filiformis and moist places: San Bernardino Mts.; Colorado Beauv. ; a, habit x % ; b, Desert; e. to La., s. to Mex. (L. imbricata Thurb.) glumes x 3 ; c, florets x 3. E L E U S Ì N E ÌNDICA (L.) Gaertn., Goose Grass, a spreading smooth weedy annual with thick digitate spikes of crowded several-flowered spikelets, has been found near Los Angeles; native of the Old World. __ „ , , 55. CYNODON Eich. Usually low perennials with creeping stolons or rhizomes, short blades, and several slender spikes digitate at the summit of the upright flowering culms. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, the rachilla prolongéd behind the palea, sometimes bearing a rudimentary lemma. Glumes narrow, acuminate, 1nerved, about equal, shorter than the floret. Lemma strongly compressed, pubescent on the keel, firm, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves close to the margins. (Greek kuon, a dog, and odous, tooth.) (Capriola Adans.) 1. 0 . dàctylon ( L . ) Pers. BERMUDA GRASS. DEVIL GRASS. Fig. 1 1 3 . Culms flattened, wiry, glabrous; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs; spikes

GRASS

131

FAMILY

4 to 6, 2.5 to 6 em. long; spikelets imbricate, 2 mm. long. —Moist valley fields and along irrigating ditches; native of warmer parts of Old World. 56. BECKMANNIA Host An erect rather stout annual with flat blades and numerous short appressed pedunculate spikes in a narrow more or less interrupted panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, laterally compressed, subcircular, nearly sessile and closely imbricate, disarticulating below the glumes, falling entire. Glumes equal, inflated, obo vate, 3-nerved, strongly gibbous above, the apex apiculate. / , Lemma narrow, 5-nerved, acuminate, about as long as ' J y the glumes. Palea nearly as long as the lemma. (Johann r Beckmann, 1739-1811,professor of botany at Gottingen.) 1. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host. SLOUGH GRASS. Fig. 114. Plants light green; culms 3 to 9 dm. high; panicle 10 to 25 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long; glumes transversely wrinkled, the acuminate apex of the lemma protruding.—Moist ground and ditches, San Francisco Bay to Siskiyou and 113. Cynodon dactylon Lassen Cos.; cooler parts of northern Pers. ; stolon and hemisphere. infl. x H . 57. SPARTlNA Schreb. Stout erect tall perennials, with extensively creeping firm scaly rhizomes, long tough blades, and two to many appressed or sometimes spreading spikes racemose on the main axis. Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened laterally, sessile and usually closely imbricate, disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla not produced beyond the floret. Glumes keeled, 1-nerved, acute or short-awned, the first shorter, the second often exceeding the lemma. Lemma firm, keeled, the lateral nerves obscure, narrowed to a rather obtuse point. Palea keeled and flattened, the keel between or at one side of the nerves. (Greek spartion, a cord, referring to the tough leaves.)

/ 1 1 4 . Beckmannia erucaeformis H o s t ; habit

Spikes closely approximate, forming a cylindrical inflorescence; blades wide, flat below 1 . S. foliosa. Spikes distinct; blades narrow and soon involute 2. gracilis.

1

S- \ i ! >, H,

,

115. Spartina gracilis Trin.; a, habit x 1-7 ; b, spikelet x 3 ; e, floret x 3.

1. S. foliosa Trin. Culms as much as 1.5 cm. thick at base, usually rooting from the lower nodes, 3 to 12 dm. high, somewhat spongy; blades 8 to 12 mm. broad at the flat base, gradually narrowed to a long involute tip, smooth; inflorescence dense, spike-like, about 15 em. long; spikes numerous, close-appressed, 2.5 to 5 cm. long; spikelets indurated, about 1.2 cm. long; glumes ciliate on keel, acute, the first narrow, about % as long as second, smooth, the second sparingly hispidulous, striate-nerved; lemma hispidulous on sides, smooth on keel, a little shorter than the second glume; palea longer than lemma.—Salt marshes and tidal flats along the coast, San Francisco Bay to San Diego. Useful in reclaiming marshland. 2. S. gracilis Trin. Fig. 115. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high; blades 15 to 20 cm. long, very scabrous

132

GRAMINEAE

above; spikes 4 to 8, closely appressed to the axis, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; spikelets about 6 mm. long; glumes smooth except the ciliate keel, acute, the first about V2 as long as the second; lemma about as long as second glume, ciliate on keel; palea as long as lemma, obtuse.—Alkaline meadows, Inyo Co.; n. to Wash, and Saskat. 58. CHLdRIS Swartz Perennials or annuals with flat blades and two to several digitate spikes. Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile, the rachilla produced beyond the perfect floret and bearing X to several reduced florets consisting of empty lemmas, these often truncate, and, if more than one, the smaller ones inclosed in the lower, forming a usually club-shaped rudiment. Glumes somewhat unequal, the first shorter, narrower, acute. Lemma keeled, usually broad, 1 to 5-nerved, often villous on the callus and villous or long-ciliate on the keel or marginal nerves, awned from between the short teeth of a bifid apex, the awn slender or sometimes reduced to a mucro, the sterile lemmas awned or awnless. (Latin Chloris, the goddess of flowers.) 1. C. virgitta Swartz. Fig. 116. Culms erect or spreading, 3 to 9 dm. high; sheaths much compressed, especially the basal, the uppermost often inflated around the base of the inflorescence; spikes 6 to 12, 2.5 to 8 cm. long, flexuous at summit; spikelets imbricate; glumes 1-nerved, the second about 3 mm. long, awn-pointed; lemma somewhat fusiform, about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved, short pilose at base and along the lower half of the keel, long-pilose on the iriargins near the apex, with a slender straight awn about 1 cm. long, from just below apex; rudiment reaching about to tip of fertile floret, truncate, the awn somewhat shorter.— Fields and waste places, Riverside to the Colorado Desert; extends to W. I. and Brazil. (C. elegans H.B.K.) C. V£RTICILLA.TA Nutt., Windmill Grass, a low perennial with long stiff divergent slender spikes, has been found at Berkeley; adv.; native of Tex. 59. B O U T E L O U A L a g .

GRAMA GRASS

Low or rather tall perennials or annuals with two to many spikes racemose on a common axis (sometimes solitary), the spikelets few to many in each spike, pectinate or more loosely arranged and appressed, the rachis of the spike usually produced beyond the insertion of the spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, with the rudiments of one or more florets above. Glumes 1nerved, acuminate or awn-tipped, the first shorter and narrower. Lemma as long as the second glume or a little longer, 3-nerved, the nerves extending into awns, the internerves usually extending into teeth. Palea sometimes 2-awned; rudiment various, usually 3-awned, a second rudimentary floret sometimes present. (The brothers Claudio and Esteban Boutelou, Spanish gardeners.) 1 1 6 . Chloris virgata Sw. ; a, infl. x % ; i>, glumes x 5 ; c, florets x 5.

Spikes containing 1 to 3 spikelets, numerous along a main axis; spikes falling entire. Plants perennial 1. B. curtipendula. Plants annual 2. B. aristidoides. Spikes usually few, containing numerous spikelets; florets falling from the glumes; rachis of spike persistent except in no. 6. Plants annual. Awns about 3 mm. long; spikes 2 to 4 3. B. arenosa. Awns barely protruding; spikes 4 to 6 or more 4. B. barbata. Plants perennial; tufted bunchgrasses. Spikes several. Spikes narrow, strictly 1-sided; spikelets numerous 5. B. rothrockii. Spikes broad, loose, irregularly 1-sided; spikelets few 6. B. radicosa.

GRASS

133

FAMILY

Spikes usually 1 to 3, rarely 4. Rachis not prominently produced; second glume sparsely hairy 7. B. gracilis. Kachis produced beyond the spikelets as a naked point; second glume prominently tuberculate-hispid on the keel 8. B. hirsuta.

1. B . c u r t i p é n d u l a ( M i c h x . ) T o r r .

SIDE-OAT GRAMA. TALL GRAMA.

Culms

erect, 3 to 12 dm. high; spikes numerous on an elongated rachis, 1 to 2 cm. long, reflexed, mostly turned to one side; glumes narrow, scabrous on keel and somewhat so on the back, t h e second about 5 mm. long; lemma as long as second glume, ovate-lanceolate, scabrous toward tip, 3-toothed, the palea about as long; rudiment as long as lemma, 4-lobed, 3-awned between the lobes, the lateral lobes and awns shorter, the rudiment sometimes much reduced.—Plains and rocky hills, S a n t a Rosa Mt., Eiverside Co.; Mont, to Mex. 2. B. aristidoldes (H.B.K.) Griseb. NEEDLE GRAMA. Culms spreading, slender, 1.5 to 3.8 dm. high; spikes several, slender, about 1.2 cm. long, the 1 to 3 spikelets distant, appressed to the rachis, the l a t t e r ending in a slender naked point; glumes narrow, the first % as long as the second; lemma narrowly lanceolate, the nerves pilose, the lateral ending in awned teeth as long as the central acuminate point; rudiment consisting of a pilose stipe and 3 awns longer t h a n the spikelet.—Open ground, deserts and foothills: e. Riverside Co.; Colorado Desert; e. to Tex., s. to S. Am. 3. B. arenósa Yasey. Culms spreading or prostrate, about 1.5 dm. high; spikes many-flowered, about 1.2 cm. long; first glume 2 mm., the second 3 mm. long; lemma a little shorter t h a n the second glume, pilose below, 4-lobed, the lateral lobes short, 3-awned f r o m between the lobes, the awns about 3 mm. long; palea 4-toothed, 2-awned; rudiment 1 mm. long, triangular-truncate, pilose at base, 4-lobed, with 3 long awns between the lobes.—Loose sandy soil, Cargo Muchacho, Colorado Desert; e. to N. Mex., s. to Mex. 4. B. barbàta Lag. SIX-WEEKS GRAMA. Culms spreading or prostrate, 1.5 to 3 dm. high; spikes 1.2 to 2 cm. long; spikelets numerous, imbricate; glumes scabrous on keel and somewhat so on back, awn-pointed f r o m a toothed apex, the second twice as long as the first, 3 mm. long; lemma pilose below, 3-awned, the central awn between the obtuse scabrous lobes; rudiment pilose a t base, 2-lobed, 3-awned.—Desert valleys, lower Colorado River; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. 5. B. rothróckii Yasey. Culms erect or spreading, 3 to 6 dm. high; spikes usually 4 to 6, 1.2 to 2.5 cm. long; spikelets numerous, imbricate; glumes scabrous on keel and back, cuspidate and 2-toothed at apex, the second 2.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the first; lemma pilose below, 4-lobed, 3awned, the awns equal, 2.5 mm. long; rudiment pilose at base, consisting of 2 short t r u n c a t e lobes, 3 equal awns about 2 mm. long, and an included orbicular scale.—Mesas and foothills, Jamacha, San Diego Co.; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. 6. B. radicòsa (Fourn.) Griff. Culms 1.5 to 6 dm. high, erect; blades mostly basal, flat; spikes several to many, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; glumes r a t h e r broad, the second about 6 mm. long; lemma smooth, bearing 3 short awns; rudiment lanceolate, with 3 long awns.—Upper foothills and mountains, Ariz, and N. Mex. to Mex.; collected by Orcutt in Cal., probably in the Colorado Desert. 7. B . gracilis ( H . B . K . )

Lag.

BLUE GRAMA. C u l m s e r e c t , 1.5 t o 4.5 dm.

high; sheaths and blades glabrous; spikes 1 to 3, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, usually a little curved; spikelets 5 to (3 mm. long, de'nsely crowded, pectinate; glumes narrow, the first about % as long as the second, the l a t t e r sparsely papillosepilose on the keel; lemma pilose, 3-cleft, the lateral divisions awned, the terminal 2-toothed, awned between the t e e t h ; rudiment 3-awned, pilose at base, a second rudimentary scale above.—Mts. and mesas of S. Cal. f r o m the San Bernardino Mts. to San Diego Co.; extends f r o m Manit. and Mont, to Mex. 8. B . hirsùta L a g .

HAIRY OR BLACK GRAMA. F i g . 117.

Culms erect, 2 to

4.5 dm. high; sheaths smooth; blades sparsely papillose-hairy, especially on the margins; spikes 1 to 4, 1.8 to 5 cm. long; first glume narrow, setaceous:

134

GKAMINEAE second glume acuminate, twice as long as first, equaling the floret; lemma pubescent, 3-cleft; rudiment of 2 obtuse lobes and 3 equal awns, not pilose at base.—Mesas and dry hills, Jamacha, San Diego Co.; B. C. and S. Dak. to Mex. TRIBE 7.

Phalarideae.

C A N A R Y GRASS TRIBE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret, and below this, a pair of staminate or neuter florets, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, the sterile florets falling attached to the fertile one. 60. T O R R i B S I A E . & P .

H O L Y GRASS

Perennial low erect sweet-smelling grasses with small panicles of bronze-colored spikelets. Spikelets with one perfect floret and two staminate florets. Glumes equal, broad, thin and papery, smooth, acute. Sterile lemmas about as long as the glumes, mostly somewhat appressed-hispid. Fertile lemma somewhat indurate, about as long as the others, smooth or nearly so, awnless. (Hieronymus de la Torre, Spanish botanist.) (Hierochloe R. B r . ) 1.

T.

macrophylla

(Thurb.)

Hitclic.

CALIFORNIA

VANILLA

GRASS. Fig. 118. Culms f e w , erect, 6 to 9 dm. high; sheaths scabrous; blades crowded toward base, flat, rather stiffly up117. Bouteloua right, scabrous above, glaucous beneath, acuminate-pointed, hirsuta L a g . ; 6 to 14 mm. wide; panicle infl. x Vi. somewhat open, 8 to 12 cm. long, the lower branches spreading or drooping; glumes 4 mm. long.—Redwood belt from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash. 61. A N T H O X A N T H U M L .

$

Sweet-smelling annuals or perennials, y; with flat blades and spike-like panicles. Spikelets with 1 perf e c t floret a n d 2 sterile lemmas. Glumes unequal, acute or mucronate. Sterile lemmas shorter than the glumes, empty, awned from the back. Fertile lemma shorter than the sterile ones, awnless. Palea 1-nerved, rounded on the back, inclosed in the lemma. (Greek anthos, flower, and xanthos, yellow.) 118. Torresia macrophylla Hitchc.; a, spikelet; b, florets, x 5.

1. A . odoratum L. SWEET V E R N A L GRASS.

Fig. 119. Perennial; culms slender, erect, 2 to 6 dm. high; panicle 4 to 8 cm. long, pointed; spikelets brownish green, 8 to 10 mm. long; glumes sparsely pilose; first sterile lemma short-awned below the apex, the second bearing a strong bent scarcely exserted awn near its base.—Meadows and waste ground, Humboldt and Del Norte Cos.; nat. from Eur.

119. Anthoxanthum odoratum L . ; a, habit x y3; b, spikelet x 2% ; c, florets x 2 % .

GRASS

FAMILY

135

62. PHALARIS L. Erect annuals or perennials, with flat blades and spike-like panicles. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1 perfect floret and 2 reduced sterile lemmas, usually in dense spike-like panicles. Glumes equal, boat-shaped, often winged on the keel. Sterile lemmas reduced to 2 small scales (rarely only 1). Fertile lemma coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, inclosing the palea. (Ancient Greek name for some grass.) Spikelets in groups of 7, 1 fertile surrounded by 6 sterile 1. P . paradoxa. Spikelets single, all alike. Plants perennial. Rhizomes absent; panicle dense, ovate or oblong 2. P . californica. RhizomeB present; panicle spreading during anthesis 3. P . arundinacea. Plants annual. Glumes broadly winged; panicle ovate or short-oblong 4, P . minor. Glumes wingless or nearly so; panicles oblong or linear, dense. Glumes acuminate; fertile lemma turgid, the acuminate apex smooth 5. P . lemmoni. Glumes acute; fertile lemma less turgid, villous to the acute apex. Panicle 2.5 to 5 cm. long; sterile lemmas % as long as fertile 6. P . caroliniana. Panicle 5 to 12 cm. long; sterile lemmas Vz as long as fertile 7. P . angusta.

1. P . parad6xa L. G N A W E D C A N A R Y GRASS. Annual; culms tufted, more or less spreading at base, 3 to 6 dm. high; panicle dense, narrowed at base, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, often inclosed at base in the uppermost enlarged sheath; spikelets falling in groups of 7, the central iertile, nearly sessile, the others sterile, slender-pediceled; glumes of sterile spikelets narrow, with faint lateral nerves, the keel prominently winged above, the wing extending into a more or less well-marked tooth, the apex of the glume narrowed into an acuminate point or awn, the glumes of the 4 outer sterile spikelets in the lower part of the panicle more or less deformed into knobs; glumes of fertile spikelet lanceolate, 6 to 8 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent, the wing on the keel more tooth-like, the apex of the glume narrowed into an awn about 2 mm. long; fertile lemma smooth, shining, 3 mm. long, the sterile lemmas obsolete.—Grain fields, often abundant and widely distributed in the state; nat. from the Old World. Var. PRAEM • • V i1.

'4 /x i r t

Q

1. C. virticillstta ( L . ) Scribn. Fig. 125. Culms 3 to 6 dm. high; blades scabrous; panicles usually green, 5 to 10 cm. long, somewhat l o b e d or interrupted at b a s e , tapering a b o v e ; bristles 4 to 6 mm. long; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long.— Waste ground, S. Cal. (Upland), rare; nat. f r o m Eur. 2. C. v i r i d i s (L.) Scribn. GREEN

FOXTAIL.

Culms 3 to 6 dm. 125. Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn.; a, high; blades flat, habit x % ; b, branchlet with spikelet and not twisted; panibristles x 4. cle green, oblongovate, 2.5 to 8 cm. long; bristles 1 to 3, slender, 6 to 12 mm. long; spikelets 2 mm. long; fruit faintly wrinkled.—Waste ground, rare, San Bernardino Valley; nat. from Eur. 3. C. lutlscens ( W e i g . ) Stuntz.

YELLOW FOXTAIL. PIGEON

GRASS. Fig. 126. Culms branching at the base, compressed, 126.Chaetochloa erect or ascending, 3 to 6 dm. high; blades flat, with a spiral 8 'stunt" twist; panicle yellowish, cylindric, dense, 2.5 to 8 cm. long; infl. x bristles 5 or more, 4 to 8 mm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long;

142

GRAMINEAE

fruit cross-wrinkled.—Weed in fields and waste places, somewhat rare: Sacramento; Fresno; Three Rivers; Los Angeles; Riverside; nat. from Eur. (Setaria glauca of authors.) 4. C. genicuUta (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase. Culms erect, 9 to 12 dm. high; blades 4 to 6 mm. wide, flat or folded; panicle slender, linear, 5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 6 mm. thick; bristles 5 to 8, twice as long as spikelet, pale or tawny; spikelets 2 mm. long; fruit cross-wrinkled.—Open ground, rare: Fresno; Los Angeles; Pomona; Riverside; e. to southern U. S., s. to Argentina. (Setaria gracilis H . B . K . ) 69. P E N N I S i J T U M Rich. Ours perennial with dense thick panicles. Spikelets solitary or in groups of 2 or 3, surrounded by an involucre of bristles, these not united except at the very base, often plumose, falling attached to the spikelets. First glume shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute or wanting; second glume shorter than or equaling the sterile lemma. Fertile lemma chartaceous, smooth, the margin thin, inclosing the palea. ( L a t i n penna, feather, and seta, bristle.) 1. P . villosum R. B r . Culms geniculate, 3 to 6 dm. high, with dense soft feathery terminal spike-like panicles 2.5 to 8 em. long; bristles of the involucre slender, plumose, about 2.5 cm. long.—Cult, for ornament; escaped in hills near Santa Barbara and Ventura; native of Abyssinia. 70. CfiNCHRUS L. Our species annual with flat blades and racemes of readily deciduous burs. Spikelets solitary or few together, surrounded and inclosed by a spiny bur composed of numerous coalescing bristles (sterile branchl e t s ) , the bur globular, the peduncle short and thick, articulate at base, falling with the spikelets and permanently inclosing them, the seed germinating within the old involucre. (Greek kegchros, millet.) 1. C. paucifl6rus Benth. SANDBUR. Fig. 127. Culms flattened, much branched, ascending or spreading, 3 to 6 dm. high; blades flat; burs 8 to 20, spiny, the body 4 to 6 mm. t h i c k ; spikelets 2 to 3 in each bur.—Sandy soil, nearly across the continent; rare in Cal. but spreading; Mecca; 127. Cenchrus pauciflorus B e n t h . ; Redlands; San Bernarhabit x Vi. dino; betw. Ontario and Colton; Kerman; Fresno. (C. caroliniana of authors.) TRIBE 9. A n d r o p o g d n e a e .

SORGHUM TRIBE

Spikelets in pairs along a rachis, the usual arrangement being one of the pair sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and staminate or neuter, or rarely wanting, only the pedicel present; fertile spikelet consisting of one perfect terminal floret and below this, a staminate or neuter floret, the lemmas thin or hyaline, and two awnless glumes, usually one or both firm or indurate. 71. I M P E R A T A Cyr. Slender erect perennials with narrow silky panicles. Spikelets all alike, awnless, in pairs, unequally pedicellate on a slender continuous rachis, surrounded by long silky hairs. Glumes about equal, membranaceous. (Ferrante Imperate, Italian naturalist.)

128. Imperata hookeri Rupr.; a, panicle x b, rachis and pedicels x 5 ; c, spikelet x 5.

GRASS

143

FAMILY

1. I . hôokeri Bupr. Fig. 128. Culms erect f r o m creeping rhizomes, 9 to 15 dm. high, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; blades elongate, the lower narrowed at the long conduplicate base, 8 to 12 mm. wide, acuminate, glabrous, the uppermost much reduced; panicle 15 to 30 cm. long, pale, tawny, or somewhat rose-tinted; spikelets about 3 mm. long, the hairs twice as long.—Death Valley to the Colorado Desert; e. to N. Mex., s. to Mex. 72.

129. Andropogon saccharoides Sw. ; a, habit x % ; b, fertile spikelet displayed x 2 ^ ; c, pair of spikelets

ANDROPÒGON

L.

BEARD GRASS

Our species perennials with solid culms, the spikelets in racemes, these numerous, aggregate on a common axis, or single, in pairs, or sometimes in 3s or 4s, the common peduncle usually inclosed by a spathe-like sheath, these sheaths often numerous, forming a compound inflorescence. Bachis readily disarticulating, the joints and the pedicels of t h e sterile spikelets often villous. Glumes of the fertile spikelet coriaceous, narrow, the first rounded, flat, or concave on the back, several-nerved, the median nerve weak or wanting. Fertile lemma

usually bearing a bent and twisted awn f r o m the apex or f r o m between the lobes. Palea small or wanting. Pedicellate spikelet reduced. (Greek aner, man, and pogon, beard.) Inflorescence a flabellate panicle of numerous racemes, sessile on the main axis 1. A. saccharoides. Inflorescence of numerous compound branches, the racemes in pairs subtended by spathes 2 .A. glomeratus.

1. A. saccharoides Sw. Fig. 129. Culms t u f t e d , erect or somewhat spreading a t base, 6 to 12 dm. high, glabrous except the densely ascending-hispid nodes; s h e a t h s glabrous; blades 3 to 6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous above, the upper much reduced; panicle 5 to 8 cm. long, silky-white; glumes of sessile spikelet 5 mm. long, the awn about 1 cm. long, bent at the middle, tightly twisted below.—Dry hills, Santa Barb a r a to San Diego; e. to Tex. and W. I., s. to S. Am. (A. barbinodis Lag.) 2. A. glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. Fig. 130. Culms stout, erect, wand-like, 6 to 9 dm. high; s h e a t h s compressed, usually sparsely villous; inflor-

130. Andropogon glomeratus B . S . P . ; a, habit x %; joint of raceme x 3 ; e, glumes x 6 ; d, sterile lemma x 6 ; e, fertile lemma x 6.

144

CYPERACEAE

escence oblong or corymbose, % to % the entire height of the plant; spathes scabrous; racemes 2 to 3 cm. long, the slender joints of the rachis clothed with long silky hairs; awns delicate, straight.—Eocky slopes, San Bernardino foothills to the Funeral Mts.; e. to Mass. and Fla. 73. HÓLCUS L. Annuals or perennials with flat blades and terminal panicles of 1 to 5 jointed tardily disarticulating racemes. Pedicellate spikelets usually staminate, the terminal joint with two pedicellate spikelets. (Old Latin name for a grass, probably from Greek holcos, attractive.) (Sorghum Pers.) 1. H. halepénsis L . JOHNSON GKASS. Fig. 1 3 1 . An erect glabrous robust perennial with extensively creeping rhizomes; culms 6 to 12 dm. high; blades flat, 6 to 18 mm. wide, the midrib prominent, white; panicle 15 to 25 cm. long, open; fertile spikelets about 5 mm. long, the glumes pubescent, becoming glabrate and shining; fertile lemma with a bent readily deciduous awn; staminate spikelets narrow, 4 mm. long, on pedicels about 3 mm. long, the glumes membranaceous, nerved, glabrous.—Occasional from Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. along the coast; introd. from the Old World. A valuable forage grass but often becoming an aggressive weed. (Andropogon halepensis Brot.) The Sudan Grass of cultivation is Holcus sorghum var. sudanensis (Piper) Hitchc.; rootstocks none; branches few; midribs not white.

CYPERÁCEAE. SEDGE F A M I L Y Grass-like or rush-like herbs with fibrous roots, annuals, or many species perennial by long rootstocks. Stems solid (rarely hollow), usually 1 3 1 . Holcus halepensis L . ; a, rhizome and panicle x triangular or terete, commonly scape-like with % ; b, pair of spikelets x S. mostly basal leaves. Leaves alternate, narrow, with closed sheaths, often 3-ranked. Flowers one in the axil of each bract (scale), borne in spikelets or spikes arranged in clusters, heads, racemes, panicles or umbels. Perianth none or represented by usually 4 to 6 bristles. Stamens 1 to 3. Pistil 1; ovary 1-celled with 1 ovule, the single style with 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achene. Embryo minute in mealy endosperm. Flowers all, or at least some of them, perfect. Flowers all perfect; spikelets many-flowered, with 1 or 2 of the lower scales empty.— SCIRPEAE.

Spikelets flattened, the scales in 2 opposite ranks. Inflorescence terminal, involúcrate; flowers without bristles; less

Inflorescence axillary; flowers with bristles; achene beaked

2.

achene beak1.

CYPERUS.

DULICHIUM.

Spikelets cylindrical (or sometimes a little flattened in no. 5 ) the scales imbricated around the axis in several rows. Style enlarged or bulbous at base. Bulbous base of style persistent on the achene; perianth bristles generally present; spikelet solitary, terminating the naked stem, the leaves at base reduced to sheaths 3. ELEOCHARIS. Bulbous base of style deciduous, not persistent on achene; perianth bristles none; spikelets umbellate or capitate, the stems leafy at b a s e

4. FIIIBRISTYLIS.

Style not enlarged at base. Scales not enclosing a bractlet; perianth bristles usually present. Perianth bristles 1 to 8, barbed or none; stamens mostly 3 ; spikelets solitary or clustered or in a compound umbel; stem often leafy at base and inflorescence involúcrate; perennials except 2 species 5. SCIRPUS. Perianth bristles numerous, naked, long-exserted and silky in f r u i t ; stamens 1 to 3 ; spikelets few, otherwise as in Scirpus; perennials

6. EBIOPHORUM.

SEDGE

145

FAMILY

Scales enclosing a minute bractlet; bristles none; annuals 7.

HEMICARPHA.

Flowers of 2 kinds, perfect and staminate; spikelets few (1 or 2, sometimes to 6)flowered, with 3 to several of the lower scales empty.—RYNCHOSPOREAE. Scales 2-ranked; style wholly deciduous 8. SCHOENUS. Scales spirally imbricated. Style wholly deciduous; perianth bristles none 9. CLADIUM. Style or its base persistent as a tubercle or beak on the achene; perianth bristles commonly present 10. RYNCHOSPORA. Flowers unisexual; spikes many-flowered, the lower scales not empty; achene enclosed in a s a c ( p e r i g y n i u m ) o r spathe.—CARICEAE

1. C Y P E R U S L .

1 1 . CAREX.

GALINGALE

A n n u a l s or perennials. S t e m s t r i a n g u l a r or t e r e t e , n e v e r b r a n c h e d , l e a f y at base. Inflorescence subtended b y a conspicuous l e a f y involucre, umbellate w i t h u n e q u a l r a y s a n d a s e s s i l e c e n t r a l s p i k e , or c a p i t a t e . F l o w e r s i n flatt e n e d o r s u b t e r e t e s p i k e l e t s , t h e s p i k e l e t s in c a p i t a t e c l u s t e r s o r a r r a n g e d in spikes b o r n e on t h e rays. S c a l e s c o n c a v e , m o r e or less c a r i n a t e , 2 - r a n k e d . P e r i a n t h none. (Greek Kupeiros, the ancient name.) Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular or at least not triangular; spikelets flat; scales falling from the rachis; rachis not winged; stems with a single simple cluster of spikelets. Spikelets in a close terminal cluster; scales sharply carinate; achene lenticular. Achene oblong; stamens 2 ; scales obtuse, 1 line long 1. C. melanostachyus. Achene ovoid; stamens 3 ; scales acute, 2 lines long 2. G. bromoides. Spikelets in an apparently lateral cluster; stamens 3 ; scales scarcely carinate; achene plano-convex 3. C. laevigatus. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled; inflorescence compound, the clusters of spikelets borne on rays, or sometimes congested and capitate. Spikelets flattened; scales falling away from the rachis which is persistent on the spike. Kachis naked or nearly so, the scales not decurrent upon it; stamen 1. Scales not toothed on back; low or dwarf annuals. Scales 7 to 9-nerved, with 6trongly recurved setaceous tips 4. G. aristatus. Scales obscurely 3-nerved, with short recurved tips. . . 5 . C. acuminatus. Scales minutely toothed on back at apex, obtuse or merely acute, without recurved tips; tall perennial 6. G. virens. Rachis with the scales decurrent upon it as narrow scarious wings; stamens 3. Wings of the rachis soon separating to the base; annual. Wings persistent on the rachis 7. G. erythrorhizos. sphacelatus. Wings readily deciduous 8. G. Wings of the rachis persistent; perennial by means of tuber-bearing rootstocks 9. C. esculentus. Spikelets not so strongly flattened, deciduous from (but the 2 lowest scales persistent on) the spike; scales decurrent on the rachis as wings; wings broad, scarious, wholly adnate to rachis; stamens 3. Perennials with basal tuber-like corms; spikelets falling whole; wings not enclosing achenes 10. C. strigosus. Annuals; spikelets breaking up into 1-fruited joints; wings very broad, enclosing achenes. Spikes oblong, compact 11. G. specxosua. Spikes short, loose and spreading 12. G. ferax. 1. C. m e l a n o s t a c h y u s H . B . K . A n n u a l ; s t e m s v e r y s l e n d e r , t r i a n g u l a r , % t o 1 f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s e l o n g a t e - t a p e r i n g , 1 l i n e w i d e or l e s s ; i n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s 2 or 3, foliaceous, n a r r o w l y linear, % to in. l o n g ; s p i k e l e t s oblong, 3 t o 6 l i n e s l o n g , in a s m a l l c a p i t a t e c l u s t e r ; s c a l e s c h e s t n u t - b r o w n , k e e l e d , 3 - n e r v e d on b a c k , v e r y obtuse, 1 line l o n g ; a c h e n e l e n t i c u l a r , sharply b e a k e d . — E i v e r s a n d v a l l e y s , w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d , n o t c o m m o n , 2 0 t o 2 0 0 0 f t . ; s. t o M e x . a n d Argentina. 2. C. b r o m o i d e s L i n k . A n n u a l ; s t e m s s l e n d e r , 1 t o 1 % f t . h i g h , e x c e e d i n g the f e w rough-margined l e a v e s ; spikelets 4 to 9 lines long; involucral leaves 2 t o 4, t h e l o n g e s t 4 t o 5M> i n . l o n g ; s c a l e s a c u t e , y e l l o w - b r o w n , a b o u t 2 l i n e s long, t h e keel 3-nerved and t h e m a r g i n s scarious; achene ovoid, b l a c k , % as long as s c a l e . — L o s A n g e l e s Co.; M e x . and t r o p i c a l regions o f t h e A m e r i c a s . 3. C. l a e v i g a t a s L . P e r e n n i a l , t h e s t e m s a r i s i n g a t i n t e r v a l s f r o m a w i r y r o o t s t o c k ; s t e m s s u b t e r e t e , s l e n d e r , 3 t o 10 i n . h i g h , h a r d l y s u r p a s s i n g t h e e r e c t f i l i f o r m l e a v e s ; s p i k e l e t s 2 t o 5 , 2 t o 4 l i n e s l o n g , in a s e s s i l e a p p a r e n t l y l a t e r a l c l u s t e r ; i n v o l u c r e o f u s u a l l y 2 b r a c t s , one long ( 1 to 2 i n . ) a n d e r e c t , in continuation o f stem, the other short (3 or 4 lines long) or w a n t i n g ; rachis deeply p i t t e d t r a n s v e r s e l y ; scales orbicular, 3-nerved in middle, a brown b l o t c h on e a c h s i d e , c l o s e l y i m b r i c a t e d , % l i n e l o n g ; a c h e n e o b l o n g , g r a y ,

146

CTPERACEAE

% as long as scale.—Along streams in wet sand: cismontane S. Cai.; Colorado Desert; Death Valley; s. to Mex.; all continents. 4. C. aristàtus Eottb. Dwarf annual; stems J/2 to 6 in. high, barely exceeding the leaves; leaves flat, % line or less wide; involucral bracts foliaceous, V2 to 2 in. long; spikelets linear-oblong, 1% to 3 lines long, in a dense compound head or in close clusters on 2 or 3 short {Vi to 1 in. long) rays; rachis not winged; scales 7 to 9-nerved, with strongly recurved setaceous tips, chestnut-brown or greenish, % to 1 line long; achene 3-angled.—Widely scattered, valleys, mts. and deserts, 500 to 4000 f t . , b u t not common; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic; S. Am., Afr., Asia, Austr. o. C. acuminàtus Torr. & Hook. Annual; stems slender, t u f t e d , 5 to 12 in. high; leaves commonly less t h a n 1 line wide; bracts of the involucre 2 or 3, much elongated; spikelets 3 or 4 lines long, capitate on t h e rays or the whole inflorescence congested and head-like; scales oblong, obscurely 3nerved, with a short recurved t i p ; achene 3-angled, about V2 as long as scale.—S. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. ( r a r e ) ; n. to Wash.; Ariz, to La. and 111. 6. C. virens Miclix. Perennial; stems acutely triangular, 1 to 3 f t . high; involucral bracts 4 to 6, very long and l e a f y , broad and strongly keeled; umbel compound, or the spikes capitate on the rays, or the whole often much reduced and subcapitate; spikelets numerous, many-flowered, long-oblong, 4 to 8 lines long; scales concave-carinate, serrulate on back at apex, 1 line long; achene 3-angled.—Cismontane, 20 to 5000 ft., widely scattered; e. to N. C. and s. to Cent. Am. 7. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems 1 to 1 VJ f t . high, stout, triangular; leaves flat or conduplicate, 6 to 14 in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide; involucral bracts 6 to 8, foliaceous, 4 to 12 in. long; rays IV2 in. long or less, bearing umbels of spikes which are % to 1 in. long; bracts of involucels shorter, foliaceous; spikelets usually 2 to 3 lines long, narrowly linear, somewhat crowded, horizontally spreading, nearly flat, bright chestnut-color; rachis clothed with the persistent wings of the scales; scales elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, % line long; keel smooth; achene 3-angled.—Clear L a k e ; Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers; e. to the Atlantic. 8. O. sphacelàtus Eottb. Annual, similar in habit to no. 9; stems t u f t e d , slender, 4 to 10 in. high; leaves 1 to 2% lines wide, shorter than the stems; spikelets numerous, densely short-spicate, linear, 1 line wide; rachis at length wingless, the narrow wings early deciduous; scales oblong-lanceolate, purple-green, several nerved, 1 line long; achenes nearly black, 3-angled, Y» as long as scale.—S. Cai.; Mex., trop. Am. C. ROTÙNDUS L. Nut-grass. Perennial; stems Y> to 1 f t . high; rootstock slender, scaly, bearing tubers; umbel compound or nearly simple; spikelets few, clustered on the ends of the unequal rays; scales closely appressed; achene linear, 3-angled, % as long as the scale.—Introd. weed in cult, lands or orchards: San Joaquin Valley; Upland; Colton; Eiverside; e. U. S., trop. Am., Eur. 9 . C. esculéntus L . C H U F A . E U S H - N U T . Perennial, with slender rootstocks bearing small globose tubers; stems triangular, % to 1 f t . high; spikes in an umbel subtended by foliaceous bracts 7 in. long or less; spikelets chestnutbrown, linear, 4 to 8 in. long, the joints of the rachis with a narrow wing on each side subtending the achene; scales ovate, obtuse, 3 or 4 nerves each side of the keel, 1% lines long; achene black, 3-angled.—Infrequent b u t widely scattered in Cai.; e. to the Atlantic; all continents. Var. HEERMÀNNII Britt. Spikes clustered at summit of rays and involucellate; spikelets sometimes bracteate.—Kern Biver. 10. C. strigòsus L. Perennial; stems 1 to IV2 f t . high; spikes dense, % to 1 in. long, on rays 5 in. long or less, in a more or less compound umbel, the foliaceous involueral bracts 2 t o 10 in. long; spikes with the lowest scales persistent on rachis a f t e r fall of spikelet from spike; spikelets linear, 6 to 9flowered, 4 to 9 lines long, the slender joints with a scarious wing embracing

SEDGE

147

FAMILY

one margin of the achene; scales slender ovate, 2 (or 3) callous striae on each side the keel, 2 lines long; achene oblong, 3-angled.—-Mariposa Co.; Tex. to Fla. and Me. 11. C. specidsus Vahl. Annual; steins stout, 1 f t . high; umbel compound or simple, subtended by several foliaceous bracts 5 to 13 in. long; rays 1 to 2 in. long; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, spreading at mostly right angles to the spike, the very short joints of its rachis winged with very broad scarious margins which inclose the 3-angled achene; scales ovate, overlapping, with a round green back and scarious rusty red sides, IV2 lines long. —Visalia; coastal S. Cal.; e. to the Atlantic; trop. regs. 12. C. thiax Rich. Annual, closely related to C. speciosus, but leaves shorter, broader and with smoother margins; scales more rigid; spikelets stouter.—Coastal S. Cal.; e. to Mo.; trop. Am. 2. DULlCHIUM Pers. Perennial herb with terete hollow jointed stems, leafy to the top. Leaves linear, short, fiat, 3-ranked. Spikes axillary, peduncled. Spikelets linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks. Scales lanceolate, decurrent as wing-like margins on the joints below. Perianth-bristles 6 to 9, downwardly barbed. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. Achene linear-oblong, flattened, beaked with the long persistent style. (Etymology uncertain.) 1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Plants 1 to 3 f t . high—Muddy borders of p e a t y ponds: e. Fresno Co.; Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. 3.

ELEdCHARIS

R. Br.

SPIKE-RUSH

Annuals or chiefly perennials. Stems t u f t e d , simple, terminating in a solit a r y spikelet not subtended by an involucre. Leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets several to many-flowered. Scales concave. Stamens 2 or 3. Perianth-bristles 3 to 9, commonly retrorsely barbed. Style 3-cleft and achene 3-angled, or 2-cleft and achene lenticular; base of the style enlarged and persistent as a tubercle on the summit of the achene. (Greek elos, marsh, and charis, delight.) Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. Achene jet-black; tubercle depressed; annual 1. E. capitata. Achene light-brown. P e r e n n i a l ; tubercle conical, less than half as broad as the body of the achene; spikelet lanceolate 2. E. palustris. A n n u a l ; tubercle thin, deltoid, as broad or nearly as broad as the achene; spikelet ovate. Bristles often nearly twice as long as the achene 3. E. obtusa. Bristles to ^ as long as the achene 4. E. monticola. Style 3-cleft; achene turgid or 3-angled; perennial. Tubercle reduced to ft mere scar or very obscure 5. E. bolanderi. Tubercle well-developed and more or less prominent. Achene with several longitudinal ridges connected by a transverse lattice-work; spikelet flattened 6. E. acicularis. Achene smooth. Stems erect or nearly so, not rooting at tip; tubercle constricted at base or at least sharply defined from the achene. Spikelet lanceolate; scales acute 7. E. parishii. Spikelet oblong; scales obtuse 8. E. montana. Stems or some of them bending over and rooting at tip; tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal, continuous with the achene 9. E. rostellata.

1. E. capitata R. Br. Stems erect, t u f t e d , 7 to 8 in. high; spikelet ovate, 1*4 to 2 lines long; bristles 6 (or 7), about as long as the achene; stamens 2 or 3; achene black and shining, lenticular; tubercle white, thin and a little like a skull-cap.—Wet sandy soil, S. Cal.; e. TJ. S.; Asia, A f r . , Aust. 2 . E. palustris R . & S. COMMON S P I K E - R U S H . WIRE-GRASS. Fig. 1 3 2 . Stems to 2 f t . high, stoutish, mostly terete, sheathed a t the base, leafless, creeping, stoloniferous; sheaths sub-truncate; rootstock stout; spikelet manyflowered, 6 to 14 lines long; bracts ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate; scales ovate-oblong, purplish brown with scarious margin; bristles 3, rather shorter

148

CYPERACEAE

t h a n the achene; style 2-cleft; aehene obovoid, biconvex; tubercle deltoid, constricted at the point of junction.— Ponds, marshes and shallow slow-moving creeks, a t low altitudes in Cal.; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic; Eur., Asia. Var. GLATJCESCENS Gray. Tubercle narrower, sometimes half as long as the achene.—Mts. of S. Cal. 3. E. obtüsa Schult. Fig. 133. Stems t u f t e d , numerous, erect, nearly terete, striate, 7 to 10 (16) in. high; annual with fibrous roots; spikes oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 2 to 4 lines long; 132. Eleocharis palustris R. &. S. scales ovate to sub-orbica, spikelet x 1 ; ular, rounded at apex; b, achene x 8. bristles 6 to 9, mostly longer, sometimes nearly twice longer t h a n the achene; achene smooth, shining, obovoid with a narrow base, somewhat flattened or biconvex with cord-like or thickened margins, the broad summit bearing 133. Eleocharis obtusa Schult.; a, a very thin deltoid acutish tubercle, in outspikelet x 4 ; b, achene and line something like a cocked hat.—Moist bristles x 13. places or in shallow water, Sierra Nevada and North Coast Ranges; n. to Ore.; Atlantic States. 4. E. montícola Fer. Resembling E. obtusa; stems 4 to 10 in. high; spikes ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4V> lines long; scales acutish, more spreading. — X. Sierra Nevada; n. to Ore. and Ida. 5. E. bolánderi Gray. Fig. 134. Stems t u f t e d , 8 to 9 in. high, arising f r o m rootstocks; spikes dark-colored, narrow-ovate, 2% to 3 lines long; bristles 3 or 4, about -/4 to % (or % ) as long as the achene; achene obovoid, triangular with cord-like ridges at the angles; tubercle reduced to a flatish scar, very short and broad or somewhat obscure.—Central Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 7000 f t . 6. E. áciculáris R. & S. SLENDER S P I K E - R U S H . Fig. 135. Stems t u f t e d , y 2 to 1% (or 8) in. high, filiform or 134. Eleocharis setaceous; rootstock very slender, creeping; spikelets bolanderi Gray; a little flattened, 1 to 3 lines long, few-flowered; achene nutlet and bristles x 28. obovoid-oblong, y2 line long, obscurely triangular, with 9 or 10 longitudinal ribs connected by fine transverse lines; tubercle broad, short and blunt. — Moist places throughout Cal., but not reported from the deserts; all continents. 7. E. parishii Britt. Fig. 136. Stems 4 to 7 in. high, strongly striated, arising from a slender rootstock; spikes slender-lanceolate, 3 to 7 lines long, dark chestnut-color; bristles 6 (or 7), ciliate, exceeding or sometimes rather shorter t h a n the achene; achene nearly plane on one side, convex and somewhat keeled on t h e other; tubercle narrow, short, somewhat like a f o o l ' s cap.—Valley 135. Eleocharis acicularis R. & S.; a, entire and mountain marshes throughout plant x 1 ; b, spikelet x 5 ; c, bract x 1 8 ; Cal. d, achene x 18.

SEDGE

149

FAMILY

8. E. monUna E. & S. Fig. 137. Stems 10 to 14 in. high f r o m stoutish rootstocks; spikelets narrowly oblong, 2% to 5 lines long; scales straw-color or light-brown; bristles 5 or 6, exceeding or a little shorter than the achene; achene obovoid, ffattish on one side, strongly convex on the other; tubercle conical,

136. Eleocharis parishii Britt.; a, spikelet x 4; b, achene and bristles x 21.

broadened at base.—S. Cal; Mendocino Co.; Tuolumne Co.; e. to Col., s. to S. Am.

J

q

9. E. rostellUta Torr. WALKING-SEDGE. 137n F i g . 138. Stems from a short eaudex, 1 to S ^ f ^ T ^ L ? » ' o i ? ji. f v ± i v j°> spikelet x 4 ; b. achene and 2% f t . high, the sterile ones bending over bristles x 21. and rooting at the apex; spikelet oblong, 3 to 5-flowered; scales light-brown or straw-color; A bristles 6, exceeding the achene; achene obovoid, i>-/\ iff '^ft! obtusely triangular; tubercle stoutly subulate or ; ilF flit/ J' narrowly pyramidal, half or nearly half as long as the achene.—Marshy meadows: coastal S. Cal.; V, W , Colorado and Mohave deserts. Mostly throughout Yr U N . Am. Var. CONGD6NII Jepson. Bristles equaling the achene; tubercle barely % as long as the ... . . . ,, . achene.—San Francisco. 138. a, Eleocharis rostellata Torr., achene and bristles x 7. ¡>, Var. congdonii Jepson

4

FIMBRISTYLIS

Vahl

Annuals or perennials. Stems l e a f y below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete, subtended by a 1 to many-leaved involucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Perianth bristles none. Stamens 1 to 3. Style 2 to 3-cleft, its base swollen, and commonly tuberculate, the whole f a l l i n g away from the achene at maturity. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. ( L a t i n fimbriae, fringe, and stylus, style.) Achene triangular; tubercle more or less persistent; style glabrous; annual 1. F. capillaris. Achene flattened or biconvex; tubercle deciduous. Spikelets clustered; style glabrous, at least below; annual 2. F. vahlii. Spikelets umbellate, solitary on the rays or in the forks; style ciliate; perennial 3. F. thermalis.

1. F . capillaris Gray. F i g . 139. Stems tufted, somewhat bristle-like, 2 to 7 in. high, much exceeding the filiform leaves, and bearing 1 to 3 spikelets, when 3 the stem shortly forked at apex and bearing 1 spikelet in the f o r k ; spikelets narrowly ovate, 1% to lines long; involucral bract lanceolatesetaceous; achene obovoid, triangular, lightly wrinkled transversely, the angles somewhat thickened; tubercle small, deltoid, more or less persistent. —Yosemite.

150

CYPEEACEAE

^

'

,

j

2. F . vàhlii Link. Fig. 140. Stems slender, densely tufted, 1 to 4 in. high, longer than or equaling the filiform leaves; spikelets in clusters, subtended by filiform elongated upright bracts which exceed the cluster 4 to 6 times; achene minute, transversely reticulate. — Clear L a k e ; Visalia; F t . Yuma. Se. U. S.; S. Am. 3. F . thermàlis Wats. Fig. 141. Stems 1 to 2 f t . high, bearing few to many spikelets in a simple or compound umbellate cluster; leaves % to % as tall as the stems; spikelets oblong-ovate, 4 to 5 (or 7) lines long; style hairy; achene whitish, broadly obovoid, flattened, the tubercle linear, nearly as long, soon deciduous. — Margins of hot springs: Arrowhead Sprs., San Bernardino; Owens Valley. Nev. 5. S C l R P U S L .

C L U B - R U S H . BULRUSH

Perennials or annuals. Stems leafy or the leaves reduced to mere sheaths

1 3 9 . Pimbristylis capillaris G r a y ; a, entire plant x 1 ; b, spikelet x 2 ; c, scale x 12 ; d, achene x 12.

at base. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary or in heads, spikes or umbels, subtended by an involucre of 1 to several leaves or the involucre wanting. Perianth bristles 1 to 6, barbed or ciliate or smooth, or none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2 or 3-cleft, not swollen at the base, deciduous or its base persistent on the achene. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. (Latin seirpus, bulrush.)

1 4 0 . Fimbristylis vahlii L i n k ; a, entire plant i 1 ; 1 spikelet x 2 ; c, bractlet x 1 0 ; d, achene x 1 5 .

SEDGE

151

FAMILY

Spikelets solitary and terminal; stems low, slender.—Subgenus ISOLEPIS. Annual; involucral bract present. Scales obtuse or merely acute 1. S. cernuus. Scales acute, shortly beaked, strongly keeled 2. S. carinatus. Perennial; involucral bract none 3. •

66. C. inops Bailey. Fig. 183. Strongly stoloniferous, the culms 2 to 3.5 dm. high, roughened above, reddened and fibrinose at base; leaf-blades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide, very rough above; staminate spike 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, sessile or shortpeduncled; pistillate spikes 1 to 3, approximate or more or less separate, sessile or short-peduncled, with 4 to 10 ascending perigynia; scales ovate, sharp-pointed; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, nearly orbicular in cross-section, the beak 0.75 to 1.5 mm. long.—Dry soil, Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. 67. C. globósa Boott. Stoloniferous, the culms 1.5 to 3.5 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike short-peduncled, 1 to 2 cm. long; pistillate spikes 5 to 10 mm. long, with 4 to 10 ascending perigynia; lower bract shorter t h a n to exceeding inflorescence; perigynia 5 mm. long, the beak 0.75 to 1.25 mm. long, strongly bidentate.—Coastal counties from San Diego Co. to Sonoma Co. 68. C. brainérdii Mkze. Fig. 184. Culms up to 15 cm. high; leaf-blades 1.5 to 3 mm. wide, much roughened; pistillate spikes 4 to 6, 1 to 4-flowered; lower bract of non-basal spikes exceeding inflorescence, chestnuttinged, more or less strongly sheathing; perigynia 4.5 mm. long, the beak 1 mm. long.—Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou Co., 4000 to 5000 f t . ; also in 8. Ore.

carex ino s Baile a, influx'l^ft, scàlT' x 8; c, perigy. x 8.

SEDGE

FAMILY

179

69. C. brévipes W. Boott. In dense clumps from stout matted rootstocks, the culms from very short to 18 cm. high; leafblades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike short-peduncled or sessile, 4 to 12 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3 to 5, usually 10 to 20-flowered, the upper 1 or 2 approximate, sessile to strongly peduncled; scales ovate; perigynia with body little longer than wide.—Montane, 4000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Tulare Co.; San Gabriel Mts.; n. to Wash. 70. C. róssii Boott. Densely cespitose; culms wiry, 5 to 25 cm. high; leaf-blades 1 to 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike usually conspicuous, 3 to 10 mm. long; pistillate spikes globose to short-oblong, 3 to 5 mm. long, 2 to 12-flowered, the upper contiguous; scales ovate, sharp-pointed; perigynia nearly globose in cross section.— Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co., thence w. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Mich. The most widely distributed and abundant species of the group in the w. U. S., but sparingly collected with us. 71. C. brevicaulis Mkze. Stoloniferous, the culms 5 to 10 cm. high, very rough; leaf-blades 1.5 to 3.5 mm. wide; staminate spike short-peduncled, few-flowered, 6 to 9 mm. long; lateral spikes 2 to 4, 4 to 6 mm. long, the upper 1 or 2 sessile and approximate; scales ovate, acute to short-cuspidate; perigynia about 4 mm. long, the body c, perigy. x 7 % . globose, 2.25 mm. wide, the beak 1 mm. long.—Along the coast from Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to B. C. SECT. 19. DIGITATAE Fries. Culms slender, leafy at base. Leaf-blades narrow, the sheaths usually strongly purplish. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes to 5, approximate or separate or sometimes basal, oblong to linear, 5- to 20-flowered in few ranks, the peduncles included or exserted. Bracts sheathing, more or less strongly purplish-tinged, subspathaceous, the blade absent to rudimentary. Pistillate scales strongly purplish or reddish-brown tinged. Perigynia membranaceous, appressed, oblong-obovoid, pubescent to glabrate, triangular, long-tapering to the stipitate base, abruptly contracted into the minute beak, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 3, early deciduous.

72. C. concinnoides Mkze. Fig. 185. Strongly stoloniferous, the culms 1.5 to 3.5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades light green, 2 to 4 mm. wide; staminate spike nearly sessile, 8 to 22 mm. long; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, rather closely 5 to 10-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; scales narrowly ovate, sharp-pointed, ciliate; perigynia 2.5 to 3 mm. long, loosely pubescent, the beak 0.5 mm. long, wider and longer than the scales.—Dry soil, Mendocino Co.; n. to B . C., e. to Mont. SECT 20. BICOLOEES Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy toward base. Leaf-blades narrow. Basal sheaths light brown. Terminal spike linear, staminate or gynaecandrous. Lateral spikes 2 to 5, pistillate, rather closely few to many-flowered, i n . few ranks on erect exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or darkauricled, the blades elongated, leaf-like. Scales reddish- or purplish-brown tinged. Perigynia ascending, broadly oval or ellipsoid, circular in cross section, nerved, glabrous,

Mkze. ; a, infl. x 1 ; b, scale x 8 ; c, perigy. x 8.

180

CYPERACEAE

golden-yellow or w h i t e - p u l v e r u l e n t or strawcolor a t m a t u r i t y , t a p e r i n g or r o u n d e d at base, essentially beakless. Achenes lenticul a r , apiculate, closely enveloped. S t i g m a s 2.

73. C. salinaeformis Mkze. Pig. 186. Culms 5 to 15 cm. high, smooth; leafblades 2 to 5 mm. wide; staminate spike 8 to 16 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, the upper approximate, shortpeduncled, the lower widely separate, long-peduncled, 6 to 12 mm. long, with 8 to 15 appressed-ascending perigynia; perigynia slightly constricted at apex.—• Mendocino coast, not otherwise known. 74. C. hassei Bailey. Culms 1.5 to 7 dm. high, usually much roughened above; leaf-blades 2 to 4 mm. wide; staminate spike 6 to 20 mm. long, often pistillate at apex; pistillate spikes 3 to 5, the upper approximate and shortpeduncled, the lower long-peduncled, linear-oblong, 8 to 20 mm. long, with 6 to 20 ascending perigynia; perigynia obovoid, 2.5 to 3 mm. long; style becoming short-exserted and somewhat persistent.-—River banks and wet rocks: San Gabriel Mts. and San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., 4000 to 5000 f t . ; very local in the Coast Banges; n. to Alas., e. to Lab. 75. C. aurea N u t t . GOLDEN SEDGE. Culms 0.3 to 5.5 dm. high, smooth or somewhat roughened; leaf-blades 2 to 4 mm. wide; staminate spike 3 to 10 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3 to 5, the upper approximate and short-peduncled, the lower separate and often strongly peduncled, 4 to 20 mm. long, with 4 to 20 ascending perigynia; perigynia umbonate, 2 to 3 mm. long.—Wet places, high montane, 5000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra 186. Carex salinaeformis Mkze.; a, infl. x 1 ; b, scale x 7 Vi ; c, p e r i g y . Nevada f r o m Modoc Co. to Tulare Co.; x 7%. occurring locally in the San Gabriel Mts. and San Bernardino Mts.; n. to Alas., e. to Newf. SECT. 21. PANICEAE T u p k e r m . S t o l o n i f e r o u s . Culms central, slender. B a s a l s h e a t h s b r o w n i s h or p u r p l i s n t i n g e d . T e r m i n a l spike s t a m i n a t e , l i n e a r or linear-oblong. L a t e r a l spikes 1 to 5, pistillate, loosely to r a t h e r closely several to many-flowered, in f e w or several r a n k s , on erect, exserted or i n c l u d e d p e d u n c l e s . B r a c t s s h e a t h i n g , not colored or d a r k - a u r i c l e d , the b l a d e s developed. Scales p u r p l i s h - or r e d d i s h - b r o w n t i n g e d . P e r i g y n i a a s c e n d i n g or s p r e a d i n g , ovoid o r obovoid, m e m b r a n a c e o u s , obtusely t r i a n g u l a r , slightly inflated, glabrous, p u n c t i c u l a t e , light or olive green, p o i n t e d or beaked, t h e orifice e n t i r e or n e a r l y so. A c h e n e s t r i a n g u l a r , a p i c u l a t e . S t i g m a s 3.

76. C. livida (Wahl.) Willd. Eootstocks very slender; culms 1 to 6 dm. high, smooth, light brownish at base, phyllopodic; leaf-blades 0.5 to 3.5 mm. wide; staminate spike 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, sessile or short-peduncled, 1 to 2 cm. long, closely 5 to 15-flowered; perigynia 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, the body ellipsoid, glaucous, f a i n t l y nerved, exceeding t h e scales.—Sphagnum bogs, Mendocino Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Lab. 77. C. californlca Bailey. Fig. 187. Eootstocks stout; culms 2 to 7 dm. high, smooth, reddish-purple a t base, strongly aphyllopodic; culm-leaves 2 to 4, the blades 1.5 to 5 mm. wide, glandular-dotted beneath; staminate spike 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, strongly separate, the upper short exsert-peduncled, the lower often nearly basal and long-exsert-peduncled,

SEDGE F A M I L Y

181

linear-oblong, 1 to 3 cm. long, with 7 to 20 appressed perigynia; seales hispidulous; perigynia 3.5 to 4 mm. long, the body suborbicular, green, several-nerved, the beak 0.75 mm. long with slightly oblique orifice.—Meadows and prairies, Mendocino Co.; n. to Wash. Bare and local. Sect. 22. Laxiflobae Kunth. Cespitose. Fertile culms mostly lateral, the sterile shoots leafy, conspicuous. Basal sheaths brownish or purplish-tinged. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 2 to 5, pistillate or androgynous, loosely to closely few to many-flowered, in few to several ranks, on erect to drooping, included or exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, the sheaths green or purplish tinged, the blades leaf-like or sometimes reduced. Scales green with hyaline margins or more or less colored. Perigynia ascending, membranaceous, triangular, usually nerved, closely enveloping the achene, glabrous or hispidulous, tapering at the base, short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire. Achenes triangular, apiculate. Stigmas 3.

J

78. C. hendersdnii Bailey. Pig. 188. Culms 4 to 9 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough above; sterile shoots developing conspicuous , culms; leaf-blades 3 to 15 mm. n wide, spike 1.5 to 3 dm. long; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, erect, 12 to 25 mm. long, with 5 to 12 alternate ascending perigynia, the upper spikes approximate, the lower widely separate; scales broadly obovate, mucronate; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 5 to 6 mm. long, tapering into a straight scarcely differentiated beak.—Damp woods in the Coast Ranges from Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C.

SECT. 23. Tbiquetbae Carey. Cespitose, leafy toward base. Leafblades narrow, the sheaths not purplish tinged. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 2 to 4, approximate or more or less separate or sometimes basal, 5- to 30-flowered in few ranks. Bracts sheathing, not purplish tinged, the lowest with a welldeveloped blade. Pistillate scales greenish or hyaline or reddishbrown tinged. Perigynia mem187. Carex californica Bailey; branaceous, ascending, obovoid, a, infl. i l ; t , scale short-pubescent or glabrous, trianc, perigy. x 7 % . gular, tapering and more or less stipitate at base, abruptly contracted into the minute beak, the orifice obliquely cut, minutely bidentate. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 3, early deciduous.

79. C. flaccifolia Mkze. Culms 6 to 9 dm. high; leafblades about 3 mm. wide; staminate spike 1 to 2.5 cm. long, short-peduncled; pistillate spikes mostly 3, approximate or somewhat separate, sessile or shortpeduncled, 1 to 2.5 cm. long, rather loosely 8- to 25flowered; scales ovate, cuspidate; perigynia shorttapering at base, the beak 0.5 mm. long, bidentulate.— Dry plains in sw. Cal. 80. C. -whitneyi Olney. Fig. 189. Culms 2.5 to 10 dm. Carex hendersonii high; leaf-blades 2.5 to 8 mm. wide; staminate spike 188. a, infl. x % ; 6, peduncled, 5 to 30 mm. long; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, Bailey; scale x 4 ; c, perigy. approximate or lower separate, erect, sessile or shortx 4.

182

CYPERACEAE

peduncled, 7 to 30 mm. long, closely 5 to 30flowered; scales ovate, acute or short-euspidate; perigynia round-tapering at base.—Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Plumas Co., 4000 to 7000 ft.; n. to Ore. 81. C. gynodynama Olney. Culms 2 to 9 dm. high, slender, brownish at base; leaf-blades 3 to 9 mm. wide; terminal spike usually staminate, 1 to 2 cm. long; lateral spikes 2 to 4, oblongcylindric, 1 to 3.5 cm. long, closely 20 to 40flowered, the upper approximate, usually overtopping the staminate spike, short-peduncled, the lower strongly separate, long-peduncled; scales ovate-orbicular, short-cuspidate or obtuse; perigynia ascending, the beak 0.75 mm. long.—Coast Ranges from San Mateo Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. 82. C. tortissima W. Boott. Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, erect, purplish red at base; leaf-blades 3 to 7 mm. wide; terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, peduncled, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, linear, 1 to 2.5 cm. long, more or less strongly separate, the lower on long-exserted peduncles, closely flowered with 20 to 30 ascending perigynia; scales ovate or obovate, cuspidate or mucronate, the margins broad, white-hyaline; perigynia ascending, the conic beak 1 mm. long. —Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Mariposa Co., 3700 to 7000 ft.; Lake Co. Rare and local. 83. C. triquetra Boott. Fig. 190. Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, stiffish; leaf-blades 2.5 to 6 mm. wide, the sheaths cinnamon-brown tinged and purplish spotted ventrally; staminate spike 1 to 3 cm, 1 8 9 . Carex whitneyi Olney; l o n g ; lateral a, infl. x 1 ; b, scale x 6 ; c, perigy. x 6. spikes 3 or 4, erect, the upper little exsert-peduncled, approximate, the lower 1 or 2 often widely separate and long exsert-peduncled, 1 to 4.5 cm. long, the 5 to 30 perigynia ascending; scales ovate, short-cuspidate, brownish copper-color; perigynia 4 to 4.5 mm. long, softly short-pubescent, light green, obscurely several-nerved, the beak 0.3 mm. long.—Dry hillsides below 2000 ft. from Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co.; L. Cal. SECT. 2 4 . DEBILES Carey. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purplish tinged at base, tufted, slender, leafy. Leaf-blaaes flat. Terminal spike normally staminate. Lateral spikes 2 to 5, elongate, narrowly linear, slender-peduncled, the lower often drooping. B r a c t s greensheathing, the blades leaf-like. Perigynia appressed or ascending, lanceolate to ovoid, membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, rather closely enveloping the achene, tapering to a well-developed conic beak, obliquely cut at orifice and strongly hyaline-tipped, at length bidentate. Achenes triangular, apiculate. Stigmas 3.

84. C. m6ndocin£nsis Olney. MENDOCINO SEDGE. Fig. 191. Culms 3 to 8 dm. high, much exceeding leaves; leaves minutely pubescent, the blades 1.75 to 4 mm. wide; staminate spike 2 to 3.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, slender, erect, 1.5 to 4 cm.

1 9 0 . Carex triquetra B o o t t ; a, infl. x 1 ; b, scale x 8 ; c, perigy. x 8.

SEDGE

183

FAMILY

long, closely-flowered above, the 20 to 40 perigynia appressedascending; scales ovate, obtuse or short-cuspidate, cinnamonbrown; perigynia 3.5 to 5 mm. long, oblong-obovoid, somewhat flattened, lightly nerved, minutely puberulent, the beak 0.5 mm. long.—Along streams from Mendocino Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. SECT. 2 5 . FRIGIDAE Fries. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, the leaves clustered near the base. Spikes staminate, pistillate, androgynous or gynaecandrous. B r a c t s green-sheathing, the blades developed or rudimentary. Scales dark-tinged, usually with light midvein and margins. Perigynia appressed or ascending, flat to flattened-triangular, not inflated, dark-tinged, beaked, the beak hyaline at orifice, more or less bidentate. Achenes triangular, short apiculate. Stigmas 3.

85. C. lemmonii W. Boott. Culms slender, 2 to 8 dm. high, smooth, exceeding leaves; leaf-blades 1.5 to 4 mm. wide, erect; staminate spike 6 to 25 mm. long, sessile or short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, linear-oblong, 0.5 to 2 cm. long, 5- to 30-flowered, the upper approximate, the lower separate and exsert-peduncled; perigynia with beak 1 mm. long, sparingly ciliate-serrulate.—High montane, 6000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tehama Co. to Tulare Co.; San Bernardino Mts. 86. C. luzulina Olney. Culms 1.5 to 9 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 to 8 mm. wide, stiff; spikes 4 to 8, the upper clustered, the lower widely separated, on long-exserted peduncles, the lateral pistillate, 7 to 20 mm. long, 6 to 9 mm. wide; perigynia 4 to 5 mm. long, contracted into the short or in age conspicuous, sparingly ciliate-serrulate dark purplish-tipped beak. —Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co.; also s. Ore. 87. C. ablata Bailey. Culms slender, smooth, 2.5 to 6 dm. high, much exceeding leaves; leaf-blades 3 to 4.5 mm. wide; spikes 3 to 7, the upper clustered and sessile or nearly so, the lower usually widely separate and on slender exserted peduncles, the terminal usually staminate, the lateral mostly pistillate, 8 to 30 mm. long; perigynia p lanceolate, greenish, 3.5 to 5 mm. long, obscurely nerved, slightly ciliate-serrulate, rounded at base, the beak scarcely 1 mm. long, dark purplish-tipped.— Mountain meadows and bogs, Siskiyou Co.; n. to B . C., e. to Mont. 88. C. luzulaefolia W. Boott. Fig. 192. Culms 4 to 10 dm. high; leafblades 5 to 15 mm. wide; terminal spike peduncled, 1 to 2 cm. long, often with 1 or 2 sessile staminate spikes at its base; pistillate spikes 3 to 6, all or 1 9 1 . Carex only the lower strongly exsert-pedunmendocinensis cled, widely separate, the upper often Olney; a, infl. x equaling the staminate spikes, oblong% ; b, scale x 5 ; cylindric, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, the 20 to c, perigy. x 5. 50 perigynia appressed; perigynia 4 to 5.5 mm. long, oblong-ovate, the beak 1.5 to 2 mm. long. —High montane, 7000 to 9500 ft., Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co. 89. C. flssuricola Mkze. Culms 5 to 8 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 to 8 mm. wide; terminal spike sessile or short-peduncled, often slightly pistillate; lateral spikes 4 or 5, the upper contiguous and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower separate and strongly peduncled; perigynia narrowly ovate, 4.5 to 5 mm. long, abruptly beaked, the beak 1.5 mm. long.—Mountain meadows, 5500 to 10,000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Placer Co.; e. to Nev.

b

C a r e x luzulaefolia f "call x 2% ;X 1 ^ I v \ ^ ' / ,i ? » W'J , „ fj, tyj p j' f >

about equaling or a little exceeding the perianth; seeds as in J. drummondii. — Thin soil drift or a l p i n e meadowlets on granite slopes, Sierra Nevada, 6000 to „ , . , . , .. i o CM 2 1 9 . J u n c u s bufonius L . ; a, habit x 12,500 f t . ; n. to t>n B. C.; e. i.to ¿I. the b perianth and c a p ^ x Rocky Mts. 11. J . bufònius L. TOAD RUSH. Fig. 219. Stems 1 to 6 (or rarely to 10 or 14) in. high, terete, branching from the base, leafy; leaves narrow, usually revolute and bristleform; inflorescence a dichotomous cyme; flowers solitary

RUSH

FAMILY

201

and remote to closely secund or even sub-capitate; perianth segments to 2 ¥> lines long, long acuminate, greenish with white scarious margins, exceeding the capsule; capsule oblong, obtuse or truncatish.—A common species in wet places or dried up pools, throughout Cal. Very variable in size and aspect. Widely spread over the whole earth. Var. HAL6PHILUS Fer. & Buch. Stems stout, short; inner perianth segments obtuse, little if at all exceeding the capsule.—Santa Cruz Isl. 12. J . sphaerocarpus Nees. Very similar to no. 11 but smaller; stems densely t u f t e d , l 1 /) to 2 in. high; branches 2 to 4-flowered; perianth segments subequal, equaling or exceeding the perianth; capsule elliptic or " g l o b o s e . " —Moist flats in the valleys or mountains. Cal. e. to Ariz, and n. to Ida. Barely collected with us.

habit x 1; e, perianth and capsule x 10.

13. J . t r i f ö r m i s Engelm. D W A R F R U S H . Fig. 220. Stem almost none, bearing several erect filiform scape-like peduncles 2 to 4 in. high; leaves an inch or less long, filiform; flowers usually 3 to 7 in a small head; perianth brownish, 1 to IV2 lines long; segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal, a little exceeding the 3 stamens and the capsule; capsule obovate, obtuse, apiculate; style exserted with elongated stigmas.—Mts., 200 to 6200 ft., North Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. I n f r e q u e n t or overlooked. N. to Ore. and Wash. Var. STYLÖSUS Engelm. Fig. 220b. Styles very long.—Mariposa Co. Var. BRACHYSTILUS Engelm. Fig. 220c. Styles short.—North Coast Ranges, n. to Wash. Var. UNIFLÖRUS Engelm. Fig. 220d, e. Plants very small (% to 1 in. h i g h ) ; scapes 1-flowered.—-Valleys or mountain flats, 200 to 6000 f t .

202

JUNCACEAE

14. J . ténuis Willd. Fig. 221. Stems caespitose, slender, erect, 1 to 2 f t . high, leafy at base; leaves very fine, shorter t h a n the stem; involucral bract exceeding the loose panicle; perianth segments pale, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1% to 2 lines long, spreading in f r u i t and equaling or usually exceeding the ovate retuse greenish capsule; seeds with a white appendage at each end.—Dry valley flats, 50 to 4200 f t . ; S. Cal. n. to Ore. A common species throughout the U. S. and

W.

Eur.

Var.

congéstus

Engelm. Inflorescence congested or subcapitatc.—Cent. Cal. coast and middle altitudes in the Sierra Nevada. 15. J . falcátus E. Mey. Fig. 222. Stems subterete or a little compressed, 6 to 9 in. high, * more or less leafy, terete; root221. Juncus tenuis Willd.; a, infl. x 1; b, stock slender, creeping; leaves perianth and capsule x 7. usually equaling or exceeding the stems, lines wide, not ribbed by transverse septa; flowers in dense many-flowered terminal heads, t h e heads usually solitary; involucral bract about equaling the inflorescence; perianth segments 2 lines long, roughened, dark brown, with a broad green midvein; capsule triangularly ovate, obtuse, mucronate; seeds large (V2 line long), with a whitish or as if membranous coat. —• Coast region in sand dunes or sandy soil, from Monwjf terey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas.; J a p a n , VL •\ c Austr. I JL 16. J . obtusatus Engelm. Fig. 223. Stems subterete or a little compressed, 4 to 10 in. high, from a creeping rootstock, a little surpassing or about equaling the narrow (1 line broad) leaves;

2 2 2 . J u n c u s falcatila E. Mey. ; a, habit i Í4 ; i>, infl. x % ; c, perianth and capsule x 3.

223. J u n c u s obtusatus Engelm.; a, habit x b, infl. x i/z ; c, perianth and capsule x 3.

RUSH

FAMILY

203

sheaths without ligules; involucral bract exceeding the inflorescence; heads 3 to 5-flowered, few in a simple panicle; perianth segments to 2 lines long, of equal length, the outer ovate, acute, brown margined, the inner very obtuse, white-scarious margined, shorter than the capsule; capsule oblongovate, obtuse or truncate, shortly apiculate.—Sandy banks of mountain streams: North Coast Eanges, 200 to 4000 f t . ; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 9000 f t . (Tuolumne Co. to Mariposa Co.); San Bernardino Mts.; n. to Wash. 17. J . c a n a l i c u l a r s Engelm. Stems stout, terete, 2 to 3% f t . high; herbage pale; leaves concave or channeled, almost equaling the stem; ligules present; panicle open, with 8 to 30 heads; heads 3 to 8 (or 12)-flowered; perianth light greenish red, 2% lines long, the inner segments distinctly longer; anthers red-brown; style long, the stigmas long exserted; capsule ovate, beaked.— Stony stream banks or damp soil, from the foothills to 7500 ft., cismontane S. Cal. and desert slope of the San Bernardino Mts.; Ariz., L. Cal. 18. J . longistylis Torr. Stems tall (1 to 2 f t . high), subterete or slightly compressed; leaves shorter t h a n the stems, the sheaths with ligules; heads densely (usually 2 to 6)-flowered in a short sparingly branched panicle, exceeding the very short involucral b r a c t ; perianth pale, segments of equal length, narrow, acuminate, broadly scarious-margined, 2 lines long; styles long; capsule equaling the perianth, triangular ovate, obtuse, mucronate.—Crest and e. side of the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. n.; N. Mex., Col., and Neb. n. to Sask. 19. J . latifolius Buch. Fig. 224. Similar to J . longistylis; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3% lines broad, 2 to 5 in. long; ligules absent; 224. Juncus latifolius Buch.; o, infl. heads 6 to 10-flowered, in a loose x 1; b, perianth and capsule x 6. simple few-headed panicle. — Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. n. to Siskiyou Co.; also Ore. and Wash. 20. J . suplniformis Engelm. Early leaves elongated and capillary, floating, pale green, 1 to 2 f t . long; stems low, erect, terete, shorter t h a n the subterete cauline leaves; panicle simple, its 3 to 6 small heads about 5-flowered; perianth segments brownish, narrowly lanceolate, acute, nerved, 1% to 2 lines long.—In ponds, Mendocino and Humboldt Cos.; n. to Wash. 21. J . m e r t i n s U n u s Bong. Fig. 225. Stems very slender, compressed, f r o m slender matted rootstocks, 3 to 6 (or 11) in. high; leaves very narrow, rather flattened, less t h a n 1 line wide, finely but obscurely ribbed by transverse septa, the sheaths with ligules; heads solitary, densely many-flowered, dark brown; perianth 1 to 1% lines long, the lanceolate narrowly acuminate segments equaling the obtuse obovoid capsule; anthers usually shorter t h a n the filaments; seeds obliquely obovate, apicu225. Juncus mertensianus late at apex, stipitate at base.—Higher mts., habit x V2 ; b, perianth 4000 to 11,000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Bong.; a,and capsule x 5.

204

JUNCACEAE Sierra Nevada, n. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Col. 22. J. nevadgnsis Wats. Fig. 226. Resembling slender forms of J . phaeocephalus; stems very slender, somewhat compressed, from a slender creeping rootstock, Vj to 1 (or sometimes 2) f t . high; leaves teretish, very narrow ( % to YJ, rarely 1 line), more or less distinctly knotted by internal transverse partitions; ligules present; heads small, 2 to 7 in a short open panicle, sparsely flowered; perianth segments very dark brown, lanceolate, acuminate, to 2 lines long; anthers longer than the filaments; stigmas long exserted; capsule oblong, abruptly acute and beaked, nearly equaling the perianth.— Higher mts., 5000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada; s. to the San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; n. to B. C. Marked by its very narrow and erect strongly septate leaves with prominent ligules. 23. J. bolanderi Engelm. Fig. 227. Stems slender, terete, 1 to 2% f t . high, a little exceeding or about equaling the terete strongly knotted leaves; ligules conspicuous; heads subglobose, very dark, usually 2 or 3 in a close cluster, very many flowered; perianth segments reddish brown, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate and setaceous, 1% lines long, exceeding the capsule; capsule clavateoblong, obtuse, apiculate; seeds obovate, apiculate at each end.—Swamps, North Coast Ranges; sw. Ore. Yar. RIPARIUS Jepson. Heads smaller, lighter-colored,

2 2 6 . J u n c u s n e v a d e n s i s W a t s . ; a, habit x ^ ; 6, detail of leaf w i t h l i g u l e x 3 ; c, p e r i a n t h a u d c a p s u l e x 6.

5 to 9 in a loose panicle; perianth segments less setaceous.—Lower Sacramento River. 24. J. torreyi Cov. Fig. 228. Tall coarse plants with slender creeping rootstocks; stems stout, terete, IV4, to 2 f t . or more high; leaves terete, straight and rigidly spreading, the transverse septa very dist i n c t ; ligules present; inflorescence terminal; flowers many in large dense heads which form a compact capitate cluster or condensed panicle, the cluster subtended by a long pointed sheath; perianth light brown, 4 to 5 lines long, its segments lanceolate-subulate, exceeding the narrow pointed golden capsule.—Damp places, S. Cal.; upper San Joaquin Valley, Inyo Co.;

2 2 7 . J u n c u s bolanderi infl. x 1 ; b, p e r i a n t h x 10.

E n g e l m . ; a, and capsule

RUSH FAMILY

205 n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. Well distinguishedbyits large dense heads, by its v e r y narrow and rigid perianth segments and b y its slender golden capsule.

25. J. chlorocdphalus Engelm. F i g . 229. Stems l o w and slender (8 to 15 in. h i g h ) , terete, f r o m a slender rootstock; leaves narrow (less than a line wide), t h e sheaths with ligules; heads 1 flowered; or 2, many perianth p a l e and 228. Juncus t o r r e y i C o v . ; a, infl. : 1 ; b, perianth and scarious; segments 2 capsule x 5. lines long, obtuse or acute; style exserted; capsule shorter than the perianth.—Sierra N e v a d a , 6400 to 8400 f t . , f r o m N e v a d a Co. to Mariposa Co. 26. J. dubius Engelm. F i g . 230. Stems v e r y slender, compressed, 2 to 4 f t . high, f r o m stout horizontal rootstocks; leaves narrow ( 1 line b r o a d ) but rigid, % to nearly as long as the stems, septate; panicle compound, diffuse,

a 229. Juncus chlorocephalus E n g e l m . ; a, infl. x 1 ; b, perianth and capsule x 5.

3 to 12 in. l o n g ; heads 6 to 20flowered, numerous; perianth brown or brownish, 1V1> to 2 lines long, the segments lanceolate, acuminate; anthers elongated, rather exceeding the filaments; capsule narrowly oblong, acuminate, slightly longer than the perianth; seeds abruptly apieulate at each end, reticulate, brownish. — Montane, 3000 to 5000 f t . : Mariposa Co. to Sierra Co. The leaves suggest diminut i v e bamboo fishing rods.

230. Juncus dubius E n g e l m . ; a, detail of leaf with ligule x 1 ; b, infl. x 1 ; c, perianth and capsule x 8.

27. J. rugul&sus Engelm. F i g . 231. V e r y closely allied in habit and character t o J. dubius; stems slender, sometimes stout,

206

JUNCACEAE

a 231. Juncus rugulosus Engelm.; a, detail of stem x 8; b, perianth and capsule x 8.

to 3 f t . high, sharply and minutely transverse-rugulose; leaves strongly septate, a t t e n u a t e into a flagellate-filiform tip; panicle 4 to 9 in. long; heads small, x 4 to 6-flowered; perianth l /4 to 1% lines long, its segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; filaments to 2 times as long as the anthers; capsule oblong and acuminate, or lanceolate or broadly subulate, prismatically and sharply triangular, slightly exceeding t h e perianth.—Damp meadow land or marshes: s. Monterey Co.; s. Mohave Desert; cismontane S. Cal.

28. J . oxymeris Engelm. Stems 1 to 2 f t . high, compressed, somewhat angled, erect, from an elongated horizontal rootstock, o f t e n stoloniferous; leaves broad and flat, equitant (1% or) 2 to 3 lines wide, ligules not present, transverse partitions not conspicuous; involucral bract short; heads 5 to 10-flowered, set singly in a loose panicle; perianth segments brownish, linear-lanceolate, subulate, of equal length or the interior slightly longer; anthers 6, longer t h a n the filaments; styles long exserted; capsule long attenuate, exceeding the perianth; seeds small, obovate, apiculate, light brown and finely reticulate.— Moist valleys and mountain flats, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, 50 to 6000 f t . ; n. to Ore. 29. J . xiphioldes E. Mey. F i g 232. Stems flattened, 2-edged, to 3 f t . high; leaves equitant, more or less obviously septate, 1% to 2% lines wide, 6 to 14 in. long; panicle 2% to 7 in. long; heads 6 to 11flowered, discrete or more or less congested; perianth segments lanceolate, subulate-acuminate; stamens 6; stigmas barely exserted; capsule narrowly cylindric, abruptly acute or somewhat beaked, equaling or exceeding the perianth; seeds narrowly ovoid, apiculate.—Coastal region, salt marshes and moist lands: S. Cal. to H u m b o l d t Co. a n d n . t o O r e . V a r . AURATUS

Engelm. Stems slender, lower; heads yellow.—Solano Co. to Santa Clara Co.

232. Juncus xiphioides E. Mey.; a, infl. x 1; b, perianth and capsule x 8.

30. J . ensifdlius Wikstr. Similar to J . xiphioides; stems 1 to 2 f t . high; heads fewer, dense, dark-colored, many-flowered, 3 to 4 lines broad; perianth larger, dark brown, equaling the acute capsule; stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 6).—Wet granitic gravel, Sierra ISevada, 4000 to 9600 ft., n. to Siskiyou Co., thence sw. to Mendocino Co.; n. to Alas.

233. Juncus phaeocephalus Engelm.; a, infl. x 1; b, perianth and capsule x 8.

31. J . pha6oc lines long, tinged w i t h d a r k b r o w n ; seed d a r k , with a whitish conical appendage at one end to % as l o n g . — P a r t i a l l y shaded spots, mt. and coast regions, 100 to 6000 f t . ; N. Am., Eur., Asia. Var. CONGESTA Buch. Spikes several, congested into a p y r a m i d a l or conical h e a d ; p e r i a n t h o f t e n dark-brown. —Coast, Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co. Var. SUDETICA Celak. Inflorescence congested; p e r i a n t h almost black. —Mineral King; Eur. 5. L. subsessilis Buch. Fig. 238. Erect or ascending, 5 to 12 in. high; spikes 237. Luzula campestris solitary or rarely 2 in a D H • n. ahif x v V. DC.; a. hhabit % •; hb,

,

J

J

,

place, sessile or nearly so. 2% to 4 lines long.—Cent. Cal. coast; n. to B. C. 6. L. spicata DC. Fig. 239. Densely t u f t e d 4 to 12 in. high, w i t h o u t rootstocks; leaves narrowly linear, channeled; flowers in sessile clusters, f o r m i n g a spike-like panicle; panicle nodding, sometimes i n t e r r u p t e d , % to % in. long; p e r i a n t h segments bristle-pointed, equaling or exceeding t h e b l u n t l y a c u t e capsule. — H i g h mts., Sierra N e v a d a , 9000 to 12,500 f t . ; n. 238. L. subsessilis to Alas., e. to N. E n g . ; Eur., Buch., infl. x 1. Asia. infl. x % ; perianth and capsule x 4.

LILIACEAE. L I L Y FAMILY P e r e n n i a l herbs, the stems f r o m bulbs or rootstocks, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves all basal and the stem a scape, or t h e stem more or less l e a f y and f r e q u e n t l y branching. Flowers regular and p e r f e c t ; p e r i a n t h with 6 segments or lobes, t h e 3 outer and 3 inner petaloid and alike (or n e a r l y ) in shape and color, or sometimes strongly d i f f e r e n t i a t e d ; when strongly d i f f e r e n t i a t e d by shape or color t h e outer 3 are called sepals and

239. Luzula spicata D C . ; a, habit x %; b, perianth and capsule x 7.

LILY

209

FAMILY

the inner 3 petals. Stamens 6, sometimes 3 or 4. Ovary superior, 3-celled; styles 3, or 1 and entire or 3-cleft; stigmas 3, rarely 1. Fruit a capsule or berry.—Maianthemum has a 2-merous flower, Scoliopus a 1-celled ovary, Veratrum polygamous flowers, and Smilax dioecious flowers. Cauline leaves alternate, or sometimes whorled in Fritillaria and Lilium, netted-veined and whorled in Trillium. Our genera of Liliaceae as a whole are plants of grassy plains and foothills characterized by a two-season year, that is with a rainy or vegatative period regularly succeeded by a rainless or hibernation period. During the hibernation period the entire plant dries up or perishes except the below-ground corm or bulb. The most typical genera of the semi-arid or desert areas are Hesperocallis, Chlorogalum, Bloomeria, Brodiaea and Calochortus. The two latter genera have developed, especially in the upper Sonoran zone, a large number of species.

A. Fruit a capsule. 1.

PERENNIAL

HERBS.

Styles 3 and distinct (except no. 1 ) ; plants with rootstocks (except nos. 4 and 5) ; perianth segments distinct. Leaves equitant. Stamens with densely woolly filaments; flowers in a loose raceme 1.

NARTHECIUM.

Stamens not woolly; flowers in a head or capitate raceme 2. TOFIELDIA. Leaves not equitant. Stem glabrous, the leaves mostly basal. Perianth segments not glandular. Leaves very dry and sedge-like, rough-edged; flowers not nodding. . . . 3.

XEROPHYLLUM.

Leaves not sedge-like; flowers nodding 4. STENANTHIUM. Perianth segments glandular near the base 5. ZYGADENUS. Stem pubescent (at least above), very leafy 6. VERATRUM. Style 1, entire, or 3-lobed or 3-parted, or n o n e ; plants with bulbs (except no. 7 ) . Stems from a tunicated bulb or corm, or rootstock in no. 7. Flowers with bracts. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Perianth segments united below into a tube. Flowers in a cluster on the ground; anthers basifixed 7.

LEUCOCRINUM.

Flowers borne on a more or less leafy stem. Perianth segments ascending; anthers versatile 8.

Perianth segments reflexed; anthers basifixed

HESPEROCALLIS.

9.

ODONTOSTOMUM.

10.

SCHOENOLIRION.

Perianth segments distinct, withering-persistent; leaves basal; versatile. Flowers in a raceme. Raceme dense; perianth 2 % to 5 lines long

anthers

Raceme loose; perianth about 1 in. long 11. CAMASSIA. Flowers in a panicle 12. CHLOROGALUM. Flowers in umbels or heads. Perianth segments distinct or nearly so; anthers versatile. Filaments not appendaged, often dilated at base. Umbel in the bud sheathed by a continuous spathe splitting into 2 or 3 bracts; bractlets none 13. ALLIUM. Umbel in the bud covered by 3 distinct bracts; pedicels with minute bractlets 14. MUILLA. Filaments arising from a cup-like or winged appendage 15.

BLOOMERIA.

Perianth segments united below into a tube; stamens with anthers 6 or 3 ; anthers basifixed or versatile 16. BRODIAEA. Flowers without bracts; leaves 1 or few, basal or mostly so; anthers basifixed. Perianth segments unlike, the inner very showy, usually with a glandular pit at base; leaves narrow 17. CALOCHORTUS. Perianth segments alike or nearly so t colored alike, without glandular pits; leaves broad 18. ERYTHRONIUM. Stems from a scaly bulb. Perianth campanulate to funnelform; anthers attached at base or below the middle; style 3-cleft or rarely entire 19. FRITILLARIA. Perianth commonly f u n n e l f o r m ; anthers versatile; style entire 20. LILIUM. 2.

S H R U B S OR T R E E S .

Flowers rather large; fruit not winged Flowers minute; fruit 3-winged

21. YUCCA. 22. NOLINA.

B. Fruit a berry (except nos. 29 and 30); plants with rootstocks. Flowers perfect; stems not prickly. Leaves reduced to scales; branchlets

filiform

23. ASPARAGUS,

210

LILIACEAE LeaveB foliaceous. Plants with leafy stems; stamens 6. Stem branching; flowers few, drooping. Flowers axillary; filaments short, flattened 24. STREPTOPUS. Flowers terminal; filaments thread-like 25. DISPORUM. Stem simple; flowers many or numerous in a terminal raceme or panicle. . . 26.

SMILACINA.

Plants with only 2 or 3, or at most few leaves. Perianth segments and stamens 4 ; leaves 2 or 3 27. MAIANTHEMUM. Perianth segments 6. Leaves basal, parallel-veined. Stamens 6 ; leaves 5 28. CLINTONIA. Stamens 3 ; leaves 2 29. SOOLIOPUS. Leaves 3 in a single whorl at summit of stem, netted-veined; flower 1 ; stamen

6

Flowers dioecious; stems prickly; leaves with climbing tendrils

30.

TRILLIUM.

31. SMILAX.

1. KARTHiiCIUM Moeh. B O G A S P H O D E L Stems scape-like, with a dense tuft of basal leaves borne on a creeping rootstock. Leaves narrowly linear and equitant, the cauline few and small. Flowers yellowish-green, in a terminal raceme. Pedicels with a bractlet at the middle. Perianth with 6 distinct segments. Stamens 6, the filaments densely woolly, except at the very base. Ovary attenuate upward to the scarcely lobed stigma. Capsule loculicidal, with thin-chartaeeous walls. Seeds numerous with a long bristle-like point at each end. (Narthex, Greek name of Ferula, the stems of which were used as rods; applied here on account of the scapose stems.) 1. N. califdrnlcum Baker. Stems 18 to 22 in. high; basal leaves iris-like, 4 to 10 in. long, 1% to 2 lines wide, the cauline 2 or 3, 1 to 4 in. long; raceme loose, 3% to 7 in. long; perianth segments oblong-linear, narrowed upward or acute, 3 to 4 lines long; anthers brick-red; ripe capsules salmon-color; seeds, including the points or tails, 5 lines long.—Marshy ground: North Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. to Del Norte and Trinity Cos.; Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Fresno Co.; sw. Ore. 2. TOFIELDIA Huds. Stems simple, naked above, arising from a slender rootstock. Leaves linear, sedge-like, equitant, mostly in a basal tuft. Flowers small, white or greenishwhite, ours borne by 3s in a head or dense capitate raceme. Pedicels (in ours) with a membranous 3-lobed involucre above the middle or at the summit. Perianth segments 6, distinct, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3, short, distinct. Capsule obovate, acute, beaked by the spreading persistent styles, septicidal. Seeds with a membranous coat, in ours tailed at one end. (Tofield, English botanist, of Doncaster, a correspondent of Hudson.) 1. T. ¿ccidentilis Wats. Stems to 2 ft. high, glandular; leaves 2 to 12 in. long, 1 to 3 lines wide; racemes % to 1 in. long; perianth segments oblong, 1% to 3 lines long; filaments lanceolate; capsule 3 to 4 lines long; seeds with a loose cellular coat, appendaged at the free end with a tail as long or somewhat longer than the body.—Mt. bogs, 3500 to 7500 f t . : North Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. n. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada; n. to B. C. 3. XEROPHYTiLUM Michx. Stem simple, stout and leafy, ending above in a many-flowered raceme, and arising from a tuber-like woody rootstock bearing cord-like roots, the basal leaves in a dense tuft, numerous, narrowly linear and elongated, dry, roughedged. Flowers white or cream-color, on slender white pedicels. Perianth segments 6, distinct, several-nerved, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3, distinct. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidal, or occasionally also septicidal. Seeds 2 to 4 in each cell. (Greek xeros, dry, and phullon, leaf, the foliage very hard and dry.) 1 . X . tdnax (Pursh) Nutt. E L K G R A S S . F I R E - L I L Y . Fig. 2 4 0 . Stem 2 to 6 ft. high; basal leaves 1% to 3 ft. long, 1 to 3 lines wide; raceme dense, V2 to 1% ft. long; pedicels 1 to 2 in. long, each with a scarious bract at base,

LILY

FAMILY

211

spreading in f ower, past anthesis strictly erect, spreading again in fruit; perianth segments linear-oblong, 4 lines long, the stamens a little longer.—Dry ridges: Monterey and n. in the Coast Ranges to Del Norte Co., where it is very common; Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. n. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. and Mont. The plants commonly bloom only after 5 to 7 years of preparation. May-July. The fibres of the leaves were employed by the Hupas and other native tribes for making garments and for decorative work in baskets, while the bulbous rootstocks, when roasted, furnished a nourishing food. Also called Squaw-grass, Bear-grass, Turkey-beard, Bear-Lily, and Pine-Lily. 4. STENANTHITJM Kunth. Stem from a tunicated bulb, the narrow leaves mostly basal. Flowers (in ours) in a simple raceme, nodding. Perianth purplish green, its segments narrow, acuminate. Stamens 6, much shorter than and inserted on the base of the perianth segments; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary ovoid; styles 3. Capsule septicidal, 3beaked. Seeds winged. (Greek stenos, narrow, and anthos, flower.) 1. S. 6ccident&le Gray. Stem 6 to 11 in. high; 2 4 0 . Xerophyllum tenax Nutt.; leaves linear, tapering to base and apex, 4 to 7 a, raceme x % ! 6, pistil x 4. in. long, 2 to 7 lines wide; perianth narrowcampanulate, 5 lines long, its tips recurved.—High montane in Trinity Co.; n. to Alb. 5. ZYGADENUS Michx. ZYGADENE Stem simple, scape-like, in ours from a tunicated bulb. Outer coats of the bulb mostly dark or black. Herbage glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Leaves linear, mostly basal. Flowers erect, greenish-white, in a raceme or panicle. Perianth nearly rotate, withering-persistent; segments ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with a green glandular spot at the narrow or shortly clawed base. Stamens 6, free from the segments. Styles 3, distinct, persistent. Capsule deeply 3-lobed. (Greek zugon, a yoke, and aden, a gland.)

Raceme narrow, simple; inner segments spathe-like, the margins abruptly infolded just above the claw 1. Z. venenosus, Kaceme broader, more or less compound. Perianth segments with central area slightly depressed, the border more or less undulate ; lower flowers often staminate; bracts membranous. Leaves narrow (3 to 5 lines wide) ; stamens longer than or equaling the perianth; anthers yellow 2. Z. paniculatus. Leaves % to 1 in. wide; stamens shorter than the perianth; anthers white 3. Z. exaltatus. Perianth segments plane: flowers generally all perfect. Segments ovate-lanceolate, the outer only shortly clawed; bracts more or less green, conspicuous 4. Z. fremontii. Segments broadly elliptic, all short-clawed; bracts membranous, very small. . . . 5. Z. brevibracteatus. 1. Z. venendsus Wats. DEATH CAMAS. Plants % to 2 ft. high; bulb oblong-

ovate, % to V2 (or % ) in. broad; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 3 lines broad, carinate and usually folded, more or less scabrous; raceme commonly simple and narrow, 3 to 5 or 10 in. long, the bracts lanceolate, long-attenuate or even flagellate, much exceeding the buds and about as long as the pedicels; perianth segments deltoid-ovate to oblong, 1% to 2 lines long, the outer broader and with a shorter claw or sessile; gland seated above the claw, furnished with a more or less evident circular ridge or thin crest, the crest on the lower side continuous with the spathe-like infolding of the basal margins of the blade; stamens about equaling the segments, somewhat adnate below; anthers white; capsule 4 to 5 (or 7) lines long.—Wet meadows: Coast

212

LILIACEAE

Ranges, mostly near the coast; Sierra N e v a d a , both e. and w. slopes; S. Cal.; n. to B. C. V a r . MICRANTHUS j e p s o n . Raceme more open and broader (pedicels % to 1 in. l o n g ) , the bracts r e l a t i v e l y shorter; flowers usually larger, less delicate, ridge about the gland thickened, outer segments o f t e n not clawed.— N o r t h Coast Ranges and s. to Contra Costa Co. This sometimes approaches Z. f r e m o n t i i in habit, but the gland is more sharply defined than in that species. 2. Z. paniculatus ( N u t t . ) W a t s . SAND-CORX. P l a n t s 8 to 16 in. high; leaves all sheathing; main raceme with short dense supplementary racemes b e l o w ; bracts ovate-lanceolate; perianth segments deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate, greenish thickened on the back at base, the claws v e r y short or sometimes nearly none; gland seated above the claw, indefinitely margined, sometimes spreading nearly to the middle of the segment; stamens much exserted or at least equaling the segments; anthers y e l l o w ; capsule % to 1 in. long.—Sagebrush hills e. of the Sierra N e v a d a crest f r o m N e v a d a Co. to Siskiyou Co.; N e v . to Wash, and M o n t . 3. Z. exaltatus Eastw. P l a n t s 2% to 3y 2 f t . high; bulb oblong-ovoid, 2 to 3 in. l o n g ; basal leaves large ( % to 1% in. w i d e ) , in a conspicuous sheathing t u f t ; main raceme 8 t o 12 in. long, with 3 to 5 supplementary racemes below, the lower bearing only staminate flowers; bracts ovate-lanceolate; perianth segments oblong-elliptic, w i t h claws; gland extending the length of the claw, bordered on each side by a narrow non-glandular area and terminating upon the base of the blade in a somewhat darker rounded area toothed a b o v e ; stamens shorter than the perianth; anthers dull w h i t e ; capsule % in. l o n g . — Sierra N e v a d a , f r o m Calaveras Co. to Tulare Co., about 2000 to 4000 f t . 4. Z. fremontii Wats.

STAR ZYGADENE. P l a n t s 1M. to 2 % f t . high; bulb globose or broadly oblong, y 2 to 1*4 in. b r o a d ; basal leaves 8 to 16 ( o r 20) in. long, 5 to 9 ( o r 13) lines broad, usually somewhat falcatecurving, the cauline f e w and shorter; main raceme w i t h supplementary racemes b e l o w ; perianth segments ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 7 lines long, the outer broader and clawed, at least shortly so, the inner contracted to a longer and narrower c l a w ; gland seated on base of blade, greenish y e l l o w , toothed a b o v e ; stamens about half as long as the segments; anthers w h i t e ; capsule oblong, 6 to 10 lines long.—Deep soil on bushy hillsides: Coast Ranges, s. to S. Cal. Common and variable. Apr.-June. V a r . INEZIANUS Jepson n. var. Perianth segments more distinctly r o t a t e ; gland green.—Santa Y n e z M t s . (Jepson 9122, t y p e ) . V a r . MIN'OR Jepson. Plants 4 to 8 in. high; raceme simple, short, broad, w i t h f e w flowers.—An early f o r m near the coast. M a r . V a r . SALSUS Jepson. F i g . 241. V e r y stout, % to 1 f t . high; basal leaves in a conspicuous sheathing t u f t ; glands l i g h t e r in color.—Alkaline flats, Solano Co.

5. Z. brevibracteatus H a l l . P l a n t s 15 to 22 in. high; bulb round-ovoid, 1 to 1*4 in. broad; basal leaves 6 to 8 in. long, J/4 in. broad, linear, somewhat revolute and falcate-curving; raceme loose, its pedicels % to 1 % in. long, w i d e l y or horizontally d i v a r i c a t e ; supplementary basal racemes 1 or 2, rigid, w i d e l y spreading; perianth segments 2 to 3 lines long, distinctly short-clawed, the outer rhomboidal-ovate, the inner a little narrower; gland green, extending just above the claw, its l o w e r margin bounded by a sharp l o w r i d g e ; stamens % the length of segments; capsule 7 to 8 lines long.—Sandy mesas, w. and s. borders of the M o h a v e Desert. 241. Zvgadenus fremontii Wats, var. salsus Jepson; a, habit x % ; b, fl. x % .

LILY

FAMILY

213

6. VERÀTRUM L. Stem tall and leafy from a short thick rootstock, bearing coarse fibrous roots. Leaves broad, plaited, coarsely nerved. Stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flowers polygamous, greenish or cream-color, in a terminal panicle. Perianth of 6 distinct obovate-oblong segments, somewhat contracted at the base, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth segments and free from them, shorter by half and recurving; filaments subulate; anthers with confluent cells, cordate. Styles 3, persistent, mostly curved. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed. (Latin vere, truly, and ater, black, in reference to the color of the roots.) Ovary glabrous. Perianth segments not fringed; capsule oblong-ovoid, % to 1 in. long. Flowers dull white; common 1, 7. californicnm. Flowers green; rare 2. V. viride. Perianth segments deeply fringed; capsule depressed-globose with notched apex, muchlobed laterally, 4 lines long 3. V. fimbriatum. Ovary densely woolly; perianth segments erose or lightly fringed 4. 7. insolitum. 1. V. califdrnicum Durand. CORN L I L Y . Stem very stout and leafy, sug-

gesting a cornstalk, 3 to 5 or 6 ft. high; leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong, sheathing at base, 6 to 12 in. long or the uppermost lanceolate and shorter; panicle 1 to 1% ft. long, the lower portion often sterile; bracts mostly membranous; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; flowers dull white; perianth segments obovate, mostly obtuse, 5 to 9 lines long, greenish margined at base, greenish glands at base of segments 2, or one and Y-shaped, often denticulate or erose at apex; capsule walls firm-chartaceous; seeds broadly wing-margined.— Wet flats and about springs, a characteristic plant of meadows in the Sierra Nevada at 4500 to 8500 ft.; also in the North Coast Ranges and high mts. of S. Cal.; n. to Wash., e. to Col. and s. to Mex. Often reported as poisonous to stock and sometimes called False Hellebore. July-Aug. 2. V. viride Ait. Similar to no. 1 in habit; branches of the panicle more or less drooping; principal bracts foliaceous; perianth green, about 4 lines long.—Subalpine meadows, Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N. B., thence s. to Georgia. 3. V. fimbriatum Gray. Similar in habit to the preceding; leaves linearlanceolate, V2 to ft. long, 1 to 2 or 4 in. wide; panicle % to 1% ft. long, its branches widely spreading; pedicels 4 lines long; perianth segments rhombic-ovate, 2 to 5 lines long, the margin cleft into filiform segments, except at the broad base which bears two oblong more or less glandular spots reaching to the middle of the segment and separated by a furrow; capsule walls membranous; seeds green, scarcely margined.—Vicinity of the coast, Mendocino " W h i t e P l a i n s " or pine barrens. July. 4. V. insolitum Jepson. Stems 4 to 5 ft. high; leaves elliptic, acute, 7 to 8 in. long, the uppermost lanceolate, 6 to 7 in. long or less; panicle 11 to 20 in. long, composed of elongated lanate-tomentose racemes; perianth segments white, 3 to 4 lines long, obovate, mostly obtuse, irregularly ciliate or erose or shallowly fimbriate, all with 2 dark glandular spots at base; ovary densely woolly; capsule unknown.—Eed-clay hills, in chaparral, Del Norte Co. Also west fork Illinois Eiver, s. Ore. 7. LEUCOCEiNUM Nutt. Leaves tufted on a very short rootstock, the roots cord-like. Flowers showy, pure white, fragrant, in a central cluster 011 the ground, the pedicels arising directly from the rootstock. Perianth persistent, salverform, its tube slender, very much elongated, its segments oblong-lanceolate. Stamens 6, inserted near the summit of the tube. Ovary ovate-oblong, seated below the ground at the base of the perianth-tube; style 1. persistent, elongated, tubular, the orifice slightly 3-lobed. Capsule triangular-obovate, loculicidal. Seeds angled, black. (Greek leucos, white, and krinon, a lily.) 1. L. montanum Nutt. SAND L I L Y . Leaves linear, manv-nerved, 3 to 5 in. long, V> to 21/i> lines broad, the bases surrounded by scarious bracts; pedicels 2 to 6 lines long; perianth segments oblong, 7 to 9 lines long, the tube 2 to 5 in. long.—Mt. valleys, n. Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co. to Modoc and Siski-

214

LILIACEAE

you Cos., 4000 to 5000 f t . P l e n t i f u l in its special localities but the localities few. Ore. and Nev. to Neb. 8. H f i S P E R O C A L L I S Gray Stem straight, simple, somewhat l e a f y , arising f r o m a tunicated bulb. Leaves narrow. Flowers in a raceme, with conspicuous scarious bracts and pedicels jointed at t h e summit. P e r i a n t h white, withering-persistent, funnelform, 6-cleft into narrowly obovate segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the t h r o a t . Style equaling the perianth or slightly exserted; stigma disk-shaped. Capsule subglobose, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, horizontal, flattened, in 2 rows in the cells, jet black. (Greek hesperos, western, and kallos, beauty.) 1. H. undulilta Gray. D E S E R T LILY. Stem 1 to 2 f t . high, 4 to 18-flowered; basal leaves somewhat fleshy, carinate, wavy-margined, 1 to 2 f t . long and % to % in. wide, the margin more or less u n d u l a t e ; cauline leaves few, shorter; perianth 2% to 2% in. long, its t u b e half as long as the segments, the segments narrowly obovate, 4 to 6 lines wide, with a broad 5 to 7-lineate bluishgreen band on the b a c k ; capsule 6 to 10 lines long, a b r u p t l y tipped with the persistent style base.—Sandy valleys or rocky hills: e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; w. Ariz. Mar.-Apr. 9. d D O N T O S T O M U M Torr. Stem flexuous, branching, f r o m a depressed corm. Leaves linear, mostly basal, sheathing the stem. Flowers in bracted racemes. P e r i a n t h with a narrow tube, its segments 6, soon reflexed. Stamens 6, inserted on the t h r o a t and a l t e r n a t i n g with as many short staminodia; the stamen opposite the lower outer segment stands alone and faces the remaining 5, which approximate each other on the upper side of t h e flower. Style 1; stigmas 3; Ovules 2 in each cell but only 1 maturing. Capsule obovate, 3-lobed, loculicidal. (Greek odous, tooth, and stoma, mouth, on account of the erect subulate filaments a t t h e t h r o a t of the flower.) 1. O. hartwggii Torr. Fig. 242. E r e c t , 5 to 10 in. high; basal leaves 3 to 9 in. long, 2 to 5 lines wide, with caudate-attenuate apex; racemes 2 to 5 in. long; b r a c t s and bractlets subulate; perianth-tube 2 to 3 lines long, the reflexed segments as long or a little longer, 242. Odontostomum hartnarrowly oblong, 5 or 6-nerved.—Dry hard soil, wegii Torr.; fl. x 3. 4 0 0 t o 1 3 ( ) 0 f t . s i e r r a N e v a d a foothills f r o m Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co.; local in the foothills of the middle and inner North Coast Ranges ( N a p a Co. and Tehama Co.). May. 10. S C H O E N O L i B I O N Torr. Stem simple, scapose, this and the linear-elongated leaves f r o m a tunicated bulb. Qaceme elongated, densely many-flowered, with 1 or 2 short supplementary racemes below. Flowers on very short pedicels jointed a t t h e summit. P e r i a n t h white, becoming scarious, persistent; segments 6, distinct, oblong, 3-nerved. Stamens 6, a d n a t e to the base of the perianth segments. Ovary ovate, short-stipitate, the cells 2-ovuled. Style persistent; stigma 3cleft. Capsule loculicidal; seeds black. (Greek schoinos, a rush, and lirion, a lily.) Outer bulb-coat fibrous; perianth segments linear-oblong

X. 5 .

album.

Outer bulb-coat membranous; perianth segments lanceolate 2. bracteosum. 1. S. Album Dur. Scape % to 5 f t . high; leaves flat, V2 to 2 f t . long, 2 to 6 lines wide; perianth white, tinged or tipped with green, pink or lilac, its segments linear-oblong, obtuse, 2% to 3 lines long; stamens about equaling the p e r i a n t h ; ovary slightly 6-lobed; style slightly 3-cleft; capsule globoseovate, 3 lines long.—Mt. swamps, n. Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Plumas Co. to Mt. Shasta, thence sw. to Mendocino Co.; 3500 to 7000 f t . ; s. Ore. Apr.-July. 2. S. bractedsum (Wats.) Jepson. H a b i t similar to S. album; perianth segments dull white, lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long, the stamens

LILT

215

FAMILY

about half as long.—Bogs and stream banks, n. boundary of Del Norte Co. and adjacent Ore. 11. CAMASSIA Lindl. Stem slender, scapose, arising from a tunieated bulb, the linear leaves basal. Flowers dark blue or nearly white, in a simple raceme. Bracts scarious. Pedicels jointed at the summit. Perianth segments 6, distinct, oblanceolate, nerved, somewhat spreading. Stamens 6, on the base of the perianth, shorter than the segments. Style filiform, slightly 3-cleft at apex, the lower part persistent. Capsule 3-lobed, loculieidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cell. (Quamash or camass, the name used by the northwest Indians.) Perianth segments 3 or sometimes 5-nerved; buds gibbous on one side Perianth segments usually S (or 7 to 9)-nerved; buds not gibbous

1. 0. 2. 0.

quamash. leichtlinii.

1. C. quimash (Pursh) Greene. CAMASS. Scape stoutish, 1 to ft. high; raceme 5 to 25-flowered; flowers dark blue, rarely white; perianth segments unequal, spreading unequally in 2 sets of 3 each, nearly 6 to 10 lines long, each twisted separately after blooming; capsule obtusely angled, its valves pinnately veined.—Wet meadows or wet bottoms, Sierra Nevada, 4500 to 6500 ft.; high North Coast Banges.; n. to B. C. and e. to Utah. 2. C. leichtlinii (Baker) Wats. Similar to C. quamash; flowers dark blue to cream color; perianth segments 10 to 12 lines long, spreading regularly in a perfect star, withering and twisting over the capsule like a bon-bon, at length deciduous as a whole; capsule oblong-obovate, slightly notched at apex, its valves closely veined horizontally.—Wet flats or grassy plains, Marin and Napa Cos. to Humboldt Co., and e. to Sierra Co.; n. to B. C. 12. CHLORdGALUM Kunth. Stem from a tunieated bulb, often tall, almost leafless, ending in a panicle of racemose branches. Leaves of the basal tuft long-linear. Bracts small and scarious. Pedicels jointed at the summit. Perianth white, purple or pinkish, persistent and at length twisted over the ovary; segments 6, distinct, spreading, ribbon-like, with 3 distinct but closely approximate nerves down the middle. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the segments and inserted on their bases. Style long-filiform, slightly 3-cleft at apex. Capsule broadly turbinate, 3-lobed, loculicidal, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell. (Greek chloros, green, and gala, milk or juice.) Perianth segments rotate-spreading, 8 to 10 lines long; bulb with a heavy coat of coarse fibers; leaves Vz to in. broad; pedicels 3 lines long or more 1. O. pomeridianum. Perianth segments somewhat spreading from above the base, 3 to 5 lines long; bulb with a membranous coat; leaves % in. wide or less. Pedicels shorter than the perianth; flowers white or pinkish. Flowers white with yellowish-green lines; style included; ovary on a short s t i p e . . 2. O. angustifolium. Flowers white with rose-colored midnerve or pinkish; style exserted as ovary matures; ovary sessile 3. C. parviflorum. Pedicels as long or longer than the perianth; flowers blue or purplish; ovary sessile • . 4 . O. purpureum.

1. C. pdmeridiElnum (Ker) Kunth. SOAP PLANT. Plants 2 to 10 ft. high, with ample spreading panicle; bulb 3 to 4 in. long and 1 Ys to 2 in. thick with a very dense coat of coarse brown fibers; basal leaves numerous, % to 2 % ft. long, % to IV2 in. broad, carinate, strongly undulate; pedicels slender, about 3 to 6 lines long; perianth segments linear, 8 to 10 lines long, white, purpleveined, spreading widely; capsule 3 lines long, the valves pinnately nerved.— Dry open low hills and plains, Sierra Nevada foothills, Great Valley, Coast Eanges, s. to cismontane S. Cal. and n. to s. Ore. Absent from the Colorado and Mohave deserts and the arid region e. of the Sierra Nevada, and from the Redwood belt. July-Aug. 2. C. angustifdlium Kell. Plants 1 Ys to 2 ft. high; bulb-coats membranous, light reddish-brown; basal leaves 4 to 12 in. long, 1 to 2 or 3 lines broad, becoming revolute; panicle with few ascending branches; pedicels about 2 lines long; perianth funnelform-campanulate, the segments oblong-linear, 4 to 5 lines long, white with yellowish-green veins; ovary on a short stipe.—Lower

216

LILIACEAE

foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Co. n. to Shasta Co., thence s. in the inner Coast Range to Mendocino Co. 3. C. parvifldrum Wats. Plants 1 to 2 f t . high; bulb 1 in. in diameter; basal leaves grass-like (2 to 3 lines b r o a d ) ; pedicels short, 1 or rarely 2 lines long; flowers pinkish or white with rose-colored midnerve; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, spreading from above the base, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long; style exserted as ovary matures; ovary broad and obtuse, sessile.— Cismontane S. Cal. in Riverside and San Diego Cos., from the coast inland 24 to 35 miles. 4. 0. purpureum Brandegee. Plants 14 to 20 in. high; bulbs light-colored, ovoid, % to 1 in. in diameter; basal leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 2 lines wide, undulate; pedicels as long or longer than the (3 lines l o n g ) perianth; perianth segments spreading from above the base, oblong-ovate, blue or purplish with 3 darker midveins; stamens about equaling the segments; style sometimes slightly exserted in old flowers; ovary sessile.—W. Monterey Co. June. 13. A L L I U M L . WILD ONION Stem scapose, from a tunicated or sometimes rhizome-like bulb or from a corm, with basal leaves, and bearing an umbel or head of flowers subtended by 2 or 3 thin whitish or scarious bracts. Herbage with the characteristic taste and odor of onions. Leaves narrow and plane, or convolute-filiform or terete. Perianth of 6 distinct or nearly distinct equal 1-nerved segments, campanulate or spreading. Stamens inserted on the base of the segments; filaments often dilated below. Ovules 2 (rarely several) in each cell; style filiform, persistent; stigma simple or 3-parted. Capsule obovate or globose, obtusely 3-lobed, often crested; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, black, wrinkled. (Ancient Latin name of garlic.) A.

Scape terete; leaves 1 to several, linear, filiform or terete. 1. Plants

with rootstocks

and bulbs (corms in no. 3 and no. 2 0 ) .

Rootstock crowned by the bulb, more or less persistent; bulb narrowly oblong or elongated ovoid, heavily sheathed with the bases of several leaves. Scapes IV2 to 3 ft. high; bulbs white or light-colored, narrowly oblong, V2 to 1*4 in. broad 1. A . validum. Scapes 8 to 12 in. high; bulbs generally deep red, elongated ovoid, Vfc to % in. broad 2. A . haematochiton. Rootstock slender, horizontal, bearing terminally one or f e w corms and giving rise to an erect scape; corm short-ovoid or round 3. A . unifolium. 2. Plants

without

rootstocks;

bulb ovoid or globose;

leaves deciduous

above outer

bulb-coats.

Bulb-coats with indistinct reticulation or none. Leaves terete or sub-terete, solid; ovary crests conspicuous. 4. A . intactum. Scapes 12 to 20 in. h i g h ; bulbs pinkish; leaves 1 or 2 Scapes 2 to 8 in. h i g h ; bulbs reddish-brown; leaf solitary. Leaves not coiled at tip; S. Cal. Perianth segments lanceolate-attenuate; ovary crests emarginate 5. A . parry*. Perianth segments ovate-lanceolate; ovary crests more or less fimbriate. Scapes mostly 6lender; perianth segments 3 to 5 lines long, usually recurved at tip, sometimes spreading; mostly of the desert slopes 6. A . fimbriatum. Scapes stout; perianth segments closely erect, straight at tip, 6 to 7 lines l o n g ; high San Gabriel Mts 7. A . peirsonii. Leaves coiled at t i p ; east side of the Sierra Nevada 8. A . atrorubens. Leaves plane. Scapes 4 to 15 in. h i g h ; ovary crests conspicuous; perianth segments broadly ovate to lanceolate. Flowers 5 to 6 lines l o n g ; ovary crests twice as long as the ovary 9. A . anserinum. Flowers 3 to 4 lines l o n g ; ovary crests shorter than the ovary. Perianth segments acuminate, rose-color. Scapes solitary 10. A . campanulatum. Scapes commonly in pairs 11. A . bisceptrum. Perianth segments acute, pinkish to white 12. A . sanbornii. Scapes % to 2 % in. h i g h ; ovary crests evident to obscure; perianth segments lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acuminate. Stamens shorter than the perianth; Sierra Nevada 13. A . tribracteatum. Stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; S. Cal 14. A . burlewii. Bulb-coats with distinct reticulation. Reticulation of bulb-coats undulate-horizontal. Leaves 2 ; bulbs g r a y ; ovary without crests 15. A . hyalinum. Leaves several; bulbs deep r e d ; ovary broadly crested 16. A . amplectens.

LILY

FAMILY

217

R e t i c u l a t i o n of bulb-coatB close, s t r o n g l y s e r r a t e - h o r i z o n t a l . Ovary crests minute, central. O u t e r p e r i a n t h s e g m e n t s only slightly w i d e r t h a n t h e i n n e r . P e r i a n t h commonly p i n k ; pedicels equal, % to Vi in. l o n g ; i n t e r i o r . . . . 17. A. » e r r a t u m . P e r i a n t h r o s e - p u r p l e ; pedicels u n e q u a l , y to 1 in. broad; flowers numerous, rose-color with tips pale greenish tinged, 4 to 7 lines long, on pedicels approximately 1 in. long; segments lanceolate, very narrowly longacuminate; stamens conspicuously exserted; ovary lobes rounded, not crested. —High valleys, Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Modoc Co. 24. A. anceps Kell. Scape 5 to 6 in. high, 1 to IV2 lines broad; bulb-coats faintly and transversely rectangular-reticulated; leaves somewhat falcate, 1 % to 2 % lines broad; flowers numerous, pale rose-color without dark midveins, 3 to 4 lines long, on pedicels 6 to 8 lines long; segments oblong or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, only slightly or not at all exceeding the stamens; ovary cells with a thin curving ridge at summit which is truncatish or notched above.—E. of the Sierra Nevada crest from Sierra Co. n. to Ore., e. to w. Nev. Var. LEMM6NII Jepson. Perianth segments shortly lanceolate-acuminate, 2 % to 3 lines long; ovary cells with 2 low narrow parallel or somewhat sinuous ridges; stigma undivided.—N. Sierra Nevada. 25. A. modoc£nse Jepson. Scape flattened, 1% to 2 (or 4) in. high, prominently nerved, the 1 or 2 leaves twice as high; reticulation of the bulb-coat none or faintly and transversely quadratish; umbel 20 to 30-flowered, the

222

LILIACEAE

pedicels 6 to 8 lines long; bracts 2; perianth segments white with broad pink midveins, oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 7 lines long; filaments % as long as the segments, adnate by the lower % and united by the dilated bases into a low but distinct cup; ovary cells with 2 low thin ridges confluent above and thus forming a single curved obtuse crest.—Gravelly soil, 5000 to 7000 f t . : Modoc Co. 26. A. falcifolium H. & A. Fig. 253. Scape 2 to 3 or 4 in. high, conspicuously flattened (1 to 3 lines broad) and 2winged, at least above; bulb-coats not reticulated; leaves 3 to 5 lines broad; bracts 2, nearly or quite as long as the flowers; flowers rose-colored, the lanceolate segments acute and erect or attenuate and slightly spreading above, often very minutely glandular-serrate, 4 to 7 lines long; stamens % to % the length of the segments; ovary 3-lobed, the lobes creased down the middle and produced above into narrow slightly toothed crests. —Shallow soil on rock rifts or ledges: North Coast Ranges from Napa Co. to Siskiyou Co., 1500 to 6500 ft.; n. to Ore. "Var. DEMissuM Jepson. Plants small, 1 to 2 in. high; leaves 2, greatly exceeding the scape; bracts 2; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; flowers small, 3 lines long, deep red purple—High montane, loose rocky soil, 6000 to 8000 ft., w. Siskiyou Co. 27. A. briweri Wats. Fig. 254. Very close to A. falcifolium but smaller; scape not 2-winged; leaves two, 2 to 5 lines broad; bracts 2, little exceeding the pedicels; umbel compact, the pedicels 4 to 7 lines long; perianth light rose color, its segments 5 to 6 lines long, mostly erect; stamens % as long as the segments; ovary crests consisting of a curved ridge, the apex of the crest or curved ridge short and ' ' entire'' or minutely denticulate.—Mountain summits of the Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and Santa Cruz ranges, 3500 to 4200 ft. 14. MUlLLA Wats. Like Allium, but the herbage without the taste or odor of onions. Scape from a fibro-membranous coated corm and bearing an umbel subtended by 3 acuminate searious bracts, which are distinct even in the bud, or slightly connate and overlapping at the base; pedicels not jointed at the summit, but subtended by small unequal membranous bractlets. Leaves very narrow, flat to terete. Flowers greenish or yellowishwhite. Perianth sub-rotate, persistent, of 6 nearly equal segments; segments slightly united at base, oblong, with a dark 2-nerved mid-rib (alternate segments occasionally 3-nerved). Stamens inserted near the base. Ovules 8 to 10 in each cell; style clavate, persistent and at length splitting. Capsule globose, scarcely lobed, loculicidal. Seeds compressed and angled. (Anagram of Allium.) Filaments filiform or subulate. Perianth without glands Inner perianth segments with pit-like glands Filaments greatly dilated, retuse at apex

1. M. maritima. 2. M. serotina. 3. M. coronata.

1. M. maritima (Torr.) Wats. Fig. 255a. Scape 3 to 9 (or 12) in. high, generally equal to or a little taller than the narrowly linear almost terete leaves; umbel 4 to 12-flowered; pedicels unequal, % to 1 in. long; perianth segments 2 to 3 lines long, acute to obtuse, the inner generally wider, with broad thickened brownish midnerve and thin greenish-white margins; fila-

LILY

FAMILY

223

menta filiform to s u b u l a t e ; a n t h e r s yellow or lurid purple.—Alkaline fields, Sacramento Valley and M a r i n Co. to S. Cal. 2. M. serótina Greene. Scape 14 to 20 in. h i g h ; leaves f e w e r ; umbel 10 to 20 (or 40)-flowered; peria n t h dull white, with v e r y broad green veins to t h e segments.—Half-open f o o t h i l l s : upper San J o a q u i n Valley; more common in t h e mts. or t o w a r d s t h e interior of S. Cal. 3. M. coronáta Greene. K g . 255b. Scape 1% to 2 in. h i g h ; p e r i a n t h segments with n a r r o w w h i t e scarious b o r d e r ; filaments hyaline, broadly oblong, retuse a t summit, t h e a n t h e r on a short inflexed slender cusp arising f r o m t h e notch.—Antelope Valley, w. Mohave Desert. 2 5 5 . a, Muilla marítima W a t s . ; stamen x 1 6 ; b, 15. B L O O M É R I A Kell. M. coronata Greene, Stem scapose, f r o m a fibrous-coated corm. Leaves stamen x 16. linear, carínate. Umbel w i t h m a n y yellow flowers; pedicels j o i n t e d a t t h e summit and subtended by membranous bracts. P e r i a n t h persistent, of 6 n e a r l y equal distinct segments. S t a m e n s 6, inserted on t h e base of and r a t h e r s h o r t e r t h a n t h e segments; filaments filiform, margined a t base by wing-like appendages. Capsule subglobose; seeds 2 to several in each cell, a n g u l a r and w r i n k l e d ; style 1, persistent and s p l i t t i n g w i t h t h e loculicidal capsule. ( H . G. Bloomer, a pioneer b o t a n i s t of San Francisco.) Stamen appendages papillose; style as long or longer than the ovary Stamen appendages smooth, fleshy; style shorter than the ovary

1. B. crecea. 2. B. clevelandii.

1. B. crdcea ( T o r r . ) Cov. GOLDEN BLOOMERIA. Scape 6 to 1 4 in. high, minutely scabrous; leaves 2, 2 to 3 lines wide, one of t h e m as long as t h e scape; pedicels 30 to 50, 1% to 2 in. long; b r a c t s several, subulate-lanceolate; peria n t h segments orange-yellow, linear-oblong, sub-rotate, 5 to 6 lines long, striped w i t h 2 closely parallel d a r k lines; lower % or V? of t h e stamen appendages a d n a t e to t h e p e r i a n t h , t h e upper f r e e portion ending in a nectarb e a r i n g o f t e n bicuspidate cup b e a r i n g t h e filament; capsule nearly 3 lines long.—South Coast Ranges, e. to t h e Sierra N e v a d a of K e r n Co. and s. to coastal S. Cal. May-June. 2. B. clevelándii W a t s . Scape stout, 3 to 12 in. high; leaves several, narrow (1 line wide or l e s s ) ; pedicels 20 to 30, slender, 1 to l 1 /* in. long; inner flowers of t h e umbel m a t u r i n g slowly; p e r i a n t h segments yellow with a green stripe, linear-elliptic, 3 to 4 lines long; stamen appendages oblong, entire, obtuse a t t h e summit, a d n a t e to t h e p e r i a n t h segments, only 1/5 t h e i r l e n g t h ; capsule 2 to 2 % lines long.—Mesas, San Diego.

16. B B O D I A É A Sm. Stem scapose, arising f r o m a corm, erect and s t r a i g h t , or sometimes elong a t e d and t w i n i n g . Leaves mostly f e w and grass-like. Flowers in a loose or c a p i t a t e umbel. Pedicels jointed b e n e a t h t h e p e r i a n t h . P e r i a n t h - t u b e various. Stamens 6, or t h e a l t e r n a t e stamens replaced b y dilated sterile filaments or staminodia. F i l a m e n t s slender or more f r e q u e n t l y winged and produced beyond t h e a n t h e r in t h e f o r m of t h i n appendages. Ovary on a short stipe or sessile. Capsule loculicidal, b e a k e d by t h e style which splits w i t h t h e valves. ( J a m e s Brodie, Scotch b o t a n i s t . ) A. Umbels loose; stamens 6; anthers versatile (basifixed in no. 7), ovate or ovate-lanceolate; ovary on a long or short stipe; pedicels nearly equal, rather lax; corms somewhat flattened; leaves y 4 to l / 2 in. wide (except n o . 4 ) . — S u b g e n u s TRITELIA. Filaments filiform. Flowers commonly blue or purple, sometimes pale or nearly w h i t e ; ovary on a long slender stipe. Pedicels 1 to 1 Ms times the perianth. Stamens in one r o w ; filaments deltoid: restricted range 1. B. bridgesii. Stamens in 2 r o w s ; filaments not deltoid; mostly adobe or clay fields and hillsides, common and widely distributed 2. B. laxa.

224

LILIACEAE Pedicels 3 to 6 times the perianth; low wet ground mostly near the coast 3. B. peduncularis.

Flowers yellow; ovary equaling or longer than the stipe. Filaments long, slender, sub-equal; leaves 1 to 2 lines wide Filaments short, about equaling anthers, in 2 rows; leaves

4. B. gracilis. to Vz in. wide. . . 5. B. crocea.

Filaments dilated. Flowers yellow; filaments forked at apex, the anther borne on a cusp in the middle of the notch 6. B. ixioides. Flowers white; filaments with broadly triangular and slightly united bases 7. B. hyacinthina. B.

U m b e l s l o o s e o r m a i n l y s o ; s t a m e n s 3, a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h s t a m i n o d i a ; a n t h e r s b a s i f i x e d , s a g i t t a t e ; p e d i c e l s v e r y u n e q u a l , firm; flowers b l u e to violet-purple or rose-color; corms not flattened; o v a r y short-stipit a t e ; l e a v e s n a r r o w l y l i n e a r t o t e r e t e . — S u b g e n u s HOOKERA.

Scapes almost wholly subterranean, the umbel sessile on the ground; staminodia yellowish. 8. B. terrestris. Scapes 3 to 20 in. high; staminodia white or purple. Perianth segments linear, rotate, nearly twice as long as the tube; throat of tube strongly constricted; staminodia purple 9. B. minor. Perianth segments oblong, 1 to 1 times as long as the tube; throat of tube little or not at all constricted; staminodia white. Filaments winged on each side with an appendage half as long as the anthers. . . 10. B. 8tellaris. Filaments not winged. Flowers rose-red; staminodia hugging the approximate anthers; filaments rosea. with a wing on the back 11. B. Flowers blue; anthers approximate in center around style; filaments not winged. Staminodia erect or spreading. Staminodia oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute; scape stout, 7 to 20 in. high 12. B. coronaria. Staminodia scale-like, triangular, acuminate; scape &lender, 4 to 12 in. high 13. B. filifolia. Staminodia approximate in center. Staminodia plane, about half as long as the spreading or recurving perianth segments 14. B. synandra. Staminodia involute, nearly as long as the erect perianth segments. 15. B. californica. C.

U m b e l s c a p i t a t e or c o n g e s t e d ; a n t h e r s basifixed, n e a r l y sessile; staminodia a l w a y s p r e s e n t ; perianth-tube m o r e or less inflated and angular, or s a c c a t e ; o v a r y sessile or s h o r t - s t i p i t a t e ; l e a v e s l i n e a r . — S u b g e n u s DICHELOSTEMMA.

Stamens 6 ; inner filaments with 2 lanceolate appendages extended beyond the anthers; bracts elliptic, acute, very conspicuous, of a deep violet-purple or metallic color; capsule sessile 16. B. capitata. Stamens commonly 3 ; bracts acuminate, not so conspicuous. Flowers blue-purple; staminodia petaloid; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; umbel capitate; capsule sessile. Staminodia deeply parted with a minute cusp or reduced filament in the notch; umbel more or less produced into a short dense raceme. 17. B. pulchella. Staminodia entire, forming a corona; umbel not produced-racemose 18. B. multiflora. Flowers rose-red; pedicels % to l 1 /^ in. long; umbel less capitate; capsule triangularovate, acuminate, on a short stipe. Staminodia anther-like; perianth 6 to 8 lines long, rose-red or pinkish; flowers erect or nearly so; scape twining 19. B. volubilis. Staminodia broadly deltoid, forming a conspicuous corona; perianth 1 to 1 % in. long; flowers pendulous. Perianth-tube scarlet, its segments chrome-green 2 0 . B. ida-maia. Perianth wholly rose-purple 2 1 . B. venusta. 1 . B . b r i d g d s i i W a t s . S t e m s l o w ( 5 t o 9 i n . h i g h ) ; flowers p a l e l i l a c , a g i n g bluish; perianth-tube long and very attenuate at base; filaments in 1 row, deltoid at b a s e ; ovary stipe 8 % to 1 0 % lines long.—Open woods, interior of H u m b o l d t C o . t o S h a s t a C o . a n d s. t o M a r i p o s a C o . , 5 0 0 t o 3 0 0 0 f t . ; a l s o i n s. O r e . V e r y s i m i l a r t o B . l a x a . 2 . B . l a x a ( B e n t h . ) W a t s . GRASS NUT. F i g . 2 5 6 . S c a p e 1 t o 2 y 4 f t . h i g h , r i g i d a n d s t o u t i s h , f r o m a u s u a l l y d e e p - s e a t e d e d i b l e c o r m ; u m b e l 8 t o 48flowered; pedicels 1 or m o s t l y 2 to 3 % in. l o n g ; p e r i a n t h violet-purple, rarely w h i t e , 1^4 t o 1 % in. l o n g , f u n n e l f o r m , c l a v a t e a t b a s e , i t s s e g m e n t s s h o r t e r t h a n t h e t u b e ; s t a m e n s 6, a l l a n t h e r - b e a r i n g ; f i l a m e n t s i n s e r t e d i n 2 r o w s h i g h on t h e p e r i a n t h - t u b e , 2 lines l o n g ; a n t h e r s o v a t e - l a n c e o l a t e w i t h a 2-lobed

LILY FAMILY

225

base, 1 Ys lines long; ovary on a slender stipe % to % in. long. — Showy and beautiful s p e e i es, common in a d o b e fields or on adobe h i l l s i d e s : Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz a n d S a n t a C l a r a Cos. n. to Humboldt and Tehama Cos., thence s. in t h e Sierra N e v a d a foothills (500 to 4600 f t . ) to T u l a r e Co. Apr.June. Very variable in stature, size of umbels and color of flowers. Called Wally-B a s k e t i n Tuolumne Co. Ithuriel's S p e a r is a parlor name. Var. CÀNDIDA Jepson. Pedicels a b r u p tly bent at summit so t h a t the flowers all face horizontally in one direction; flowers white, sometimes blue.—Sierra Nevada foothills, Fresno Co. to Kern Co. Var. N Ì M I A Jepson n. var. Flowers 9 to 11 lines long, intense or deep blue; ovary very long-stiped.—Marin coast (Jepson 567, t y p e ) . Var. TRÀCYI Jepson n. var. Flowers blue, 1% to lYi in. long, the perianth very narrow at base (almost stipe-like).—Humboldt coast (Big Lagoon, Tracy, Jepson 9412a, type). 3. B. pedunculàrls (Lindi.) Wats. Scape erect, 1% to 3 f t . high; umbel 3 to 15-flowered, the pedicels slender, 2Yz to 4 or even 7 in. long; perianth pale rose-purple or white, 6 to 9 lines long, the segments longer than the tube, widely-spreading, an indigo band on the back; ovary yellow, its stipe 1 Y> to 3 lines long.—Low wet ground, mostly near the coast; Marin Co. to Humboldt Co., e. to Lake Co. June-July. 4. B. gràcilis Wats. Scape 2 to 10 in. high; leaves narrow (1 to 2 lines w i d e ) ; bracts short, lanceolate; umbel 13 to 29-flowered; flowers dull or saffron yellow, 5 to 7 lines long, on pedicels 4 to 10 lines long; perianth segments with a brown streak outside, the narrow tube equaling or shorter than the segments; anthers blue, very small; filaments slender,elongated, sub-equal; ovary ovate, equaling stipe. — Granite sand spots on domes and granite ridges: Sierra Nevada, Mariposa and Tuolumne Cos. and Plumas Co., 8000 to 9000 f t . 5. B. cròcea (Wood) Wats. Fig. 257. Scape 4 to 12 in. high; leaves 2 to 6 lines broad; bracts linear, elongated; umbels 4 to 8 or 15flowered; flowers golden or bright yellow, 7 to 9 lines long, on pedicels 3 to 9 lines long, the segments a little longer t h a n the turbinate tube; filaments nearly 257. Brodiaea crocea Wats. ; opened fl. x 2%.

226

LILIACEAE

equaling anthers, in 2 rows; ovary obovate, shorter than the stipe, its angles with a very narrow band of short hairs or scales.—W. Siskyiou Co. and Del N o r t e Co., 5 0 0 0 t o 7 0 0 0 f t .

6. B. ixioides (Ait. f.) Wats. GOLDEN BRODIAEA. Fig. 258. Scape y2 to 1 % ft. high, usually scabrous; leaves 2, 7 to 14 in. long; umbel 16 to 40flowered; pedicels % or mostly 1 to 4 in. long; flowers 6 to 9 (or 11) lines long, salmon-yellow, with a conspicuous black-purple vein on the outside running from the apex to the base of each segment; stamens yellow, alternately long and short, the filaments winged, slenderly 2-forked at the summit, the oblong anthers on a cusp in the notch; forks of the filament a little

258. Brodiaea ixioides Wats.; i , 1 . i 1 ; t , opened fl. x 2.

exceeding or somewhat shorter than the anthers.—Higher foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Kern Co., 1300 to 5000 ft., common and often abundant; also in Monterey and San Benito Cos. and Tehama Co. Var. LTRGENS Jepson. Generally smaller and more slender; perianth 5 to 6 lines long, its tube dark brown, approaching black; filaments broadly winged, merely emarginate or retuse at apex, the alternate ones triangular-acuminate; anthers white or blue.-—Sandy slopes, Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 8000 ft.; North Coast Ranges, towards the interior, 2400 ft.; Waterman Mt., San Gabriel Mts., 6100 ft. 7. B. hyacinthlna (Lindl.) Baker. WHITE BRODIAEA. Fig. 259. Scape 1 to 1% ft. high; umbel 10 to 40-flowered; pedicels % to 2 in. long; perianth open-campanulate, cleft below the middle, white or bluish white with green mid-veins, 5 to 7 lines long; filaments with broadly triangular and slightly united bases, attenuate above and tipped with an anther % line long; ovary short-stipitate, with 3 glandular pits toward the summit.—Common in low moist places: Sierra Nevada, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; 11. to Vancouver Isl. 8. B. terrestris Kell. Scape very short, scarcely or not at all rising above the surface of the ground; umbel 2 to 10 (or 20)-flowered, its pedicels slender, 3 to 8 in. long; perianth purple, 8 to 10 lines long, the limb rotate; anthers slightly longer than the filaments and shorter than the staminodia, these yellowish, erect, emarginate and with revolute edges. — Often in sandy soil, San Diego Co. to Humboldt Co., and near the coast, especially n.

259. Brodiaea hyacinthina B a k e r ; a, infl. x % ; b, opened fl. x 1%.

LILY

FAMILY

227

9. B. minor Wats. Scape 4 to 10 in. high; umbels 4 to 10-flowered, the pedicels % to 1 in. long, tending to spread horizontally a f t e r anthesis; perianth segments narrow (1 to 1 % lines broad), nearly twice as long as the tube, the throat constricted or very narrow above the ovary; staminodia purple, exceeding or equaling the stamens, 3-toothed at apex; anthers shortly cleft a t apex.—N. Sierra Nevada from Butte Co. to Eldorado Co. 10. B. stellàris Wats. Scape very short (2 to 6 in. high) and pedicels long (1 YÌ to 4 i n . ) ; corm flat, without offsets; umbel 3 to 6-flowered; perianth 6 to 9 lines long, the greenish narrow tube nearly equaling the deeppurple rather narrow segments; anthers subsessile, 1 to 1% lines long, deeply cleft a t base and apex, shorter t h a n t h e staminodia, the short filaments bearing two appendages or linear-oblong wings standing directly behind and % to % as long as the anthers; staminodia large, conspicuously white, retuse, apparently erect and not approximate around the style.— Mendocino Range (w. of Ukiah). 11. B. ròsea (Greene) Baker. Fig. 260. Scape slender, 3 to 5 in. high; b u l b depressed ovate with heavily fibrous coat, 6 to 12 l i n e s broad; umbel 3 to 6 (or 10)flowered, its pedicels % to 1 in. long; perianth 10 lines long, flesh pink (becoming rose-pink in age or in drying), the c b a mid veins darker; peri2 6 0 . B r o d i a e a r o s e a B a k e r ; a , inside of fl.; b. s t a m e n anth segments oblong(side view) ; c, s t a m e n ( d o r s a l v i e w ) ; d, pistil, x 2. ovate, acute; filaments narrow but backed by a deltoid-dilated wing; anthers hugging the style, deeply and narrowly notched both at base and apex; staminodia long-oblong, notched at the acutish apex, exceeding the anthers and closely approximate about them by their strongly involute margins.—Ne. Lake Co. (Indian Valley), on serpentine rocks. 12. B. coronària (Salisb.) Jepson. HARVEST BEODIAEA. Fig. 261. Scape stout, (5 or) 7 to 20 in. high; umbel 3 to 11-flowered, its pedicels 1 to 3% in. long; perianth violet-purple, 1% to 1% in. long; segments narrowly oblong, longer t h a n the tube, in age withering and becoming caudate; anthers 4 to 5 l i n e s long, exc e e d i n g or at l e a s t equaling the oblong-lanceolate mostly acute staminodia; staminod i a erect, t h e anthers approximate in center around s t y l e ; ovary with strongly developed angles or shoulders.— Common on rolling plains, i n the

228

LILIACEAE

foothills and mts., Coast Banges and Sierra foothills, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, s. to cismontane S. Cal.; n. to Vancouver Isl., flowering in May and early J u n e at the time of the hay harvest when the hills and fields are turning brown. Altitude 200 to 2500 f t . , or up to 4500, or even 8000 f t . towards the s. Rarely occurs near the coast. Var. MIJNDULA Jepson. F i f t e e n to 18 in. high; pedicels 3 to 6 or 8 lines long; umbels compact.—Soulsbyville, Tuolumne Co. 13. B. filifdlia Wats. Scape 4 to 12 in. high, rather slender, especially when several arise from 1 corm; perianth dark blue, segments Totate; anthers sessile, nearly twice as long as the scale-like triangular narrowly acuminate staminodia.—San Bernardino Valley and foothills. Var. ORCUTTII Jepson. Perianth violet to rose-purple; anthers generally longer t h a n the filaments; staminodia absent, or very short, triangular and mostly adnate.—San Diego Co. 14. B. synandra (Hel.) Jepson. Fig. 262. Scape slender, 3 to 8 in. high; umbel 2 to 5-flowered; its pedicels 1 to 2y 2 in. long; perianth blue, 7 to 12 lines long, its tube oblong or even slightly inflated, 4 to 5 lines long, the segments 1 to 2 lines longer, rotately spreading or often strongly recurved, each with a mid-vein, green on back and running dawn to base of perianth; anthers 2 to 2% lines long, standing close around the style; staminodia broadly ligulate or with somewhat involute margins, commonly 3toothed a t apex, usually closely covering the anthers and Jepson; long. sect, thus closing the t h r o a t ; ovary with weakly developed perianth x 1. shoulders.—Dry adobe or clay soil, often on gravelly or alkaline plains and low hills, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, Sierra Nevada foothills and Coast Ranges, s. to cismontane S. Cal. and n. to Ore. Altitude 200 to 2500 f t . , sometimes occurring up to 3500 or 7000 f t . , especially s. Not reported from Humboldt and Mendocino Cos. The anthers have an open or U-shaped notch at apex; in B. coronaria the anthers are merely cleft at apex. Var. i N S f G N i s Jepson. Staminodia straw-color or whitish, ovatelanceolate, 3Y2 to 4 lines long, longer t h a n the stamens, and as long as the perianth-tube.—Shepherd Cove, Sequoia P a r k . 15. B. califdrnica Lindl. Slender, 4 to 12 in. high; umbels 2 to 4-fiowered (sometimes as few as 1 or as many as 12-flowered); perianth violet-purple, 1 to 1% in. long, the tube % as long; band on back of segments yellowish-green; anthers long, approximate in center on filaments as long, and closely invested by the staminodia; staminodia white, involute, obtuse, shortly cleft, very slightly surpassing the anthers, commonly both very long, nearly as long as the perianth. — Alkaline flats: Sonoma and Napa Cos.; Sacramento Valley (Cana, Butte Co.) 16.

B. c a p i t a t a

Benth.

BLUE DICKS.

Fig.

263. Scape erect, y, to 1% (or 2) f t . high, ending in a head-like umbel of 4 to 10 flowers, with about 4 dark purple or metallic bracts; flowers blue, 5 to 8 lines long; perianth segments elliptic-ovate, obtuse, a little longer than the tube; stamens with anthers 6; filaments opposite the inner perianth segments with a broad membranous wing extended beyond the anthers as two lanceolate appendages; stamens opposite outer perianth segments with filaments dilated toward the base only, their anthers less than % the size of those of the other set; appendages convergent

LILY

FAMILY

229

or connivent, forming a corona and more or less concealing the anthers.—Very common on hillsides and plains through the Coast Ranges, Great Valley, Sierra Nevada foothills and S. Cal. Not in the higher mountains, and rare in, though not wholly absent from, the deserts. S. Ore., Ariz., L. Cal. 17. B. pulchella (Salisb.) Greene. OOKOW. Fig. 264. Scape 2 to 3% (or even 5) f t . high, often flexuous; umbel appearing capitate but really short-racemose, 6 to 16-flowered, subtended by 3 to 5 ovate subacuminate bracts; flowers lavenderpurple or blue-purple, 7 to 8 lines long, in a dense head; perianth segments spreading, oblong, shorter or longer t h a n the tube, which is slightly constricted at apex; anthers 3, sessile, the short fila264. B . pulchella Greene; ments adnate to the corolla; staminodia petaloid, a, long. sect, perianth; deeply cleft, surpassing the anthers, commonly b, anther, x 2. bearing a short wholly sterile filament in the notch. —Open hills in the Coast Ranges, Alameda Co. to Humboldt Co., thence e. to Shasta Co.; n. to Wash. Common in Humboldt Co., mostly infrequent in Alameda Co. Flowers later t h a n B. capitata. 18. B. multiflora Benth. Scape 8 to 24 in. high, somewhat scabrous; umbel capitate, not produced, 8 to 24-flowered; flowers light purple; perianth-tube constricted upwards; staminodia entire, broad, obtuse, involute-cylindric, equaling or exceeding the anthers; stamens 3, rarely 6 in retarded flowers.— Sierra Nevada foothills, 500 to 3500 f t . , from Mariposa Co. n. to Shasta Co., thence s. in the Coast Ranges to Humboldt Co.; Ore. June. 19. B. volubilis (Kell.) Baker. S N A K E L I L Y . T W I N I N G BRODIAEA. Fig. 265. Scape roughish, 2 or 3 f t . high and lax, or twining over bushes and attaining a height of 7 or 8 f t . ; leaves 1 or 1 y-i to 2% f t . long, 4 to 6 lines broad, carinate; umbel short and dense, 18 to 30flowered; pedicels V2 to 1 in. long; perianth rose-red or pinkish, 6 to 8 lines long; tube 3 to 4 lines long and broad, 6-angled, the angles produced into sacs somewhat above the middle; segments rotate, their tips recurved; stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner segments, their filaments short, with lanceolate appendages nearly or quite as long as the anthers; staminodia 3' opposite the outer segments, ligulate, emarginate. — Mostly open-brush slopes, 500 to 2500 f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills from Butte Co. to Tulare Co.; i n n e r Coast Ranges from Napa Co. to Lake Co. 20.

B.

lda-maia

(Wood)

Greene.

FIRE-CRACKER

pedicels

%

PLANT.

Scape slender, erect, 1 to 3 f t . high, bearing an umbel 6 to 12 (or 23)-flowered, its to

1%

in.

long;

flowers pendulous, erect a f t e r

265.

Brodiaea volubilis B a k e r ; o, infl. x 1 ; b,

bud x 2; c, long. sect, pistil x 2.

flower-

230

LILIACEAE

anthesis; leaves linear; perianth-tube scarlet, persistent, broadly tubular, slightly 6-saccate at the truncate base, slightly constricted above, 1 to 1 in. long; segments chrome-green, short, erect or sometimes reflexed or revolute, erect in age, 2 to 3 lines long; stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner segments, their filaments very short and broad; anthers innate; staminodia 3, white; capsule triangular-ovate, acuminate, its stipe 2 or 3 lines long; seeds angular, black.—Wooded foothills and mountain slopes from Marin Co. to Shasta and Siskiyou Cos., 1000 to 4000 ft. July. A showy and curious species. 21. B. venusta (Greene) Jepson. Similar to B. ida-maia but the perianth rose-purple, constricted under the segments; staminodia pinkish, longer than the anthers.—Mendocino Range to s. Humboldt Co. 17. CAIiOCHdRTUS Pursh. MARIPOSA LILY

Stem from a membranous-coated corm. Leaves narrow, the basal solitary or rarely 2, the cauline few. Flowers showy, white, yellow, lilac or bluish, borne terminally on the stem or branches or in an umbellate fascicle. Perianth deciduous, the segments distinct and often concave. Sepals lanceolate, greenish or colored. Petals for the most part broadly cuneate-obovate and usually bearing near the base a conspicuous gland, either on the surface or depressed in an excavation or pocket. Stamens 6, on the base of the segments. Ovary triquetrous; stigmas sessile, recurved, persistent. Capsule elliptical or oblong, membranaceous, 3-angled or winged, commonly septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, somewhat flattened. —The processes, or " h a i r s " of the glands, are in each species more or less distinctive in structure, usually markedly so, and furnish reliable differentiae. These characters were first described in the author's Flora of California. (Greek kalos, beautiful, and chortos, grass, in allusion to the flowers and grass-like leaves.) A. Flowers open-campanulate, these and the capsules erect; sepals ovatelanceolate; petals 1 to 2 In. long; capsule ovoid-attenuate, or oblong to linear. 1. Gland surface

densely hairy; basal leaves stem (except in occasional a. Gland

not depressed,

1 or 2 to 4, linear, channeled, shorter dwarfs of nos. 8, 8 and 12). without

membrane

or

than

the

scales.

Hairs of gland linear, entire. Capsule ovoid-attenuate or oblong; gland oval, surrounded or surmounted by a dark blotch. Capsule oblong, obtuse, flowers cream to lilac; gland surrounded by a dark purplish maroon blotch 1. C. catalinae. Capsule ovoid, attenuate. Stems sinuous, often straggling over the ground 2. C. flexuosus. Stems straight or straightish, erect. Flowers lilac or purplish to white, reddish brown about the gland 3. O. palmeri. Flowers white or bluish-purple tinged, the petals yellow at base, a purple spot above the gland 4. O. leichtlinii. Capsule ovoid-linear or linear; petals ornately penciled or blotched; gland shape varying, oval, transverse oblong, lunate or doubly lunate. Flowers yellow, rarely white; gland transverse, lunate, broadly linear or oblong. . 5. O. lutein. Flowers creamy white to purple, rarely yellow; petals usually oculated; gland oval, roundish or quadrate 6. C. venustus. Hairs of the gland with swollen and knobbed or fungoid-stellate tips; gland circular, oval or irregularly fan-shaped; sepals broadly scarious-margined; capsule linear, dense-walled. Gland oval with definite outline or absent, its hairs with swollen stellate tips 7. C. splendens. Gland spreading with irregular outline, its hairs broadly clavate, knobbed 8. O. invenustus. b. Gland depressed,

surrounded

by a more linear,

or less continuous dense-walled.

laciniate

membrane;

capsule

Gland not circular. Gland oval, its membrane generally not continuous; petals dingy white to lurid purple, not persistent 9. C. nuttallii. Gland obcordate, its membrane continuous; petals purple-lilac, persistent until maturity of fruit 10. C. macrocarpus.

LILT FAMILY Gland circular, its membrane continuous. Flowers yellow; stems tall. Anthers reddish brown; petal hairs clavate Anthers yellow; petal hairs slender Flowers vermilion; stem very low

231

11. 0. clavatus. 12. C. concolor. 13. C. kennedyi.

2. Gland surface naked or with a few scattered hairs; gland circular to oblong, depressed in a pocket, bearing a dense border of linear hairs: hairs of the petals arising from a small dark spot, and of a different or darker hue than the main petal color; corm thickly covered with several coats of dark brown fibres; basal leaf one, broadly lanceolate-acuminate; cauline leaves broad, acuminate. Flowers orange-color to lemon-yellow; petals fringed or serrate. Petals broadly fan-shaped, the margins fringed or serrate 14. C. weedii. Petals ovate, generally black-tipped, much shorter than the sepals, the margins longfringed 15. G. obispoensis. Flowers lilac or lilac-purple; petals neither fringed nor serrate 16. C. plummerae.

B. Flowers closed-campanulate (or subglobose); flowers and capsules nodding; petals strongly incurved or arched, the gland deeply pocketed and transversely crested or bearded; basal leaf solitary. Petals yellow, the margins fimbriate; gland pocket hidden by long hairs borne in 2 or 3 more or less regular rows on the upper fold of the pocket 17. C. pulchellus. Petals white to pale pink or rose, the margins entire; gland lunate, pocketed, with 4 transverse imbricate scales 18. C. albus.

C. Flowers campanulate, erect or ascending, the capsules usually nodding; gland shallow to moderately pocketed, covered from below by a narrow fringed scale and crested above (except in C. nudus) by short hairs or scales; claw of petal below the scale often more or less glandular; basal leaf solitary, conspicuously long, surpassing the inflorescence. Petals obovate, mostly acute, hairy all over; gland proper (excluding the more or less glandular claw of petal below the scale) from moderately curved or lunate to horseshoe-shaped, but always concave on its lower margin; anthers lanceolateacute. Petals yellow, or brownish, the hairs all yellow 19. C. monophyllus. Petals white to purplish blue, the hairs on lower half usually blue, on upper half white 20. C. caeruleus. Petals fan- or wedge-shaped, truncatish or rounded, naked, or hairy only near the gland; gland proper straight or nearly so in no. 21, in nos. 22 to 24 saucer-shaped to bowl-shaped in outline and always convex on the lower margin; anthers linear to oblong (or narrowly elliptic), acute or obtuse. Petals white; capsules nodding. Petals naked; anthers linear; Sierra Nevada 21. C. nudus. Petals hairy about the gland; anthers short-oblong; Bay region. 22. C. unibdUitus. Petals lilac. Petals finely denticulate, hairy on lower third; capsules nodding.23. C. uniflorus. Petals entire, a very few scattered hairs above the gland; capsules usually erect. 24. C. greenei.

1. 0 . catalinae Wats. Stem commonly branched, 1 to 2 ft. high; sepals green, shorter than the petals; petal cuneate, longer than wide, rounded at summit, white tinged with lilac, or lilac or light purple, a large ovate purplish maroon spot at base surrounding the gland; gland oblong, covered with dark hairs; anthers obtuse, pinkish, shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide; seeds very numerous, white, thin, minutely pitted, 2 lines in diameter.—Coast of S. Cal., local from Santa Barbara Co. to Los Angeles Co., and common on the Santa Barbara Islands. Very constant in coloration. 2. C. flexuosus Wats. Stem slender, remarkably sinuous, weak, commonly straggling over the ground; sepals greenish with a deep purple spot; petals with numerous striae, truncatish at apex, deep purple (rarely white), with variable bands or spots; gland and its hairs like C. palmeri.—Chuckawalla Mts.; Death Valley region; e. to Utah. 3. C. palmeri Wats. Stems 4 to 12 in. high, slightly branched, not bulbiferous at base; sepals purplish-striated, oblong, acuminate, the tip recurving; petals broadly cuneate, rounded at apex, sometimes apiculate, purple, purplustriated, reddish-brown about the gland, sparsely white-hairy except on upper part; gland oval to oblong, densely tufted; hairs a little 4-sided, and narrowly winged at the angles; anthers oblong, obtuse.—Local in moist alkaline spots: borders of the Mohave Desert near the bases of the San Gabriel and

232

LIL1ACEAE

San Bernardino mountains. May. Var. PALUDÌCOLA Jepson & Ames. Sepals yellowish inside with conspicuous oblong brown spots; petals rose to pale pink.—Meadows, Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., 6500 f t . Var. DÙNNII Jepson & Ames. Stems 1 to 2 f t . high; sepals with white-scarious margins, sometimes with a black or reddish-brown blotch near the base; petals white with a brown transverse band crowning the gland.—Local in the interior arid mts. of San Diego Co. 4. C. leiclitlinii Hook. Fig. 266. Stem erect, varying from 2 in. to nearly 2 f t . high, with an oblong bulblet at the base; basal leaf narrowly linear, exceeding the stem only in dwarf plants; sepals smoky blue outside, inside yellowish, scarious m a r g i n e d , shorter t h a n the petals; petals o b o v a t e-cuneate, r o u n d e d at the summit, white (or less commonly purplish) with yellow base and a smoky blue or inky spot above the gland; petals % to'V/i in. long; gland small, oval, thickly covered 2 6 6 . Calochortus leiclitlinii H o o k . ; a, petal x 1 ; with yellow linear hairs and b, gland x 2 ; c, stamen x 2. with some loose hairs immediately around the gland; anthers oblong, obtuse, slightly sagittate or a f t e r dehiscence strongly so.—Common in the Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. s. t o T u l a r e Co., 5 0 0 0 t o 7 5 0 0 f t .

June-July.

C. luteus Dougl. YELLOW MARIPOSA. Fig. 267a. Stem erect, slender, often branching, Vz to 1 or 2 f t . high; bulblets inclosed within basal sheath of stem; basal leaves linear, 1 to 3 lines wide; sepals yellowish within; petals fan-shaped, as long as broad, % to 2 in. long, yellow or orange, rarely white, with or usually without a central brown blotch but with horizontal series of vertical pencilings radiating from gland to center of petal; gland transverse, broadly linear or crescent-shaped or nearly half-moon shaped, 5.

2 6 7 . Calochortus luteus D o u g l . ; a, petal; b, var. oculatus Wats., petal; c, another petal form, x 1.

usually not reaching quite to edges of petal, densely hairy, with ascending matted yellow hairs; hairs below middle of petal few and scattering; capsule linear-oblong, IVi to 1% in. long.—Foothills and low rolling gravelly or dry land, 150 to 2500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. s. to San Luis Obispo Co.; borders of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys; Sierra Nevada foothills. May-June. The most abundant species; extremely variable in color and markings; commonly in the hardest gravel-packed soil. Var. OCULATUS Wats. Fig. 267b, c. Petals white or cream with a central round or

LILY

, V i P ^

JjAk /Jj^^B/// fyij

FAMILY

233

transverse brown spot bordered with yellow.—North Coast Eanges to the Sierra foothills. Var. V£STAE Jepson. Fig. 268. Petals pure white above the purple brown eye-spot, heavily penciled between the eyei spot and the gland; gland very narrow, extending in a long arching curve from side to side of the petal and notched or as if interrupted at the summit of the arch (that is d°ubly crescent-shaped).—Blue adobe soil, interior Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co. 6.

C. v e n u s t u s D o u g l .

W H I T E MARIPOSA.

Fig. 269. Stem erect, stiff, usually branching, 4 to 10 in. or up to 2 or 4 ft. high, 1 Njj/ to 4-flowered; bulblet at base usually 1; „„„ „ , . , petals broadly cuneate-obovate, 1 to 1% 268. C. l u t e u s ^ vestae Jepson; i n b r o a d ) i t o 2 y 2 in. long, white, varying to pale rose-color or lilac, with a red-brown eye-spot above the gland, frequently penciled toward the base, and often with a transversely oblong rose-colored blotch near the apex; gland roundish, or quadrate, densely matted with short hairs, a few scattered hairs near the gland; capsule linear, 2 to 3V_> in. long.—Frequent in light sandy or alkaline soil, 150 to 2000 ft.: Coast Eanges from Mendocino Co. s. to Los Angeles

Co.; borders of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Sierra Nevada foothills and up to 2500 or even 5000 ft. June-July. Quite constant in the shape of the gland and infinitely variable in its color markings. 7. O. splindens Dougl. LII.AC MARIPOSA. Fig. 270. Stem erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; sepals with a small purplish black spot at the base; petals fan-shaped, clear lilac with long scattered hairs on the lower third or fourth; petals 1% to 1% in. long; gland small, round or oval, situated very low on the base of the petal or sometimes absent; gland surface covered with broad hairs whose expanded fungoid stellate tips form a dense mass; capsule narrowly linear, 1 % to 2 in. long.—Contra Costa and Monterey Cos. s. to San Diego Co. Common on half-open or bushy hills or mesas. May. 8. C. invenfistus Greene. Fig. 271. More slender and shorter than C. splendens; stems 8 to 12 in. high, bulblet-bearing at the base; petals smaller, the scattered hairs short; gland irregular, spreading, fan-shaped; gland hairs cylindrical or subclavate with knobbed sides, not expanded stellate.—Moist

234

LILIACEAE

2 7 0 . Calochortus splendens Dougl. ; t gland x 7 ; b, hair from gland x 1 8 ; c, stamen x 1.

271. Calochortus invcnustus Greene; a, petal x 2 ; b, hair from gland x 1 2 ; c, stamen x 2.

spots, plateau valleys in the mts. w. of the Mohave and Colorado deserts, 4000 to 6500 f t . ; somewhat rare. May. 9. C. nuttallii Torr. SEGO LILY. Fig. 272. Stem 3 to 17 in. high, bulbletbearing at base; basal leaf shorter than the stem or sometimes equaling it in dwarf forms; flowers solitary or in umbels; bracts with white-scarious jflV margins; sepals shorter than the petals; CI ^^irrTiiiilll!™?!-»^ petals cuneate-obovate, apieulate, slightly erose, 1 to 1% in. long, white, sometimes shaded with lilac or with purple, often a darker purple spot near the gland, a few long linear hairs about the gland; gland oval, rarely circular, bordered by a more or less continuous laciniated membrane and covered with hairs more or less laciniate at the tips; anthers yellow, oblong-

2 7 2 . Calochortus nuttallii T o r r . ; a, petal x 2 ; b, hair from gland x 1 2 ; c, stamen x 2 ; d, stamen after dehiscence of anther x 2.

linear, obscurely sagittate at base, commonly tortuous after dehiscence, slightly longer than the filaments; capsule linear, 2 to 2^4 in. long, attenuate at both ends.— Arid mts. or valleys, 4000 to 10,000 ft.; e. slope of the Sierra Nevada and s. to the high ranges bordering the deserts in S. Cal., e. to the Rocky Mts. 10. C. macrocarpus Dougl. Fig. 273. Stem bulbiferous at base, stout, erect, 1 to 2 7 3 calochortus macrocarpus 2 ft. high; cauline leaves 3 to 5, narrow a, gland x 5 ; b, stamen

Dougl. x%.

LILT

235

FAMILY

and c o n v o l u t e ; sepals l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e , stiffly s p r e a d i n g , p u r p l e i n s i d e , e q u a l i n g or s l i g h t l y exceeding the petals; petals persistent until capsule has r e a c h e d almost m a t u r e size, l o n g obovate, prominently apiculate, t o 2 % in. l o n g a n d % in. w i d e , p u r p l e - l i l a c , l i g h t e r a t b a s e and s o m e t i m e s w i t h a d e e p e r b a n d b e l o w m i d d l e , a g r e e n i s h m e d i a n l i n e on t h e b a c k , t h e l o w e r t h i r d o f p e t a l w h i t e a n d w i t h scattered hairs a b o v e the g l a n d ; gland broadly A - s h a p e d or o v a l w i t h a n o t c h on t h e l o w e r side, b o r d e r e d b y a c o n t i n u o u s d o u b l y laciniate membrane and densely covered w i t h broad h a i r s w h o s e d i v i d e d c l a v a t e t i p s f o r m a comp a c t m a s s ; a n t h e r s p u r p l e or y e l l o w , o v a t e l a n c e o l a t e , a c u t i s h , 4 t o 7 l i n e s l o n g ; capsule a t t e n u a t e , 1 % t o 2 % in. l o n g ; seeds round, flat, 2^4 l i n e s i n d i a m e t e r . — D r y s a n d y soil in t h e i n t e r i o r : L a s s e n and M o d o c C o s . ; n. t o B . C. 11. C. c l a v i t u s W a t s . F i g . 274. S t e m v e r y stout, stiff, strongly z i g z a g , branching, 1 to 3 f t . h i g h ; p e d i c e l s s t o u t , 2 t o 5 in. l o n g ; flowers b o w l - s h a p e d ; sepals y e l l o w i s h w i t h i n , o f t e n purplish spotted, greenish w i t h o u t , w i t h d r y scarious m a r g i n s , % t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p e t a l s ; p e t a l s r i c h y e l l o w , b r o a d l y f a n - s h a p e d , r a t h e r 274. Calochortus clavatus Wats.; t r u n c a t e , 1 % t o 2 in. l o n g , 1 % t o 2 % in. w i d e , a, gland x 7 ; b, hair from gland x 12 ; c, stamen x % . strongly arched, h a i r y b e l o w the middle or only near the gland, o f t e n w i t h a narrow reddish b r o w n or lilac band a b o v e the h a i r y zone, the claw o f t e n reddish b r o w n ; hairs of the petals scattered, y e l l o w , purplish r e d a t base, t h e t i p s n a r r o w l y c l a v a t e ; g l a n d c i r c u l a r , shall o w , b o r d e r e d b y an a n n u l a r m e m b r a n e , i t s i n n e r e d g e d e e p l y t w i c e i n c i s e d ; g l a n d s u r f a c e t h i c k l y c o v e r e d w i t h v e r y b r o a d h a i r s w i t h much d i v i d e d or coralline tips; anthers lance-oblong to l i n e a r , obtuse, p u r p l i s h b r o w n , s h o r t e r t h a n t h e s l e n d e r filaments; c a p s u l e l i n e a r , a t t e n u a t e a b o v e a n d b e l o w , 3 in. l o n g . — D r y r o c k y points, usually in volcanic soils: San B e n i t o Co. t o L o s A n g e l e s , i n f r e q u e n t . M a y . Y a r . A v i u s J e p s o n n. v a r . Sepals e q u a l i n g or e x c e e d i n g t h e p e t a l s ; g l a n d in a d e e p e r p o c k e t . — E l d o r a d o Co. ( P l e a s a n t V a l l e y , P u r d y , t y p e ) t o M a r i p o s a Co. 12. 0 . c f i n c o l o r P u r d y . GOLDEN-BOWL MARIPOSA. F i g . 275. S t e m 2 f t . h i g h , one to several-flowered; bulb large, reddish; p e d i c e l s s t o u t , 1 t o 3 ( o r 5 ) in. l o n g ; sepals y e l l o w i s h w i t h i n , p u r p l e banded, p u r p l i s h - b r o w n on t h e b a c k ; p e t a l s d e e p rich y e l l o w t e n d i n g t o w a r d o r a n g e , g e n erally w i t h a purplish band just a bo v e the l o w e r third of the petal, broadly fanshaped, 1 % t o 2 in. l o n g a n d as b r o a d as l o n g , s l i g h t l y r o u n d e d at s u m m i t , t h e l o w e r t h i r d or f o u r t h t h i c k l y h a i r y w i t h l o n g e r e c t y e l l o w h a i r s ; g l a n d small, r o u n d e d o b l o n g , c o v e r e d b y a d e e p l y l a c i n i a t e annular membrane, the linear divisions of the m e m b r a n e c o n v e r g i n g in t h e c e n t e r o v e r t h e g l a n d l i k e an i r i s d i a p h r a g m ; s u r f a c e of the gland thickly covered with long

calochortus concolor Purdy; « , gland x 7; b, stamen x 1.

275

236

LILIACEAE

narrowly linear mostly entire hairs; anthers yellow, linear, slightly exceeding the filaments; capsule strongly triquetrous, lance-linear, attenuate above.—Bushy often rocky hills, cismontane S. Cal. from San Diego Co. to San Bernardino. 13. C. kennedyi Porter. D E S E R T MARIPOSA. Fig. 276. Stem rather stout, 2 to 6 (rarely 8 to 14) in. high, 2 to 4-flowered; flowers in umbels; pedicels 1 to 4 in. long; sepals % to % the length of the petals, vermilion or orange inside, often spotted with brown near the base, brownish without, with white-scarious margins; petals cuneate, rather truncate, % to 1% in. long, nearly us broad, flame-eolor, brilliant vermilion or rarely orange, naked above, a few scattered hairs below, sometimes with a black band or patch on the lower portion; gland very small, circular, bordered by a narrow black annular membrane with the inner ashy-gray edge laciniate, its surface thickly covered with short slender hairs, the hairs 2 7 6 . Calocliortus k e n n e d y i orange below, ashy above, once or twice dichotP o r t e r ; a, g l a n d x 12 ; b, s t a m e n x 1. omously c l e f t ; anthers brownish-purple; capsule IV2 to 2 in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide, a t t e n u a t e above, t h e sides light-colored but often bordered at the angles with a stripe of purplish-brown.—Hard clay or gravelly soil: Mohave Desert, w. to Ventura Co., e. to southern Nev. and Ariz. Frequent. May. Var. MirNzll Jepson n. var. Flowers pale yellow. —Providence Mts. (Bonanza King Mine, P. A. Munz 4259, t y p e ) . 1 4 . C. weedii Wood. W E E D ' S MARIPOSA. Fig. 2 7 7 . Stem 1 to 2 % f t . high, usually much branched, stout and flexuous, leafy, 1 to many-flowered, not bulbiferous; flowers 1 to 1% in. long; sepals shorter t h a n or often exceeding the petals, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, yellowish within, scarious-margined; petals broadly cuneate, rounded above, sometimes apiculate, orange-color to lemon yellow, nearly covered with long silky hairs each set in a small dark spot, or the upper fourth or fifth naked; upper margins of petals fringed or serrate; gland small, circular, enclosed by a dense ring of hairs and generally bearing a f e w scattered hairs on its surface; anthers oblong-linear, shorter or longer t h a n the filaments; capsule narrowly oval, a t t e n u a t e above, 1% in. long.— Dry hills, San Diego Co.; L. Cal. June. Common on the coast. Var. VESTUS Purdy. Petals truncatish, reddish-brown, covered with golden hairs, the upper third with brown hairs, and the margin fringed with brown hairs; anthers oblong-lanceolate.— Santa B a r b a r a and Ventura Cos.

15. C. obispoensis Lemmon. Habit of C. weedii; sepals % to V* longer than the petals; petals ovate, acuminate, the tips generally black and fringed with long black hairs; gland circular to oblong, inclosed by a dense ring of very long orange hairs, the surface naked or bearing a very few scattered hairs; anthers oblong, obtuse, shorter than the filaments; capsule linear, 1 to IV2 in. long.—Canons of the hills and mts., San Luis Obispo Co. 16. C. plummerae Greene. H a b i t of C. weedii; corms large, often 2, inclosed side by side in a dense fibrous coat; sepals lanceolate (white-scarious margined at

' àki,. v %

•

2 7 7 . C a l o c h o r t u s weedii W o o d ; a , h a b i t x % ; b, p e t a l x 1 ; c, g l a n d x 4 ; (i, s t a m e n x % .

237

LILY FAMILY

b a s e ) , elongated a t t e n u a t e , exceeding the petals; petals cuneate, apiculate or rounded above, lilae or lilac-purple with orange-colored hairs on lower h a l f , the hairs usually arising from deep purple spots; gland small, circular, pocketed, inclosed by a dense ring of long orange-colored hairs gathered together above the gland, its surface naked or sometimes bearing one or few solitary hairs; capsule narrowly linear, 1 % to 3 % in. long.—Dry slopes and m e s a s : S a n t a Monica Mts., through the S a n Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains to the San J a c i n t o Mts. Common. 17. C.

pulchgllus

Dougl.

GOLDEN LANTERN. F i g . 2 7 8 . S t e m

flexuous, usually dichotomously branching, % to 1 % f t . high, 2 or 3 to 12-flowered; basal leaf % to % in. wide, equal to or taller t h a n the stem, green, glossy, sometimes tinged with purple; b r a c t s linear-lanceolate, equaling or exceeding the flowers; flowers sub-globose, nodding; sepals greenish or brownish-yellow, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, abruptly acute, 10 to 15 lines long, slightly shorter than the sub-orbicular p e t a l s ; petals golden yellow, strongly arched or incurved, their apices overlapping and the margins bluntly incised or fringed; gland 278. Calochortus pulchellus Dougl.; a, flowerin a deeply set pocket (visible ing branchlet x 1; b, stamen x 2. from the outside as a convex r i d g e ) , its upper fold bearing 2 or 3 rows of appressed glandular yellow hairs crossing each other over the opening of the p o c k e t ; petals with scattered hairs above the gland or rarely almost glabrous; anthers oblong, acute, 2 lines long, usually a l i t t l e shorter than the filaments; capsule elliptical, abruptly shortbeaked, winged, % to 1 % in. long.—Wooded hills: M t . Diablo; North Coast Ranges from Marin and Solano Cos. to Humboldt and Tehama Cos. Apr.-May. Also called Golden L i l y Bell and F a i r y L a n t e r n . 18.

C. ¿ l b u s D o u g l . WHITE GLOBE LILY. F i g .

279. Stem stout, glaucous, branching, 1 to 2 f t . high; basal l e a f elongated lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 2 f t . long, % to 1 % in. wide; bracts foliaceous, 3 to 5 in. long; sepals shorter t h a n the petals, ovate, acuminate, greenish-white; petals white, purplish at base, ovate-orbicular, acutish, with scattering long silky yellow hairs above the gland, 1 to 1 lA in. long; gland lunate, shallow, with 4 transverse scales, the scales upwardly imbricate, shortly f r i n g e d ; anthers oblong, mucronate; capsule 1 to 2 in. long, % to 1 in. broad, abruptly short-beaked; seeds brown, p i t t e d . — Wooded slopes and canons: Coast Ranges near the coast from the S a n t a Cruz Mts. s.;

279. Calochortus albus Dougl.; a, flowering branch x Vz ; b, petal x %.

238

LILIACEAE

San Gabriel Mts.; Cuyamaca Mts. (rare southwards); Sierra Nevada f r o m Butte Co. to Tuolumne Co. May. Also called Snow-drops, Indian Bells, and Satin Bells. Var. RUB£LLUS Greene. Generally lower and more slender; flowers rose-pink; gland scarcely arched, from the outside resembling a blood-blister.—S. Sierra N e v a d a ; and the Santa Lucia Mts.; Santa Cruz Mts. June. Passes into the species. 19. C. monophyllus (Lindl.) Lem. YELLOW STAR T U L I P . Fig. 280. Stem fiexuous, branching, 3 to 8 in. high; basal leaf 9 to 12 in. high, 3 to 4 lines wide; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 lines wide; sepals narrowly ovate, acuminate, mueronate, a b o u t equaling petals; sepals and petals yellow or more or less purplish brown; petals obovate, 5 to 8 (or 9) lines long; gland semicircular, borne in a shallow pocket (appearing on the outside as a ridge) covered f r o m below by a narrow laciniate scale, and densely bordered or crested above with short yellow (or the innermost white) hairs; hairs and laciniae of gland papillate; claw below the scale naked, often glandular, sometimes red-brown; capsule orbicular, 6 to 9 lines long.—Lower Yellow Pine belt of the Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Tuolumne Co. Frequent. Apr. 20. C. caeruleus (Kell.) Wats. BEAStems short ( 1 to 7 in. high), the basal leaf 1 to 3 times as long; flowers 2 to 4 (or 10) in umbels; pedicels very slender; bracts small; petals rhombic-ovate, 3% to 6 (or 7) lines long, white or pale blue, lilacdotted and lined with blue, hairy, the margin f r i n g e d ; gland narrow, trans280. Calochortus monophyllus J e p s o n ; verse, curved, shallow, covered by an a , flowering b r a n c h l e t x 1 ; b, petal x appressed somewhat fringed scale and 2 ; c. s t a m e n x 4. crested by a row of short scales; these latter scales narrow, often hair-like, frequently laciniate or incised; capsule orbicular or nearly so, obtuse, 6 lines long.—Open woods, middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. to Shasta Co., and in the high North Coast Ranges from n. Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co. June. Var. MAWKANUS Jepson. Pussy Ears. Sepals commonly very blue; petals purplish blue to white, 7 to 11 lines long, the margin entire or nearly so; gland horseshoeshaped or semicircular, narrow, more or less pocketed; crest usually rather dense.—Marin Co. to Humboldt Co. VERTAJL GRASS.

21. C. nftdus Wats. SIERRA STAR T U L I P . Stem 2 to 6 in. high, fiexuous, bearing a single umbel of 1 to 3 (or 9) flowers; basal leaf 3 to 10 in. long, 2 to 5 lines wide, light green; sepals oblong-elliptic, shorter t h a n the petals; petals white or pale lilac-blue, cuneate or fan-shaped, acute, denticulate above, 4 to 7 lines long, generally without hairs, in some cases a very few slender hairs above the gland or a t u f t of 2 or 3 short hairs at either end of the gland; scale transversely oblong, shortly fringed, appressed; crest none; claw below t h e scale somewhat glandular; anthers at first pale blue, linear, acute; capsule elliptic, generally nodding.—Open coniferous woods, high Sierra Nevada f r o m Plumas Co. to Tulare Co. Also, apparently, in the San Gabriel Mts. June-July. The smallest-flowered Calochortus. Petals often with a flash of pink or purple above the gland. Var. SHASTENSIS Jepson. Stem 4 to 14 in. high, slender, fiexuous, more or less erect; basal leaf shorter than, equal to, or longer than the stem; petals white, pale lilac blue or deep lilac, 6 to 10 lines long; capsule elliptic, generally erect, occasionally nodding.

LILY

FAMILY

—Moist meadows: Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. n. to Mt. Shasta; thence sw. to Trinity Co. 22. C. umbellatus Wood. Fig. 281. Stem 3 to 10 in. high, without bulblets, bearing 2 to 4 (or 12) flowers in 1 to 3 umbels subtended by leafy bracts, the pedicels long; herbage glaucous; sepals oblong, acuminate, greenish-white or slightly tinged with lilac; petals white or slightly lilac-tinged, cuneate or fanshaped, slightly concave, 6 to 9 lines long; gland shallow, bowl-shaped in outline, covered f r o m below by an appressed fringed scale and bordered by hairs on its upper side; petals otherwise naked save a hairy area (often with a purple spot below i t ) on each side of the gland; anthers short-oblong; capsule oblongobtuse to orbicular, strongly nodding.—• Low wooded or barren hills: region between San Ramon Valley and San Francisco Bay; Marin Co. to Mendocino Co. Mar.-Apr.

239

281. Calochortus umbellatus W o o d ; a, habit x V3 ; b, petal x 1 %1 ; c, gland x 4 : d. stamp.n x l ^ .

23. C. uniflorus H. & A. Low, 4 to 10 in. high, the stem very short (commonly rising only % to 1 in. out of the ground) and bearing 1 to 3 umbels with elongated flexuous pedicels (2% to 8 in. l o n g ) ; bulblets 1 to 4 beneath the surface; basal leaf 4 to 6 lines broad, exceeding the inflorescence; bracts linear-lanceolate, long and conspicuous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, greenishlilac; petals lilac, cuneate, somewhat truncate, denticulate, 10 to 14 lines long, naked above, very sparingly hairy immediately above the gland; gland shallow, convexly crescent-shaped on lower side, truncate above, covered by an appressed lightly fringed scale and with a dense border of hairs above; anthers broadly linear; capsule elliptic.—Low wet valley lands: Mendocino and Lake Cos. to Monterey Co. Apr.-May. 24. C. greenei Wats. Stem scape-like, 10 to 17 in. high, bearing a 1 to 5flowered umbel; basal leaf shorter t h a n or equaling the stem, % in. broad; bracts narrow; sepals greenish, lilac within, % the length of the petals; petals long fan-shaped, 1 to 1% in. long, lilac, somewhat barred with yellow below, arched with a shallow gland pocket; pocket partly covered by a very narrow transverse fringed scale, and bordered above by a thick growth of hairs; f r i n g e of t h e scale and lower hairs of the border above the gland closely papillate; lower half of petals above the gland with very sparse fine hairs 3 to 4 lines long; anthers oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long; capsule 1 in. long or somewhat shorter, orbicular to elliptic, attenuate into a stout beak, on stout flexuous or strictly erect pedicels.—Wet adobe, Siskiyou Co. to Modoc Co. 1 8 . E R Y T H R d N I U M L . A D D E R ' S TONGUE Stem short, simple, scapose, f r o m a deep-seated and elongated membranous-coated corm. Leaves 2, basal or nearly so. (Before coming into flower, first or second year, the plants are stemless, producing simply one broad longpetioled leaf.) Flowers large, nodding, solitary, or several and racemose; perianth segments distinct with longitudinal nectar-bearing groove and 2 or 4 sac-like or bulbous processes a t base, or only the inner segments so provided. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth. Style 3-cleft with 3 stigmas, or entire and stigma 1. Capsule somewhat 3-angied, loculicidal. (Greek eruthros, red, the color of the flowers in some species.)

I n n e r p e r i a n t h segments without auricles or scales; flowers solitary or' racemose 1. E. purpurascens. I n n e r p e r i a n t h segments with auricles and a median pair of sacs, each joined laterally to the auricle by a n a r r o w ridge or saccate process.

240

LILIACEAE Scape bearing a solitary flower or when several the pedicels often very long or unequal. Flowers purple; pedicels often very unequal, half to as long as the scape „ , , „ . , 2. E. hendersonii. Flowers mostly cream, yellow or pink. Filaments filiform or very narrowly dilated. Style and stigma entire 3. E. citrinum. Style 3-cleft or 3-lobed at apex. Leaves bright solid green 4. E. grandifiorum. Leaves strongly mottled 5. E. calif or n\curn. Filaments ovately scarious-winged 6. E. revotucum. Scape none, the flowers 1 to 5 in an umbel sessile between the leaves, each flower thus raised on a scape-like pedicel I.E. hartwegii.

1. E . purpurascens Wats. Three to 6 (or 16) wi. high, the seape bearing 1 to 8 flowers in a raceme, the flowers commonly approximate, rarely with very unequal pedicels and umbellate; leaves not mottled, undulate-margined, dark metallic green; flowers light yellow tinged purple a f t e r a few days, the linear segments 7 to 8 lines long, only Slightly recurved; filaments filiform; style clavate, shorter than the stamens, its stigmas obscurely lobed.—Brushy or forested slopes, 4000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from M t . Lassen to Tulare Co.; rare s. of Plumas Co. J u n e - J u l y . 2. E . hendersdnii Wats. Seven to 12 in. high, 1-flowered or with 2 to 4 flowers on pedicels half to as long as the seape; leaves mottled, long-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, or tapering from the middle upward; perianth purple, the segments very revolute, 1 % to 1 % in. long, the base of segments with a median pair of inflated or bulbous sacs, each connected with the auricles by a small sac or papilla; stigma 3-lobed.—Siskiyou Co.; sw. Ore. 3. E . citrinum Wats. Scape 1 to 3-flowered, 5 to 11 in. high; leaves " m o t t l e d , " oblong, obtuse, or acute, more or less undulate, 3 to 6 or 10 in. long; flowers lemon-yellow, the oblong acuminate segments 1 to IVi in. long; inner perianth segments bearing a t base a median pair of saccate protuberances, each joined laterally by a smaller sac or process to the auricle; style clavate at apex; style and stigma quite entire.—Open pine woods, cent. Sierra Nevada and sw. Ore. Apr. 4. E . grandifldrum Pursh var. parvifldrum W a t s . Scape 1 to 2 or 5-flowered; leaves bright green, without spots; flowers egg-yellow, at higher altitudes lemon-yellow; inner perianth segments auricled and with 4 equal sacs at base, the sacs ridged, wrinkled or flattened and not very distinct from each other; style 3-cleft at apex or merely 3-lobed.—High montane in n. Humboldt Co. and in Siskiyou Co.; n. to B . C. 5. E . californicum Purdy. FAWN LILY. L i k e preceding but leaves strongly mottled; flowers creamy white or somewhat yellowish, or w h i t e ; median sacs 2, the lateral ones reduced to a transverse ridge.—Brushy or open hillslopes, 500 to 3500 f t . : n. Sonoma Co. to Humboldt and T r i n i t y Cos. Mar.Apr. 6. E . revolittum Sm. L i k e E . californicum; scapes 1 or 2 (to 4)-flowered, 7 to 12 in. high; leaves lightly mottled; flowers bright pink or pale lavender, sometimes white, aging to purple; filaments broadly dilated, almost conniving around the ovary.—Woods, o f t e n on borders of swamps: Mendocino and Humboldt Cos., 10 to 20 miles from the coast, 500 to 2500 f t . ; n. to B . C. 7. E . h a r t w i g i i Wats. Flowers solitary or borne in a 2 to 5-flowered umbel sessile between the pair o f basal leaves, each flower thus appearing to be raised on a scape of its own; scape-like pedicels 3 to 6 in. h i g h ; corms forming offsets freely at the end of filiform filaments originating from their base; leaves richly mottled; flowers white or cream with orange or yellow b a s e ; inner perianth segments with a median pair o f compressed sacs and with prominent auricles; stigma 3-lobed or -parted.—Brushy hillsides: Sierra Nevada foothills from Tehama Co. to Mariposa Co. Apr. Our only species which has offsets. 19. F R I T I L L A R I A L. Stem erect, simple, from a bulb of one or few thick fleshy scales. Cauline leaves alternate or whorled, narrow, sessile; basal leaves large, ovate or elliptic, borne only in the year or years before the flowering stalk appears. Flowers in racemes or solitary, dull purple, brownish, whitish or red. Peri-

LILY

241

FAMILY

anth campanulate to funnelform, deciduous, of 6 distinct segments, each segment usually with a shallow gland or nectar-bearing area above the base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, included; filaments slender; anthers extrorse, more or less versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Style 1, entire or 3-parted. Capsule membranous, 6-angled or winged, loeulicidally 3valved. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. (Latin fritillus, a dice-box, on account of the shape of the flower.) A. Style entire (or 3-parted at the very apex in no. 3 ) ; perianth of uniform color, its glands obscure. Flowers yellow; plants 3 to 9 in. high Flowers pink or pink-purple. Perianth % to 1 in. long; plants 10 to 30 in. high Perianth 1 to 1 % in. long; plants 6 to 12 in. high

1. F. 2. F. 3. F.

pudica. brandegei. plurifiora.

B. Style deeply 3-cleft; perianth-glands mostly obvious. Stem leafy only on lower half, the larger leaves mostly basal; odor often obnoxious; perianth evenly shaded, not mottled or checkered (except no. 6 ) . Stem 3 to 12 in. high. Flowers dull white 4. P . liliacea. Flowers not white. Flowers dark brownish or greenish purple 5. F. biflora. Flowers shaded with pink, checkered purple 6. F. purdyi. Stems 12 to 20 in. high; flowers yellowish green 7. F. agreatis. Stem leafy above, the lower half or third naked. Perianth evenly shaded, not mottled or checkered, at least not commonly. Flowers more or leSB purplish or greenish, often lighter within; segments obovate oblong 8. F. parviflora. Flowers green; segments lanceolate 9. F. viridia. Perianth mottled or checkered. Flowers scarlet; style cleft Va to % its length 10. F. recurva. Flowers brownish purple; style cleft to below the middle. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; perianth segments 1 to in. long 11. F. lanceolata. Leaves linear; perianth segments M to % in. long. Stem slender or equably developed in proportion to the leaves; capsule acutely angled 12. F. atropurpurea. Stem stout, much thickened in proportion to the leaves; capsule with horn-like processes at the base and summit of each valve 13. F. pinetorum.

1. F. pudica (Pursh) Spreng. YELLOW FRITILLARY. Stem 3 to 9 in. high, 1 to 3-flowered; bulb-scales very small and rounded; leaves 3 to 8, narrowly oblanceolate, alternate, borne generally on upper half of stem; perianth yellow or orange, often purple tinged outside, the segments oblong-obtuse to obovate-oblong, 5 to 9 lines long, the glands at base very small; stigma very shortly 3-lobed; capsule obovoid-oblong, % in. long.—Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co., mostly e. and n. of the Sierra Nevada crest, 5000 to 6000 f t . ; n. to B. C., e. to Utah. Apr.-May. Flowers turning brick-red and recurving in age. 2. F . brand&gei Eastw. Stem stout, glabrous, 10 to 30 ( ? ) in. high, about 7-flowered; leaves on upper half of stem, in 2 whorls of 5 to 9, oblonglanceolate, 3 to 4 in. long, % to % in. wide; flowers pinkish or purplish, campanulate with obtuse base, borne on recurved rather thick pedicels; perianth segments % to 1 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, becoming involute and spreading; glands obscure; filaments subulate; style exceeding the stamens, entire, with stigma scarcely lobed; capsule winged, truncate.—In the Yellow Pine belt, Tule River basin, 5000 f t . 3. F . plurifiora Torr. ADOBE LILY. Stems 6 to 12 in. high, leafy chiefly at base, 1 to 7-flowered; bulb somewhat yellowish, its scales few (6 to 8 ) , y 2 to 1 in. long; leaves 4 to 10, oblong-lanceolate; perianth uniform pink-purple, the segments obovate-oblong, acutish, 1 to 1 % in. long; style 3-parted at apex; capsule as broad as long, truncate at apex, narrowed toward the base, strongly 3-lobed, each lobe with 2 longitudinal dorsal ridges or wings with intervening depression.—Adobe soil in the foothills bordering the Sacramento Valley: Solano, Yolo and Butte Cos.; also in Tulare Co. Feb.-Mar. Also called Pink Fritillary. 4.

F . lilistcea L i n d l .

W H I T E FRITILLARY.

F i g . 282.

S t e m 3 t o 10 ( o r some-

times 12) in. high, often somewhat stout and succulent, 1 to 5-flowered; leaves of the basal t u f t linear to oblong-lanceolate, Vi to % in. broad, l \ i to

242

LILIACEAE

4¥2 in. long, the cauline leaves few, linear-oblong or linear; flowers dull white; perianth segments oblong-ovate to obovate, 6 to 9 lines long; gland greenish, purplish-dotted, the greenish veins sometimes glandular nearly or quite to the apex of the segments; style cleft to about the middle; capsule stipitate, truncate at each end, V> in. long and as broad, the back of each lobe slightly channeled and 2-ridged.—Open hilltops near the coast from Drakes Bay to Monterey Co. Mar.-Apr. 5 . F. biflôra Lindl. M I S S I O N B E L L S . Stem stout, 4 to 1 0 (rarely 12) in. high, 2 to 4 (rarely 1, less rarely as many as 7)-flowered; leaves 2 to 7, scattered or somewhat whorled below, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, % to 1V4, in. wide; perianth campanulate, 8 to 12 lines long, dark brownish or greenish-purple; segments oblong-lanceolate, with a 282. F. liliacea Lmd1 longitudinal greenish glandular band extending from the base ' I fl- x nearly to the apex; style cleft to about the middle; capsule nearly 1 in. broad, and not quite as high.—S. Cal. (cismontane region), n. to San Luis Obispo Co.; apparently localized also in the North Coast Ranges. Also called Chocolate Lily and Black Lily. Var. INFLÉXA Jepson. Longitudinal band much thickened at apex, especially on t h e inner perianth segments and inflexed in such a way as to form a channel at apex on the back of the segments.—Palisades region, Calistoga. Yar. INEZIÀNA Jepson. Stem slender, 1 or 2-flowered; leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, 2 to 4 lines wide; perianth segments widely spreading, o f t e n f a i n t l y mottled with yellow; odor very disagreeable.—San Mateo Co. Intermediate between the species and F. purdyi. Also allied to F. liliacea. 6. F. pûrdyi Eastw. Stem 4 to 9 in. high, 1 to 7-flowered; basal leaves ovate to oblong, obtusish, 1% to 2% in. long, the upper linear; flowers white and purple mottled, shaded with pink; style cleft about to the middle.— Humboldt and Trinity Cos. 7 . F . agréstis Greene. S T I N K B E L L S . Stem f r o m very deep-seated bulb, 12 to 20 in. high, l e a f y on the lower h a l f ; leaves 8 to 12, oblong-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, alternate or thé lower somewhat whorled; raceme 3 to 8flowered, the flowers dull or yellowish-green, exactly campanulate, nodding on pedicels abruptly recurved at summit; perianth segments 1 to 1*4 in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide, yellowish green, with prominent or ligulate green band running nearly to the apex, distinctly glandular a t base, and more or less glandular above; style cleft to about the middle.—Grain fields, region of the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. Odor vary obnoxious. 8. F. parviflora Torr. B R O W N B E L L S . Stem 1 % to 2 % f t . high; bulb with numerous rice-grain bulblets; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2% to 4 in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide, borne on t h e upper half of the stem, the lower ones 3 to 5 in a whorl, the upper whorled or a l t e r n a t e ; raceme long, with 4 to 10 campanulate flowers on short recurved pedicels; perianth 4 to 6 lines long, purplish or greenish white, rarely f a i n t l y mottled; segments obovate-oblong, obtuse to acuminate, with oblong-lanceolate glands on lower t h i r d ; style cleft % to % its length; ovary and capsule broadly winged.—Pine woods: Sierra Nevada f r o m T u b a Co. to Tulare Co., 1500 to 3900 f t . ; occasional in the inner Coast Range. 9. F. viridia Kell. Stem 8 to 20 in. high, 3 to 6-flowered; bulb % to % in. in diameter, its scales round and thick; leaves lance-linear, subacute, 1% to 2V2 iu. long in 1 or 2 whorls on the upper half of the stem; flowers pendent on short pedicels, pale green to almost black, campanulate, 5 to 7 lines long; perianth segments lanceolate, somewhat chartaceous; gland dark green, lanceolate, extending from t h e base and continued less distinctly to the apex, or quite obscure; apical t u f t of hairs short, dense, white, glandular; anthers minutely b u t distinctly mucronate; style 3-cleft to about the middle; ovary cylindrical, acutely angled; capsule not seen.—San Carlos Range. 1 0 . F. recûrva Benth. SCARLET F R I T I L L A R T . Stem stout, 1 8 to 3 0 in. high; bulb large and flattish, its scales numerous and thick, with rice-grain bulblets a t base; leaves in 2 or 3 whorls near the middle of the stem, linear to

LILY

243

FAMILY

linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines broad; flowers 3 or 4 (to 6 ) ; perianth campanulate-funnelform, 1 to in. long, scarlet-cheeked upon yellow, the scarlet becoming crimson and purple in old flowers, the segments recurving strongly at the tips; gland oblong, 3 lines long, slightly depressed; style slender, 3-cleft, % to % its length.—N. Sierra Nevada (Placer Co. n. to Modoc Co.); Coast Ranges (Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.); n. to Ore. Var. COCCÍNEA Greene. Stems commonly more slender, 10 to 20 (or 30) in. high, 1 to 3 (or 5)-flowered; bulb small, higher than thick, its scales 2 to several; flowers scarlet, mottled with yellow; segments with tips generally not recurved.—Hoods Peak and Napa ranges n. to e. Mendocino Co. 11.

F. lanceolata Pursh.

CHECKER L I L Y .

F i g . 283.

Stem

1%

to 2 (or

3)

ft. high; scales few or none, the lower portion of the solid bulb covered with numerous rice-grain bulblets; leaves 6 to 10 in 2 or 3 whorls on the upper part of the stem, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long; raceme 1 to 4, sometimes to 13-flowered; perianth deeply bowlshaped, 1 to i y 2 in. long, dark purple mottled with greenish yellow, the segments ovate to oblong, deeply concave, with a very large ovate-lanceolate gland in the middle of the concavity; gland deep green, sharply defined, often with minute black dots; style cleft to below the middle; capsule broadly winged, % in. long.—Near the coast, on oak-covered or brushy hills: San Mateo Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B . C. and Ida. Also called Bice-root Lily.

Var.

FLORIBONDA

Benth.

Baceme 2 or 3 to several-flowered; perianth campanulate, purple or greenish, conspicuously spotted or checkered, 6 to 13 lines long; segments broadly oblong or narrowly ovate, crisped or erosulate-margined, the outer often broader; gland greenish, extending from the base % or % the way to the apex. — Shady woods, C o a s t Banges from Santa Clara Co. to Lake

Co.

Flowers

Var.

smaller

GRACILIS

than

the

Wats.

last,

283

- Fritillaria lanceolata P u r s h ; a, raceme x 1 ; b

' P e r i a n t h segment x 1%.

with narrow and more acuminate segments; stamens short and anthers often small.—Marin Co. to Napa Co. "Var. TRiSTULls A. L. Grant. Perianth scarcely mottled, gland black-purple, not dotted.—Near the coast in Marin Co. 12. F . atropurpúrea Nutt. Stem % to iy2 f t . high from a thick-scaled bulb; leaves 7 to 14, on the upper half of the stem, alternate or more or less whorled, narrowly linear, sessile, 2 to 4 % in. long; flowers open-campanulate, 1 to 4 (rarely 5 or 6) on recurved pedicels; segments purplish-brown, mottled with yellowish-green, narrowly rhombic or oblong and tapering to base and apex, % to % in. long; style cleft % its length; capsule acutely angled.—High montane, 6000 to 10,500 f t . : North Coast Banges; Sierra Nevada; San Bernardino Mts.; n. to Ore. and Mont. 13. F . pinetdrum Davidson. Stem stout or even somewhat fistulous, 5 to 14 in. high; bulb with numerous rice-grain bulblets; leaves 12 to 20, approximate in somewhat indefinite whorls, linear, noticeably narrow in contrast to the stoutness of the stem; flowers 3 to 8, on upright pedicels slightly flexuous

244

LILIACEAE

at first but becoming stout and stiff; segments dark greenish purple and yellow, mottled, broadly ovate-acuminate, obtuse at very apex, about V2 in. long; gland indefinite; filaments narrowly subulate; style 3-cleft half its length or more; capsule acutely angled with short horn-like processes at the base and summit of each valve.—Pine forests, 6000 to 9000 f t . : White Mts. and s. Sierra Nevada, s. to the San Gabriel Mts. and San Bernardino Mts. 20. LiLIUM L. LILY Stems simple, tall and leafy, from a scaly bulb or scaly rootstock. Leaves narrow, sessile. Flowers large and showy, solitary or 2 to many in a terminal raceme. Perianth most commonly f u n n e l f o r m ; its segments 6, yellow, red or white, often dotted or spotted with brown, distinct, equal, spreading or recurved, with a nectar-bearing groove toward the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, included; anthers versatile. Style one, long, deciduous; stigma 3lobed. Capsule loculicidal; seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cell. (Greek lilion, the classical name.) Lilies inhabiting dry slopes do not have jointed scales, while jointed scales characterize the wet land species. A. Plants of dry places with true bulbs (not rhizomatous); bulb-scales not jointed. Flowers white (aging purplish or rose-purple) or pink. Perianth pure white or minutely purple-dotted, aging purplish, 3 to 4 in. long, its segments slightly recurved at tip 1. L. washingtonianum. Perianth nearly white, brown-dotted, aging rose-purple, 1 % to 2 in. long, its segments recurving from the middle 2. L. rubescens. Perianth pink, its segments revolute to the stem 3. L. kelloggii. Flowers not white. Perianth dark brownish-red to dingy purple 4. L. bolanderi. Perianth orange or yellow. Leaves undulate; perianth segments 2V2 to 4 in. long, recurved % their length. . 5. L. humboldtii. Leaves plane; perianth segments 1% to 2 in. long, recurved % their length. . . . 6. L. columbianum.

B. Plants of bogs or wet places; bulb rhizomatous, its scales jointed. Flowers red or orange. Flowers dark red, purple-spotted within, tips of segments recurved; rhizome not branching 7. L. maritimum. Flowers orange-red or orange-yellow, dotted or spotted with dark purple. Rhizome not branching. U p p e r % of p e r i a n t h segments a t length r e c u r v i n g to t h e pedicel; scalos 1 or 2-jointed 8. L. occidentale. Perianth segments recurving only at tip; scales 3 or 4-jointed.9. L. parvum. Rhizome commonly branching, its scales commonly 2-jointed; perianth segments fully revolute 10. L. pardalinum. Flowers clear lemon-yellow; rhizome not branching; its scales 3 or 4-jointed. . 1 1 . L. parryi.

2 8 4 . Lilium bulbs, a, L. washingtonianum Kell.; b, L. humboldtii Roezl & Leichtl.; c, L. pardalinum Kell, x .

1. L. wäshingtöniänum Kell. W A S H I N G T O N L I L Y . Fig. 284a. Stem 4 to 6 f t . tall, the bulb ovate, scales not jointed; flowers pure white, often minutely purple-dotted, aging purplish; perianth tubular-campanulate, 3 to 4 in. long, the segments spreading above, not closely approximate in a tube; stamens a little shorter; anthers yellow, 5 to 6 lines long; capsule obovate-oblong, twun-

LILY FAMILY

245

cate, obtusely 6-angled or sometimes narrowly winged.—Cent, a n d n. Sierra N e v a d a , 3 0 0 0 to 6 0 0 0 f t . , in t h e u p p e r pine f o r e s t s or in t h i c k e t s , n. to M t . S h a s t a , thence w. to ne. H u m b o l d t Co.; Ore. Aug. Flowers d e l i g h t f u l l y f r a g r a n t w i t h t h e odor of pinks. 2. L. rubescens W a t s . CHAPARRAL L I L Y . Stem 2 to 5 f t . h i g h ; bulbs ovoid, rhizomatous, t h e scales not j o i n t e d ; leaves broadly oblanceolate or obovate, mostly acute, 5 to 10 in a whorl, or t h e lower s c a t t e r e d ; flowers several, nearly white, somewhat dotted w i t h brown, a g i n g to rose-purple; segments 1 y a to 2 in. long, t h e upper % revolute; capsule obovoid w i t h s u b t r u n c a t e apex and a b r u p t l y s h o r t - a t t e n u a t e base, wing-angled, 1% in. long.—Chaparral slopes in t h e Coast Ranges, S a n t a Cruz Co. to Siskiyou Co. N e a r t h e coast called Eedwood L i l y ; t o w a r d s t h e i n t e r i o r C h a p a r r a l or Chamise Lily. 3. L . kelI6ggii P u r d y . Bulb like t h a t of L. rubescens; flowers 1 to 15; peria n t h segments revolute to t h e stem, pink, d o t t e d purplish-black or maroon, c h a n g i n g to deeper rosy purple, sometimes w i t h a central line of yellow.— I n n e r m a r g i n of t h e Eedwood belt, n. Mendocino Co. to Del N o r t e Co. L a t e June, July. 4. L . bol&nd«ri W a t s . Stem % to 2% f t . high, 1 to 7-flowered; bulb ovate, of numerous lanceolate scales 1 to IV2 in. long; leaves in 3 (or rarely 4) whorls with 1 to 3 smaller a l t e r n a t e leaves below, oblanceolate to obovate, acute to obtusish, 1 to 2% in. long, % to 1% in. wide, glaucous b e n e a t h ; flowers horizontal or somewhat nodding, d a r k brownish-red to lurid purple, becoming somewhat paler, s p o t t e d ; segments to 1% in. long, barely recurving.—Dry c h a p a r r a l hillsides, inside t h e Redwood belt, Del N o r t e Co. to Siskiyou Co.; s. Ore. J u l y . 5 . L . h u m b d l d t i i Eoezl & Leichtl. H U M B O L D T ' S L I L Y . F i g . 284b. Stem 3 to 5 f t . high, very stout, its leaves generally purplish a n d slightly u n d u l a t e , in 4 to 6 whorls; bulb large, ovoid, more or less oblique, i t s scales not j o i n t e d ; flowers large, 2y 2 to 4 in. long, orange-red, spotted w i t h small maroon or purple spots, t h e segments strongly recurving.—Open woods in lower Yellow P i n e and upper C h a p a r r a l b e l t s of t h e Sierra N e v a d a and cism o n t a n e S. Cal., 3000 to 6000 f t . Bulb-scales possessing a r e m a r k a b l y b i t t e r principle. Var. BL6OMERIANUM Jepson. Bulb scales several-jointed; claws of inner p e r i a n t h segments somewhat crested.—Cuyamaca Mts. Var. OCELLATUM Kell. Bulb more globular, its scales several-jointed; leaves b r i g h t e r g r e e n ; purple spots of flower margined w i t h red.—Mts. f r o m S a n t a B a r b a r a to Los Angeles; S a n t a Rosa Isl. 6 . L . columbianum Hanson. OREGON L I L Y . Stem slender, 2 to 4 f t . high; bulb small ( 1 % to 2 in. in d i a m e t e r ) ; u p p e r leaves s c a t t e r e d , t h e lower in whorls; p e r i a n t h segments to 2 in. long, strongly recurved, b r i g h t reddish orange, t h i c k l y spotted w i t h purple.—Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. and B. C. 7. L . m a r i t l m u m Kell. COAST L I L Y . Stem 1 to 4 f t . high w i t h a l t e r n a t e or rarely whorled leaves; bulb rhizomatous, i t s scales seldom more t h a n onej o i n t e d ; leaves v e r y dark green, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 1 to 5 in. long and 2 to 7 lines wide; flowers 1 to 5, d a r k red, f u n n e l f o r m , horizontal on long pedicels; segments barely dotted a t base, to 1% in. long, t h e upper Vs somewhat r e c u r v e d ; stamens less t h a n 1 in. long, exceeding t h e s t y l e ; capsule subglobose to elliptic-oblong, 9 to 10 lines long.—Low meadows or bogs near t h e coast, M a r i n Co. to Ten Mile E i v e r , Mendocino Co. 8 . L . occidental« Purely. E U R E K A L I L Y . Stem 2 f t . high in open ground or 4 to 6 f t . high in t h i c k e t s ; b u l b like t h a t of L. m a r i t i m u m ; leaves whorled on t h e middle of t h e stem, s c a t t e r e d below, lanceolate, a c u t e ; flowers f r o m a f e w to 15, on strongly d i v a r i c a t e pcdicels 3 to 9 in. long, nodding a t summ i t ; segments IV4 to 2% in. long, recurved f o r % their length, v a r y i n g f r o m d a r k red to reddish yellow, f a d i n g purplish, t h e lower p a r t commonly orange with purple-black spots; a n t h e r s oblong, 2 lines long, d a r k red.—Near t h e ocean, n. H u m b o l d t Co. to s. Ore. 9. L. p&rvum Kell. SMALL TIGER L I L Y . Stem 1% to 7 f t . high; rootstoek thick and fleshy, not b r a n c h i n g , t h e scales 3 or 4-jointed; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 5 in. long, in whorls or quite s c a t t e r e d ; flowers 1 or 2 to v e r y many, small (1 to 1% in. l o n g ) , on erect or ascending pedicels; p e r i a n t h f u n n e l f o r m ,

246

LILIACEAS

only the tips of the segments spreading, orange-yellow spotted with purple.— Wet places along streams or edges of swamps, Sierra Nevada n. to Mt. Shasta, 6000 to 9000 f t . ; s. Ore. 10. L. pardalinum Kell. TIGEK LILY. Fig. 284c. Stem 3 to 5 or even 7 f t . high; rootstock thick and fleshy, densely covered with 2-jointed closely overlapping scales, branching and eventually forming large mat-like clusters; leaves in whorls or alternate, linear-lanceolate; flowers 1 to many, racemose or the lower in whorls, on long spreading pedicels; segments 2 to 3 in. long, 6 to 9 lines wide, strongly revolute, bright orange-red with a lighter orange center and large purple spots on the lower h a l f ; capsule narrowly oblong, acutely angled, 1% in. long.—Stream banks and moist hillside meadows: Coast Banges, a t low altitudes near the sea or in the high mts.; Sierra Nevada, 3000 to 4000 f t . Also called Leopard Lily. Bulb-scales sometimes 3-jointed in some forms of it. June-Aug. 11. L. p á r r y i Wats. L E M O N LILY. Stem slender, glabrous, 2 to 5 f t . high, 2 to 10-flowered; bulb like t h a t of L. parvum, its scales numerous, thick, about 1 in. long; leaves usually scattered, sometimes the lower in a whorl, linear-oblanceolate, 4 to 6 in. long, about 1 in. wide, mostly acuminate; flowers clear lemon yellow, sparingly and minutely purple-black dotted, on stout short pedicels; perianth segments 3 to 4 in. long, somewhat spreading above, or t h e tips recurved; stamens and style a little shorter; anthers oblong, brownish, 3 lines long; capsule narrowly oblong, acutish, nearly 2 in. long, 6 lines wide.—Moist situations, high mts.: San Diego Co. to San Bernardino and San Antonio mountains; e. to Ariz. 2 1 . YÚCCA L . S P A N I S H B A Y O N E T Trees or shrubs with simple or branched stems. Leaves alternate, linearlanceolate. Flowers large, in terminal panicles, the perianth segments distinct, nearly equal, withering-persistent. Stamens 6. F r u i t a capsule, either dry and dehiscent, or somewhat fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, flat, horizontal, with thin black coat.—The flowers are incapable of self-pollination, each Yucca species being dependent upon a particular moth or species of Prónuba. The female Prónuba works by night, collecting the pollen from t h e anthers and rolling it into a little ball; she then flies to the flower of another plant, deposits her eggs in t h e ovary, and then in a manner which corresponds to actions f u l l of purpose and deliberation climbs to t h e style and t h r u s t s the pollen ball down t h e stigmatic tube. The larva destroys about a dozen seeds, b u t even if several larva develop many perfect seeds are l e f t . (An Indian name f o r the Manihot.)

Plants without evident trunk, the rosette of leaves on the ground; filaments glabrous; style slender with capitate stigma 1. 7 . whipplei. Plants commonly with distinct t r u n k ; filaments papillate; style short or none; stigmas 3, or 1 and 3-lobed. T r u n k tall, at summit branching freely; leaf-margin denticulate 2. T. brevifolia. T r u n k commonly short and simple or shortly branched; leaf-margin not serrate, fibrous-shredding. Style Vz to lte lines long 3. T. mohavensis. Style 6 to 10 lines long 4. 7 . baccata. 1 . Y. whipplei Torr. QUIXOTE P L A N T . Flowering stem 8 to 1 4 f t . high, t h e leaves in a basal rosette; leaves narrow, 1 to 1% f t . long; panicle 3 to 6 f t . long; flowers creamy-white, 1% to IV2 in. long, t h e perianth segments thinnish; filaments much thickened; capsule short-cylindric or subglobose, IVi to 2 in. long.— Chaparral belt of cismontano S. Cal.; n. in the Coast Banges to San Benito Co. and the Sierra Nevada to Kings Biver. L. Cal. May-June.

2. Y .

brevifólia

J O S H U A TREE.

Fig.

Engelm.

285.

Tree

285. Yucca brevifolia Engelm.; a, fl.; b, long. sect.

fl.

x %.

LILT

FAMILY

247

commonly 16 to 30 f t . high with an open crown of arm-like branches, the columnar t r u n k 8 to 15 f t . high and 1 to 3% f t . in diameter; b a r k dark brown, checked into small squarish plates; leaves 6 to 9 in. long, t h e margin denticulate, not shreddy; flowers greenish white, congested in a heavy panicle 8 to 14 in. long; perianth segments very thick and fleshy, 1% to 2 in. long; stamens % length of the pistil, the filaments subglobose-dilated at the recurved apex; stigmas 3, obscurely 2-lobed; capsule oblong-ovate, slightly 3-angled, 2 to 4 in. long and IY2 to 2 in. broad; seeds with ruminated endosperm.—Mesas, Mohave Desert, widely distributed and forming extensive groves, n. to eastern Kern Co. and Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. 3. Y. mohavinsis Sarg. SPANISH DAGGER. Trunk simple or shortly branched, 3 to 7 or 15 f t . high, or sometimes very short or almost none; leaves concave, light yellow-green, entire on the margin, 1% to 3 f t . long; flowers in a panicle 1 to f t . long; filaments narrowly dilated below (especially those opposite t h e inner segments), somewhat clavate at apex, nearly as long as the pistil; style very short; stigma 3-lobed, each lobe notched a t apex; capsule cylindric, fleshy, 2% to 4 in. long and 1 to 1% in. thick, usually constricted about the middle; endosperm not ruminated.—Mohave Desert, s. through the San Jacinto and Santa Eosa mountains to n. L. Cal., extending w. to the San Bernardino Valley and the coast near San Diego; e. to Ariz, and Nev. 4. Y. baccita Torr. SPANISH BAYONET. Very similar to Y . mohavensis; leaf rosettes yellow-green, on the ground, rarely rising above i t ; leaves 1*4, to 2 f t . long; flowering stem 2 to 3Vi f t . high; flowers (2% or) 3 to 4 in. long; base of filaments forming fleshy papillae; style much elongated; f r u i t conical.— E. Mohave Desert; e. to Col. and N. Mex. 22. N O L i N A Michx. Perennials with linear rigid leaves crowded in a rosette at the ground. Flowering stem stout, naked. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, much congested in a compound panicle; pedicels jointed near the base. P e r i a n t h whitish, persistent, its segments 6, distinct, elliptic to lanceolate. Stamens 6; filaments very short. Ovary deeply 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, basal; style very short; stigmas 3, short, recurved. Capsule broadly 3-winged, membranous, tardily dehiscent, loculicidal or bursting irregularly; seeds o f t e n solitary. (P. C. Nolin, French agricultural essayist, middle of the 18th cent.) Mature leaves serrulate; style present Mature leaves not serrulate; style none

1. N. •parryi. 2. N. bigelovii.

1. N. parryi Wats. Stem 3 to 6 f t . high; leaves rather thick, concave, keeled, serrulate, % to 1% in. wide, 2 to 3% f t . long; bracts irregularly and remotely salient-laciniate; flowers 3 lines long; capsule orbicular in outline, notched at both ends, 6 to 7 lines broad.—Arid mt. slopes, 4000 to 6000 f t . : e. San Bernardino Mts., s. through the San Jacinto Mts. to San Diego Co.; Ariz.; L. Cal. May-June. 2. N . bigeldvii (Torr.) Wats. Leaves scarcely concave or keeled, the margin shredding away in brown fibres; margins of bracts deeply and rather closely f r i n g e d ; perianth 1 to 1Y2 lines long.—Mts., s. borders of the Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal., e. to Ariz. 23. ASPARAGUS L. Stem from a rootstock, very much branched and with filiform branchlets clustered in the axils of the scaly leaves. Flowers small, solitary or in umbels or racemes. P e r i a n t h segments alike, distinct or slightly united, the stamens inserted on their bases. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short, stigmas 3, recurved. F r u i t a globose berry. (Ancient Greek name.) 1. A. officinalis L. ASPARAGUS. Stems tall and branching, 3 to 5 f t . high, when young stout, succulent and edible; clustered branchlets 4 to 8 lines long; flowers green, pendulous on jointed peduncles; perianth campanulate, 3 lines long, with included stamens; berry red, 4 lines in diameter.—Garden plant (nat. of Eur.) escaped to low lands about Alameda, San Bernardino and Los Angeles.

248

LILIACEAE

2 4 . STREPTOPUS Michx. T W I S T E D - S T A L K Stems branching from a creeping rootstock. Leaves alternate, ovate, sessile or clasping, taper-pointed, membranous. Flowers greenish-white, axillary, solitary or in pairs, drooping on slender filiform peduncles which are bent or contorted at the middle. Perianth campanulate, the lanceolate segments distinct, recurved-spreading, deciduous. Stamens 6; filaments short, flattened. Style 1; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a red ovoid or oval berry. (Greek streptos, twisted, and pous, foot or stalk.) 1 . S. amplixifolius ( L . ) D C . L I V E R - B E R R Y . Stem 1 % to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate, clasping, glaucous beneath, 2% to 4% in. long; peduncles with a gland at the knee; flowers greenish-white, 5 to 6 lines long.—Margin of cold streamlets in the woods: Mendocino Co. to w. Siskiyou Co., thence e. and se. to Modoc and Plumas Cos., 1000 to 5500 ft.; n. to Alas., e. to the Atlantic; Eur., Asia.

25. DiSPORUM Salisb. Stem erect, branched above, leafy, arising from a short horizontal rootstock. Leaves ovate, sessile, thin, netted-veined. Flowers greenish or white, drooping on a terminal peduncle, solitary, or few in an umbel. Perianth campanulate, deciduous. Filaments filiform, attached within the anthers, above the base. Fruit a berry. (Greek dis, double, and spora, seed, some species with 2 ovules in each cell.) Flowers greenish, % in. long or nearly; style glabrous, entire. Leaves 1 ^ to 3 in. long. Stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; anthers not hispid; leaves mostly cordate at base 1. D. hookeri. Stamens generally slightly shorter than the perianth; anthers minutely hispid; upper leaves slightly cordate at base 2. X>. trachyandrum. Leaves 1 to IVz in. long; stamens ^ the length of perianth; anthers nearly sessile. . . 3. D. parvifolium. Flowers whitish, % to 1 in. long; leaves 2 to 4 in. long; style densely short hairy, slightly 3-cleft at apex; leaves sub-cordate or rounded at base 4. D. smithii.

1. D. hookeri

(Torr.)

Britt.

FAIRY B E L L S . F i g . 2 8 6 . O n e t o 2 %

ft. high, thinly puberulent; leaves ovate, cordate at base, abruptly acute or attenuate, to 3 in. long, the uppermost somewhat oblique; perianth green, narrowly campanulate, 5 to 6 lines long, the tips of the segments spreading; stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; berry obovoid to subglobose, obtuse, scarlet. — Shady woods back of the immediate coast, Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz Co. to Siskiyou Co. 2. D. trachyandrum (Torr.) Britt. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, purplish and nearly glabrous below, pubescent above; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, abruptly acute to acuminate, sessile, upper ones very slightly cordate at base, 1 to 2% in. long; flowers greenish, 2 8 6 . Disporum hookeri B r i t t . ; a, fl. branchlet; campanulate with spreading segb, berry, x 1. ment tips, nearly % in. long, on short drooping pedicels, solitary or in 2s or 3s; stamens slightly shorter than the perianth; anthers minutely hispid; ovary glabrous; style entire; berry obovate, scarlet.—In the Sierra Nevada, Tuolumne Co. to Siskiyou Co.; s. Ore. 3. D. parvifolium (Wats.) Britt. Rather stout, much branched, woollypubescent; leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, the lower cordate and clasp-

LILY

FAMILY

249

ing, 1 to 1% in. long, acuminate; flowers rather numerous, 4 lines long; segments slightly spreading, twice longer t h a n the lanceolate acute nearly sessile anthers; ovary very small, slightly pubescent; style slightly exserted.-—• Siskiyou Mts. Our spms. have the stamens more or less exserted with filaments twice the length of the anthers. 4. D. smithii (Hook.) Piper. F A I R Y L A N T E R N . One to 3 f t . high, softpubescent or almost glabrous; leaves round-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate (and often a little oblique) at base, at apex abruptly acute or attenuate, 2 to 4% in. long; perianth whitish, broad and cup-shaped at base, % to 1 in. long, the tips of the segments erect; stamens % shorter t h a n the perianth; berry yellow, oblong-obovate, a t t e n u a t e above into a short beak.— Stream banks, Coast Range woods very near the coast: San Mateo Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to B. C. Apr. 26. SMILACiNA Desf. Stem simple and leafy, f r o m a horizontal rootstock, bearing a terminal raceme or panicle of small white flowers with minute bracts. Leaves sessile, many-nerved. Pedicels jointed a t the summit. Perianth persistent, the segments distinct and spreading. Stamens inserted a t the base of the segments; anthers versatile. Style 3-lobed at the summit, persistent; ovules 2 in each cell. F r u i t a globose 1 to 3-seeded berry. Seeds sub-globose, with thin testa and horny endosperm. (Diminutive of smilax.) Flowers in a simple raceme; stamens shorter than the perianth segments; filaments not dilated. Leaves spirally arranged, often folded 1. S. stellata. Leaves mostly 2-ranked, commonly flat 2. S. eessilifolia. Flowers in a panicle; stamens much longer than the perianth segments; filaments dilated. . 3. S. am-plexicaulis.

1. S. stellata (L.) Desf. STAR-FLOWER. Stem % to 2 f t . high; rootstock stout; herbage pale; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, often somewhat folded on the midrib, sessile and clasping, 3 to 5% in. long; raceme open, 6 to 20-flowered; pedicels 2 to 6 lines long; perianth segments 2 to 3V-! lines long; stamens % as long as the perianth segments; style nearly equaling the ovary; berry at first with 6 dark-brown longitudinal stripes or bands on a greenish or whitish ground, eventually black.—Crests and e. side of the Sierra N e v a d a ; desert ranges of Mono and Inyo Cos., s. to San Gabriel Mts.; e. to the Atlantic. 2. S. sSssilifdlia Nutt. SLIM SOLOMON. Similar to S. stellata and perhaps only a variety of i t ; rootstock slender; herbage bright green; upper part of stem commonly somewhat arcuately curving and the flat leaves disposed to be 2-ranked; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; raceme commonly 3 to itflowered; stamens to % as long as the perianth segments; berry red, 1 to 4-seeded, 3 to 5 lines broad.—Common in shady woods and on moist brushy slopes: Coast Ranges, mostly near the coast; Sierra Nevada; n. to Wash. 3. S. ampl6xicaulis N u t t . FAT SOLOMON. Stem 1 to 3 f t . high, this and the under surface of the leaves with a minute fuzzy pubescence or rarely glabrous; rootstock stout, elongated; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 3 to 5% in. long, acute a t apex, sessile by a broad clasping base; panicle usually short-peduncled, oblong, 2 to 4 in. long; pedicels 1 line long or less; perianth segments less t h a n 1 line long; filaments lanceolate or broadly subulate, much longer and often broader t h a n the segments; style V2 to nearly as long as the ovary; berry light red, finely sprinkled with dark red dots, 2 to 2% lines in diameter, usually 1-seeded.—Shady woods, Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges; n. to B. C. Var. GLABRA Mcbr. Leaves broadly oblong; herbage glabrous and slightly glaucous.-—High altitudes, Humboldt Co. and Sierra Nevada. 27. MAIANTHEMUM Webb. Stem low, from a horizontal rootstock, bearing 2 or 3 broad leaves and a terminal raceme of white flowers, the pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 in a cluster.

250

LILIACEAE

Perianth segments 4. Stamens 4, with filiform filaments. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a globose red berry. (Latin maius, May, and Greek anthemon, flower, in allusion to the flowering period.) 1. M. bifolium DC. var kamtschaticum (Gmel.) Jepson. OREGON COLTSFOOT. Stem simple, erect, 4 to 14 in. high, often stout; leaves ovate- or triangular-cordate, 2 to 4% in. long; basal leaf cordate, short-pointed, very large, very long-petioled, almost as tall as the flowering stem; raceme peduncled, V2 to 2 in. long; perianth segments oblong or broadest toward apex, slightly unequal, 1 to lines long, becoming defiexed; berry 3 lines in diameter.-— Woods near the coast from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas; Asia. 28. CLINT6OTA Eaf. Stem from a creeping rootstock and bearing at or from beneath the ground a few broad leaves and a scape-like peduncle. Flowers in an umbel or solitary. Perianth resembling a very small lily flower, campanulate, of 6 distinct deciduous segments. Stamens 6, with filiform filaments, inserted on the base of the segments; anthers fixed just above the base, extrorse. Ovary 2 or 3-celled; ovules 2 or 3 in each cell; style slender, slightly 2 or 3-lobed, deciduous. Fruit a smooth ovoid (in ours blue) berry. (De Witt Clinton, 1769-1828, naturalist, several times governor of New York.) P e d u n c l e s m u c h e x c e e d i n g t h e l e a v e s ; flowers in a n u m b e l P e d u n c l e s s h o r t e r t h a n t h e l e a v e s ; flowers s o l i t a r y

1. 0.

andrewsiana. 2. C. uniflora.

1. C. indrewsiina Torr. Leaves commonly 5, sometimes 6, narrowly or broadly elliptic, rather abruptly short-pointed, 7 to 13 in. long, 2 to 4% in. broad; peduncle 15 to 20 in. high, bearing a terminal umbel of many flowers and with 2 to 4 supplementary clusters borne laterally, the lateral clusters 1 to 9-flowered or rarely none; flowers 5 to 8 lines long, rose-red or pink; filaments slightly pubescent below the middle.—Shady woods near the coast: Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co. The berries suggest small-sized old-fashioned bluing balls. 2. C. uniflora Kunth. B R I D E ' S B O N N E T . Leaves 2 or 3, oblong to narrowly elliptic, 4 to 6 in. long, including the short petiole-like base, and % to 2 in. wide, acute; peduncle 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves, commonly with 1 or 2 small bracts; flowers white, 9 to 11 lines long.—Coniferous forests, Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 6000 ft., at scattered stations from Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; thence w. to Siskiyou and Humboldt Cos.; n. to B. C. 29. SCOLiOPUS Torr. Stem very short, subterranean, bearing a pair of broad leaves and an umbel of greenish purple flowers, the peduncle almost obsolete, the sharply angular pedicels (which look like scapes) alone appearing above ground. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals, short, with greenish e x t r o r s e anthers. Ovary triquetrous, 1-celled; style short, its 3 long branches abruptly spreading horizontally. Capsule with a membranous wall which bursts irregularly. (Greek skolios, crooked, and pous, foot, in allusion to the tortuous pedicels.) 1. S. bigel&vil Torr. S L I N K POD. Fig. 287. Leaves 2 (rarely 3), elliptic to oblong, acute, commonly mottled with dark

287

Scoiiopu5

bigelovii Torr.; a, fl. x 1; b. habit x ye.

LILY

251

FAMILY

splotches, 4 to 9 in. long; flowers -with a f e t i d odor and having something the appearance of orchids; pedicels 4 to 9 in. long, 3-angled, slightly winged, erect in flower, in f r u i t tortuous recurving or procumbent, the maturing capsule more or less hidden by forest litter; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 7 to 9 lines long, black-veined, abruptly spreading or recurved; petals linear-subulate, as long as the sepals, hardly 1 line wide, erect.—Deep cold shades of the Redwood forest, Santa Cruz Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to southwestern Ore. Jan.-Mar. 30. TBfLLIUM L. WAKE ROBIN Stem simple, f r o m a tuberous rootstock, naked below and bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 round-ovate netted-veined leaves and a single large flower. P e r i a n t h of 3 lanceolate herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 larger colored petals. Stamens 6, much shorter t h a n the segments; anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate. Ovary 3 to 6-angled, 3-celled or 1-celled a t summit. Styles 3, elongated, stigmatic down the inside. F r u i t a fleshy reddish capsule. Seeds ovate. ( L a t i n triplum, triple, on account of the 3-merous flowers.) Flower sessile; leaves sessile Flower raised on a peduncle. Leaves sessile or nearly so; peduncle erect. . Leaves petioled; peduncle usually declined

1. T.

sessile.

2. T. ovatum. 3. T. rivale.

1. T. sessile L. var. giganteum H . & A . COMMON TRILLIUM. Stem stout, sometimes more t h a n one f r o m the same root, 1 to 1% f t . high; leaves roundovate, 2% to 5 in. long, commonly broader t h a n long; petals obovate to oblanceolate, to 3 in. long, deep red or lilac, or varying to dull white; capsule long-oval to subglobose, obscurely 6-angled above, eircumscissile around the platform-like base.—Brushy or wooded hill-slopes or canons: Coast Eanges f r o m Monterey Co. n to Siskiyou Co., but not in inner Coast Range; n. to Wash. Feb.-Mar. Yar. CHLOROP£TALUM Torr. Petals yellowish or greenish-yellow.—Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co. and s. in the Sierra Nevada to Placer Co. The form with pure white petals (Rock Lily) is found from N a p a Valley to Humboldt Co. Yar. ANGirsTipfiTALUM Torr. Leaves 3 to 7 in. long; petals narrowly linear, typically 1 to 3 (rarely 5) lines wide.—Sierra N e v a d a ; San Luis Obispo Co. 2. T. o v & t u m P u r s h . COAST TRILLIUM. F i g . 288. S t e m 8 t o 10

/

in. high; leaves ovate to round, sometimes disposed to be rhombic, abruptly acute, 2% to 5% in. long; petals oblong-laneeolate to ovate, 1 to 1% in. long, white changing to deep rose-color; ovary incompletely partitioned above the middle; capsule broadly ovate, the angles projected into narrow wings.—Wooded canons near t h e coast f r o m Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co., thence e. to Siskiyou and Shasta Cos.; n. to B. C. and Ida. Mar.-Apr. 3. T. rivale Wats. Stem slender, 4 to 10 in. high; leaves ovate, truncatish to cordate at base, 1% to 3 in. long; flower on a peduncle 1 to 3% in. long; petals white, dotted with purple at the center, about 1 in. long; capsule scarcely angled.—Rocky banks, Del Norte and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to southern Ore.

VV

Q

/ ' \/ \ A I , •, j 1 i / (\ M ' VA/

/ /J'i' Hi

\' \ j.« O '

jj 2g8

Trmium

P u r 8 h . 0> H ; f>, capsule i 1.

0Tatum

fl

,tem

252

AMARYLLIDACEAE

3 1 . SMjtLAX L . GREENBRIER Stems prickly or smooth, climbing by means of tendrils, arising from a tuberous rootstoek. Leaves alternate, netted-veined, the petioles bearing near the base a pair of tendrils. Flowers small, greenish, dioecious, borne in axillary umbels. Perianth segments distinct. Staminate flower with 6 stamens. Pistillate flower usually with 1 to 6 abortive stamens; ovary with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell; style short or none; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a berry. (Smilax, a Greek name.) 1. S. califórnica Gray. Stem woody, climbing over shrubs and trees or trailing over the ground, 3 to 6 (or 14) ft. long; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, 2 to 4% in. long, on petioles % in. long; perianth 5 lines long, its segments 6; berries globose, black, 4 lines in diameter.—Butte Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Trinity Co.; n. to Ore. AMARYLLIDÀCEAE.

AMARYLLIS

FAMILY

Perennial herbs with basal leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, the inflorescence borne on a scape-like stem. Perianth 6-parted, the 6 stamens inserted on its tube. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style 1. Fruit a several to many-seeded capsule.—Amaryllis, Narcissus, and Hypoxia species are extensively cultivated in Cai. gardens. 1. A G À V E L .

MAGUEY

Perennial herbs with a basal rosette of leaves on a short or mostly subterranean trunk. Leaves in ours evergreen, fleshy, spine-tipped and margined by prickles. Flowering stem tall, arising from the center of the rosette. Flowers thick and fleshy. Stamens exserted. (Greek agauos, noble.)—A. americana L., Century Plant, is common in California gardens; in Mexico, just before flowering, an individual of this species yields for a long time one or two gallons a day of saccharine juice from which pulque, the national drink of Mexico, is made. A. rigida var. sisalana Engelm., of Mexico, yields Sisal Hemp. Flowers about 4 in a cluster, the clusters racemosely or subspicately arranged along the terminal axis; stamens inserted at the middle of the perianth-tube. 1. A. utahensis. Flowers many in terminal bunches on the branches of a panicle. Trunk subterranean or essentially so; stamens inserted at the mouth of the tube. Ovary fusiform, about twice as long as the perianth segments. . . . 2 . A. consociata. Ovary flask-shaped, longer than the perianth segments 3. A. deserti. Trunk rising above the ground; stamens inserted at the middle of the tube 4. A. shawii.

1. A. utahénsis Engelm. Trunk subterranean; flowering stem 5 to 8 ft. high; leaves thick, hard, 6 to 12 in. long, margined by white teeth and tipped by a spine 1 to 3 in. long; flowers yellow, 1 to 1% in. long; perianth abruptly expanded above the tube, its lobes 5 to 6 lines long, 3 times as long as the very short free portion of the tube; capsule 1 to 1% in. long, dark brown.— Death Valley region; Providence Mts.; e. to Utah and Ariz. 2. A. consociata Trel. Plants usually forming very dense and commonly circular colonies 3 to 12 ft. broad; trunk none, the leaves densely clustered at the base; scape slender, 6 to 12 ft. high; leaves thick and fleshy, bluegreen, 6 to 12 in. long, edged with straight or curved pale teeth and tipped with a slender black spine; inflorescence slender, rather sparse; flowers yellow, 1% to 2%, in. long; perianth lobes 7 to 8 lines long, the free portion of the tube only 1% to 2 lines long; capsule 1% to 1% in. long, dark brown, abruptly short-pointed at apex.—San Jacinto Mts. to e. San Diego Co.; L. Cai. 3. A. desérti Engelm. Similar to A. consociata, the plants forming rather open and more or less circular colonies 5 to 15 ft. broad; scapes stout, 10 to 16 "ft. high; leaves whitish-green, 10 to 15 in. long; inflorescence large, dense; capsules 1 to 1% in. long, light brown, rounded at apex.—San Felipe region, e. San Diego Co. 4. A. shawii Engelm. Trunk 8 to 12 in. high, regularly leafy, the flowering stem 8 to 12 ft. high; leaves green, glossy, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, 8 to 20 in. long, margined with garnet-red hooked prickles; clusters of the panicle congested; flowers greenish-yellow, 3% to 4% in. long; peri-

253

IRIDACEAE

anth lobes 8 to 10 lines long, the free portion of the tube 7 to 9 lines long.— Sw. San Diego Co. near the coast at the boundary, thence into L. Cai. 1RIDÀCEAE.

IRIS

FAMILY

Perennial herbs, ours low, glabrous, with stout stems and 2-ranked swordlike and sheathing leaves. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers perfect, with petallike perianth of 6 divisions in 2 whorls. Stamens 3, on the base of the outer whorl, with extrorse anthers. Ovary inferior, 3-lobed, becoming a 3-celled capsule. Style 3-cleft or rarely entire; stigmas 3. Stems terete; divisions of the perianth in two unlike whorls Stems 2-edged or -winged; divisions of the perianth alike 1.

Ì R I S L.

1. IRIS. 2. SISYBINCHIUM.

FLAG

Stems terete, from creeping stout rootstocks. Flowers in the axils of spathaceous bracts. Perianth-tube prolonged beyond the ovary; outer segments or sepals obovate above the claw, spreading or recurved; inner segments or petals narrower, erect. Style divided into 3 petal-like branches, each branch with 2 lobes or appendages at summit; stigma a small projecting shelf (stigmatic only on the upper surface) situated on the lower surface of the branch just below the lobes or appendages. Stamens with linear anthers lying close beneath the branches of the style, i.e., opposite them. Capsule oblong, 3-angled. Seeds flattened or turgid, in 2 rows in each cell. (Greek iris, the rainbow, the Greek species of the genus being celebrated for its brilliant colors.) Rootstock :*2 in. thick or more; dying leaves gray or yellow-brown; seeds globular or pyriform. Plant sturdy ; mature leaves as long or longer than stem, 4 to 6 lines wide 1. I. longipetala. Plant slender; leaves shorter than stem, 2 to 4 lines wide 2. I. missouriensis. Rootstock \A. in. thick or less ; dying leaves red-brown ; seeds roughly angled, or spherical in no. 3. Stem 1% to 2 ft. high ; leaves 3 Vi to 6 % lines broad, strongly ribbed ; pedicels about 1 in. long; perianth-tube commonly % in. long 3. I. douglasiana. Stem commonly less than 1 ft. high; leaves 3 lines broad or less, thickened, ribs less prominent. Perianth-tube to 3% in. long; pedicels % in. long 4. I. macrosiphon. Perianth-tube % in. long; pedicels % to 3 in. long 5. I. hartwegii. 1 . I . longipétala Herbert. COAST IRIS. Stem very stout, compressed, 1 to

2 f t . high; leaves 4 to 6 lines broad, equaling or rather exceeding the flowerpeduncles, turning gray or yellow-brown when dying; pedicels % to 3% in. long; bracts scarious at apex, 2% to 4 in. long, % to 1% in. broad (when spread out) ; sepals white, veined with violet, or violet above, 3 in. long, VA to 1% in. broad, narrowed to a short claw, the claw with a very prominent ventral ridge which disappears as a thin crest in the middle of the blade; petals light violet, 2% in. long, 6 to 7 lines wide; capsule narrowed at each end, 2 in. long; seeds pyriform.—Wet heavy soil, usually forming dense colonies: coastal region from San Francisco Bay to Monterey Co. Apr.

2 . I . missoùriénsis Nutt. W E S T E R N B L U E FLAG. Stem 1 0 to 2 4 in. high, exceeding the leaves (or a few leaves scarcely longer), nearly naked except at base; rootstock short, thick; leaves 2 to 4 lines wide, turning gray or yellow-brown when dying; bracts usually opposite, commonly membranous and straw-color, or sometimes thin, herbaceous; pedicels (1 or) 2 to 4 in. long; sepals whitish or pale blue, veined with purple and often with a central yellowish spot; petals pale blue to white, 2 to 2% in. long, the tube about % in. long; capsule 1% to 3 in. long, grooved trough-wise on each face, cylindric in outline, or narrowed to both apex and base; seeds globular to pyriform.—Moist places, meadows or wet flats, high mts. : Sierra Nevada (mostly on the crest and east slope, rare on the west slope), s. to the San Bernardino Mts., e. to eastern Inyo Co., n. to Modoc Co., thence sw. at lower altitudes to the inner North Coast Range in Mendocino and Solano Cos. Throughout the Great Basin and n. to B. C. and Dak. July. 3 . I . douglasiàna Herbert. M O U N T A I N IRIS. Stem VA to 2 f t . high, much exceeded by the (3 to 9 lines wide) basal leaves, these reddish at base; bracts broader and less acuminate than in I. macrosiphon; flowers 2 or 3 in a

254

IRIDACEAE

pair of bracts, mostly cream-color, lavender or azure, o f t e n purple or lilac, the pedicels commonly 1 to 1 % ) in. long; perianth-tube usually % sometimes to in. long; petals 2 to 3 in. long; capsule narrowly oblong, sharply angled, 1% to 2 in. long; seeds spherical (or obovoid).—Common in the Redwood belt and on chaparral slopes in the Coast Ranges near the coast f r o m Monterey Co. n.; rare in t h e n. Sierra N e v a d a ; Ore. May-June. The color of the flowers is exceedingly variable, but the species may be known f r o m the next by its longer pedicels, shorter perianth-tube and stouter habit. Var. ALTfssiMA Purdy. Three to 3% f t . high.—Half moon Bay. 4. I . macroslphon Torr. GROUND IRIS. Stems low and slender, nearly naked or commonly clothed with bract-like leaves, much shorter t h a n the basal leaves which are 5 to 12 (or rarely 27) in. long and 1 to 2 lines broad; bracts lanceolate, long acuminate, 2% to 3% in. long; flowers 1 or 2, on pedicels 6 to 7 lines long, with slender tube 1% to 3 in. long; perianth violet-purple or straw-yellow, generally veined or mottled; sepals oblong-obovate or obovate, their lower or middle portion blotched or veined with white, the margin above o f t e n undulate; petals oblanceolate, of a uniform color, IV2 to 2% in. long; capsule short-oblong, % to in. long; seeds roughly angled.—Brushy slopes, 100 to 3000 ft., Coast Ranges f r o m Santa Clara Co. n. to Del Norte Co.; thence se. to Butte. Co. Also s. Ore. Var. PtJRDYl Jepson. Stem clothed with many bract-like leaves; perianth cream-color veined with purple.—Redwood region of Mendocino Co. 5.

I. hartwdgii Baker.

SIERRA IRIS.

Fig.

289.

Stems many, very leafy, 6 to 12 in. high; leaves Vi in. wide or less; flowers commonly in pairs; pedicels y 2 to 3% in. long, partly enfolded in the long lanceolate-acuminate bracts, which are borne more or less separate f r o m each other; petals yellow with lavender veins or pale lavender with deeper-colored veins and a yellow median portion; tube 3 to 5 lines long; sepals and petals lYz to 2% in. long; capsule short-oblong, obtusely 289. I r i s hartwegii B a k e r ; angled, % to 1 in. long; seeds coarsely wrinkled, fl. x cubical.—Dry open forest, 2 5 0 0 to 6 0 0 0 f t . : w. slope of the Sierra Nevada f r o m Plumas Co. to K e r n Co.; s. to cismontane S. Cal. 2. S I S Y R i N C H I U M L. Stems slender, compressed and usually 2-edged or 2-winged, often geniculate, from fibrous roots, with grass-like or lanceolate leaves and fugacious relatively small flowers in umbels inclosed by 2 sheathing herbaceous bracts, with a scarious bractlet subtending each pedicel. P e r i a n t h 6-parted, the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous, their anthers alternate with the 3 style branches or stigmas; stigmas thread-like. (Name of Theophrastus f o r a bulbous plant allied to Iris.) Stems 2-margined; perianth 4 to 7 lines Ion™; spathe bracts generally shorter than or equal to the flowers. Flowers blue; filaments united to the top; anthers Ys to % as long as the filaments; style entire, stigmas short 1. S. helium. Flowers yellow; filaments united only at base; anthers equal to the filaments; style deeply cleft 2. ccdifornicum. Stems not margined but compressed; perianth 6 to 10 lines long, reddish-purple; outer spathe bract commonly exceeding the flowers 3. grandiflorum.

290 S bellum Wats. ;fl. x l .

1. S. bellum Wats. BLUE-EYED GRASS. NIGGER-BABIES. Fig. 290. Stems erect, simple or somewhat branching, 10 to 20 in. high; leaves shorter than the stem, 1 to 2% lines wide; spathes of 2 nearly equal bracts 10 to 16 lines long, inclosing 3 to 7 flowers; perianth purplish (or sometimes very pale) blue, yellow at base, the segments oblong-

ORCHIDACEAE

255

obovate, conspicuously 4 to 6-nerved, 4 to 7 lines long, emarginate at apex, with a slender tooth in the notch, the inner narrower; anthers short, sagitt a t e ; style abruptly thickened or obclavate at apex (at least when young), divided at tip into 3 short stigmas; capsule globose, 2 to 3 lines long.—Moist grassy slopes, very common throughout Cal., rare in the deserts and arid areas e. of the Sierra Nevada. Mar.-May. 2. S. calif6rnicum (Ker) Dry. GOLDEN-EYED GRASS. Stems unbranched, 4 to 12. (or 15) in. high, broadly winged, exceeding the leaves; bracts rather unequal, inclosing 3 to 7 flowers; perianth bright yellow; segments 4 to 6 lines long, 5 to 7-nerved, obtuse or acutish; anthers versatile, 1% lines long, about equaling the filaments; style cleft to below the middle; capsule obovate-oblong, 4 lines long.—Wet places, i n f r e q u e n t : cismontane S. Cal., Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges; n. to Ore. Apr. 3. S. grandifldrum Dougl. Scapes 6 to 12 in. high, bright green, exceeding the long-sheathing leaves; spathe 1 to 4-fiowered; bracts very unequal, t h e outer usually much exceeding the broadly campanulate flowers; perianth segments dark reddish-purple, rarely white, 6 to 10 lines long; filaments broad at base, 3 to 4 lines long, united % their length; anthers versatile, 2 lines long; style 6 to 7 lines long, cleft at apex, the branches thread-like, 1 line long or less; capsule depressed-globose, 6 to 8 lines long.—Moist places, hills and mountain slopes: Lassen and Modoc Cos. w. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Ida. and Nev. Mar.-Apr. ORCHIDACEAE.

ORCHID FAMILY

Perennial herbs with corms, bulbs, tuberous roots or rootstocks and sheathing leaves often reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, either solitary or in spikes or racemes. Sepals 3, alike. Petals 3, 2 alike; the third petal called the " l i p " commonly dissimilar in color, size and shape, often enlarged, sac-like or spurred, in our genera most frequently brought into an inferior position (i.e., on the lower side of the flower), by twisting of the ovary. Filaments united with the single style forming a column; perfect anther 1 (in Cypripedium 2), situated on the apex of the column and just above or behind the stigma, which is a viscid surface facing the lip. Pollen agglutinated into 2 to 8 pear-shaped masses. Ovary inferior, commonly long and twisted, 1-celled. F r u i t a 3-valved capsule. Seeds innumerable, minute. Leaves foliaceous, i. e. the plants with green herbage. Flowers solitary or several, showy; lip large and sac-like. Leaves 2 to many, cauline; sepals and petals brown or greenish-yellow 1. CYPRIPEDIUM. Leaf 1, basal; sepals and petals rose-purple 2. CALYPSO. Flowers many, spicate or racemose; lip various, but not saccate (except in no. 5 ) . Perianth with a spur 3. HABENARIA. Perianth spurless. Flowers in a spike. Spike dense and twisted; leaves uniformly green 4. SPIRANTHES. Spike more slender; leaves with white or light-colored markings 5. PERAMIUII. Flowers in a raceme. Bracts conspicuous, foliaceous (about 1 to 3 in. long); leaves many; sepals 7 to 9 lines long 6. EPIPACTIS. Bracts small or minute; leaves few; sepals 1 to 2 lines long. Leaves 2, near the middle of the stem 7. LISTERA. Leaf 1, basal 8. MICROSTYLIS. Leaves reduced and scale-like, the whole plant destitute of green herbage. Plants white; perianth not gibbous or spurred; lip with saccate base and broad winglike margins above 9. CEPHALANTHERA. PlantB reddish-brown or purple, rarely yellow; perianth gibbous over the ovary or s p u r r e d ; lip without saccate base 10. CORALLORRHIZA. 1.

C Y P R I P E D I U M L.

LADY'S SLIPPER

Stems leafy, rough-pubescent, from t u f t e d fibrous roots. Leaves 2 to many, large. Flowers few or solitary, large and showy, leafy bracted. Sepals spreading, in ours seeming as if only 2, the 'lateral completely or almost completely united into one under the lip, which is an inflated sac with the incurved margin auricled near the base. Column very short, incurved, terminating in a disk-like stigma. Fertile anthers 2, on short filaments, one on each side of the column below the stigma; sterile anther conspicuous, roundish or ovate,

256

ORCHIDACEAE

situated on the upper side and over-arching the stigma. (Greek Cypris, Venus, and pedilon, shoe, the saccate lip a fit buskin for the goddess.) Stem with several alternate leaves, 1 to 2 ft. high. Petals linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long 1. C. montanum. Petals oblong, 6 to 7 lines long 2. C. californicum. Stem with 2 opposite leaves, 2 to 10 in. high; sepals and petals lanceolate, 6 to 12 lines long 3. C. fasciculatum.

1. C. montanum Dougl. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, rough-pubescent with short glandular hairs; leaves elliptic- to narrowly-ovate, the largest 5 or 6 in; long and 3 in. broad; flowers 1 to 3, shortly pediceled; sepals and wavy-twisted petals usually dark brown, linear-lanceolate, to 2 % in. long; lower sepals united almost to the apex, only the lanceolate-subulate tips free; lip 1 in. long, dull white, veined with purple; sterile anther ovate, 4 lines long, on a slender filament; capsule erect or nearly so, oblong, 10 lines long.—Dense woods: Coast Ranges from the Santa Cruz Mts. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co.; n. to Wash, and Ida. 2. C. californicum Gray. Stem stout, rough-pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate (or ovate), acute or acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long, the upper lanceolate and gradually reduced to foliaeeous bracts of the long loose raceme; flowers 1 to 6, short-pedicelled, greenish-yellow; sepals ovate, acute, 6 to 8 lines long, the two lower united to the apex, equaling the oblong-linear acutish petals; lip obovoid, white or light rose-color, veined with purple, 8 to 10 lines long, pubescent within at the base; sterile anther rounded and arching, nearly sessile, 2 lines lotog, equaling the roughened stigma; capsule oblong, reflexed, 8 to 15 lines long.—Marin Co.; Del Norte Co. to Lassen Co.; s. Ore. 3. C. fasciculatum Kell. Stems slender, 2 to 10 in. high, pubescent, scariously sheathed at base; leaves 2, nearly opposite, ovate to nearly orbicular, 2 to 4 in. long, pale green, with 3 prominent ribs beneath; flowers solitary or 2 to several in a small terminal cluster; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 12 lines long, greenish-brown with brown veins; lower sepals wholly united or very nearly so; lip depressed-ovate, greenish-yellow with brown or purplish margin, 4 to 6 lines long; sterile anther oblong, obtuse, equaling the stigma.—Dry open hillsides: Santa Cruz Co.; Plumas Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 2. C A L Y P S O

Salisb.

Low herb with a corm and coral-like roots. Stem scape-like, sheathed by a few scale-like leaves, a single petioled leaf at base and a single drooping terminal flower. Flowers large, showy. Sepals and petals similar, equal, distinct; lip sac-like, terminating in 2 short spurs protruding from beneath a winged margin; upper side of sac inside with 3 densely ciliate ridges running from the opening towards the spurs, with 2 short spurs below the expanded apex. Column broadly winged, almost oval, concave, and petal-like; anther hemispherical, borne just below the summit, opening by a lid. (The nymph Calypso in Homer.) 1. C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes. CALYPSO. Stem 4 to 5 in. high, the sheathing scales 1 to 2 in. long; leaf ovate, cordate or truncate at base, 1% to 2*4 in. long; petiole % to 1 Ms in. long; sepals and petals rose-purple, sometimes pale, linear-lanceolate, 9 lines long; lip as long or slightly longer, ovateinflated, reddish brown and mottled.-—Bogs or in leaf-mold in redwood or pine forests from Marin Co. to Siskiyou and Del Norte Cos.; n. to Alas., e. across the continent. 3.

H A B E N A R I A Willd.

BEIN-ORCHIS

Stems erect, leafy at least at base, solitary from fleshy tuber-like roots. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white, in a terminal spike or raceme. Sepals equal, the lateral mostly spreading, the petals a trifle smaller. Lip spreading or drooping, in ours entire, produced at base into a long slender spur. Column very short. Anther-sacs more or less divergent. (Latin habena, a thong or rein of a horse, on account of the shape of the spur in some species.)

ORCHID

FAMILY

257

Stem leafy at base; leaves withering at or before anthesis; lip with a more or less distinct median ridge; upper petals straight. Spur shorter than the ovary; spike with flowers openly spaced. . .1. B. unalaschensis. Spur equaling or exceeding the ovary. Slender, the spike lax, attenuate at tip; flowers whitish 2. B. elegans. Stout, the spike dense. Spike narrowly cylindric, rounded in outline at tip; flowers greenish 3. H. michaeli. Spike cylindric-conical; flowers white 4. B. maritima. Stem leafy; leaves remaining until fruit is set; lip flat or concave without median ridge; upper petals inarched and overlapping at tip. Flowers white; stem thickened; lip rhombic-lanceolate 5. B. leucostachys. Flowers greenish; stem very slender; lip narrowly linear. Spur slender, equaling or longer than lip 6. B. sparsiflora. Spur short, sac-like, shorter than lip 7. B. saccata.

1. H. unalaschtasis (Spreng.) Wats. Stem rigid, straight, erect, 1 to 2 (or rarely 3) f t . high; leaves 3 or 4, basal, drying up by flowering time, 6 to 8 in. long, the lowest oblong, the upper oblong-lanceolate, longer; flowers greenish or yellowish green, openly spaced on the long tapering spike and exceeding the ovate-lanceolate bracts; perianth segments 1 to 2 lines long; sepals translucent; upper sepal ovate-acute, somewhat deflexed between the greenish petals; lateral sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate; lip ovate, rounded at the apex, rather thick with a prominent ridge down the middle; spur thick, clavate, about equaling, or exceeding the lip, shorter than the ovary; capsule 6 to 8 lines long at maturity.—Dry soil, pine and fir forests: cismontane S. Cal., Sierra Nevada, n. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas. 2. H. elegans (Lindl.) Jepson. Slender, strict, 10 to 14 in. high; basal leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 2 to 3% in. long, those of the stem reduced and acuminate or often almost none; spike slender, laxly flowered, attenuate at apex, 5 to 7 in. long; flowers whitish; upper sepal lanceolate; lip oblongovate, obtuse, spur as long as or a little longer than the ovary.—S. Cal. and Coast Eange woods mostly near the coast from Monterey Co. n. to Humboldt Co.; Sierra Nevada. Var. e l a t a Jepson. Taller (to 2% f t . high); spike stouter, elongated (10 to 13 in. long), slenderly attenuate.—Brushy hillslopes, Vaca Mts. to Alameda Co. 3. H. michaeli Greene. Stout, 10 to 14 in. high; basal leaves oblanceolate, those of the stem prominent, scale-like, lanceolateacuminate; spike dense, elongated-oblong, 2y 2 to 6 in. long; flowers greenish; upper sepal ovate; lip triangular-ovate, subcordate at base; spur % to ^ longer than the ovary.—Open grassy Coast Eange hills or under oaks, Humboldt Co. s. to Ventura Co. 4. H. maritima Greene. Fig. 291. Low and stout, 6 to 10 or 14 in. high; basal leaves oblong, acute, 3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 1% in. wide, the lowest narrowed to a broad petiole; upper cauline leaves reduced, appressed, lanceolate-subulate; spike very dense and thick, slightly conical, 1% to 4 in. long, 7 to 13 lines broad; flowers white, with a heavy fragrance; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, with a green midvein, 2% lines long; petals 2 lines long, broadest at the base, ligulate-attenuate above; lip narrowly ovate, with a prominent ridge toward the base; spur slender, longer than the ovary; column short and almost beakless.—Sea-cliffs or coast hills, San Francisco Co. to Humboldt Co. 5. H. leucostachys (Lindl.) Wats. Sierra Eein-orchis. Fig. 292. Stem thickened below, leafy, % to 2% f t . high; leaves linear or lanceolate, % to 1% in. broad; flowers white, rather large, in a dense or open spike 4 to 8 in. long; bracts linear-subulate, shorter than the flower; sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, 3 or 4291. Habenaria maritima Greene; a, nerved, thin, 2 to 3 lines long; petals spike x Vi; b, fl. x 2. lanceolate, oblique at base; lip slender-

258

ORCHIDACEAE

lanceolate from a roundish-dilated base, exceeding the sepals and petals; spur slender, 3 or 4 to 6 lines long, exceeding the lip; beak of the stigma prominent, ovate, more than half the length of the connective; 0 M i c a p s u l e oblong, 6 to 9 lines long.—Common about springs and moist meadows: Sierra N e v a d a ; North Coast Ranges; cismontane S. Cal.; White Mts.; n. to Alas. Var viridula Jepson. Lowest leaves elliptic to oblong; flowers greenish. — San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts. 6. H. sparsiflora Wats. Stem very slender, 12 to 20 (or 30) in. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; flowers greenish, somewhat scattered in the open spike, usually shorter than the bracts; lower sepals reflexed-spreading; lip rather narrowly linear; spur 3 to 4 lines long, equaling or rarely a little longer than the lip; petals deltoid-lanceolate, inarched with tips overlapping; capsule % in. long.—Frequent by stream sources, 4000 to 8000 f t . : high North Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; n. to Ore.; e. to N . Mex. and Col.

292. H a b e n a r i a leucostachys W a t s . ; a, infl. x Yz ; b, fl.

x 1%.

7. H. saccata Greene. Stem slender, % to 2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong; raceme lax or medium, its bracts surpassing the green flowers; lip linear, much longer t h a n the short and thick sac-like spur. — Warner Mts., Modoc Co., 5000 to 7 5 0 0 ft.; n. t o Alas.; e. to Col.

4. S P I R A N T H E S Rich. Stem from a cluster of tuberous roots, erect, l e a f y . Flowers white, spurless, in 1 to 3 ranks in a twisted spike. Sepals and petals all narrow, erect, in ours united into a short tube at base and more or less connivent into a hood above. L i p sessile or with a short claw, the broad lower portion embracing the column and bearing a protuberance on each side, the apical portion spreading and wavy-crisped. Column short, obliquely inserted on the ovary, bearing the stigma on the front and the sessile or short-stalked erect anther on the back. Capsule erect. (Greek speira, spiral, and anthos, flower, in allusion to the twisted inflorescence.) L i p roundish at base, n a r r o w e d above the middle but strongly dilated at a p e x ; protuberances ridgelike, minute 1. S. romanzoffiana. L i p oblong at base, only slightly dilated at a p e x ; protuberances nipple-like, prominent 2. 5. porrifolia.

1. S. romanzoffiana C. & S. Fig. 293a, b. Glabrous, 5 to 16 in. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 7 in. long; spike dense, 1% to 5 in. long, the flowers dull or greenish white, in 3 ranks; bracts conspicuous, ovate, abruptly subulate-pointed, 5 to 6 lines long; perianth 3 to 6 lines long, curved; lip recurved.—-Wet meadows, mostly in the higher mountains:

293. a, Spiranthes romanzoffiana C. & S . ; infl. X 1 ; 6, lip x 4 ; c, S. porrifolia L i n d l . ; lip x 4.

ORCHID

FAMILY

259

Sierra Nevada (common), Coast Ranges, cismontane S. Cal. ( r a r e ) ; n. to Alas.; e. across the continent. July-Sept. 2. S. porrifolia Lindl. Fig. 293c. Flowers creamy or yellowish white.—• Marshy meadows or springy spots, cismontane S. Cal., Coast Ranges, and Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to Wash. 5. P E R A M I U M Salisb. RATTLE-SNAKE P L A N T A I N Scape erect, bearing a few sheathing scale-like leaves, a terminal spike, and at base a cluster of petioled white-reticulated leaves. Rootstocks creeping, with fleshy roots. Flowers white, similar to Spiranthes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one united with the petals into an erect galea. Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire and without callous thickenings at base. Anther without a lid. (Greek pera, a leathern pouch, referring to the lip.) 1. P. decipiens (Hook.) Piper. P l a n t s 11 to 15 in. high, glandular-pubescent, especially the scapes and inflorescence; leaves thickish, rosulate, oblongovate, acute at both ends, reticulated with white or light-colored veins or markings, 1% to 2% in. long, on petioles % to % in. long; flowers 3 to 4 lines long; spike 3 to 5 in. long.—Coniferous woods, Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. n. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Humboldt Co. and s. along the coast to Marin Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Quebec. Also in Ariz. (Goodyera menziesii Lindl.) 6. E P I P A C T I S Haller Stem l e a f y from a creeping rootstock. Flowers in a raceme with foliaceous bracts. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; lip strongly constricted a t the middle, the lower portion deeply concave, the upper portion dilated. Anther 2-celled, sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender jointed base; the pollen-masses become attached above to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma. Ovaries reflexed at maturity. (Greek epipegnuo, because used to curdle milk.) 1. E . gigantea Dougl. STREAM ORCHIS. Stout, 1 to 3 (or 4) f t . high, nearly glabrous; leaves ovate below, lanceolate above, acute or acuminate, 3 to 7 in. long; raceme minutely pubescent; flowers 3 to 10, on pedicels 2 lines long; sepals greenish, 7 lines long (exceeding the petals), the upper concave and somewhat carinate; petals rose-color, purple-veined, particularly the lip; lower portion of lip with short erect lobes or wings and with many callous tubercles near the base, the upper portion ovate-lanceolate, crested or ridged toward the base.—Moist stream b a n k s : mts. throughout Cal.; n. to Wash., e. to Col. and Tex. May. 7. L I S T E R A R . B r .

TWAYBLADE

Stem low, bearing a pair of broad sessile opposite leaves a t the middle, and arising f r o m a cluster of fibrous creeping roots. Flowers small and greenish, in a loose raceme. Perianth spreading or reflexed; sepals and petals similar; lip free, longer t h a n the sepals, flat and dilated, more or less deeply bifid. Column free, bearing the ovate anther naked (without lid) at the back of the summit. Pollen-masses 2, powdery, united to a very minute gland upon the rounded entire beak of the stigma. Capsule ovoid. (Martin Lister, 1638-1711, a celebrated English naturalist.) Leaves orbicular or ovate; raceme pubescent. Lip 4 to 5 lines long, distinctly obtuse-lobed at apex, clawed at base 1. L. convallarioides. Lip to 2 lines long, apex rounded with a shallow notch bearing an inconspicuous tooth, base sessile with a short subulate tooth on each side. . . . 2 . L. caurina. Leaves deltoid-cordate; raceme glabrous; lip sharply cleft to the middle into 2 attenuate lobes 3. L. cordata.

1. L. convallarioides Torr. Stem slender, % to 1 f t . high, pubescent above the leaves; leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, often abruptly acute, or obtuse at apex, 1 to 3 in. broad; flowers 6 to 12, greenish, on short pedicels; sepals and petals linear to linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long; lip narrowly cuneateobovate, 4 to 5 lines long, distinctly 2-lobed at the dilated apex, toothed on each side at base just above the short but slender claw, the basal papillae

260

ORCHIDACEAE

very minute or none; capsule 4 lines long.—Moist shaded places in the nits.. 3500 to 6000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; North Coast Ranges f r o m Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tuolumne Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to Alas.; e. to Newf. 2. Ii. caurina Piper. Stem very slender, 4 to 6 in. high, pubescent above the leaves; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse, sessile by a clasping base, 1 to 1 % in. long; bracts ovate, acute, % the length of t h e pedicels; flowers 5 to 15, greenish, very small, on pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; sepals and petals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to IV2 lines long, spreading; lip to 2 lines long, cuneate, with an inconspicuous tooth in the shallow notch a t the rounded apex and a short subulate tooth on each side a t the base, a papilla a t the base of each tooth; column short, not stout; capsule 3 lines long.—Damp woods, high mts.: Humboldt Co.; Ore. to Ida. and Alas. 3. L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Stem slender, 2 to 8 in. high; leaves deltoidcordate, Vz to 1% in. broad, mucronate; raceme glabrous; flowers 6 to 24, purplish or yellowish; sepals ovate, about 1 line long; petals broadly oblong, % line long; lip narrow, twice the length of the petals, cleft to the middle into two a t t e n u a t e lobes, and bearing an orbicular ridge at its base and a subulate basal tooth on each side; column very short; capsule 2 lines long.— Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N. Eng.; Eur., Asia. 8. MICROSTYLIS N u t t . Low herbs with simple stems and a single leaf from a solid bulb. Flowers many, minute, greenish, in a raceme. Sepals oblong. Petals linear or filiform. Lip auricled or ovate at base, acute at apex, entire. Column with 2 teeth a t summit, the erect anther between them. (Greek micros, small, and stylis, style, referring to t h e very small column.) 1. M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. P l a n t s slender, 4 to 5 in. high; leaf ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, narrowed a t base to a petiole nearly as long; perianth segments 1 to 1V2 lines long; pedicels as long as the ovary.—High montane (8000 f t . ) , wet places, rare in Cal.: South Fork Mdws., Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mts.; e. N. Am.; Eurasia. 9. CfiPHALANTHERA Rich. Stem from a creeping rootstock, bearing medium-sized flowers in a bracted spike. Leaves in ours reduced to scarious sheaths. Sepals and petals nearly equal, connivent, t h e l a t t e r somewhat united and galeate, not gibbous at base. Lip free, concave, contracted and somewhat jointed in the middle. Column slender, elongated. Anther shortly stipitate, so as to be nearly or quite above the level of t h e top of the stigma. Pollen-masses not connected nor attached to a gland. Stigma wholly beakless. (Greek cephale, head, and anthera, anther.) 1. C. iiustinae (Gray) Hel. P H A N T O M O R C H I S . Symbiotic saprophyte, the whole plant white, 10 to 20 in. high; rootstock upright with mycorhizal rootlets; leaves 3 to 6, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers many to numerous; sepals and petals similar, oblong-lanceolate, % to % in. long; lip shorter, its middle lobe hinged, 3 to 5-ridged within, the ridges t h i n ; upper sepal and the 2 petals approximate-curving and forming a hood over the column; column 2 lines long, about twice longer t h a n the anther.—Dense mountain forests: Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co., and Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to Ore. Very rare. 10. CORALLORRHlZA R. Br. CORAL-ROOT Brownisn or yellowish saprophytes or root-parasites, destitute of green herbage, and with branching toothed coral-like roots. Stems scape-like, the leaves reduced to scales, and bearing the flowers in a terminal raceme. P e r i a n t h segments oblong or lanceolate, nearly alike, ours 3-nerved, gibbous a t base over the ovary, or the lateral sepals united at base with the foot of the column, forming a short spur which is adnate to the summit of the ovary. Lip 1 to 3-ridged. Column 2-edged, slightly incurved. Anther terminal,

261

SALICACEAE

opening by a lid. Pollen masses 4, soft-waxy. korallion, coral, and rhiza, root.)

Capsules reflexed.

(Greek

Perianth 3 to 4 lines long, the lateral sepals with a spur at base. Spur wholly attached to the ovary; Hp broad, 3-lobed, spotted 1. C. maculata. Spur free for its apical h a l f ; lip oblong, entire, or toothed at base, dark red 2. 0\ mertensiana. Perianth 6 to 8 lines long, gibbous at base; spur none; lip entire, purple-veined 3. C. striata.

1. C. maculata Raf. Stems 8 to 13 in. high; raceme 2 to 7 in. long; sepals and petals brownish-purple, 3-nerved, 3 to 4 lines long; lateral sepals united at base with the foot of the column forming a short (1 line long) spur which is adnate to the ovary; lip white, conspicuously spotted with purple, broadly ovate and somewhat convex, 3-lobed by a deep cleft on each side; "middle lobe denticulate at apex; capsule % in. long.—Mountain woods, mostly 3000 to 6000 f t . : cismontane S. Cal., n. through the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B . C., e. to the Atlantic. 2. C. mertensiana Bong. Stems 6 to 20 in. high; raceme more open than in C. maculata, its axis lurid-purple; flowers reddish tinged or veined with purple; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long; upper sepal erect, covering closely the two petals; lower sepals deflexed-spreading; spur 1 line long, the lower half ftee from the ovary; lip dark red, oblong, obtuse, entire or with a tooth on one or both sides near the base, clawed below, thin and concave, the ridges only slightly prominent; capsule 5 to 8 lines long, attenuate into the short slender pedicel.—Woods, Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Alas. 3. C. striata Lindl. Fig. 294. Stems many in a cluster, 8 to 20 in. high, with 3 or 4 sheathing leaves; raceme 2 to 8 in. long; sepals and petals somewhat flesh-colored, striately 3-nerved with purple or reddish brown lines, about 6 lines long, approximated on upper side of flower and curved over column in such a way as to form a sort of hood; lateral sepals oblique; lip quite entire, its 2 9 4 ' (£^11lorrflh,^2striata edge a little upturned; spur none but the base of the perianth prominently gibbous over the ovary; capsule 6 to 9 lines long.—Woods along the coast from Santa Cruz Co. to Humboldt Co.; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to B . C., e. to Ont.

DICOTYLEDONS Leaves netted-veined. Stem increasing in diameter by an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Flowers with the parts in 4s or 5s, the perianth commonly differentiated into calyx and corolla, sometimes absent. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.

CHORIPETALAE

Calyx usually present, sometimes petal-like. Corolla present or absent, when present consisting of distinct or nearly distinct petals. SALICACEAE. W I L L O W F A M I L Y Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark. Leaves simple and alternate, with stipules. Flowers dioecious, borne in catkins, these falling off as a whole, the staminate after shedding the pollen, the pistillate after ripening of the fruit and dispersion of the seeds. Bracts of the catkin scalelike. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 1 to many. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2 to 4. Fruit a 2 to 4-valved capsule, enclosing many seeds furnished with a tuft of hairs at base. Scales entire or merely denticulate, persistent; flowers without disk; stamens usually 1 to 5 ; stigmas short; pods small, ovate or narrow 1. SALIX. Scales fimbriate or lacerate, caducous; flowers with a broad disk; stamens usually numerous; stigmas elongated or conspicuously dilated; pods larger, nearly globose

2 . POPULUS.

262

SALICACEAE

1. SÁLIX L . WILLOW Trees or shrubs with mostly narrow short-petioled leaves. Winter buds covered by a single scale. Catkins mostly erect, appearing before or with the leaves; scales entire or merely denticulate, persistent or at least not caducous. Staminate flowers with 1 to 9 stamens and 1 or 2 little glands. Pistillate flowers with a gland at the base of the ovary. Stigmas short. (Ancient Latin name of the willow.) A. Filaments of the stamens woolly or hairy below. Stamens 3 to 9 ; style short; stigmas roundish, subentire; scales pale or yellowish, in the pistillate catkin more or less deciduous by maturity; capsules pediceled; trees, mainly of lower altitudes. Petioles with wart-like glands at summit; leaves lanceolate, long-pointed; stipules usually present, roundish; catkins in bud tapering, in flower usually straight, their scales erect 1. S. lasiandra. Petioles not glandular; stipules usually absent; catkins in bud cylindric. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, usually glaucous beneath; staminate catkins curving; scales reflexed or spreading 2. S. laevigata. Leaves very narrow, nearly alike on both faces, finely serrulate, often curving towards apex 3. S. nigra. Stamens 2 ; scales pale, somewhat deciduous; catkins borne on short leafy branchlets, often clustered. Filaments distinct; branchlets reddish brown or drab; leaves narrowly linear or lanceolate ( 1 % to 4 or 6 lines w i d e ) ; shrubs or small trees of stream beds at mostly lower altitudes. Stigmas linear, 3 to 4 times longer than broad, raised on a distinct style; ovary sessile, densely silky; leaves silvery or green 4. S. sessilifolia. Stigmas oblong, roundish, or ovate, sessile or nearly so. Capsule glabrous. Ovary short-pediceled; leaves green, glabrous or nearly so; cismontane. 5. S. melanopsis. Ovary sessile; leaves silky-pubescent below; mostly transmontano 6. S. exigua. Capsule pubescent or pilose; ovary short-pediceled; leaves silky when young, more or less gl abrate when mature 7. S. argophylla. Filaments united at very base; pedicels long (about half as long as the o v a r y ) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines wide, silky-pubescent; branchlets conspicuously glaucescent 8. S. geyeriana.

B. Filaments of the stamens glabrous or mainly so; stamens 2 (1 or 2 in no. 10). Style none; leaves obovate; catkin-scales black, with white hairs 9. S. scouleriana. Style conspicuous or at least evident. Filaments conspicuously united above the base (sometimes distinct in no. 1 4 ) . Trees or shrubs. Capsule silky or pubescent. Leaves with a white felt-like tomentum on under surface; catkins long and slender 10. S. sitchensis. Leaves glabrous; catkins short (oblong to elliptic). . 1 1 . S. phylicifolia. Capsule essentially glabrous; peduncles of the catkins short (and mostly leafless) or none; style long. Leaves dark green and glabrous above, whitish or pale blue and commonly puberulent beneath; capsules very shortly pedicelled ( % line or less). Capsule not beaked; hill and valley country, common 1 2 . S. lasiolepis. Capsule warty-beaked; north coast, rare 13. S. piperi. Leaves glabrous, dark or yellowish green above, only slightly paler beneath ; capsules with conspicuously long ( 1 to 2 lines) pedicels. Branchlets brownish or greenish; leaves 2 to 4 in. long 14. S. cor data. Branchlets yellow; leaves 1 to 2 in. long 15. 8. lute a. Stems trailing, forming mats on the ground (2 to 4 in. h i g h ) ; alpine 1 6 . S. petrophUa. Filaments free. Leaves glabrous and slightly glaucous beneath; Sierra Nevada. . 1 7 . S. lemmonxx. Leaves pubescent beneath. Leaves silky or villous-tomentose beneath. Leaves entire, not glandular, long silky on both surfaces; high montane 1 8 . S. glauca. Leaves minutely glandular-serrate; gray villous or glabrate; high montane 19. S. commutata. Leaves whitened beneath with a thin close felt; dry inner Coast Range 2 0 . S. brexoeri. 1. S. lasi&ndra Benth. YELLOW WILLOW. Fig. 2 9 5 . Tree 2 0 to 4 5 ft. high,

the trunk with brown roughly fissured bark; one-winter-old branchlets yel-

WILLOW

FAMILY

263

lowish; winter buds keeled on the back, short and blunt; young leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrulate, with small suborbicular stipules; mature leaves lanceolate with long tapering or very slender point, 4 to 7 in. long, % to in. wide; petioles 3 to 9 lines long, glandular at the upper end; stipules on vigorous shoots conspicuous, orbicular, 5 to 12 lines broad; staminate catkins 1% to 3 in. long, usually straight, 5 to 6 lines thick; pistillate catkins 1% to 21/4 in. long, 2% to 3 lines thick; scales erect, oblong-lanceolate, thin, nearly or quite glabrous on the back, hairy a t base, the staminate yellow, the pistillate brown and mostly deciduous in f r u i t ; stamens 4 to 9; ovary and capsule glabrous.—Banks of living streams in the Coast Eange, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and Sierra Nevada foothills (but ascending to 4500 to 8500 southw.) and s. to S. Cal.; e. to N. Mex., n. to Yukon. Yar. LANCIF6LIA Bebb. Branchlets more or less pubescent; leaves smaller, narrower, less serrulate; petioles less glandular.— Sierra Nevada f r o m Plumas Co. to Fresno Co., 3500 to 8500 f t . ; San Bernardino Mts.; Waltham Creek, Fresno Co.; Santa Cruz. (Var. abramsii Ball.) 2. S. laevigata Bebb. RED WILLOW. Fig. 296. Tree 20 to 50 f t . high, t h e t r u n k b a r k roughly fissured; one-winter-old branchlets reddish brown, glabrous; winter buds ovate, pointed; young leaves broadly oblong, acute at each end, disposed 2 9 5 . Saliz l a s i a n d r a to be broadest above the middle, mucronate, enB e n t h . ; a, leaf x Vz ; ft, s t a m i n a t e c a t k i n x tire, soon becoming serrulate; stipules minute and % ; c, pistillate c a t k i n caducous or n o n e ; mature leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtusish a t base, acute at apex or sometimes longpointed, serrulate, glabrous, green and shining above, pale or conspicuously glaucous beneath, 2y 2 to 7 Y2 in. long, % to 1% in. broad; petioles 1 to 5 lines long; staminate catkins commonly flexuous, i y 2 to 4% in. long, 4 or 5 / \ M lines thick; pistillate catkins % • \-vl to 2 in. long, 2 lines thick; scales K M soon spreading or reflexed, ellip/ tic, blunt, woolly at base, glabrous and pallid towards apex, 2 to 4V \ H toothed, the staminate yellow, the „ X' / pistillate gray and tardily deciduous; stamens 4 to 7 (sometimes 3 ) ; ovary and capsule glabrous.— ' ^ / Along living streams, valleys and foothills, 20 to 4500 ft., through>i out cismontane Cal.; e. to Ariz, is and Utah. Var. ABAQUIPA Ball. Small tree; one-winter-old branchlets tomentulose; catkins long and dense.—Dry gulches, Solano and a Sonoma Cos. to San Diego Co. 296. Salix l a e v i g a t a B e b b ; a , l e a f ; 6, s t a m i n a t e c a t k i n ; c, pistillate c a t k i n , x % .

3 - S ' n i S r a M a r s h , var. Vallicola Dudley. BLACK W I L L O W . Tree

264

SALICACEAE

commonly 20 to 50 f t . high with rough dark b a r k ; branchlets brittle at the base; mature leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, o f t e n falcate, serrulate, glabrous, green on both surfaces, 2 to 7 in. long, 2 to 4 (or 8) lines wide; petioles 1 line long; stipules early deciduous; scales of catkins obovate, yellow, hairy, erect; staminate catkins to in. long; stamens 3 to 5; pistillate catkins % to 1% in. long, in f r u i t 1 to 2% in. long, becoming rather lax; ovary scantily pubescent or hoary; capsule glabrous, reddish brown.— Eiver banks, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and lower Sierra Nevada foothills and s. to S. Cal.; thence e. to Tex., s. to Méx. (S. gooddingii Ball. S. nigra Jepson.) 4 . S. séssilifólia N u t t . var. hindsiána And. SANDBAR W I L L O W . Shrub with slender stems 5 to 14 f t . high forming clumps in river bottoms; foliage silvery or becoming more or less green; leaves linear, usually tapering to the acute apex and to the narrow but short petiole-like base, entire, 1 to 3 in. long, 2% to 5 lines broad, thinly villous on both surfaces and green, or densely villous and silky, especially on young or sterile shoots; no stipules; catkins terminal on l e a f y branchlets; staminate catkins % to 1 in. long, slender (2 lines t h i c k ) , in bud usually cylindric, the scales with acute green tips; gland long and slender; pistillate catkins % to 1 in. long, 3 lines thick, often not dense; ovary sessile, densely silky; style present, stigmas deeply cleft into linear lobes; capsule densely silky, or glabrescent and brown.— Abundant in flood beds of streams of the Coast Kanges, Great Valley, and Sierra Nevada foothills. Passing, in Tulare Co., into the var. LEUCODENDROIDES Schn. Leaves 3 to 6% in. long, finely but remotely denticulate; style very short; stigmas shorter t h a n in the species.—Ventura Co. to San Diego Co. 5. S. melanópsis Nutt. var. bolanderiána Schn. LONGLEAF W I L L O W . Shrub 5 to 15 f t . high with bright green foliage; leaves mostly glabrous, or sometimes minutely canescent, lanceolate or linear, tapering to apex and to a short petiole at base, remotely serrulate with cuspidate teeth, 2 to in. long, 1 to 6 lines broad; catkins terminal on l e a f y branches; staminate catkins Vn to 1 y a in. long, 2 lines thick; pistillate catkins % to 1 in. long; ovary pediceled or sometimes nearly sessile, glabrous; stigmas very short, sessile, cleft into short-ovate lobes; scales densely woolly, mostly ovate; fruiting catkin to 2% in. long; capsule glabrous, the pedicels short ( % to % as long).—Stream beds in valleys and foothills and into the mts. to 4000 or even 6300 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Kern Co. to Shasta Co.; Great Valley; Coast Ranges f r o m Alameda Co. to Siskiyou Co. (S. longifolia Jepson.) 6. S. exigua Nutt. NARROW-LEAF W I L L O W . Shrub, 8 to 16 f t . high; leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, glandular-serrulate or entire, bluish-green and pubescent or subglabrous above, pubescent or white-silky below, to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide; catkins similar to no. 5, the pistillate very slender; capsule glabrous, shortly pediceled, very obtuse at apex or even somewhat excavated, the short stigmas sessile; stigmas bifid into ovate or oblong lobes.—East side of the Sierra Nevada, s. to the Colorado Desert, thence w. to Ventura and San Diego Cos.; Nev. to Alb. Var. PARISHIÁNA Jepson n. comb. O f t e n more silky; a very short style often evident.—Ojai Valley to San Bernardino and San Diego Co.; an ill-defined form. (S. parishiana Rowlee.) 7. S. argophylla N u t t . COYOTE W I L L O W . Shrub 5 to 12 or 20 f t . high; leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, often falcate, denticulate or entire, 1 to 2 % in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide, at first silky, more or less glabrate; ovary hairy, short-pediceled; stigmas oblong or linear; capsules hairy.—Stream beds: Klamath River; South Coast Ranges; coastal S. Cal.; e. side of the Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to Ida. 8. S. geyeriána And. var. argéntea (Bebb) Schn. SILVER W I L L O W . Slender shrub 6 to 16 f t . high with numerous stems from the base and very slender white-glaucous branchlets; leaves lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate at apex, entire, 1 to IV2 in. long, 2 to 5 lines wide, becoming green above, appressed silky beneath and imparting a silvery sheen, or glabrate and pale; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; catkins short-peduncled with 2 or 3 leafy bracts.

WILLOW

265

FAMILY

the staminate 4 to 6 lines long and 3 lines thick, the pistillate 3 to 4 lines long and 1% to 2 lines thick; scales dark or yellowish, rounded; filaments united a t base, densely long-hairy below; style (none or very s h o r t ) ; ovary hoary; stigmas ovate, entire or emarginate; f r u i t i n g catkins */> to % in. long, about as thick; capsule 2 to 3 lines long, light brown, puberulent, the pedicels about half as long.—Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 9000 f t . : Volcano Creek, Tulare Co.; Lyell Fork near Mt. Lyell; Mono Co.; Twin Lakes. Alpine Co.; Plumas Co.; e. to Col., n. to Ida. (S. macrocarpa N u t t . var. argentea Bebb.) 9 . S. scouleri&na Barr. NTJTTALL W I L L O W . Shrub 2 to 1 5 f t . high or a small tree to 25 f t . high; branchlets with whitish or commonly with very dark b a r k ; leaves broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, entire, rounded at apex or shortly acute, 1 to 1*4 (or 4) in. long, % to in. broad, yellowgreen and lustrous above, yellow-veined, glabrate or densely short-silky beneath; petioles 4 lines long; catkins appearing before the leaves, oblong or elliptic, Vi to 1 in. long, 5 to 7 lines thick, sessile; bracts obovate, rounded at apex, black or black tipped, covered with white hairs; stamens 2. conspicuously long-exserted, filaments glabrous; ovary white-silky; style none, stigmas broadly linear, sometimes notched a t apex; capsule less silky than t h e ovary.-—Montane, 4 0 0 0 to 1 0 , 0 0 0 f t . , San Bernardino Mts. and Sierra N e v a d a ; along the immediate coast f r o m Monterey Co. and Alameda Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas., e. to the Bocky Mts. (S. flavescens N u t t . S. brachystachys Nutt. S. scouleriana var. crassijulis And.) 1 0 . S. sitchensis Sanson var. c&ulteri Jepson n. comb. V E L V E T W I L L O W . Tree or shrub, 5 to 25 f t . high, the t r u n k 2 to 10 in. in diameter; leaves thickish, obovate to oblanceolate, rounded or shortly acute at apex, entire (obscurely serrulate on vigorous shoots), dark green and almost glabrous above, densely tomentose and lustrous silky beneath, 2 to 5 in. long, 1 to 3 in. broad; petioles 1 to 6 lines long; stipules small, early deciduous or on sterile shoots broad or orbicular, 4 to 6 lines long; staminate catkins 1% to 2 in. long, 5 to 6 lines thick; stamen 1; pistillate catkins % to 2 in. long and 3 lines thick, or in f r u i t 3 to 5 in. long; bracts covered with long white silky hairs, the staminate rounded a t apex, the pistillate shorter, broader and more acute; style elongated, stigmas short-oblong, entire or nearly so; capsule silky-tomentose.—Near the coast from S a n t a B a r b a r a to Marin Co. and Humboldt Co., passing into the species northw. Var. PARVIF6LIA Jepson n. comb. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, % to 1% in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide.— Mendocino Bange. (S. sitchensis f. parvifolia Jepson.) Var. RALPHIANA Jepson n. comb. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse; stamens 2; style elongated; stigmas very deeply cleft; otherwise similar to the species.— Tulare Co., about 6 0 0 0 f t . (S. sitchensis f. ralphiana Jepson.) Var. ANGUSTIF&LIA Bebb. Leaves linear- to oblong-oblanceolate, acute, 1 to 4 % in. long; stamens 2; style short; f r u i t i n g catkins shorter t h a n in the species ( % to 1V2 in. long).—Montane, 7 0 0 0 to 8 7 0 0 ft., Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Madera Co. (S. jepsonii Schn.) 11.

S. p h y l i c l f d l i a L . v a r . m o n i c a J e p s o n

n. comb.

MONO WILLOW.

Pro-

cumbent or erect branching shrub, 1 to 2 f t . high; branchlets dark red; leaves ovate, acute at apex, acutish a t base, entire or obscurely and remotely serrulate, bright green above, slightly pale below, glabrous or nearly so, % to l x /i in. long, 3 to 6 lines broad; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; stipules none; scales roundish-ovate, hairy; catkins oblong or elliptic, densely flowered, sessile or subsessile, 3 to 6 lines long, bracts none or few and small; fruiting catkins 8 to 9 lines long; style medium sized, stigmas entire or 2-cleft; capsule pubescent, short-pediceled or subsessile, 2 lines long.—Sierra Nevada, local in Tuolumne and Mono Cos., 9000 to 11,000 f t . : Bloody Canon; Mono Pass; Tuolumne Soda Sprs. This willow forms dense colonies 10 to 100 yards across; it is dominant on about 15 acres below Mt. Dana saddle. (S. monica Bebb. S. planifolia Pursh var. monica Schn.) 12. S. lasiolepis Benth. ARROYO W I L L O W . Shrub or tree 10 to 18 or rarely 35 f t . high, t h e t r u n k 3 to 7 in. in diameter with smooth b a r k ; mature leaves oblong, obovate or linear, acute, obscurely serrulate, green and glabrous

266

SALICACEAE

above, white-pubescent or pale beneath, to 5 in. long, % to lVi in. broad; petioles 1 to 8 lines long; catkins appearing before the leaves, sessile, densely silky tomentose in the bud, suberect; scales d a r k ; staminate catkins % to 1% in. long, 5 to 6 lines thick; stamens 2, filaments glabrous, more or less united below; pistillate catkins % to 1 in. long, 3 to 4 lines thick, in f r u i t to 2*4 in. long; style medium, stigmas 2; capsules glabrous or puberulent, short-pediceled.—Beds of summer-dry arroyos and banks of living streams, valleys and foothills, 10 to 2000 ft., ascending to 4000 or 5000 f t . southw., the most common willow throughout cismontane Cai.; s. to L. Cai., e. to Ariz. (S. bakeri Seem.) Yar. BIGELÒVII Bebb. Leaves broadly obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse entire, % to 1% in. broad; catkins on short leafy peduncles.—San Francisco Bay region. 13. S . piper! Bebb. D U N E W I L L O W . Shrub or small tree 5 to 20 f t . high; leaves broadly oblong or elliptic, abruptly acute to obtuse, serrulate to entire, green and glabrous above, lead-color or glaueous-hue beneath, glabrous beneath or when young soft-puberulent, 2% to 4 in. long; catkins similar to no. 11; f r u i t i n g catkins IV2 to 4 in. long.—Sand-dunes along t h e north coast: Humboldt B a y ; D o w ' s P r a i r i e ; Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 14. S. cordata Muhl. Shrub; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the subcordate or truncate base and tapering into the pointed apex, entire or serrulate, glabrous, dark green above, paler or glaucous'beneath, (1 or) 2 to 4 in. long, % to % (or 1%) in. broad; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; stipules orbicular, early deciduous or none; catkins subsessile or shortly peduncled, dense, 1 to 1% in. long, 3 to 4 lines thick; scales narrow, dark or black, the lower p a r t villous with long white hairs; stamens 2, filaments glabrous, elongated, f r e e or more or less united; style long, stigmas short, bifid; fruiting catkins 1 to 1% in. long; ovary and capsule glabrous; pedicels to 2 lines long.—Montane, 4000 to 7000 f t . , Sierra N e v a d a : Yosemite Valley; Calaveras Co.; Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore., e. to N. Eng. Bare in Cai. (S. cordata var. mackenziana Jepson.) 15. S. lùtea N u t t . var. watsònii (Bebb) Jepson n. comb. Shrub 5 to 10 f t . high; branches smooth, glabrous, polished, yellow; leaves yellowish green, oblong and short-acuminate to oblong-lanceolate, serrulate or subentire. 1 to 2 in. long; stipules small or none; catkins V2 to 1 in. long, dense; capsule glabrous; pedicel % to 1% lines long.—High montane, 6000 to 9000 f t . : San Jacinto Mt.; P a n a m i n t Range; n. Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co. acc. Bot. Cai. 1:86) ; e. to Utah. (S. cordata var. watsonii Bebb.) Var. NIVÌRIA Jepson n. var. Six to 10 f t . high; young leaves silky; branchlets very dark brown, minutely puberulent; styles long.—Near snow banks, Snow Creek, San Bernardino Mts. (Jepson 5575, t y p e ) . 16. S . petróphila Bydb. A L P I N E W I L L O W . Stems with very short often tortuous branches forming a small depressed or prostrate plant body; flowering shoots 1 to 6 in. high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, entire, scantily pilose, 3 to 8 lines long, 2 to 5 lines broad; catkins on erect l e a f y peduncles, densely flowered, % to % in- long, the pistillate 1 to 2 in. long; peduncles in f r u i t 1 to 2 in. long; glands 2 to each staminate flower; style long, stigmas 2-cleft; capsule white woolly or glabrescent and brown, subsessile, 2 to 3 lines long.—Sierra Nevada, 9000 to 11,000 f t . : Mt. Whitney, Mt. Brewer. Mt. Goddard, Mt. Lyell, Mt. Dana, Tower Peak, and other high peaks; n. to Alb., e. to N. Mex. (S. petrophila var. kennedyi Schn.) Not recorded f r o m Mt. Shasta. 17. S. lemmònil Bebb. LEMMON's WILLOW. Stems many f r o m a clustered base forming a rounded shrub 4 to 12 f t . high; leaves lanceolate, acuminate a t both ends, entire, green above, very pale glaucous below, glabrous or nearly so, 1 to 4 in. long, 3 to 5 lines broad; petioles 1 or 2 lines long; stipules small, soon deciduous; catkins elliptic, about % in. long on very short peduncles with 2 or 3 foliaceous bracts; scales pitch-black, usually rounded, villous; stamens 2, filaments slightly puberulent a t base; style short, stigmas short-linear, bifid; f r u i t i n g catkins V2 to 1 in. long; ovary and capsule grayish tomentose or t h e l a t t e r glabrate; pedicels in f r u i t % t c % line long.—Moist river bottoms and swampy meadows, 5000 to 9000 ft..

WILLOW

FAMILY

267

common, Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Plumas Co. Var. A 6 S T I N A E Sehn. Branchlets with a glaucous bloom.—Plumas Co. (S. austinae Bebb.) 18. S. glauca L. var. orestera Jepson n. comb. Spreading many-stemmed shrub 2 to 4 (or 6) f t . high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or taper-pointed, entire, green above, slightly glaucous beneath, pubescent or subglabrous. when young villous tomentose on both sides, 1 to 2% in. long, 3 to 7 lines wide; petioles almost none to 3 lines long; stipules lanceolate or none; catkins % to % (or 1%) in. long, on leafy-bracteate peduncles, the staminate peduncles very short or almost none; scales hairy, dark, turning reddish; ovary hoary-tomentulose; style long; stigmas entire (or 2-lobed); f r u i t i n g catkins % to 1% in. long; capsule brown, finely pubescent, 3 to 4 lines long, pediceled.—High montane slopes, 8000 to 11,500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Sierra Co. (S. orestera Schn. S. glauca var. villosa Bebb, Jepson et al.) 1 9 . S. commutata Bebb. SIERRA W I L L O W . Shrub 2 to 5 f t . high; branchlets dark brown; leaves mostly oblong, acute at apex, obtuse a t base, appressed-villous and gray (or the young parts densely white tomentose), o f t e n glabrescent and green, minutely (or microscopically) glandular serrate or sometimes entire, % to 2% in. long, 5 to 12 lines broad; margin of small leaves at base of both leafy and flowering shoots thickly studded with glands; stipules ovate, lanceolate or none; catkins on short leafy peduncles, the staminate V2 in., the pistillate % to 1 in. long (in f r u i t 1 to 1% in. l o n g ) ; scales dark, villous; filaments glabrous; ovary hoary-tomentose. pediceled; style long; stigmas oblong, bifid or entire; capsule brown, finely pubescent, 2 to 3 lines long.—Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 10,500 f t . : House Mdws., North Fork Kings River; Mt. Goddard; Crescent Lake, Mariposa Co.; Peregoy Mdw., Yosemite P a r k ; Tuolumne Soda Sprs.; Summit, Placer Co.; near Mt. Lola; Warner Mts.; also w. Nev.; n. to Alb. and Alas. (S. eastwoodiae Ckl. S. californica Bebb not Lesq.) Var. RUBICIJNDA Jepson n. var. Low shrub % to 1% f t . high; branchlets cherry-bark red; leaves ovate, glabrate, 6 to 10 lines long (but mature leaves not k n o w n ) ; catkins 3 to 5 lines long; capsules glabrous.—High montane, 10,100 to 10,500 ft., in Tulare Co.: Mt. Whitney; Lost Creek; Sawtooth Eange (Jepson 4992, t y p e ) . 20. S. b r i w e r i Bebb. B R E W E R W I L L O W . Low spreading shrub 1 to 2 f t . high; mature leaves oblong to linear, shortly acute or obtuse, green and puberulent above, rugose beneath and whitened with a thin b u t dense feltlike covering, entire, 1 to 2 or 2% in. long, 3 to 6 lines wide; petioles almost none; stipules of sterile shoots small, ovate, acute; catkins appearing before the leaves, dense, 6 to 9 lines long, 3 to 4 lines thick, sessile, with 2 or 3 small bracts at base; scales yellow, rounded at apex, rather densely pilose on both sides; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; anthers yellow; nectary filiform very long; ovary and capsule hoary; style elongated, stigmas 2-cleft.—Dry situations, inner Coast Range: Epperson, Colusa Co.; Mt. H a n n a ; Mt. St. Helena; Mt. Hamilton Range; Hepsedam P e a k ; San Carlos Range. Var. DELNORTISNSIS Jepson n. comb. Leaves obovate; anthers violet.—Ne. Del Norte Co. (S. delnortensis Schn.)

2. P d P U L U S L .

POPLAR

Trees with scaly buds and caducous stipules. Leaves rather long-petioled, broad. Winter buds covered by many scales. Catkins appearing before the leaves, in ours pendulous; scales fimbriate or lacerate, falling as soon as released by the flowering elongation of the catkin. Stamens inserted on t h e surface of a concave disk. Ovary seated on a collar-like disk; style short; stigmas 2 to 4, narrow and elongated, or conspicuously dilated. Capsule 2 to 4-valved. Coma of the small seeds long and conspicuous. (Classical Latin name of the Poplar.) Stamens 4 0 to 80. Leaves deltoid-orbicular, broader than long, yellowish green, alike on both f a c e s ; valley streams 1. P . fremontii. Leaves longer than broad, ovate, dark green above, rusty or silvery beneath; valley and mountain streams 2. P . trichocarpa. Stamens 6 to 1 2 ; leaves round-ovate, 1 to 2 in. l o n g ; high m o u n t a i n s . . . . 3 . P . tremuloides.

268

SALICACEAE

1. P . frem6ntii Wats. FREMONT COTTONWOOD. Fig. 297a. Handsome tree commonly 40 to 90 ft. high with massive crown, the trunk 1 to 5 ft. in diameter; bark white or whitish, on the main trunk 1 to 5 in. thick, roughly cracked; branchlets stoutish; leaves bright green, lustrous, triangular or roundish in outline, 2 to 4 in. broad, broader than long, the margin crenate except at the abruptly short-pointed apex and the truncate or subcordate base; scales regularly laciniate-fringed, shorter than the flowers; stigmas 3 or 4, roundish; pods ovate, roughish, 4 to 5 lines long, borne on pedicels 2 lines long; disk 1 % to 2 lines broad; seeds copiously provided with long white hairs which soon involve the catkin in a soft cottony mass.—Valleys and foothills, usually along living streams: Great Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills; inner North Coast Ranges but rare; South Coast Ranges; S. Cal.; thence e. to N. Mex. Also called Common Cottonwood. Var. PUBISCENS Sarg. Branchlets pubescent.—San Diego and ne. to southern Nev. Var. ARIZ6NICA Jepson n. comb. Branchlets slender; leaves long-pointed.-—Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mts. (acc. S a r g e n t ) ; Ariz. ( P . arizonica Sarg.). Var. MACDOUGALLII Jepson n. comb. Leaves bluish-green; disk 1 y> lines broad.—Colorado Desert. (P. macdougallii Rose.) 2. P . trichocarpa T. & G. BLACK COTTONWOOD. Fig. 297b. Tree commonly 30 to 125 f t . high, with a broad head of upright branches; trunk 1 to 3 f t .

2 9 7 . Leaves of Populus; a, P . fremontii Wats., x Vz b, P . trichocarpa T . & G., x Yt; c, P . tremuloides Michx., x M.

in diameter; bark light or dark in color but usually with a yellowish east, longitudinally fissured, the long, narrow and rather smooth-surfaced plates separated by cleanly channeled fissures; leaves broadly or narrowly ovate, finely serrate, truncate or heart-shaped at base, acute or tapering to a point at apex, 21/, to 7 (or 11) in. long, lustrous green above, rusty-brown beneath when young but at length whitish; stigmas 3, dilated and deeply lobed; pod nearly sessile; seeds with long lustrous white hairs.—Along living streams and rich bottoms in canons and valleys, mostly 500 to 7500 ft., nearly throughout the state in the greater ranges; w. Nev.; n. to Alas. Var. INGRATA Jepson n. comb. Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 % in. long, 4 to 10 lines broad.—Santa Ana Canon, San Bernardino Mts. (f. ingrata Jepson). 3. P . tremuloides Michx. ASPEN. Fig. 297c. Slender tree with branches gracefully pendulous towards the ends, 10 to 60 ft. high, the trunk 3 to 10 in. in diameter; bark smooth, greenish white, or on old trunks nearly black; leaves round-ovate, finely toothed or almost entire, abruptly tipped at apex with a short sharp point, 1 to 2 in. long; ovary conical; stigmas 2, very thick below, divided above into 2 slender spreading lobes; seeds minute,

269

BETULACEAE

brownish, bearing long white hairs.—Margins of streams or swampy meadows or on rocky drifts, 5000 to 10,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada; not on Mt. Shasta; local in Cañón Creek, Trinity Mts., and Fish Creek Canon, Mt. San Gorgonio; s. to Méx., e. to Bocky Mts., n. to Brit. Am. I t has a more extensive distribution than any other North American tree. The wood burns green. BETULACEAE. B I R C H F A M I L Y Deciduous trees or shrubs with alternate simple petioled leaves and caducous stipules. Flowers monoecious, in catkins, flowering in late winter before the leaves appear. Staminate catkins elongated, pendulous, falling after flowering; flowers 3 in the axil of each scale; calyx present. Pistillate catkins relatively short; calyx none; ovary 2-celled, one ovule in each cell; styles 2. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded nutlet. Scales of the catkin consisting of a bract and 4 bractlets united, in the woody cone obscurely 5-lobed at apex; pistillate catkins developing into oval or ovoid woody cones which are drooping or spreading and eventually fall whole; stamens 2, 3 or 4

(or 1 to 7 )

1.

ALNUS.

Scales of the catkin consisting of a bract and 2 bractlets united, in the fruiting catkin plainly 3-lobed at apex; pistillate catkins solitary, cylindrical and erect in fruit, falling to pieces when mature; stamens 2 2. BETULA

1. Á L N U S Hill. A L D E R Catkins 2 to 8 in a cluster, usually borne on a forked peduncle, sometimos sessile. Scales consisting of a bract and 4 bractlets united. Staminate catkins pendulous; calyx 4 (5 or 6)-parted; stamens 1 to 6. Pistillate catkins erect, spike-like, ripening into woody cones, the scales persistent on the axis: flowers 2 in the axil of each scale. Cones spreading or pendulous when mature. Nutlet with a narrow acute margin. (The Latin name.) Catkins appearing in the early autumn as rather conspicuous naked buds and flowering in the late winter or early spring before the leaves appear; peduncles of the pistillate catkins naked, their branches Vz in. long or less; stamens 1 to 4. Trees 30 to 80 ft. high; mostly of low altitudes. Leaf-margin plane, with small scattered glandular teeth; bracts of staminate catkin obtuse; stamens 2, sometimes 3, 1, or 4 1. A. rhombifolia. Leaf-margin coarsely toothed, the entire margin with a narrow underturned e d g e ; bracts of staminate catkin acute or acutish; Btamens 4, rarely 3 2. A. rubra. Shrubs 8 to 15 ft. high; leaf-margin coarsely toothed a n d again finely toothed; stamens 3. A. tenuifolia. 4 or 2 ; high montane Catkins appearing in the spring from scaly buds at the same time as the leaves; peduncles of the pistillate catkins leafy (at least at b a s e ) , their branches % to 1 in. long; 6tamens 5 or 6 ; leaf-margin sharply or laciniately toothed; high montane s h r u b . . 1 . A. rhombifólia Nutt. W H I T E ALDER. Tree 3 0 to 115 f t . high; bark whitish or gray-brown; leaves oblong-ovate or -rhombic, tapering more or less to base and apex, 2 to 4 in. long; cones ovoid, 5 to 9 lines long.—Banks of rivers and living streams: Coastal S. Cal.; Sierra Nevada cañons; Great Valley; Coast Banges except in the narrow coast strip occupied by Bed Alder; n. to Wash. 2. A. rübra Bong. BED ALDER. Fig. 298. Tree 30 to 90 ft. high; bark very white or white-mottled; leaves 2 to 6 in. long, elliptic ovate, often rusty beneath, the coarse teeth again finely toothed; cones oblong-ovoid, % to 1% in. long.—Deep cool cañons or moist flats along the coast: Santa Inez Mts. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas. Abundant from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co., where it forms pure groves of singular beauty in marshy bottoms near the sea. Also called Oregon Alder.

3.

A. tenuifolia

Nutt.

MOUNTAIN

ALDER.

Shrub

or small tree, 8 to 14 ft. high; leaves roundish to ovate, thickish, at base truncately rounded (or even subcordate) to cuneate, coarsely toothed and again finely serrate, 1 to 3 in. long; staminate catkins 3 or

2 9 8 . Alnus rubra B o n g . ; a, fl. branchlet; b, cluster of winter "cones." x VA. .

270

CORYLACEAE

4 in a cluster, 3 in. long; pistillate catkins 3 to 8 in a cluster, sessile or with peduncles almost 2 lines long; cones small, 3 to 7 lines long.—Thickets on wet hillsides or in moist hollows, 5000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe to Mt. Shasta, thence w. to Trinity Summit and the Siskiyous; n. to Yukon Terr., e. to Eocky Mts.; also in L. Cal. 4. A. viridis DC. var. sinuilta Eegel. T H I N - L E A F ALDER. Slender shrub 6 to 10 f t . high; leaves broadly ovate, thin, gummy when young, bright green, unequally and sharply or laciniately toothed, 2*4 to 3 in. long; catkins appearing in spring at the same time as the leaves, the peduncles of the pistillate leafy at base, their branches % to 1 in. long; stamens exceeding the sepals, the filaments long.—High montane, 6500 to 7000 f t . : Trinity Summit to Mt. Shasta; n. to Alas.; Siberia. 2. B f i T U L A L . BIRCH

Scales of the catkins consisting of a bract and 2 bractlets united. Flowers 3 in each axil or sometimes 2 in the pistillate catkin. Staminate catkins 1 to 3 in a cluster, sessile or short-peduncled, pendulous; calyx 4 (or 2)-lobed; stamens 2, each filament with 2 distinct anther-eells. Pistillate catkins solit a r y on the peduncle and erect. Cones erect, long and slender, the scales falling away from the axis (on the tree) when the f r u i t is mature. Nutlet seed-like, with a broad thin wing. (Latin name of the birch.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long; lobes of bracts broad, usually parallel, acutish Leaves H to 1 in. long; lobes of bracts narrow, divergent, obtusish 1. B. fontinalis Sarg. W A T E R B I R C H . Slender tree 10 to

I.E. 2. B.

fontinalU. glanduloea.

25 f t . high with red-brown smooth b a r k ; leaves round-ovate, sharply serrate, mostly acute at apex, almost or quite glabrous, 1 to 2 in. long; petioles 4 to 5 lines long; staminate catkins 2 to 2% in. long; pistillate catkins 1% in. long in f r u i t , 3 or 4 lines in diameter.—Canon streams, 2500 to 8000 f t . , Sierra Nevada from Bubbs Creek and Inyo Co. to Mt. Shasta, thence w. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. (B. oecidentalis Jepson.) Var. INOPINA Jepson n. comb. Branchlets rather densely hairy; f r u i t i n g catkins 1 in. long.—Sw. Siskiyou Co. (B. occidentalis f. inopina Jepson.). 2. B. glanduldsa Michx. SCRUB B I R C H . Shrub 1 to 4 f t . high with glandularwarty twigs; leaves roundish, serrate except at base, % to 1 in. long; staminate catkins commonly solitary; pistillate catkins 4 to 9 lines long.—High montane, Lassen and Modoc Cos.; n. to arctic circle. CORYLACEAE.

HAZEL FAMILY

Shrubs or bushes with alternate simple leaves. Staminate catkins pendent, worm-like, from scaly buds; staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each scale, without perianth; stamens (in ours) seemingly 8, really 4, each anther cell and its stalk representing the half of a forked filament. Pistillate catkins reduced to small clusters set in scaly buds; pistillate flowers 2 to each seale, each flower with 2 minute laciniate-fringed bractlets; perianth minute, adnate to the 2-celled ovary and without limb; style short; stigmas slender, elongated. Bractlets in f r u i t much enlarged, forming a foliaceous involucre about the nut. 1. c 6 r y i , U S L . HAZEL Leaves broad, thin, serrulate or incised. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Involucre tubular. (Ancient Greek name.)

299. Corylus rostrata var. californica

271

FAGACEAE

1. C. rostrata Ait. var. californica A. DC. C A L I F O R N I A HAZEL. Fig. 299. Commonly 6 to 10 (rarely 20) f t . high; leaves obovate to roundish, rounded a t apex or shortly acute, sometimes obscurely 3-lobed above t h e middle, shortvillous beneath (velvety to the touch), IV2 to 4 in. long; involucre at base sometimes densely, sometimes sparingly hispid or almost glabrous, prolonged beyond the nut into a laciniately fringed tube % to in. long; nut ovoid, bony, 6 lines long.—-Along streams in cool canons or on moist slopes: Coast Ranges, 20 to 2500 f t . , from the Santa Cruz Mts. and N a p a Co. to Humboldt Co. and Del Norte Co.; Sierra Nevada, 2500 to 6000 f t . f r o m the Kaweah River to Yosemite and Mt. Shasta; n. to B. C. Not as yet seen in Yaca Mts., inner South Coast Range or S a n t a Lucia Mts. (C. californica Rose.) Var. T R A C Y I Jepson n. var. Leaves subglabrous beneath or sparingly pubescent (not v e l v e t y ) ; involucral tube (beyond n u t ) very short, 2 to 4 (rarely 8) lines long.—Humboldt Co. (Grouse Mt., Tracy 4842, type) to Siskiyou Co. and s. in the Sierra Nevada. FAGACEAE.

OAK

FAMILY

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and promptly deciduous stipules. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, appearing with the leaves in the deciduous kinds. Staminate flowers in catkins; calyx parted into several lobes; stamens 4 to 12. Pistillate flowers 1 to 3 in an involucre of imbricated scales, the involucres solitary or f e w in extremely reduced or short catkins, or sometimes 1 or 2 a t base of staminate catkins; ovary adherent to t h e calyx, 3-celled, 6-ovuled, only one ovule maturing, the remaining ovules and the other two cells abortive. F r u i t a nut borne singly in a scaly cup or 1 to 3 in a spiny bur. Fruit an acorn; catkins simple. Catkins unisexual, the staminate drooping 1. QUEBOUS. Catkins erect, all with staminate flowers, pistillate flowers at base of some of them. . . 2.

LITHOOABPUS.

Fruit a spiny b u r ; catkins erect, often branching, unisexual, or with pistillate flowers at base of some of the staminate catkins 3. CASTANOPSIS.

1. QUfiRCUS L. OAK Trees or shrubs of slow growth, hard wood and usually contorted branches. Flowers greenish or yellowish. Staminate catkins pendulous, one or several f r o m the lowest axils of the season's shoot. Pistillate flowers borne in the upper axils of the season's shoot, the ovary with 3 to 5 styles or stigmas. F r u i t an acorn, the nut set in a scaly cup. Abortive ovules often discernible in the ripe or nearly ripe acorn. (Latin name of the oak.) A.

White Oaks.—Bark commonly white or whitish, -wood light-colored; stamens mostly 6 to 9; stigmas sessile or nearly so; abortive ovules mostly towards base of nut.

1. Acorns maturing the first autumn; nut glabrous on the inner surface. Deciduous species. Branchlets pendulous; acorn cups deep, the n u t long and slender; leaves pinnately parted with coarsely 2 to 3-toothed lobes; trunk bark dark brown, deeply cuboid-checked; valleys 1. Q. lobata. Branchlets not pendulous; acorn cups shallow; trunk bark white, Bhallowly checked but smoothish. Leaves dark lustrous green above, rusty or pale beneath, 5 to 7-parted; n u t subgiobose or oblong-cylindric; mossy trees; mainly North Coast R a n g e s . . 2. Q. garryana. Leaves bluish green above, pale beneath, oblong, coarsely toothed or entire; nut oval, often swollen at or below middle; interior dry foothills 3. Q. dougtasii. Evergreen species. Small tree; leaves blue-green, oblong, mainly entire; n u t subcylindric; S. Cal 4. Q. engelmannii. Shrubs; cups saucer-shaped. Branches rigid; leaves % to 1 in. long; chaparral areas. Leaves brittle, plane, light green, oblong, spiny-dentate or entire; n u t s oval to cylindric, blunt or pointed 5. Q. dumosa. Leaves tougher, dark green, convex above, regularly dentate; n u t s short cylindric or subglobose, very obtuse 6. Q. durata. B r a n c h e s slender, pliable; leaves 3 to in. long, strongly parallel-nerved, toothed, chestnut-like; local in Siskiyous and vicinity. . 7 . Q. sadleriana.

272

FAGACEAE 2. Acorns

maturing

the second

autumn;

nut

tomentose

or hairy

within.

T r e e s ; a c o r n c u p u s u a l l y very l a r g e a n d t h i c k . L e a v e s 2 to 3 i n . long, dense woolly w h e n young, w i t h p r o m i n e n t r e g u l a r parallel n e r v e s ; i s l a n d s off s o u t h coast 8. ()• tomentella. L e a v e s commonly 1 to 2 in. long, e n t i r e or spinose-toothcd, dull g r e e n above, leadcolor b e n e a t h or w i t h a golden f u z z w h e n y o u n g ; c u p typically like a yellow t u r b a n ; mts 9. Q. chrysolepis. S h r u b s ; a c o r n c u p s u b - t u r b i n a t e or low bowl-shaped, t h i n ; leaves 1U to 1 l/'z in. long. B r a n c h e s slender a n d pliable, f o r m i n g broom-like t u f t s a t top of s t e m s ; leaves mostly entire, no golden f u z z ; high m o n t a n e 10. Q. vaccinifolia. B r a n c h e s rigid, s p r e a d i n g ; leaves dentate-prickly, olivaceous above, pale b e n e a t h ; S. a n d L . Cal 11. Q. palmeri.

B. Black Oaks.—Bark dark or black, wood dark or reddish; stamens 4 to 6; stigmas on long styles; abortive ovules mostly towards top of nut; nut tomentose within. A c o r n s m a t u r i n g the first a u t u m n ; n u t s l e n d e r - o v a t e ; leaves r o u n d i s h or elliptic, convex a b o v e ; coast valleys a n d hills 12. Q. agrifolia. A c o r n s m a t u r i n g the second a u t u m n . L e a v e s oblong, obtuse o r t a p e r i n g to the a c u t e apex, plane, pale yellowish b e l o w ; n u t slender ovate, o f t e n s t r e a k e d l o n g i t u d i n a l l y ; i n t e r i o r valleys a n d hills 13. Q. wislizenii. L e a v e s p i n n a t e l y p a r t e d or toothed, a l w a y s b r i s t l e - t i p p e d ; n u t oblong, o b t u s e ; rats. D e c i d u o u s t r e e ; leaf divisions generally coarsely t o o t h e d ; common 14. Q. kclloituii. Semi-evergreen t r e e ; leaf divisions smaller, generally e n t i r e ; r a r e 15. Q. morehus.

1. Q . lobata Nee. VALLEY OAK. Fig. 300. Graceful tree, commonly 40 to 125 f t . tall; trunk 2 to 10 f t . in diameter; bark thick, cuboid-checkeil; leaves 3 to 4 (rarely 6) in. long; 2 to 3 in. broad, green above, paler beneath, yellow-veined, parted to the middle or nearly to the midrib into 3 to 5 pairs of lobes; lobes most commonly broadened towards the end, less frequently pointed, coarsely 2 or 3-toothed at apex or sometimes entire; cup drab-brown, deeply hemispherical, very warty, M> to % iu. deep; nut long conical, at first bright green, later mahogany or chestnut-brown, 1 Yj to 2% in. long, Y> to % in. in diameter.—Rich soils of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, Sierra foothills and Coast Range valleys, but not in valleys facing the sea; s. to San Fernando Valley. The most characteristic tree of wellwatered valley floors, the round-topped crown typically broader than high, its spreading branches finally ending in long cord-like branchlets which sometimes sweep the ground (whence " W e e p i n g O a k " ) . Called Water Oak, White Oak and Hush Oak by settlers and Roble by the Spanish-Californians. Var. WALTERI Jepson. Leaves roundish in outline, sinuses very narrow; 30 nuts very thick.—Kaweah River basin, °- Quercus lobata Nee; a, leaf 2700 to 4000 f t . Var. TURBINATA Jep* % ; "> * 1son. Leaves large and thicker than in the species; nuts turbinate.—Little Lake Valley, Mendocino Co. Var. ARGILLARUM Jepson n. comb. Pendulous branchlets mostly none; bark smoother, often whitish; leaves deeply and narrowly lobed, often persistent through the winter.—Clay hills, w. Solano Co. (f. argillarum Jepson). Var. INSPERATA Jepson n. comb. Leaves narrow (% to 1 Vi in. wide); cups shallow, strongly tuberculate; nuts smaller than in the species.—Kaweah River foothills, (f. insperata Jepson).

OAK

'273

FAMILY

2. Q. garryana Dougl. OREGON

OAK.

Fig.

301.

Bound-headed tree 25 to 55 f t . high, the trunk bark white, thin, superficially checked into small squarish scales; leaves 3 to 4 ( o r 6 ) in. long, l 1 /» to 4 % in. wide, dark lustrous green and nearly glabrous above, rusty or I pale, finely pubescent and yellow-veined beneath, leathery in texture and pinnately parted into 5 to 7 ( r a r e l y 9) lobes w i t h mostly deep and o f t e n acute sinuses; lobes entire or w i t h 2 or 3 coarse rounded unequal t e e t h ; cup v e r y shallow, 6 to 9 lines broad, w i t h tuberculate 3cales; nut bulging beyond the small cup, 301. Quercus garryana Dougl.; a, leaf x Vz ; b, acorn x 1. typically subglobose but v a r y i n g to obovoid or subcylindric, although a l w a y s rounded at apex, % to 1 in. long, % to % in. thick, its surface polished and shining.—Rich mt. slopes: Santa Cruz Mts. and M t . Tamalpais to Mendocino and Humboldt Cos.; f a r n. to B. C. W o o d used f o r shipbuilding and interior finish in Oregon. A l s o called G a r r y Oak and P o s t Oak. Y a r . BR^WERI Jepson. B r e w e r Oak. Scrub f o r m ; leaves 1 to 2 in. l o n g . — H i g h altitudes f r o m the Y o l l o B o l l y Mts. to the Siskiyou Mts. Y a r . SEM6TA Jepson. K a w e a h Oak. Shrub; leaves 3 to 4 in. long.—Chaparral belt of the s. Sierra N e v a d a . 3. Q. douglasii H . & A . BLUE OAK. F i g . 302. T r e e 20 to 60 f t . high, the w h i t e trunk bark shallowly checked 302. Quercus douglasii H . & A . ; into small thin scales, this charactera, b, leaves x V2 c, acorn x 1. istic roughness extending w e l l out to the smaller branches; leaves minutely pubescent, bluish green above, pale beneath, 1 to 3 in. long, V2 to 3 in. wide, mostly oblong to obovate, entire, or coarsely and o f t e n unequally few-toothed, or shallowly l o b e d ; cup 4 to 6 lines broad, of less diameter than the nut and v e r y shallow, the scales developing small w a r t - l i k e processes; nut % to 1 % in. long, 6 to 10 lines thick, dark or l i g h t brown, oval in outline but variable, o f t e n much swollen just below or at the middle or only on one side, or again narrow and tapering to a p e x . — D r y or rocky foothills, common, f o r m i n g open stands: Sierra N e v a d a f o o t h i l l s ; inner Coast Eanges; approaching the ocean only in M o n t e r e y Co., where the Redwood 303. Quercus engelmannii B e l t i g n a r r 0 w e s t . O f t e n called Mountain Oak and Greene ; a, acorn x 1;

b, leaf x

_

^

,

,

...

I r o n Oak by settlers.

274

PAGACEAE

4. Q. engelmannii Greene. MESA OAK. F i g . 303. Spreading or roundcrowned tree 15 to 50 f t . high w i t h trunk y 2 to 3 f t . in diameter; leaves bluegreen, oblong, obtuse, entire or sometimes toothed, % to 3 (most commonly 1% to 1 % ) in. long, % to 1 in. w i d e ; acorns ripe in first autumn; cup % in. broad, shallow or sometimes bowl-shaped, w i t h w a r t y scales, inclosing nearly y 2 the nut which is subcylindrical, % in. long and about as thick, or 1 in. long, r e l a t i v e l y less thick and sometimes acute.—Coastal S. Cal.: foothills of the San Gabriel Mts. near Pasadena; mts. of San D i e g o Co. in a zone about 15 to 40 miles back of the sea; s. to L . Cal. 5. Q. dumosa N u t t . SCRUB OAK. F i g . 304. Shrub 2 to 8 f t . high, with tough r i g i d branches and branclilets; leaves t y p i c a l l y oblong to elliptic or roundish, entire or more commonly irregularly spinose-serrate, or sinuate-lobed w i t h sharply cut or angular sinuses, % to 1 in. l o n g ; cup shallowly or deeply saucer-shaped to turbinate, 5 to 8 lines broad, 2 to 5 lines deep, o f t e n rusty, the scales tuberculate, sometimes so regularly as to suggest a quilted cushion; nut oval to cylindric, rounded or pointed at apex, % to lYa in. long.—Common chaparral shrub in the mts. of S. Cal., ranging northw. through both the Coast Eanges and Sierra N e v a d a , more or less abundant in the middle and southerly parts of those ranges, rarer 304. Quercus dumosa Nutt.; a. acorn; b, leaf, x 1. in the north. I t is h i g h l y v a r i a b l e in leaf texture and outline and in acorn character, both of cup and nut. V a r . TURBINSLLA Jepson. Grey Oak. L e a v e s pale, b r i t t l e ; cups small, turbinate; nuts slender, pointed.—San Carlos Eange, s. to L . Cal. V a r . ALVORDIANA Jepson. L e a v e s similar to var. turbinella; nuts slender, v e r y long ( 1 % i n . ) . — I n n e r South Coast E a n g e f r o m the San Carlos E a n g e to the San E m i g d i o Mts. V a r . ELEGANTULA Jepson n. comb. Shrub 10 to 15 f t . high; leaves narrow, regularly and mostly sharply toothed f r o m base to apex, but variable.—S. Cal. (Monrovia; Fallbrook). (Q. macdonaldii var. elegantula Greene.) Var. MACDONALDII Jepson n. comb. Small tree 15 to 35 ( o r 50) f t . high; leaves oblong to spatulate-oblong, 1% to 2 % in. long, sharply but not deeply lobed and mostly above the base.—Santa Cruz Isl.; Santa Catalina Isl. (Q. macdonaldii Greene.) 6. Q. durata Jepson. LEATHER OAK. LOW spreading shrub w i t h r i g i d branches, 2 to 5 f t . high; younger branches and leaves densely tomentose; leaves oval, dentate w i t h prickly equal teeth, above convex, the margin more or less r e v o l u t e ; cup bowl-shaped, 8 to 9 lines broad, 4 to 5 lines high, the scales tuberculate; nut short, thick, cylindric, rounded at apex, 7 to 9 lines l o n g . — M o n t e r e y Co. to N a p a Co. 7. Q. sadleriana B. Br. Campst. DEER OAK. Shrub mostly 2 or 3 but even 8 f t . high w i t h several stems f r o m the base; leaves persistent through the w i n t e r and until a f t e r the new leaves appear in the next summer, oblongovate, 3 to 4 % in. long, the lateral nerves prominent, regular and parallel; stipules oblanceolate, % to % in. long, fur-like on account of their dense c o v e r i n g of rusty hairs and persisting as long or even longer than the leaves; acorns ripe in first autumn; cup inclosing about % of the nut which is oval and about % in. l o n g . — H i g h montane, 5000 to 7000 f t . : T r i n i t y Summit to the Siskiyou M t s . ; sw. Ore. M o s t restricted in range o f any Californian oak. 8. Q. toment like in age; leaves linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8 (or 11) lines long, acute, the margin revolute; flowers about 3 in an axil, on short pedicels, densely crowded at the ends of the branches in short more or less leafy spikes; sepals white or rose-color, oblong-ovate, the green midvein with pinnately toothed outline; stamens 8, the 3 inner dilated at base.—Sand-hills along the coast: Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to B. C. 12. P. bolanderi Brew. Stems many, erect, 5 to 10 in. high, arising from a woody taproot or from prostrate woody branches; leaves narrowly linear to subulate, acute or cuspidate, 2 to 8 lines long, not revolute; sheaths persistent, 2-lobed on each side, the lower lobes finely lacerate; flowers white or rose-color, 1 or occasionally 2 in the axils on the branchlets; stamens 8 or 9.—Rocky outcroppings: Napa and Hood's Peak ranges; n. Humboldt Co. July-Sept. 13. P. shastSnse Brew. Stems mostly simple, 2 to 6 in. long, several from the branching crown of a very thick perennial root; leaves oblong or obovate, 3 to 4 in. long; stipules broad, silvery; flowers red or white, 2 or 3 in the axils; stamens 8.—High Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 9000 f t . ; n. to Mt. Mazama, Ore. 1 4 . P. aviculare L . W I R E G R A S S . YARD G R A S S . Annual; stems wiry, minutely striate, prostrate or ascending, often several f t . long, flowering from the base; herbage glabrous and green; leaves oblong, acute, 3 to 6 lines long; flowers on very short pedicels, 2 lines broad when expanded; calyx cleft, the oblong lobes white with a green center; stamens 8, the 3 inner with dilated bases; styles 3, very short; achene ovoid, dark brown, minutely granular.— Nat. f r o m Eur.; common in hard, especially beaten soils, and sometimes

290

POLYGONACEAE

in cultivated lauds; flowering through the dry season and until after the rains break. Var. l i t t o r a l e Koch. Leaves thick, often obtuse.—Maritime form. 15. P . ramosissimum Michx. Annual, with the aspect of P. aviculare but erect and 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong to lanceolate, % to 1% in. long, somewhat reduced above; calyx greenish or yellowish; stamens 3 to 6; achene black, dull.—Rare in Cal.: Pasadena; Yosemite; n. to Saskat., e. to the Atlantic. 16. P . sawatchense Small. Stems erect, mostly branched at base, 5 to 9 in. high; leaves oblanccolatc, acute, mucronate, 4 to 0 lines long; flower clusters in all the axils from base to apex; stamens 6 to 8; style almost none.-—E. side of the Sierra Nevada in Nevada Co.; e. to Col., n. to Wash. 17. P . minimum Wats. Annual; stems usually several from the base, 2 to 4 (or 6) in. long, ascending; herbage glabrous, scaberulous at the nodes; leaves ovate or elliptic, 2 to 6 lines long, apiculate, evenly distributed or somewhat crowded at ends of branches; flowers in all the axils, greenish white; stamens 5 to 8; achene slightly exserted, black, smooth, shining.— Montane, 4000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co.; Siskiyou Co.; e. to Utah, n. to Alas. 18. P . douglasii Greene. Annual, mostly sparingly branched and strictly erect, 8 to 21 in. high; leaves linear-oblong or -lanceolate, acute, thinnish, 1 to 1% in. long; sheaths lacerate; flowers reddish, 2 lines long, scattered, on deflexed pedicels; achene triquetrous, jet-black, smooth and shining.— High mts., 4000 to 8000 f t . : S. Cal.; Sierra Nevada; e. to Tex. and Me. Var. l a t i f 6 l i u m Greene. Leaves oblong; flowers mostly crowded towards the ends of the branches.—Pacific Coast. Var. atJstinae Jones. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long; calyx green with whitish margins, 1 line long; achene black, smooth and shining.—Modoc Co., n. to Ida. 19. P . spergulariaeforme Meisn. Annual, much branched and somewhat diffuse, or sparingly branched and more strictly erect, 4 to 13 in. high; sheaths with a short mostly scarious base and lacerate summit; leaves linear or oblanceolate, 1-nerved, acute, V< to l 1 /^ in. long; spikes 4 inches long or less, very slender, the flowers much scattered below, crowded above; calyx rose-color or white; stamens 8, included, the filaments hardly dilated at base; style as long as the ovary, 3-parted.—Dry hills: Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B . C. Oct. 20. P . imbricatum Nutt. Annual; stem branching from the base or sometimes simple, erect, 1 to 3 in. high, the upper leaves scarcely smaller but crowded and with flowers crowded in their axils; leaves linear, acute, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules 2-cleft, the lower segments of each pair more or less united; flowers greenish white, very shortly pediceled; stamens 5; styles nearly obsolete; achene brown, dull, smooth.—High montane, 6000 to 8000 ft., Yosemite P a r k to Conner L a k e ; e. to Col., n. to Wash. Var. watS&nii Small. Terminal portion of the stem or branches crowded with leaves and flowers; leaves linear to lanceolate, % to 1 in. long or the uppermost 1 to 3 lines long; flowers whitish or rose-color, 1 or 2 in each axil; stamens 3 to 5; styles evident; achene dark or black, the surface lightly lineate or very sliallowly alveolate.—Alpine or subalpine, 9000 to 10,000 f t . : Mt. San J a c i n t o ; South Yollo Bolly; Sierra Nevada; e. to Col., n. to B . C. 21. P . calif6rnicum Meisn. Slender wiry glabrous annual, 3 to 7 in. high, diffusely branched, the ultimate branches elongated and floriferous; leaves linear to filiform, cuspidate, 3 to 8 lines long, the back with strong midrib and revolute-ribbed on each margin; spikes often loose below, usually dense above with the sheaths overlapping; bracts lanceolate or subulate, 1 to 3 lii;es long; sheaths split to the middle or to the base into setaceous divisions; sepals white with rose-colored midvein; achene brown.—Dry foothills, Sierra Nevada and North Coast Ranges; n. to Wash. July. 22. P . parryi Greene. Dwarf compact annual, commonly branching from the base, 1 to 2 in. high; stems rigid and brittle, spike-like, because densely

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

291

crowded with leaves and flowers even to the base; leaves narrowly linear, acute, cuspidate, 1 to 4 lines long; stipules so extremely lacerate as to appear cottony, and often hiding the flowers; achene triangular, chestnut-color.— Cuyamaca Mts., n. Sierra Nevada; higher North Coast Ranges; n. to Wash. June-July. 23. P. bidwelliae Wats. Annual; stems divergently branched, 1 to 4 in. high; leaves linear, 3 to 5 lines long, with a strong midrib and two marginal nerves on b a c k ; stipules ovate, sharply serrate or at length lacerate, imbricated on the spikes; calyx rose-color.—Chico; not otherwise known. 24. P. convolvulus L. B L A C K B I N D W E E D . Twining or trailing annual, the stems 1 to several f t . long; herbage glabrous, pale green; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate, sagittate at base, acuminate at apex; flowers in axillary clusters or disposed in a raceme; calyx 5-cleft, in f r u i t minutely scurfy, closely investing the black achene.—Nat. from E u r . : Sisson; Ft. Bidwell; Yosemite; San Francisco. 2. RUMEX L. Weed-like herbs, ours perennial except one. Leaves mostly basal, those on the stem alternate, the petioles with somewhat sheathing stipules. Flowers mostly greenish, sometimes reddish or yellowish, pediceled and borne in usually crowded whorls along the branches of the panicle. Calyx of 6 nearly distinct sepals, the 3 outer spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner larger, continuing to grow a f t e r flowering and hugging the achene, 1 or more of them in many of our species bearing a wart or callous grain on the back. Fruits, therefore, more conspicuous than the flowers. Stamens 6. Styles 3, short; stigmas t u f t e d (wind-pollinated) and maturing before the stamens. Achene triangular. (Old Latin name used by Pliny.) F l o w e r s p e r f e c t or s o m e s t a m i n a t e on the s a m e p l a n t ; i n n e r s e p a l s c o m m o n l y r e t i c u l a t e d , in f r u i t b e c o m i n g m u c h l o n g e r t h a n the a c h e n e ; p e d i c e l s j o i n t e d ; r o o t s yellow, scented, bitter.—LAPATHUM D C . ( D o c k s ) . I n n e r f r u i t i n g s e p a l s e n t i r e (or nearly s o ) a n d W i t h o u t callous g r a i n s ; p e d i c e l s not very, p r o m i n e n t l y j o i n t e d . L e a v e s r o u n d e d to a c u t e at base. I n n e r fruiting sepals broader than long 1. R. venosus. I n n e r f r u i t i n g s e p a l s l o n g e r t h a n broad 2. R. hymenosepalus. L e a v e s cordate at base 3. R. occidental-is. W i t h c a l l o u s g r a i n s ( o r 1 or 2 of t h e s e p a l s n a k e d ) , 1 to 2 lines long; p e d i c e l s p r o m i n e n t l y j o i n t e d n e a r the base. L e a v e s s t r o n g l y u n d u l a t e , elliptical to o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e ; f r u i t i n g s e p a l s w i t h a broad w i n g b o r d e r i n g the c a l l o u s g r a i n 4. R. crispus. L e a v e s slightly u n d u l a t e ; c a l l o u s g r a i n nearly c o v e r i n g f r u i t i n g sepals, l e a v i n g only a n a r r o w w i n g . L e a v e s l i n e a r , s p a t u l a t e or o b l o n g ; c a l l o u s g r a i n toothed 5. R. berlandieri. L e a v e s oblong or o v a t e ; callous g r a i n not t o o t h e d . . 6 . R. conglomerates. L e a v e s plane, mostly l a n c e o l a t e ; f r u i t i n g s e p a l s t r i a n g u l a r , u s u a l l y m u c h larger than the callous grain 7. R. salicifolius. I n n e r f r u i t i n g s e p a l s w i t h v e r y p r o m i n e n t s l e n d e r teeth or b r i s t l e s ; c a l l o u s g r a i n s 1 to 3. P e r e n n i a l ; flowering b r a n c h e s e l o n g a t e d a n d S p r e a d i n g at w i d e a n g l e s ; p e d i c e l s j o i n t e d n e a r the m i d d l e . . . 8 . R. pulcher. S u b e r e c t ; pedicels j o i n t e d n e a r the b a s e 9. R. obtus if alius. A n n u a l ; f l o w e r i n g b r a n c h e s u s u a l l y short, the w h o r l s mostly s p i c a t e - c r o w d e d ; p e d i c e l s j o i n t e d n e a r the b a s e 1 0 . R. persicarioides. F l o w e r s d i o e c i o u s ; callous g r a i n s n o n e or m i n u t e ; roots red, scentless.—-ACETOSA D C . (Sorrels). L e a v e s not l o b e d ; s e p a l s l o n g e r t h a n a c h e n e ; p e d i c e l s j o i n t e d 1 1 . R. paucifalius. L e a v e s h a s t a t e ; s e p a l s s h o r t e r t h a n a c h e n e ; p e d i c e l s not j o i n t e d 12. R. acetosella.

1. R. venosus Pursh. Stems erect, % to f t . high, from a running rootstock; leaves ovate or lanceolate, 2% to 4 (or 6) lines long, on short petioles, with conspicuous dilated stipules; panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in f r u i t ; inner f r u i t i n g sepals entire, without grains, round-cordate, 6 to 8 lines long and 8 to 14 lines broad.—Dry sandy valleys: Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co.; Nev. to Wash, and Mo. 2. R. hymenosepalus Torr. CANAIGRE. Stem 1 to 2 f t . high, nearly simple, arising from a cluster of 2 to 12 tuberous or dahlia-like roots and ending above in a dense panicle % to 1 f t . long; leaves oblong or tapering to each end, slightly succulent, somewhat wavy-margined, % to 1 f t . long; sheath-

292

POLYGONACEAE

ing stipules conspicuous; pedicels j o i n t e d n e a r t h e middle, % to nearly as long as t h e f r u i t ; inner sepals membranous and rosy in f r u i t , ovate, cordate a t base, n a k e d , 4 to 6 lines long.—Dry sandy washes and sandy plains f r o m K e r n Co. and San Luis Obispo Co. to S. Cal.; e. to N. Mex. Boots used in t a n n i n g leather. The stem is used as a s u b s t i t u t e f o r r h u b a r b , whence t h e names Wild R h u b a r b , Pie Dock, and Sour Dock. 3 . R . occidentális W a t s . W E S T E R N DOCK. E r e c t , glabrous, stout, and n e a r l y simple, 3 to 6 f t . h i g h ; leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong-ovate or ovatelanceolate, t r u n c a t e or cordate a t base, 6 to 16 in. long, t h e petioles of t h e basal leaves longer t h a n t h e b l a d e ; panicle strict, mostly very dense, 1 to 2 f t . long, leafless or w i t h a f e w small leaves below, rosy in f r u i t ; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, t h e joint below t h e middle obscure; inner f r u i t i n g sepals round-ovate, subcordate, n a k e d , or rarely w i t h a callous g r a i n , 2 to 3 lines long.—Marshes in t h e valleys and m a r s h y spots in t h e hills: S a n Francisco B a y region to Lassen Co. and M t . S h a s t a ; n. to Alas., e. to L a b . and Tex. Stems f r o m a t a p r o o t , as also in nos. 4 to 8. 4 . R . críspus L . CURLY DOCK. Stem stoutish, iy2 to 4 f t . h i g h ; leaves bluish-green, v e r y wavy-margined, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 10 in. long, t h e petioles 1 or 2 in. long; flowering b r a n c h e s s t r i c t w i t h f e w leaves, t h e whorls dense, mostly crowded and red-brown in f r u i t ; pedicels twice as long as t h e f r u i t , tumidly j o i n t e d n e a r t h e base; inner f r u i t i n g sepals broadly ovate, 2 to 2 % lines long, all w i t h smooth callous grains, rarely 1 or 2 n a k e d . — V e r y common weed in low and neglected lands in valleys and in t h e mts. t o middle a l t i t u d e s ; n a t . f r o m E u r . The half-fleshy root has a s t r i n g e n t and tonic properties. Blade more or less d e c u r r e n t on t h e petiole, as in no. 6. 5 . E . b e r l a n d i é r i Meisn. M E X I C A N DOCK. Stem r a t h e r s t o u t and succulent, simple, 1 to 2 f t . high, f r o m a deep t a p r o o t ; h e r b a g e n o t glaucous, d a r k e r green t h a n in E. salicifolius; leaves linear to s p a t u l a t e or narrowly oblong, 3 to 4 in. long, petioled; panicles leafless except f o r t h e main axis, t h e whorls dense, remote except above; pedicels prominently jointed below t h e middle; inner f r u i t i n g sepals o v a t e - t r i a n g u l a r , erose or w i t h 2 to 4 minute t e e t h on each side a t base, 1% to 2 lines long; callous g r a i n s mostly unequal, irregularly toothed on each side n e x t to t h e sepal.—Colorado Desert; e. to Tex., s. to Mex.

6. R . conglomerates M u r r . GREEN DOCK. Stems slender, 3 to 5 f t . high, arising f r o m a short mostly v e r t i c a l rootstock which o f t e n crowns one or several f u s i f o r m roots; leaves o v a t e or mostly oblong, slightly undulate, 2 to 4 in. long, reduced above; flowering b r a n c h e s slender, erect, very long ( % to IV2 f t . ) , n a k e d or w i t h a lanceolate or o v a t e leaf s u b t e n d i n g some or all of t h e remote whorls; pedicels as long as, or r a t h e r shorter t h a n t h e f r u i t , tumidly j o i n t e d near t h e base and g e n i c u l a t e ; f r u i t about 1 line long, t h e inner sepals oblong w i t h callous grains mostly 3 and smooth.—Low moist valley l a n d s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e and in t h e m o u n t a i n s to middle altitudes; nat. from Eur. 7 . R . salicifolius Weinm. W I L L O W DOCK. Low spreading or erect, 1 to 2% f t . h i g h ; leaves plane, glaucous, linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, a c u t e a t both ends, 4 to 6 in. long, short-petioled; flowering b r a n d i e s short (2 or less commonly 4 in. l o n g ) , t h e l a t e r a l mostly d i v a r i c a t e ; whorls dense, crowded, leafless, or 1 or 2 lower whorls remote and l e a f y ; pedicels r a t h e r shorter t h a n t h e f r u i t , jointed n e a r t h e base and recurved b u t not genicul a t e ; inner f r u i t i n g sepals t r i a n g u l a r or t r i a n g u l a r - o v a t e , pink-red, 1 to 2 lines long, t h e w h i t e callous g r a i n only 1, or t h e g r a i n s 1, 2 or 3, even in t h e same panicle.—Wet places in valley lands a n d in t h e foothills, ascending to high a l t i t u d e s in t h e m o u n t a i n s ; d i s t r i b u t e d nearly t h r o u g h o u t Cal., 20 to 6 0 0 0 f t . ; n. to B. C. V a r . MONTIGÉNITUS Jepson. F l o w e r i n g b r a n c h e s short and panicle more compact; i n n e r f r u i t i n g sepals w i t h o u t callous g r a i n s or a calyx here and t h e r e with t h e g r a i n s subulate or small.—High m o n t a n e ( 6 0 0 0 to 1 1 , 0 0 0 f t . ) : Yollo Bolly Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a ; s. to San J a c i n t o Mts.

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

293

8. R. pulcher L. FIDDLE D O C K . Stem slender b u t rigid, widely parted into zigzag branches; leaves oblong or fiddle-shaped, 3 to 5% in. long, petioled; flowering branches simple, divaricate, sparsely leafy, the dense whorls remote or at least distinct, red-brown in f r u i t ; pedicels about equaling the f r u i t , tumidly jointed in the middle; inner f r u i t i n g sepals with 5 to 10 awn-like teeth on each side; callous grains 1 to 3.—Common weed of valley waysides and vacant lots in towns; also in meadows and moist places in the foothills and mts.: nat. from Eur. 9 . E . obtusifdlius L . BITTER D O C K . Tall, slender, 3 f t . high or more; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat undulate, acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate a t base, 6 in. long or less, long-petioled; flowering branches in a r a t h e r strict panicle, leafless or with a few little-reduced leaves at the base; whorls loose, not crowded, the lower remote; pedicels slender, 1 to 2 times as long as t h e f r u i t , tumidly jointed toward t h e base; inner f r u i t i n g sepals ovate-deltoid, to 3 lines long, with 3 to 5 thin triangular or subulate teeth on each side; grain 1 only or with 2 other small ones.— European weed in low lands about San Francisco Bay. 10. R. persicarioldes L. GOLDEN D O C K . Stems soft and fistulous ( a t least below), prostrate or erect, seldom more t h a n 1 f t . high; herbage yellowish green, minutely pubescent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, truncate or subcordate at base, acute at apex, a little undulate, 2 to 4 in. long, rather shortpetioled; flowering branches with scattered subequal leaves, the whorls mostly crowded or the lower remote; pedicels very unequal, tumidly jointed at base; inner f r u i t i n g sepals % to l'A lines long, acutely produced at apex with 2 or 3 awn-like teeth on each side; callous grains 3; f r u i t almost burlike.—Wet places by lakes or streams or in marshy lands: Los Angeles Co. to Alameda Co. and Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic.

11. R. paucif&lius N u t t . Stems 9 to 15 in. high, in clusters f r o m t h e crown of a taproot; leaves mostly basal, linear to narrowly ovate or oblong, entire, 1 to 3 in. long, drawn down to petioles 1 to 2 times as long; flowers on slender leafless branches; pedicels jointed toward the base; inner f r u i t i n g sepals round-cordate, finely reticulated, 1 to 1% lines long, much longer than the achene.—Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 9500 f t . ; n. to B. C., e. to Col. 12. R. ac&tos£lla L. S H E E P SOKREL. Stems t u f t e d , y 2 to 2 f t . high, arising from running rootstocks; lower leaves hastate, the upper reduced or the branches leafless and ending in the reddish (pistillate) or yellowish (staminate) panicle; pedicels as long or twice as long as the flowers, not jointed; staminate flowers 1 line long or less, the pistillate rather smaller; achene granular.—Throughout the state, in places very common; nat. f r o m Eur. The green leaves are very acid. 3. OXYRIA Hill Alpine perennial herb. Leaves somewhat fleshy, round-reniform, longpetioled, mostly basal. Stems erect, bearing a panicle of small green perfect flowers. Calyx of 4 nearly distinct sepals, the 2 inner erect (appressed in f r u i t ) , the 2 outer spreading. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2. Achene thin and compressed, surrounded by a broad wing and • thus orbicular in outline. (Greek oxus, sour, on account of the acid leaves.) 1. O. digyna (L.) Hill. M O U N T A I N SORREL. Stems simple, scape-like, 3 to 11 in. high, several from a large chaffy rootstock; flowers on slender pedicels; achene 1% lines in diameter, very much larger t h a n the sepals, entire or emarginate at each end.—Alpine, among cold wet rocks, 8000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada, s. to Mt. San Jacinto and n. to Mt. Shasta and Warner Mts.; n. to the arctic circle and around the northern hemisphere. 4. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. Annuals with very slender and weak stems and opposite leaves. Flowers solitary and nearly sessile in the axils, longer t h a n the subtending bract. Bract rounded and more or less 2-lobed, dentate on the margin, in f r u i t

294

POLYGONACEAE

enlarged, scarious and reticulated, loosely inclosing the achene and developing 2 sae-like protuberances on the back. Calyx 6 (OT 5)-parted; stamens as many or fewer t h a n the lobes. (Greek pteron, a wing, and stege, a covering, in reference to the bract.) 1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stems commonly several from the base, usually with a branch a t each node, diffuse or straggling, a few inches to 1>4 f t . long; leaves roundish or broader than long and notched once or twice at apex or even cleft, or distinctly fan-shaped or obcordate, 2 to 6 (or 10) lines broad, narrowed at base to a slender but mostly short petiole; flowers reddish, less than 1 line long; calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate.—Foothills, under trees in open woods, or in the shade of rock outcroppings, throughout Cal.: n. to Ore., s. to L. Cal. Apr.-May. 5. PHYLLOGONUM Cov. P r o s t r a t e annual with the leaves basal and in 3s at the nodes. Flowers yellow, pediceled, borne in close fascicles at the nodes, without involucre or bracts. Calyx deeply cleft into 6 divisions. Stamens 9. (Greek phullon, leaf, and gonu, knee, on account of the leafy, not bracteate, nodes.) 1. P. lut^olum Cov. Stems several from t h e base, 3 to 5 in. long with 3 to 5 branches at the nodes; herbage yellowish, nearly glabrous; leaves obovate, drawn down to a petiole; calyx % to 1 line long.—Death Valley region. 6. N E M A C A U L I S Nutt. Annual with very slender stems and mostly basal white-woolly leaves. Flowers crowded in subglobose heads; heads sessile in the forks and along the branches, each flower subtended by an herbaceous bract. Calyx 6-cleft. Stamens 3. Achene short-ovoid. (Greek nema, thread, and kaulos, stem, referring to the slender stems.) 1. N. denudata Nutt. Stems prostrate or ascending, 6 to 14 in. long, glabrate, reddish; leaves spatulate, narrowed to a petiolar base, Vis to l1/» in. long; bracts oblong, forming a whorl at the nodes; bracts of the flowerclusters obovate, 1 line long, glabrous below, white-woolly above, the outer flowerless, t h e inner smaller; flowers yellowish, glabrous, V2 line long.— Sea-beaches, sand-dunes and sandy soil: San Pedro to San Diego; w. edge of the Colorado Desert; L. Cal. 7. H O L L I S T E R I A S. Wats. White-woolly annual herbs. Leaves alternate, cuspidate, with a small lanceolate pair at base like stipules. Involucres solitary and sessile in the axils, composed of 3 almost distinct linear bracts, 2-flowered. Flowers unequally pediceled, with a minute scarious bractlet at base. Calyx 6-cleft to the middle. Stamens 5 to 9, included. Achene glabrous. (Col. W. W. Hollister, pioneer Californian.) 1. H. lan&ta Wats. Stems several or many from the base, prostrate, 3 to 7 in. long; basal and lowest stem leaves oblanceolate, narrowed to a petiole. 1 to 1% in. long, g l a b r a t e ; stem leaves ovate, sessile, cuspidate, 3 to 7 lines long, white-woolly; calyx 1 line long, very woolly outside, its lanceolate lobes green with a scarious margin.—S. Monterey Co. e. to the upper San Joaquin Valley. 8. L A S T A R R I A E A Remy. Small fragile annual, diffusely branched from the base. Leaves linear, in a basal t u f t and in whorls along the stem, the upper ones and the bracts with hooked awns. Flowers solitary, sessile in the forks and terminal, concealed by the involucre-like whorl of bracts. Calyx simulating an involucre, tubular, 5 to 6-cleft, the teeth with hooked awns. Stamens 3, inserted on. the throat, the filaments with a small membranous tooth on each side. (J. V. Lastarria, 1817-1888, Chilean publicist and writer.)

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

295

1. L. chil6nsis Remy. Stems 2 to 10 in. long; herbage slightly hairy; floral bracts crowding the ends of the branchlets, scattered below; calyx 1 to 2 lines long.—Dry sandy soil: Contra Costa and Monterey Cos. to S. Cal., thence n. to Mono Co.; L. Cal.; nat. from Chile. May-June. 9. CHORIZANTHE R. Br. Low dichotomously branched annual herbs of summer. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette which disappears early in the dry season, the cauline leaves commonly reduced to opposite, ternate or unilateral bracts. Involucres commonly 1, sometimes 2 to 6-flowered, cylindric, urnshaped or triangular, always sessile, mostly 3 to 6-angled or -costate, 3 to 6-toothed or -cleft; teeth divaricate, cuspidate or awned, the awns commonly with a hooked tip. Flowers pediceled or nearly sessile, without bractlets, included within the involucre or the calyx protruding. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, never herbaceous. Stamens usually 9, 6 or 3. Ovary glabrous. Our species are of the deserts or arid foothills. (Greek chorizo, to divide, and antlios, flower, on account of the parted calyx.) A. Bracts entire. Involucres u r n s h a p e d or the tube cylindric a n d slightly contracted below the teeth; teetb equal or the 3 alternate shorter, bordered by a scarious m e m b r a n e ; stamens 6 or 9, inserted at base or lower p a r t of calyx-tube. Involucre bordered by a broad membrane, the teeth excurrent f r o m it. Membrane white, the 6 involucral teeth equal 1. C. membranacea. Membrane purple, 3 of the involucral teeth usually inconspicuous or m i n u t e . . . . 2. C. nortonii. Involucral teeth bordered by a n a r r o w m e m b r a n e b u t distinct. Calyx-lobes bifid, e r e c t ; Sierra foothills 3. C. atellulata. Calyx-lobes not bifid; Coast Ranges along the coast. Membrane of involucral lobes not continuous a r o u n d sinuses. Mostly p r o s t r a t e or diffuse; heads scattered at intervals along the stems on short peduncles; involucral lobes with moderate scarious borders 4. G. pungens. E r e c t ; heads mostly terminal on the cymose f o r k s ; involucral lobes with showy white borders 5. C. nivea. Membrane of involucral lobes continuous a r o u n d sinuses; erect 6. C. douglasii. Involucres cylindric (except nos. 18 and 19), not scarious margined, the teeth 6, sometimes 5, 4, or 3. Involucral tube cylindric, usually 6-ribbed; stamens 3, 6 or 9, inserted at base or lower p a r t of calyx-tube. P l a n t s commonly but not always erect. J o i n t s excessively f r a g i l e ; calyx-lobes e q u a l ; plant yellowish.7. G. brevicornu. J o i n t s less fragile. Calyx-lobes not f r i n g e d . Calyx-lobes e n t i r e ; p l a n t reddish. Calyx-lobes e q u a l ; r a r e 8. C. breweri. Calyx-lobes u n e q u a l ; common 9. C. staticoides. Calyx-lobes erosulate, very u n e q u a l 10. C. valida. Calyx-lobes, at least the inner, fringed. Lobes very unequal, the inner fringed 11. C. palmeri. Lobes equal, all fringed 12. G. fimbriata. P l a n t s prostrate or procumbently spreading. Involucral teeth subequal or 3 long a n d 3 short; coastal S. Cal. P l a n t s l o w / s p r e a d i n g horizontally; flowers white 13. C. parryi. P l a n t s p r o c u m b e n t ; flowers yellow 14. C. procumbens. Involucral teeth very unequal. Involncre 6-ribbed. One tooth very long and 5 very short; stamens 6 or 9 15. C. uniarlitata. Teeth very u n e q u a l ; stamens 3 16. C. clevelandii. Involucre 4 or 5-ribbed; stamens 9 17. C. spinosa. Involucral tube 3-angled, or cylindric but not ribbed or angled, in either case usually transversely c o r r u g a t e d ; calyx tubular, shortly 6-cleft; stamens 6 or 9, inserted on the calyx-throat. Involucrnl tube 3-angled. its teeth stout, divergent. Teeth equal or in equal sets. Teeth 3 ; cauline leaves usually none 18. C. orcuttiana. Teeth 6, the alternate 3 very short and inconspicuous; cauline leaves in pairs 19. C. polygonoides. Teeth 3, very unequal, foliaceous, ovate to lanceolate; very spiny 20. C. rigida. Involucral tube cylindric, not ribbed or angled. Involucral lobes 3, equal, the tube strongly c o r r u g a t e d . . . .21. C. corrugata. Involucral teeth or lobes 5, one foliaceous and much larger than the other 4, the tube obscurely corrugated 22. C. watsonii.

296

POLYGONACEAE

B. Bracts 3-lobed. Involucre without spurs, sometimes the angles gibbous at base. Involucres 4-angled, 4-toothed. Bracts minute; involucral teeth equal 23. C. vortriedei. Bracts very conspicuous and foliaceous, orbicular-perfoliate; teeth unequal 24. C. perfoliata. Involucres cylindric, not 4-angled. Involucral tube smooth, its teeth 3, unequal; bracts unilateral, 3-lobed, foliaceous and conspicuous 25. G. californica. Involucral tube sulcate, its teeth 5, equal; bracts small 26. C. insignia. Involucre with spurs at base. Spurs 6, 6pine-Iike; involucral teeth uncinate 27. C. leptoreras. Spurs 3, saccate, each about as large as involucral tube; involucral teeth s t r a i g h t . . . . 28. C. thurberi.

1. C. membranácea Benth. Fig. 316. Erect, % to 1 y 2 f t . high, mostly simple below, once to thrice dichotomous above, the involucres in solitary capitate clusters along the branches or mostly terminal; herbage lanate, floccose in age, the upper surface of the leaves g l a b r a t e ; leaves linear, sessile, or gradually narrowed into a short petiole, % to 1% in. long; involucres urnshaped, IV2 to 2 lines long, wholly white-scarious between the awned teeth, or some involucres, especially solitary ones in the lower forks, wholly destitute of membranous border; awns slender, uncinate, and strongly divergent; flowers 2 or 3, unequally pediceled, of these 1 316. Chorizanthe memor 2 undeveloped or obsolete; calyx woolly, its branácea Bentli.; segments obovate or spatulate, t h e inner narinvolucre x 5. rower, all clawed, united only at very base; stamens 9.—Foothills, mostly towards the interior, 250 to 4500 f t . : Monterey Co. to Tehama Co.; Sierra Nevada. May-June. 2. C. nortonii Greene. Fig. 317. Mostly 1-stemmed, 2 or 3-forked, or sometimes many-stemmed f r o m base, 4 to 7 in. high, the involucres congested in terminal heads; leaves oblanceolate, 1 to 1% in. long; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper reduced; herbage hairy; involucres reddish, cylindricurnsliaped, 6-ribbed, margined by a broad scarious purple 6-lobed border; lobes unequal, the 3 larger triangular in outline, t h e 3 alternate often small or obsolete, all ending in a short uncinate awn; some earlier involucres solitary in the f o r k s and these destitute of scarious margin; calyx rose-color, little exserted, its 317 Chorizanthe nortonii short oblong lobes equal, undulate-erosulate; Greene; involucre x 5. stamens 6 or 9.—Mts. bounding the Salinas Valley, Monterey Co. June. Involucres often reticulate between the ribs. 3. C. stelluláta Benth. Stem erect, trichotomously branched, mostly above the base, 4 to 6 in. high, the involucres in cymose clusters or somewhat capi t a t e ; herbage hairy; leaves linear, acute, sessile, 5 to 8 lines long, in a rosette at base and in whorls at the nodes or reduced above; involucres cylindric-urnshaped, 6-ribbed, 2 lines long, reticulate between the ribs; involucral teeth 6, nearly equal, with scarious margins, the tips uncinate or straight; calyx-lobes bifid or usually so.—Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co. 4. C. púngens Benth. Fig. 318. Stems prostrate or at first erect, more or less dichotomous, 2 to 15 in. long, the involucres in head-like clusters on very short lateral branchlets or terminal; herbage villous pubescent; leaves basal and in pairs at the lower nodes, spatulate or oblanceolate, narrowed to a petiole, to 2 (or 4) in. long, reduced above t o 1 pungens Benth - ^ r a c t s j involucres cylindric-urnshaped, hairy, 1 to 1V2 lines involucre x 5. ' long, subtended by subulate or acicular pungent b r a c t s ;

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

297

involucral tube sharply 6-angled or -ribbed, unequally 6-toothed, the alternate teeth shorter, all uncinate and more or less scarious-margined towards the base; calyx white, its lobes equal, oblong, erose-denticulate, hairy on the outside; stamens 9 or 6.—Sand-dunes and sandy valleys along the coast f r o m Marin Co. to Santa B a r b a r a Co. Var. DIFFUSA Parry. Leaves all basal; scarious border of the involucral teeth pink.—Valleys, Santa Cruz to Montery. Var. CUSPIDÀTA P a r r y . Involucral teeth without scarious margins or the margins scant, otherwise identical with the species.—San Francisco Co. to Sonoma Co. Yar. ROBÛSTA Jepson. Stems erect, branched above, % to 2 f t . high; heads large, dense, mostly terminal or subterminal; involucral teeth with narrow margins or none.—San Francisco Bay region to Monterey Bay. 5. C. nivea Jepson. E r e c t ; head-like clusters borne on dichotomous cymes; all the involucral teeth with scarious white margins, t h e alternate teeth smaller; calyx white, its lobes with yellow tips.—Mts. near San Luis Obispo; Monterey. 6. C. douglâsii Benth. Stem erect, tri- or di-chotomously branching, 4 to 6 in. high; basal leaves spatulate, shortly petioled, the cauline oblong to linear; bracts subulate; herbage somewhat hairy pubescent; involucres hairy, condensed in terminal heads, urnshaped-cylindric, 1% lines long, sharply ribbed, reticulate between the ribs; involucral teeth spreading, membranous margined below the short hooked awn, the membrane continuous in the sinus between the teeth; calyx rather deeply cleft, its lobes equal, oblongovate, obtuse, erosulate.—Monterey Co. 7. C. brevicôrnu Torr. Fig. 319. Stems several from the base, erect, repeatedly and shortly dichotomous, yellowish, 3 to 8 in. high, excessively fragile; herbage minutely pubescent; leaves in a basal t u f t , linear-oblanceolate, narrowed to a petiole, V2 to 2 in. long; involucres in the forks and along the branchlets, 1-flowered, cylindric, 2 to 2% lines long, acutely 3-angled or 3-ribbed, with 3 smaller ribs between, minutely corrugated between the ribs; teeth 6, hooked, the 3 alternate smaller; flowers white, glabrous, sessile; calyx-tube long and slender, its lobes oblong, nearly equal, truncatish and erosulate at apex, barely exserted; stamens 3, at base.—Arid stony hills, Colorado and Mohave deserts n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. and Ariz. More fragile t h a n any other species, the specimens usually disjointing completely when dry. brevirarnu'Torr.^ 8. C. bréweri Wats. Similar to C. staticoides but more i n v o l u c r e x 5. diffuse; herbage canescent but reddish; involucres acutely 6-ribbed and reticulated, constricted a little below the spreading teeth, the alternate teeth somewhat smaller; calyx white, exserted, its lobes oblong to elliptic, obtuse, entire, subequal, at least when fully developed. —- Hillsides, San Luis Obispo Co. 9 . C. staticoides Benth. T U R K ' S EUG. Stems 1 or several from the base, erect or ascending, cymosely dichotomous, 4 to 10 (or 18) in. high, fragile at the joints; involucres sessile, congested at the end of the branchlets or solitary in the f o r k s ; herbage characteristically reddish, soft-pubescent or grayish, in age subglabrate, the under surface of the leaves white-woolly ; leaves obovate to elliptic, 3 to 9 lines long, the petioles 1 to 3 times as long; involucres cylindric, 6-ribbed, 2 to 21/? lines long, the teeth spreading, hooked at tip, 3 much larger t h a n the 3 alternate or the l a t t e r obsolete; calyx white, rose-pink or deep rose, exserted, the segments narrowly oblong, mostly entire, hairy on the back, the inner smaller and shorter; stamens 9 or 6.—Dry sandy plains and foothills : coastal S. Cal. to Monterey Co., thence e. to the upper San Joaquin Valley. Not known in the Mohave or Colorado deserts. Var. NUDICÂULIS Jepson. Herbage commonly greenish; flowers white. —Mt. slopes along the coast from S a n t a B a r b a r a to Echo Mt. 10. C. vâlida Wats. Erect, 4 to 6 in. high, once or twice di- or tri-chotomously branched; leaves spatulate; involucral teeth or lobes not margined but awned; awns mostly straight; inflorescence similar to the preceding:

298

POLYGONACEAE

flowers pedicellate, partly exserted; calyx-segments oblong, erose-denticulate, hirsute along the back on the midvein, very unequal (the alternate only V2 as long).—Sonoma Co. 11. C. palmeri Wats. Stem erect (or sometimes prostrate), trichotomous, 5 to 12 in. high, the ends of the simple or dichotomous branches bearing head-like clusters of erect compactly crowded involucres, the forks usually with solitary involucres; herbage pubescent; leaves in a basal t u f t , oblongspatulate, % to IVi in. long; bracts of the flower clusters setaceous; involucres eylindric or a little contracted upward, IV2 to 2 lines long, 6-ribbed, 6-toothed, the larger 3 unequal, the smaller 3 nearly equal, all tipped with mostly straight spines; flowers rose-color, exserted, very shortly pediceled; calyx shortly cleft, the outer lobes roundish, entire, the inner shorter, shortly laciniate-f ringed; stamens 9.—Dry hills, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Cos. 12. C. fimbri&ta Nutt. Stem erect or diffuse, trichotomous a t first node, then dichotomously branching, 4 to 10 (or 15) in. high, the involucres solit a r y in the f o r k s or clustered along the terminal branchlets; herbage reddish, lightly pubescent; leaves basal, spatulate or obovate, narrowed to a petiole, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts subulate or acicular; involucres cylindrical, 2 to 3 lines long, 6-ribbed, ending in 6 spreading spine-tipped teeth, the alternate teeth smaller; teeth uncinate (or s t r a i g h t ) ; calyx white, exserted, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, equal, irregularly fringed on each side, mostly below the middle; stamens 6.—Palm Sprs.; Mt. San J a c i n t o ; San D i e g o Co. May-July. Var. L A C I N I A T A Jepson. Habit, foliage, involucres and pubescence t h a t of the species; calyx rose-color, its lobes laciniate-fringed throughout. —San Diego Co. 13. C. parryi Wats. Stems several f r o m the base, spreading horizontally and repeatedly forking, forming low flat-topped plants 3 to 15 in. broad, the involucres clustered at the ends of the branchlets; leaves oblong, narrowed to a short petiole, 4 to 9 lines long; involucres 1 line long, cylindric but somewhat contracted below the spreading teeth, the tube acutely 6angled; teeth uncinate, 3 large alternating with 3 small; calyx white, its segments erosulate, the inner half as large as the outer; stamens 9.—Sandy or gravelly plains, San Bernardino Valley. Var. F E R N A N D I N A Jepson n. comb. Stems longer and laxer; awns of the involucre (or some of them) s t r a i g h t ; calyx lobes nearly equal, t h e inner narrower.—Washes, Los Angeles to San Fernando Valley. (0. fernandina Wats.) 14. C. procumbens Nutt. Stems procumbent, several from the base, elongated and sparingly branched, 3 to 13 in. long, the involucres in small clusters along and towards t h e ends of the branchlets; herbage soft-pubescent; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, in a basal t u f t and a t the lower nodes; bracts lanceolate; involucres 6-ribbed, with mostly 6 equal spreading teeth, or t h e 3 alternate shorter; calyx yellow, the inner lobes much smaller than the outer.—Coastal S. Cal. 15. C. uniaristata T. & G. Stems prostrate, 2 to 6 in. long, with a short soft pubescence; leaves broadly spatulate, the bracts oblanceolate and cuspidate or nearly acicular towards ends of branches; involucres numerous and rather loosely cymose on the branches or sometimes densely clustered, cylindric-urnshaped, 6-ribbed, 1% to 2 lines long; involucral teeth awned, one awn long and straight, t h e others very short and hooked; flowers cream-color; outer calyx-lobes obovate, entire, the inner half as long, oblong, crenate; stamens 6 or 9.—Foothills, Mt. Diablo to San Luis Obispo Co., thence e. to the Sierra Nevada in K e r n Co. 16. C. clevelandii Parry. Stems prostrate, branched from the base, 4 to 10 in. long; herbage hairy pubescent; basal leaves ovate-spatulate, cauline leaves narrow and pungent; involucre 6-ribbed, with unequal divergent uncinate teeth; outer calvx-lobes broadly oblong, truncate, erosulate or denticulate, the inner about half as long as the outer; stamens 3.—Eegion of Clear Lake. Closely allied to C. uniaristata. 17. C. spinosa Wats. Stems several from the base, prostrate, forming a loose spiny mat 8 to 16 in. broad; herbage puberulent; basal leaves oval or

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

299

obovate, narrowed to a petiole with a broad or clasping base; bracts lanceolate, setaceous, conspicuous, their axils bearing clusters of 3 or 4 involucres; involucres short-cylindric, 4 or 5-eostate, the teeth very unequal, usually with 1 long tooth, 1 or 2 minute ones and 1 or 2 of intermediate size, all straight-awned; flowers 2 or 3, pediceled, usually only 1 developed; calyx white, the 3 outer lobes orbicular with a short narrow claw, the 3 inner ovate, smaller, minute; stamens 9.—Mohave Desert, Muroc Sta. 18. C. orcuttiána P a r r y . Stems several from the base, prostrate, 1 to 4 in. long, sparingly dichotomous; herbage thinly pubescent; leaves spatulate or narrowly oblanceolate, mostly in a basal t u f t ; involucres scattered along the branches and terminal; involucral tube nearly 1 line long, cvlindric but 3-angled, 3-toothed, not or only obscurely reticulated, its stout teeth nearly or quite horizontally spreading and as long as the tube; flowers usually 1, pediceled; "calyx-lobes equal, its tube narrowly turbinate; stamens 9 or f e w e r . " — P o i n t Loma, San Diego. Quite like C. polygonoides in habit but its involucres very different. 19. C. polygonoides T. &. G. Dichotomously branched, forming mats 5 to 10 in. across; basal leaves oblanceolate, contracted to a petiole, % to IVJ in. long; bracts in pairs, oblanceolate or obovate, resembling the leaves of the basal rosette and becoming smaller towards the ends of the branches; involucres obpyramidal, strongly 3-angled, corrugated between the ribs, without scarious margin, solitary or in 2s or 3s, the tube 1 to 1 Y> lines long, the 3 larger lobes as long and with alternating short and inconspicuous ones at base.—Widely but sparsely scattered f r o m Modoc Co. to San Diego Co. 20. C. rígida T. & G. Stem erect, 1 to 3 in. high, simple or very shortly branched, densely packed with short involucre-bearing branchlets, or sometimes diffusely spreading and forming a spiny mat 6 to 11 in. broad; leaves on the primary stem or branches round-ovate to obovate, 4 to 12 lines long, on petioles 1 to 1% times as long, those of the branchlets lanceolate or subulate, spine-tipped, becoming hard and rigid, the involucres in clusters in their axils; involucral tube short, about 1 line long and as broad, strongly and acutely 3-angled and strongly reticulated between the angles, its lobes 3, foliaceous, ovate to lanceolate, spreading, unequal, 3-ribbed and reticulate on back, spine-tipped, 1 to 8 lines long; flower pediceled, yellowish; calyxtube narrow, abruptly expanded into the short throat and limb, its lobes oblong, short, very hairy on back, scarcely exserted; stamens 9, inserted at throat.—Arid rocky hills: Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; s. Nev. to Ariz, and L. Cal. Apr.-May. One of the most characteristic desert annuals on the driest stony hills where there is little or no other vegetation. 21. C. corrugáta (Torr.) T. & G. Fig. 320. Stems several from the base, erect or ascending, 1 to 4 in. high, slightly villous; leaves roundish ovate, woolly or glabrate above, 2 to 9 lines long, on slender petioles; bracts subulate, small; involucres solitary in the forks and along the branches but numerous; involucral tube cylindrical, not angled or ridged but strongly corrugated, 1 to 1 Y> lines long; involucral lobes 3, equal, ovate, as long as the tube, woolly above, reticulate below, short-awned, uncinate; calyx white, included; " s t a m e n s 6 or 9, on middle of 320. Chorizanthe t u b e . " — E . Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; L. Cal. corrugata T. & .G.; involucre x 6. 22. C. watsonii T. & G. Stems erect or ascending, several from the base, dichotomous, 1 to 4 in. high; herbage canescent; leaves basal, narrowly oblanceolate; bracts in pairs, at length setaceous; involucres solitary in the forks and clustered towards the ends of the branchlets. canescent; involucral tube slender cylindric, not ribbed, obscurely corrugated, 2 to 3 lines long, its teeth 5, one foliaceous and usually much larger than the other four, especially on involucres solitary in the forks; flower pediceled, included; calyx yellow, hairy externally; stamens 9, inserted-at mouth of tube.—Santa Ana Cañón, San Bernardino Mts. (F. W. Peirson) ;

300

POLYGONACEAE

Mohave Desert, n. to Inyo and Lassen Cos.; Nev. to Wash. Foliaeeous lobe of the involucre 3 to 4 lines long. 23. C. vortriddei Bdg. Stem divaricately trichotomous at the first node, then dichotomous, 4 to 7 in. long, the internodes relatively long and the involucres solitary in the f o r k s ; herbage glabrous or a little glandular; leaves in a basal rosette, spatulate, % to 1 in. long; bracts small, perfoliate, 3 (or 4) -lobed, the lobes triangular or oblong; involucres lines long, the tube 4-sided or 4-angled, t h e angles a t base somewhat gibbous or ridgelike; involucral teeth 4, short, ovate or triangular, cuspidate; flowers 2, longpediceled; calyx yellowish-green, 5-cleft, each short yellowish division bearing two white oblong lobes; stamens 9, inserted a t base; seed black, globose, apiculate.-—Local species, s. Santa Lucia Mts. I n aspect it suggests a starved form of C. perfoliata, but it is a distinctive species, particularly in its peculiar calyx. 24. C. perfoliata Gray. Stem branching at or near the base, diffuse with numerous branchlets, 8 to 13 in. high; leaves spatulate, 1 to 2 in. long; herbage sparingly pubescent or a little glandular; bracts perfoliate, orbicular or 3-lobed, spine-tipped a t the angles; involucres strongly and acutely 4angled, 2 or in age 3 or 4 lines long, mostly one a t each node, wrinkled between the ribs, the 4 divergent teeth spine-tipped; angles or ribs sometimes swollen into a small gibbous projection at base; calyx pediceled; stamens 6.—Mt. Hamilton Range to the head of the San Joaquin Valley and the central Mohave Desert. I n habit remarkably similar to C. californica. 25. C. calif6rnica (Benth.) Gray. Stem branching at or near the base, rather sparingly forked into slender spreading branches, 4 to 14 in. high; herbage glandular hirsute; basal leaves ovate or broadly oblanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole, % to 1% in. long; bracts broader t h a n long, divergently 3-lobed, the lobes spine-tipped, 4 to 8 lines long; involucres in 3s a t each node, 1-flowered, 1% to 2 lines long, subcylindric, not ribbed, smooth (but more or less h a i r y ) , with stout spreading spine-tipped t e e t h ; teeth mostly 3, unequal, sometimes with 4 in 2 unequal pairs or only 2; calyx white, the t u b e slender, a little exserted in anthesis, its lobes broadly oblong, very obtuse.—San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co., mainly near the coast. Yar. SUKSD6RPII Mcbr. Bracts very large; involucral tube urceolate, somewhat angular.—Sand-dunes, Surf, Santa B a r b a r a Co. 26. C. insignis Curran. Stem erect, divergently dichotomous, glandular, reddish, 3 to 4 in. high, the involucres solitary and secund along t h e branches; leaves in a basal t u f t , linear-spatulate, glabrous, 3 to 6 lines long; bracts 3-lobed, the lobes oblong, those of the upper ones lanceolate-setaceous; involucres cylindric or obconic, slightly corrugate, lightly 5-sulcate, 1% lines long, armed with 5 horizontally divergent spines; spines equal, straight, as long as the involucral tube; flowers 4 to 6 in each involucre, pediceled; calyx rose-color, hairy, exserted; " s t a m e n s 9 . " — C e n t r a l Monterey Co. 27. C. leptoceras (Gray) Wats. Fig. 321. Stems 2 or 3 from the base, very slender, divaricately dichotomous, 3 to 11 in. long; herbage glabrous except a little pubescence on the bracts and involucres; leaves basal, oblanceolate, to 1 in. long; bracts 3-lobed, i y 2 to 2% lines broad; involucres in capitate clusters in the forks and terminal on the branchlets, the proper tube short, soon flaring into 321. Chorizanthe 6 lanceolate long-awned ciliate teeth and armed at base leptoceras Wats.; with 6 uncinate spine-like spurs; flowers 2 or 3; calyx involucre x 6. campanulate, its spatulate lobes almost distinct; stamens 6.—Dry sandy plains, s. bases of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. 28. C. thfirberi (Gray) Wats. Fig. 322. Stems 1 or several from t h e base, di- or tri-chotomously forking, 2 to 8 in. high; herbage glandular-hispidulose near t h e base, sparingly so above; leaves in a basal rosette, elliptic to oblong,

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

301

3 to 4 lines long; bracts small, 3-lobed and spine-tipped; involucres chartaceous, 2-flowered, solitary in the axils of the bracts, 2 lines long, cylindric, 5-toothed and 3-horned; teeth erect, tipped with a short straight spine; horns near base saccate, spreading, short, thick, each tipped with a short straight spine; flowers pedicelled; calyx deeply parted, hairy on the outside; stamens 9 or 6.—Arid valleys, Colorado and Mohave deserts to Inyo Co.; s. Sierra N e v a d a ; San Carlos Range; s. Nev. and Ariz. 10. OXYTHECA N u t t .

322. Chorizanthe thurberi

3 S mT u re X Slender annuals with the internodes more '' ° ° or less covered with stipitate glands and a repeatedly dichotomous inflorescence. Leaves in a rosette at base. Bracts more or less connate, often in 3s. Involucres 2 to several-flowered, more or less pedicellate, mostly turbinate, 4 or 5-cleft, each lobe bearing a bristle or awn. Flowers mostly exserted. Calyx glandular or pubescent on the outside. Stamens 9. Achene commonly lenticular. (Greek oxus, sharp, and theke, case, in allusion to the spiny involucre.)

Involucres lobed. Involucres 5-lobed; bracts united only at base. Involucres deeply parted into linear to obovate lobes. P l a n t s p r o s t r a t e ; involucres sessile 1. O. luteola. P l a n t s erect; involucres pedicelcd. Calyx-lobes entire 2. O. caryophylloides. Calyx-lobes cleft 8. O. trilobata. Involucre a shallowly-lobed concave d i s k ; calyx-lobes fimbriate. . 4 . O. emarginata. Involucres acutely 4-lobed; plants erect. B r a c t s completely united into a r o u n d concave perfoliate d i s k ; involucres sessile or nearly so 5. O. perfoliata. B r a c t s united only at base; involucres mostly pediceled. Leaves revolute 6. O. dendroidea. Leaves plane 7. O. watsonii. Involucral tube short, not lobed, its margin with 14 to 36 bristles 8. O. vari-ihii.

1. O. luteola P a r r y . Stems prostrate, several from the base, branching, 2 to 5 in. long; herbage usually yellowish; leaves basal and in pairs at the lower nodes, rounded, 1 to 2 lines long, the petioles mostly longer; bracts linear, acerose, in 2s or 3s; involucres in the forks and along the branchlets, parted almost to t h e base into 5 unequal divisions, the divisions linear, acerose or bristle-tipped, 1 to 3 lines long; flowers 7 to 11; calyx-tube subglobose, woolly, the glabrous yellow lobes spreading f r o m its orifice.— Local species, Lancaster, Mohave Desert. 2. O. caryophylloides P a r r y . Stem erect b u t diffusely branching above the base, 7 to 10 in. high, the involucres numerous along the branchlets and terminal, on pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves basal, obovate to oblong-spatulate, contracted to a petiole, % to 2 in. long; bracts foliaceous, 3-parted into oblong divisions; involucres deeply parted into 5 nearly equal divisions, the divisions oblong, or a little widened upward, and abruptly awned; flowers 2 or 3; calyx short, greenish, obscurely lobed.—San Antonio, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, 4000 to 7000 f t . 3. O. trilobata Gray. Stems one, sometimes several from the base, once trichotomous, then dichotomous, 4 to 14 in. high, the branches spreading; leaves in a basal t u f t , spatulate, % to 2 in. long, a little hairy; herbage sparingly glandular; bracts 3-lobed, the lobes acerose; involucres glabrous, glaucous, deeply 5-parted, borne on slender pedicels; pedicels solitary in the forks and axils of the bracts; involucre deeply lobed, 2 to 3 lines long, its lobes oblong or spatulate, tipped with a bristle; calyx segments 3-cleft into lanceolate acuminate lobes slightly erosulate on the sides.—Dry valleys: San Bernardino Valley to San Diego Co.

302

POLYGONACEAE

4. O. emarginàta Hall. Stem erect, tri- and di-chotomous, 2 to 6 in. high, the involucres in the forks and terminal on pedicels 1 to 6 linea long; herbage reddish, sparingly and minutely glandular; leaves in a basal rosette, oblanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long; bracts mostly 3-lobed; involucres obpyramidal, 2 to 3 lines high, shallowly 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, scarious-margined, awn-tipped; flowers 4; calyx 6-parted, its segments oblanceolate, fimbriate at apex.—Eidges about Tahquitz P e a k , San Jacinto Mts. July. 5. O. perfoliàta T. & G. Stem erect b u t short, parting at the first node into 2 or 3 horizontally spreading branches 2 to 4 in. long; herbage slate-color or reddish, glabrous except a glandular band on lower half of internodes; leaves of the basal rosette oblong-oblanceolate, green, 6 to 12 lines long; bracts at first node 3 or 4, small, united only at base, the upper bracts very conspicuous, orbicular- or deltoid-perfoliate, spine-tipped at the angles, 4 to 9 lines broad, glaucous; involucre narrowly turbinate, 3 to 4 lines long, deeply and acutely 4-lobed, each lobe bristle-tipped; calyx whitish, % line long, the outer segments minutely white-scaly.—Mohave Desert, n. to Lassen Co.; Nev. to Ariz. 6. O. déndroidea Nutt. Stem erect, tri- and di-chotomously branching above the base, 7 to 14 in. high, hispidulose-glandular, t h e involucres nearly sessile or shortly pediceled along the branehlets, or those in the forks mostly on pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; leaves linear to oblanceolate, revolute, acute, thinly hirsute, % to l1/^ in. long; involucres narrowly turbinate, % to 2 lines long, 4-lobed, the lobes with very unequal awns or sometimes t h e awns obsolete; flowers about 3; calyx pale rose or whitish, rough pubescent, very shortly lobed.—Crooked Creek, Owens Yalley; Lassen Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Wyo. 7. 0. watsònii T. & G. Stem erect, dichotomously branching above the base, 6 to 9 in. high, glaucous; leaves spatulate, % to 1 in. long; bracts awned, reflexed; involucres turbinate, 4-lobed, with elongated awns, l1/-: lines long, borne on pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; flowers y 2 line long, white, puberulent.—Cushenbury Sprs., Mohave Desert; e. to Nev. 8. O. parishii Parry. Fig. 323. Stem erect, diffusely but sparingly triand di-chotomous above the ' ' base, 8 to 14 in. high, glabrous and glaucous except a hispidulose-glandular band on the lower p a r t of the internodes and on the pedicels; leaves basal, spatulate-obovate, % to 1Vi in. long; bracts small, 3c l e f t ; involucres on axillary and terminal pedicels (x/4 to lYi in. long), the tube turbinate, short (1 line long), b u t developing from its margin a circle of 14 to 36 excurrent 323. Oxytheca parishii Parry ; involucre x 5. bristles 2 to 3 lines long; flowers 5 to 14, pediceled; calyx 6-cleft nearly to base, i t s lobes linear-oblong, almost distinct, pubescent on b a c k ; stamens 9.—Montane 4500 to 6500 f t . : San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; n. to Mt. Pinos. 11. ERIÓGONUM Michx. Annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs with basal or alternate or whorled leaves without stipules, those of the inflorescence commonly reduced to bracts. Flowers perfect, borne in an involucre, more or less exserted on their stalklets and commonly reflexed or recurved in age, intermixed with narrow scarious bractlets. Involucres 4 to 8-toothed or -lobed, several to many-flowered, borne in heads, peduncled umbels, or solitary along the branches (either sessile or on " p e d i c e l s " ) , or terminal on scape-like stems. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens 9,

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

303

inserted on the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas minute, capitate. Achene triangular, except in a few species. Embryo straight, in the axis of scanty endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. (Greek erion, wool, and gonu, knee or joint, the nodes hairy in some species.) A. Calyx not stipe-like at base; involucres turbinate or campanulate, 4 or 5toothed or lobed, not angled, always borne on scattered pedicels, never congested in heads; annuals (nos. 11 and 12 perennials); mostly deserts or arid plains.—Subgenus G A N Y S M A .

Plants with leaves at the nodes in the axils of at least the lower bracts as well as in a basal rosette; involucres 4-lobed or -toothed. Involucres not cottony. Inner and outer calyx-lobes very unlike. Perianth segments not hooded, all slightly short-clawed. . . .1. E. angulosum. Outer perianth segments hooded, all the segments slightly dilated at base. . . 2. E. bidentatum. Inner and outer calyx-lobes nearly alike 3. E. gracUlimum. Involucres conspicuously cottony 4. E. gossypinum. Plants with the leaves all in a basal rosette (except nos. 5 and 9 ) , rarely in the axils of the lower bracts; inflorescence with small bracts at the nodes, the bracts in 3s, triangular or oblong, and often more or less connate at base. Involucre 4-lobed or -toothed, few (usually 1 to 3)-flowered. Calyx nearly glabrous 5. E. spergulinum. Calyx at least in fruit with hooked bristles. Involucres 2-flowered; achene exserted 6. E. hirtiftorum. Involucres 4 to 6-flowered; achene not exserted 7. E. inerme. Calyx hairy or glandular-hispid, its hairs not hooked. Calyx segments notched or 3-toothed at apex 8. E. apiculatum. Calyx segments entire. Leaves tomentulose or glabrate 9. E. ordii. Leaves hairy pubescent. Calyx pinkish 10. E. parishii. Calyx yellow 11. E. trichopodum. Involucre 5-lobed or -toothed, several-flowered. Calyx hairy or pubescent (see also no. 1 6 ) . Stems usually inflated; leaves hairy-pubescent 12. E. inftatum. Stems not inflated or rarely. Calyx segments not saccate-dilated. Leaves obovate or rounded; involucres glandular. 13. E. pusillum. Leaves reniform; involucres not glandular 14. E. reniforme. Outer calyx segments saccate-dilated on each side 15. E. thomasii. Calyx glabrous (except no. 1 6 ) . Pedicels erect 16. E. thurberi. Pedicels not erect. Outer calyx segments obovate; involucres on nodding pedicels. Calyx attenuate at base 17. E. cernuum. Calyx not attenuate at base 18. E. nutans. Outer calyx segments cordate at base. Involucres on divaricately spreading pedicels 1 to 4 lines long. . . . 19. E. watsonii. Involucres on deflexed pedicels 1 line long or less.20. E. deflexum.

B. Calyx not stipe-like at base; involucres cylindric or cylindric-turbinate, 5-toothed, 5 (or 6)-nerved or angled, always sessile, solitary or congested in heads; annuals, perennial herbs, or shrubs; mostly deserts or dry foothills.-—Subgenus OREGONIUM. 1. Involucres solitary, usually scattered. Annuals; leaves mostly in a rosette at base. Flowering branches mostly elongated. Calyx glabrous; involucres (except the terminal) hugging the branches. Plant compactly branching; outer calyx segments fan-shaped with strongly incurved sides 21. E. nidularium. Plant diffusely or strictly branched. Involucres narrowly turbinate, glabrous or nearly so, the teeth prominent. Petioles not winged; stems and leaves white-woolly 22. E. gracile. Petioles conspicuously winged; stems and leaves less tomentose... 23. E. citharaeforme. Involucres cylindric, almost truncate, the teeth minute. Stems, leaves and involucres white-woolly 24. E. virgatum. Stems glabrous, rarely a little woolly below. Involucres 1 % to 2 % lines long 25. E. molestum. Involucres % to lines long. Involucres 1 to 1 % lines long, usually fluted and often obscurely constricted a little at tip 26. E. vimineum. Involucres % to % line long, not fluted. .27. E. baileyi.

304

POLYGONACEAE

Calyx densely h a i r y ; involucres s p r e a d i n g a little from the b r a n c h e s 2 8 . E. dasyanthemum. F l o w e r i n g b r a n c h e s not elongated. Repeatedly and shortly f o r k e d ; flowers yellow 2 9 . E. mohavense. B e a r i n g an irregularly compound umbel 3 0 . E. truncatum. P e r e n n i a l s with densely leafy short woody stems. Inflorescence racemose. L e a v e s roundish, densely imbricated on the c a u d e x 3 1 . E. saxatile. L e a v e s not roundish. I n v o l u c r e s scattered on the few elongated b r a n c h e s . I n v o l u c r e s scattered, 2 to 3 lines long 3 2 . E. elongatum. I n v o l u c r e s scattered or sometimes approximate towards the ends of the b r a n c h e s , 1 to lines long 3 3 . E. wrightii. I n v o l u c r e s secund and crowded on the short b r a n c h l e t s . . . . 3 4 . E. nodosum. I n f l o r e s c e n c e cymose or paniculate. P e d u n c l e s b e a r i n g a divaricately b r a n c h e d panicle. I n v o l u c r a l teeth glabrous 3 5 . E. heermannii. I n v o l u c r a l teeth pubescent 3 6 . E. plumatella. P e d u n c l e s b e a r i n g corymbose cymes 3 7 . E. microthecum. 2. Involucres 2 to several in heads, rarely solitary; perennials. Calyx-lobes similar or nearly so, nearly equal. Not caespitose. S h r u b s , at least woody at b a s e ; stems very leafy, commonly fascicled. H e a d s or involucres in a dense compound c y m e ; insular species. Leaves linear 3 8 . E. arborescens. L e a v e s elliptic or oblong 3 9 . E. giganteum. H e a d s not in a compound c y m e ; m a i n l a n d species or mostly. H e a d s terminal on the 2-forked peduncles or racemosely disposed on the f o r k s ; leaves mostly ovate or r o u n d i s h . Calyx s i l k y ; filaments g l a b r o u s ; leaves ashy beneath 4 0 . E. cinereum. Calyx g l a b r o u s ; filaments h a i r y at b a s e ; leaves white-lanate beneath 4 1 . E. parvifolium. H e a d s umbellate, sometimes solitary and t e r m i n a l ; filaments glabrous or nearly s o ; leaves oblong or l i n e a r . . . . 4 2 . E. fasciculatum. H e r b a c e o u s or mostly so, leafy only at b a s e ; heads umbellate or usually so. Stems not fistulous; heads 1 or f e w ; seashore 4 3 . E. latifolium. Stems fistulous; heads several to m a n y . L e a v e s spreading, oblong or ovate, obtuse, % to 2 in. long 4 4 . E. nudum. L e a v e s erect, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 3 ( o r 5 ) in. l o n g . . . 4 5 . E. elatum. S t e m s with trumpet-inflated lower i n t e r n o d e s ; involucres solitary, r a c e m o s e . 4 6 . E. indictum. Caespitose. I n v o l u c r e s very angular, 5-toothed 4 7 . E. kennedyi. I n v o l u c r e s not angular, in age bladdery, 6 to 8-toothed. . . . 4 8 . E. ochrocephalum. Calyx-lobes dissimilar, the outer somewhat cordate at base, attached only by the lower third of the m i d v e i n ; stems scape-like. Stems b e a r i n g a single head 4 9 . E. ovalifolium. S t e m s b e a r i n g a simple or irregularly compound umbel 5 0 . E. proliferum.

C. Calyx stipe-like at base; involucres turbinate, 4 to 8-toothed or lobed, either solitary or borne in umbels, the umbels sometimes congested in heads; flowering stems scape-like; perennial herbs; mountains from middle altitudes to alpine.—Subgenus EUERIOGONUM. 1. Involucres with refiexed lobes, the lobes often long. Calyx hairy. P e d u n c l e s scape-like, b e a r i n g a solitary involucre, r a r e l y an umbel. Calyx yellow. P e d u n c l e s naked 5 1 . E. caespitosum, P e d u n c l e s b e a r i n g a whorl of b r a c t s at the middle 5 2 . E. douglasii. Calyx whitish 5 3 . E. sphaerocephalum. P e d u n c l e b e a r i n g a 3-rayed umbel 5 4 . E. tripodum. Calyx glabrous. P e d u n c l e s b e a r i n g a solitary involucre 5 5 . E. siskiyouense. P e d u n c l e s b e a r i n g a simple or compound umbel. Peduncles scape-like, erect or nearly so. L e a v e s mostly spreading, % to 1 in. l o n g ; umbel simple or compound. L e a v e s more or less tomentose 5 6 . E. umbellatum. L e a v e s glabrous 5 7 . E. torreyanum. L e a v e s erect, 1 to 3 i n . l o n g ; umbel compound 5 8 . E. compositum. P e d u n c l e s decumbent 5 9 . E. lobbii. 2. Involucres I n v o l u c r e s in heads or umbels. Calyx villous or hairy. L e a v e s glabrous Leaves hairy

with

short

erect

teeth. 6 0 . E.

pyrolaefolium. 6 1 . E. latentis.

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

305

Calyx glabrous. Bracts mostly linear, a b u n d a n t 62. E. ursinum. Bracts small, inconspicuous. Rays Vz in. long or less, or umbels capitate; crown compact.63. E. incanum. Rays H to in. long; crown loose 64. E. marifolium. Involucres solitary. Calyx whitish or pinkish 65. E. Icelloggii. Calyx yellow 66. E. alpinum. I.—SUBGENUS

Ganysma

Involucres campanulate or broadly turbinate, not angled, never congested in heads, always borne on filiform and usually elongated pedicels and disposed in racemes or panicles, often drooping or recurved; bracts in 3s, small, rigid, mostly oblong to triangular; calyx often accrescent, not stipe-like at base; ovary and filaments glabrous; annuals (except nos. 9 and 10); mostly of the deserts or arid plains. 1. E. angulosum Benth. Pig. 324. Stems diffusely and repeatedly dichotomous from near t h e base, 3 to 14 (or 24) in. high, the branches 4 to 6-angled; stems and leaves whitish tomentose, or glabrate and green; basal leaves roundish to broadly oblong or lanceolate, commonly undulate, % to 1 in. long, on rather short petioles; upper leaves oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so; pedicels of the involucres 3 to 8 lines long, in the f o r k s or terminal; involucres turbinate or hemispherical, 1 line long, minutely glandular, woolly inside; calyx segments white or pink, % to % line long, minutely glandular-puberulent, the outer (with darker center) obovate or ovate, concave, the inner linear or lanceolate, distinctly longer t h a n the outer, all abruptly short-clawed.—South Coast Eanges; upper San Joaquin Valley; Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; coastal S. Cal.; e. to Ariz., thence n. to Wash, and s. to L. Cal. Var. VIRID£SCENS Jepson. Leaves oval to elliptic; calyx greenish.—Kern Co. Possibly a seasonal abnormality. Benth.; a, involucre x 4 ; Var. MACULATUM Jepson. Close to preceding; basal b, fl. x 10. leaves oval, not revolute, •% to 1 in. long and % to % in. wide; involucre more deeply lobed; outer calyx segments yellowish with an oblong red blotch.—Desert valleys: Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; n. to western Nev. Var. VARIABLE Parish. Stems divergently branched above the base, leaving an open space in the middle.—Central Mohave Desert; upper San Joaquin Valley. 2. E. bident&tum Jepson. N U N ' S VEILING. Diffuse annual 5 to 7 in. high; stems repeatedly dichotomous; pedicels 3 to 5 lines long, borne in the f o r k s and terminal, sometimes markedly racemose; bractlets of the involucre spoonshaped; inner and outer perianth segments very unlike, somewhat unequal, the inner erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, arising f r o m a dilated base, t h e outer spreading a little or approximate about the inner ones; the inner ones rounded-cucullate at the apex with a notch in the hood, each side of the notch ending in a small point; filaments little longer than the ovary.—Upper San Joaquin Valley, w. side ( T a f t ) ; also a similar but doubtful plant 24 mi. north of Barstow. 3. E. gracillimum Wats. Fig. 325. Stems many from the base, diffuse, repeatedly dichotomous and very slender 325. Eriogonum gracillimum W a t s . ; above, 4 to 10 (or 24) in. high; herbage a, involucre x 4 ; b, fl. x 10.

306

POLYGONACEAE

thinly woolly, especially on the under side of the leaves; basal leaves spreading, oblong to lanceolate, % to 1 % in. long, narrowed below, sessile or shortly petioled, the cauline sessile, erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, blistery-dilated, strongly revolute, % to 1 in. long; involucres turbinate, borne on filiform pedicels 4 to 8 lines long; calyx pink, minutely glandularhispid outside, 1 line long, the tips of the segments white and erosulate: outer segments broadly oblong, erect with the white tips abruptly spreading, the edges below the tips incurved; inner segments like the outer but smaller.—Sandy soil, Mohave Desert to the upper San Joaquin Valley and San Luis Obispo Co. 4. E. gossypinum Curran. Diffusely branched from the base, 4 to 10 in. high, thinly tomentose throughout or the upper parts glabrate; leaves oblanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole, or the upper oblong or lanceolate and mostly sessile, 1 to 2 in. long; involucres 1% lines long, borne on pedicels 1 to 6 lines long, turbinate, c l e f t to the middle, glabrous outside, heaped inside with a cottony wool in which the 5 to 8 flowers are concealed; calyx line long, obscurely puberulent, the outer segments oblong or spatulate, the inner linear, acuminate, longer.—Upper San Joaquin Valley. A remarkable species. 5. E. spergulrnum Gray. Stems erect, dichotomously branching, 4 to 11 in. high, minutely glandular pubescent or the upper half of the internodes usually glabrous; leaves linear, revolute, hairy, % to 1% in. long, in whorls at the base of the stem and at the lower forks, reduced above to small bracts; involucres % line long, deeply 4-toothed, on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; bractlets none; calyx white with pink midveins, % to 1% lines long, obscurely puberulent at base, the segments oblong-quadrate, erosulate at apex oi merely acute.—Mt. slopes, North Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, 500C to 9000 ft. 6. E. hirtiflòrum Gray. Repeatedly dichotomously branched, 4 to 9 in. high, the stems lightly sprinkled with minute o f t e n stipitate glands, otherwise glabrous; leaves obovate, drawn down to a petiole-like base, sparingly hirsutulose, especially on the margins, % to 1% in. long; involucres sessile along the branches and in the forks, or o f t e n on pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, narrow, 2-flowered; calyx reddish, % line long, its segments oblong, clothed with hooked hairs on the back; achene exserted.—Middle altitudes, Sierra N e v a d a and North Coast Ranges. 7. E. inèrme ( W a t s . ) Jepson. Stems 1 to 3 from the base, repeatedly and divaricately dichotomous, 3 to 10 in. high; leaves in a basal rosette, broadly spatulate, % to 1 in. long, sessile, glabrous save the ciliate margin; bracts (2 or 3 lines long) and branches hispidulose-glandular; involucres 4-cleft nearly to the base, 3 to 6-f)owered, shortly pediceled (pedicels % to % line long) ; flowers rose-color; calyx hispid, its hairs hooked at tip, at least in age; inner calyx segments smaller than the outer and retuse.—Montane: San Bernardino Mts., n. to Monterey, San Benito and Tulare Cos. 8. E. àpiculàtum Wats. Stems erect, trichotomously branching, % to 2 f t . high, the peduncles (2 to 4 lines long) in all the f o r k s and terminal, the lower half of the internodes and peduncles somewhat glandular-pubescent; leaves in a basal cluster, obovate or oblanceolate, narrowed below to a petiole, 7 to 12 lines long, hirsute-glandular; involucre 1 to 3-flowered, glabrous, turbinate, nearly 1 line long, 4-lobed, the lobes oblong and as long as tube; pedicels spreading or even deflexed, 2 to 7 lines long; calyx red ir the bud, white in flower, % line long, puberulent outside, segments oblong obovate, deeply notched w i t h a slender point in the sinus, sometimes one or more merely truncate, obtuse or apiculate.—Montane, 7800 to 8200 ft. : Mt. San Jacinto; Cuyamaca Mt. A dainty plant w i t h peculiar calyx segments, closely allied to E. parishii. 9. E. órdil Wats. Diffusely paniculate, 1% to 2% ft. high, the lower parts thinly tomentose, or the leaves glabrate above; leaves in a rosulate basal cluster and in whorls at the lower nodes, roundish to obovate, 1% to 2 in. long, or the upper smaller, petioled; involucres 4-toothed, % to % line long,

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

307

1 to 3-flowered, on pedicels 3 to 9 lines long; calyx dull white or pinkish, densely pubescent outside, % to % line long, its segments ovate or oblong.— Caliente, K e r n Co.; Split Mt., Colorado Desert; w. Ariz. 10. E. parishii Wats. Stems 1 to 3, forming a diffusely branched panicle above t h e first node, 4 to 9 in. high, glaucous but somewhat viscid with stipitate glands; leaves in a basal cluster, broadly oblanceolate, hirsute, narrowed to a short petiole, % to 1% in. long; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; involucres 4-lobed at least to middle, % line long, 1 or 2-flowered; calyx pinkish, minutely pubescent, % line long, outer segments ovate, the inner oblong-spatulate.—San Bernardino Mts.; Descanso; Campo; s. to L. Cai. 11. E. trichópodum Torr. Annual or perennial; stems 1 or several from the base, erect, umbellately 3 to 11-forked at and above the first node, glabrous and glaucous, % to 1% f t . high; first internode o f t e n inflated upwards; leaves in a basal cluster, roundish, crinkly, hirsute-pubescent, 6 to 9 lines long on petioles 1 to l ' / j times as long; involucres minute {% line long), 4-lobed, 2 to 4-flowered, on divaricately spreading hairlike pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; c a l y x yellow or greenish, densely white-hispidulose on back of the ovate segments, V2 to % line long; inner and outer segments alike and equal.— Colorado and Mohave deserts n. to Inyo Co. and the San Carlos Range; e. to Utah and Ariz. 12. E. inflàtum Torr. & Frem. DESERT TRUMPET. Fig. 326. Annual or perennial; stems several f r o m the base, repeatedly tri- and di-chotomous, forming a diffuse panicle, % to 3 f t . high, glabrous, glaucous; lower internodes, especially the lowest pedunclelike one, strongly or slightly inflated upwards or rarely not a t all; leaves roundish or round-ovate, cordate at base. 4 to 12 lines long, sometimes to 1% in. long, short-hirsute o, habit x % ; b, calyx x 12. but green, on petioles % to 2 times as long; pedicels racemose and in t h e forks, divaricately spreading, 4 to 10 lines long; involucres 3 to 7-flowered, glabrous, turbinate, 5-toothed, V> line long, in age crowded with linear or oblong bractlets; calyx yellowish, 1 line long, all the segments densely whitish hispid along middle of back, the outer segments lanceolate, their edges revolute and thus becoming linear-lanceolate, the inner segments triangular-lanceolate, with scarious margins.—Colorado and Mohave deserts, n. to the San Carlos E a n g e ; e. to Utah and N. Mex. Also called Indian Pipe Weed. 13. E. pusillum T. & G. Stems 1 or several f r o m t h e base, 4 to 12 in. high, tricliotomously branched at or from below the middle, glabrous; leaves ovate or rounded, 3 to 8 lines long, tapering at base into the petiole, flocculent-tomentose below, less so above, the green bracts and involucres glandular-pubescent; pedicels of the involucres glabrous, filiform, 4 to 14 lines long, in all the f o r k s of the trichotomous panicle and terminal; involucre broadly t u r b i n a t e ; calyx yellow, the segments with red centers, minutely pubescent, 1 line long, the outer segments obovate, the inner oblong; filaments included.—Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Nev.

308

POLYGONACEAE

14. E . renifórme Torr. & Frem. Stems 1 to several from the base, 2 to 6forked, forming a diffuse plant 4 to 7 in. high; herbage glabrous and glaucous except the leaves and the slightly hairy lower internodes; leaves all basal, round-reniform or roundish, 5 to 11 lines broad, loosely white-woolly; petioles % to 2% in. long; bracts glabrous but the margins loosely hairy; involucres glabrous, turbinate-campanulate, on pedicels 2 to 6 lines long; calyx whitish or yellowish, minutely glandular-puberulent, % line long, the outer segments ovatish or elliptic, the inner broadly linear; filaments exserted. •—Inyo Co. s. to the Mohave and Colorado deserts; L. Cai. 15. E . thomàsii Torr. Fig. 327. Stems 1 or several from the base, repeatedly and diffusely 2 to 8-forked, 4 to 8 in. high; leaves in a basal tuft, roundish, 3 2 7 . E r i o g o n u m thomasii T o r r . ; sometimes subcordate at base, 2 to 8 a, fl. in anthesis ; b, fl. in f r u i t i n g lines long, rather long-petioled, whitestage, x 1 2 . woolly or glabrate; pedicels in the forks and terminal, 2 to 9 lines long; involucres deeply 5-lobed, % line long, glabrous; calyx dull yellow, % to % line long, in age whitish and twice as long, hispidulose outside at base, the outer segments ovate, the margin in age saccate-dilated on each side of the cordate base, the inner segments linear-spatulate, finally exceeding the outer.—Colorado Desert, n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz, and Utah. 16. E . thurberi Torr. Fig. 328. Stems 1 or several from the base, diffusely and trichotomously branched, 4 to 13 in. high, tomentulose towards the base; leaves in a basal rosulate cluster, ovate to broadly oblong, woolly below, less so above, % to 2 in. long, the petioles about as long or longer; peduncles in the forks and terminal, 2 to 12 lines long; involucres 1 line long, nearly hemispherical; calyx rose-red or white, % to % line long; outer calyx segments roundish or transversely elliptic, abruptly narrowed to a broad claw, a floe of wool at summit of claw; inner calyx segments narrowly linear or lanceolate, somewhat hastately lobed near base, Vi as wide as outer segments.— San Bernardino Valley to San Diego Co. and L. Cai., e. to Ariz. b r a n c h l e t x 1 ; b, fi. x 1 0 . E. PANDURÀTUM Wats. Similar to no. 16; involucre turbinate-campanulate, nearly 1 line long; calyx white or pinkish, % line long, the outer segments reniform, drawn down to a narrow base, the inner narrowly oblong, undulate.—Palm Sprs., Mt. San Jacinto (acc. Parish). 17. E . cérnuum Nutt. Stems glabrous, glaucous, diffusely di- or tri-chotomously branched, 6 to 14 in. high; leaves round to oval, white woolly below, glabrate above, 6 to 9 lines long, the petioles nearly as long; pedicels deflexed, Y2 to 4 (or 7) lines long, somewhat racemose on the branches; involucres narrowly turbinate; calyx white, glabrous, % to 1 line long, narrowed to a shortly d a v a t e base, its segments obovate or somewhat quadrate, undulate, retuse, the inner half as broad.—Colorado Desert; n. to Ore., e. to the Eocky Mts. 18. E . nùtans T. & G. Similar to E . cernuum but pedicels glandular; base of calyx very obtuse (attenuate in E. cernuum).—Lassen Co.; nw. Nev. 19. E . watsònii T. & G. Similar to E. cernuum; stem sometimes a little inflated; branches erect; leaves round-cordate; pedicels divaricately spreading,

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

309

1 to 4 lines long; calyx segm e n t s oblong, subcordate a t base.—Mt. P i n o s ; e. to Nev. 20. E . deflexum Torr. SKELETON WEED. Fig. 329. Stems 1 or several f r o m t h e base, glabrous and green, 5 to 13 in. high, d i v a r i c a t e l y b r a n c h e d , and t h e i n t e r n o d e s short branching, i n t r i c a t e , or sometimes simpler w i t h elongated b r a n c h l e t s ; leaves in a basal rosette, round-obcordate, whit329. Eriogonum deflexum Torr.; ish tomentose, % to in. a, involucre x 5 ; b, fl. x 10. long, t h e petioles half to t w i c e as long; involucre c a m p a n u l a t e or broadly t u r b i n a t e , % to 1 line long, w i t h 5 short broad obtuse lobes, on pedicels % to 1 (or rarely 2) lines long, more or less deflexed; calyx white, or t u r n i n g pink, glabrous, % t o 1 line long, t h e outer segments elliptic or elliptic-ovate, very obtuse, cordate a t base, t h e inner n a r r o w l y ovate-acuminate, shorter t h a n t h e outer, half as wide.— Desert washes and flats, Colorado and M o h a v e deserts to I n y o Co.; e. t o Nev. and Ariz. II.—SUBGENUS Oregdnium Involucres cylindric or cylindric-turbinate, 5-tootlied, 5 or 6-nerved or angled, always sessile, solitary or congested in heads, always erect; b r a c t s on t h e flowering b r a n c h e s in 3s, connate a t base; calyx not a t all or little accrescent, not stipe-like a t b a s e ; ovary and filaments mostly glabrous; annuals, perennial herbs, or shrubs; mostly of deserts or arid foothills. 21. E . n i d u l a r i u m Cov. Fig. 330. Stems 1 or m a n y f r o m t h e base, repeatedly and regularly dichotomous, t h e f o r k s short, m a k i n g a dense mass of i n t r i c a t e b r a n c h e s which in well-grown p l a n t s curve in a t m a t u r i t y and suggest resemblance to a b i r d ' s n e s t ; whole p l a n t cobwebby-tomentose, o f t e n reddish in age, 3 to 8 in. high; leaves roundish ovate to orbicular and subcordate, 3 to 6 lines long, t h e petioles 1 to 2 % times as long; involucres sessile in all t h e f o r k s and along t h e branches, line long; calyx red, w h i t e or yellowish, glabrous, % to 1 line long; outer segments somewhat quadrate, dilated a t t h e t r u n c a t e apex, t h e sides i n c u r v e d ; inner segments similar b u t n a r r o w e r ; ovary glabrous, scabrous on upper p a r t . — S a n Bern a r d i n o and I n y o Cos.; e. to Nev. 330. Eriogonum nidularium 22. E. gracile B e n t h . Stems strictly b r a n c h e d COT.; fl. x 12. and f o r m i n g a narrow panicle or more diffuse, % to 2y 2 f t . h i g h ; thinly tomentose t h r o u g h o u t , becoming floccose; leaves oblanceolate or broadly oblong, a t t e n u a t e to a slender petiole, % to 2 in. long, tomentose on both sides or less so a b o v e ; involucres d i s t r i b u t e d along t h e elongated branches, glabrous or nearly so, barely exceeding t h e b r a c t s and half concealed by them, % to 1 line long, cylindric-campanulate, t h e t e e t h acute, prominent, s p r e a d i n g ; calyx white, rose-color or yellowish, glabrous, % liue long.—Dry plains, valleys and low hills: G r e a t Valley and Coast E a n g e s to S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. 23. E . c i t h a r a e f o r m e W a t s . Stems 1 or several f r o m t h e base, f r e e l y b r a n c h i n g , 1 to 3 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e thinly tomentose, glabrous or g l a b r a t e a b o v e ; leaves in a basal rosette, or a f e w a t t h e lower nodes, roundish to ovate, % to 2 in. long, gradually or cordately contracted to a long winged petiole, t h e wing crenulately toothed, a t t e n u a t e d o w n w a r d ; involucres

310

POLYGONACEAE

turbinate, 1% lines long.—San Luis Obispo Co. and e. to the inner South Coast Ranges. 24. E. virgitum Benth. Tomentose throughout, stem slender, erect, simple, or the few branches rather strict, 1 to 3 f t . high; leaves in whorls on lower part of stem or rosulatp at the base, oblanceolate (or obovate), '/•> to 2 in. long, on slender petioles, the margin usually undulate; involucres 2 to 2% lines long, rather remote, tomentose, cylindric, truncate or nearly, the teeth minute; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the involucres; calyx glabrous, 1 line long, white, buff, sulphur-yellow or pink.—Stream beds: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada, 500 to 5000 f t . 25. E. mol£stum Wats. Habit of E. vimineum, glabrous and glaucous above the white-woolly leaves; leaves roundish or cordate, crisped or undulate, 4 to 6 lines long; flowers white, % to 1 line long; involucres cylindricturbinate, 2% lines long; ovary scaberulous.—San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains and a. to San Diego. Var. DAVlusdxii Jepson. Habit and foliage of E. molestum but involucres l ] /t to 1% lines long, cylindric-prismatic; calyx pink or white; bracts more united and cup-like.— San Gabriel Mts. to the San Jacinto Mts. 26. E. vimineum Dougl. Fig. 331. Stems 1 or several, glabrous wholly or at least above the base, erect, 3 to 18 in. high, much branched from near the base, the branches elongated and virgate, with the lower often in whorls of 3 to 5; lower forks sometimes leafy; leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, 3 to 12 lines broad, greenish, reddish, or yellowish, white tomentose below, the margin undulate, at least in age, the petioles 1 to 3 times as long; involucres very narrow, cylindric, strongly angled, 1 to \x/-> lines long; flowers rather few, rose-color, or yellowish, glabrous, 1 line long; outer calyx segments obovate, rounded at apex, the inner oblong.—Coast Range hills, especially slopes near rocky outcroppings.—Var. F.LEGANS Jepson. Stem for a half-inch at base densely clothed with white-woolly obcordate small leaves; involucres turbinate; calyx rose-red or whitish, % line long.—San Luis Obispo Co. Var. CANINUM Greene. Stems several from the base, procumbent or very diffuse, repeatedly di- or at first 3 3 1 . Eriogonum tri-chotomous, with short forks and branchlcts, or the vimineum Dougl.; involucre x 5. stem sometimes solitary, erect and branching only at the first node; inflorescence and stems reddish; involucres narrowly turbinate, mostly at the ends of the short branches or sessile in the forks; calyx rosered.—Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Monterey Co. 27. E. bitileyi Wats. Diffusely branched from the base, glabrous, 5 to 12 in. high, and half again as broad, with something of the delicate or slender habit of E. gracile; leaves roundish to ovate, white-woolly; involucres cylindric or a little enlarged upwards, % to % line long; calyx lemon yellow or whitish, delicately glandular, % line long; outer segments ovate or oblong, the inner smaller, narrowly ovate; body of achene lenticular, strongly beaked.—Desert valleys: Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; Nev. to Ariz, and Wash. Var. BRACHYANTHUM Jepson. Stems usually greenish rather than pale or glaucous, at base with a persistent lanate zone; internodes shorter and relatively stouter; bracts redder; calyx glabrous in age, usually constricted a little at middle and flaring at tip, as often in the species.—Mohave Desert n. to Inyo Co. Well-grown plants recall in miniature the habit of a Texas Umbrella Tree. Var. TOMENT6SUM Wats. Stems thinly tomentose.—San Bernardino Mts. 28. E. dasyanthemum T. & G. Fig. 332. Stems thinly tomentose or soon glabrate, 1 to 2 f t . high, branching from or near the base, and often bushlike in habit; leaves roundish, plane, tomentose below, less so above, % to 1V? in. long, abruptly contracted to a slender petiole half to as long; involucres 1 or 2 in a place, rather remote, cylindric, 2 liaes long, tomentose between the

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

311

callous ribs; calyx white or red, 1 line long, densely hairy on outside, glabrous inside; filaments glabrous or slightly pubescent at very base.—Low dry hills, inner Coast Range from the Vaca Mts. to Lake Co. and n. to the Yollo Bollys. Sept.-Nov. This replaces E. vimineum of the middle North Coast Range. 29. E. mohavinse Wats. Stems 1 or several from the base, repeatedly tri- and dichotomously branched, 4 to 12 in. high, glabrous or a little hairy at t h e nodes; branches green, bracts often red; leaves in a rosulate basal cluster, roundish or ovate, 2 to 6 lines long, abruptly narrowed to a slender petiole; involucres turbinatebellsliaped, very shortly 5-toothed, glabrous 332. Eriogonum dasyanthemum outside, a hairy ring inside at throat, % T. & G.; involucre x 5. liue long, sessile in the f o r k s and terminal on the short branchlets; calyx yellow, glabrous, % line long, the outer segments oblong or elliptic, the inner segments sometimes white, half as broad; achene partly exserted.—Dry hills, Mohave Desert. Involucres almost flaring just at mouth. Remarkable for the small size of its flowers. 30. E. t r u n c a t u m T. & G. Stems mostly several from the base, thinly tomentose or glabrate, 6 to 15 in. high, naked, bearing a leafy-bracted irregular umbel; leaves obovate or oblong-oblanceolate, with undulate margin, 1 to 2 in. long, a t t e n u a t e to a slender petiole nearly as long; umbel of 3 to 6 elongated unequal rays loosely once or twice di- or tri-chotomous; bracts almost minute; involucres 2 to 4 in a cluster or solitary, tomentose, oblongturbinate, 2 lines long; calyx light rose-color, glabrous, 1% lines long; filaments pubescent a t very base.—East base of Mt. Diablo n. to Antioch. The sinuses between the involucral teeth are completely filled by a membrane so t h a t the involucre is truncate. Yar. adstJrgens Jepson. Leaves roundish, 5 to 11 lines broad, abruptly long-petioled; involucres turbinate, 1 line long, obviously toothed.—Inner South Coast Range from Waltham to Hernandez. 31. E. saxatile Wats. Flowering stems erect, naked, paniculately 1 or 2-forked, tomentulose, Vi to 1 (or 2) f t . high, arising from a woody caudex; caudex simple or branched, 2 to 5 in. high, densely crowded or even imbricated with leaves; leaves covered with a dense silvery felt, roundish to round-ovate, shortly acute, % to 1 (or 1%) in. long, shortly petioled; involucres tomentulose, 1% to 2 lines long, scattered along the branches of the panicle; calyx white or pale yellowish, glabrous, 3 to 4 lines long, gradually narrowed to a stipe-like 3-angled or 3-carinate base as long as the segments; inner calyx segments obovate, rather exceeding the narrower outer ones; filaments hairy at very base.—Mt. sides, 3000 to S500 f t . : cismontane S. Cal., n. in the Sierra Nevada to the Kaweah River and in the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia and Santa Cruz mountains. 32. E. elongatum Benth. Flowering stems erect, slender, leafless, simple or strictly branching, 1 to 4 f t . high, arising f r o m a branching base composed of leafy stems 3 to 9 in. high; herbage whitish-tomentulose throughout, t h e leaves beneath densely white-tomentose, above glabrate; leaves scattered or congested, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, the margin undulate, 1 to 1% in. long, narrowed to a short petiole; involucres remotely scattered along the elongated stems or branches, cylindric, 3% lines long, truncate or obscurely toothed; calyx white, glabrous save a little hairiness on midveins inside, lines long, its segments obovate, obtuse, the inner slightly longer t h a n t h e outer; filaments glabrous.—Mt. sides and canons near the coast from Monterey Co. to cismontane S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. 33. E. wrightii Torr. Flowering peduncles several, arising from the short erect very leafy branches of the much-branched woody base, the plants 4 to

312

POLYGON ACEAE

12 in. high; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute, white-tomentose, 2 to 6 lines long, short-petioled, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or the lowermost twice as long with longer petioles; peduncles short, once or twice di- or tri-chotomous, the branches erect and rather strict; involucres scattered along the branches or congested towards the ends, campanulatetubular, prominently but obtusely angled and woolly between the angles; calyx white or pink, lines long, its segments obovate, rounded at apex, the inner longer than the outer.—Stream beds or mt. slopes: Sierra Nevada; Coast Eanges towards the interior; S. Cal.; e. to Tex. Var. SUBSCAP6SUM Wats. Leafy branches short, forming a close dense mat with short flowering stems; calyx smaller, the segments less narrowed at base.—High montane. Var. MEMBRANACEUM Stokes. Petioles dilated at base into a sheath clasping the stem; leaves glabrate above; sheaths soon glabrate, % to 1 line long.— S. Cal. mts. 34. E. nodosum Small. Stems several from the base, tri- or di-chotomously branching, leafy below, % to 1*4 (or ft. high, white-tomentulose; involucres turbinate-cylindric, IV2 lines long, sessile and unilaterally crowded on the ultimate to 1 in. long) branehlets or pedicellate in the forks; calyx glabrous, 1% lines long, parted about half-way, the base coriaceous; outer segments roundish, notched at apex, the inner similar, half as broad; filaments pilose below the middle; achene minutely scaberulous.—Desert regions: White Mts., Inyo Co.; Imperial Co.; Nev. to L. Cal. Var. JAEGERI M. & J . Upper portion of plant glabrous.—Morongo Wash. 35. E. heermannii D. & H. Stems woody at base, leafy below, soon branching into a panicle, to 2 ft. high; peduncle of the panicle short, repeatedly 2 or 3-forked and finally ending in somewhat spinescent branchlets; forks of the panicle rather short but straightish, rigid, somewhat divaricate, as if fistulous and a little constricted at the joints; plant flocculent or glabrate on lower part, glabrous above; leaves oblong, 6 to 8 lines long, petioled; involucres hemispherical or broadly turbinate, 1 line long, the broad rounded lobes scarious-margined and overlapping at the sinuses; calyx 1 to lVi lines long, glabrous, the outer segments orbicular, the inner oblong, much narrower.—Mohave Desert; Mt. Pinos; s. Sierra Nevada; e. to Nev. 36. E. plumat611a D. & H. Stems from a woody base, forming a compact erect cluster, branching above into a broad head, 1 to 2 ft. high; branches straightish or zigzag, covered with a dense thin ¿omentum; forks (or internodes) of the panicle short, somewhat curved, continuously divaricate so that the inflorescence eventually appears almost contorted; involucres narrowly campanulate, glabrous outside, the teeth pubescent inside, not scarious margined; calyx white or pinkish, % line long; outer segments obovate, truncatish, inner obovate, rounded or subacute, all cuneate at base; filaments a little hairy at base; beak of the ovary 3-angled, roughish.—Southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.; Mohave Desert. Flowers in rather small and compact clusters towards the ends of the rather long panicle branches. 37. E. microthfecum Nutt. Stems woody at base, diffusely but shortly branched, 4 to 10 in. high, whitish tomentulose throughout or the leaves above and the stems and involucres glabrate; leaves oblong-spatulate to elliptic, sometimes revolute, 4 to 8 lines long, shortly petioled; peduncles 1 to 4 in. long, bearing a small cymosely branched compound umbel; involucres sessile, those in the axils pedicellate, narrowly campanulate, 1% lines long, shortly toothed; calyx white, pink or yellow, glabrous, 1 to 1% lines long, its lobes about equaling the tube; outer lobes round, often subcordate at base, the inner lobes elliptic.—Montane, 5000 to 10,000 f t . : San Antonio Mts.; e. slope of the Sierra Nevada; n. to Wash., e. to the Rocky Mts. 38. E. arboriscens Greene. ShTubby, several ft. high, the trunk 3 to 4 in. thick; leaves crowded at the ends of the many branehlets, linear or oblong, strongly revolute, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, % to in. long; peduncles stout, bearing a large compound cyme, the involucres in capitate clusters; calyx rose-color, densely white-villous at base.—Santa Barbara Isls.: Santa Cruz; Anacapa; Santa Eosa.

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

313

39. E. gigantism Wats. Freely branching shrub 2 to 8 f t . high, bearing its white foliage towards the ends of the tomentose or glabrate branches; trunk with rough bark, 1 to 4 in. in diameter; leaves leathery, ovate, obtuse, 1 to 2% in. long, white-lanate on both sides or glabrate above, strongly veined beneath, the petioles V2 to 1 in. long; peduncles stout, bearing a dense tri- or di-chotomously branched compound cyme 2 to 12 in. broad; involucres sessile or pedicellate, somewhat crowded on the branchlets, campanulate with very low teeth, almost as if truncate, 2 lines long, densely close woolly outside; calyx 1 line long, densely white-hairy toward the cuneate base, its segments broadly obovate, rounded at apex, the inner narrower; filaments pubescent at base.—Santa Barbara Isls.: Santa Catalina; San Clemente; Santa Cruz. 40. E. cinSreum Benth. Shrub 2 to 5 f t . high, the stems tomentulose; leaves ovate, puberulent above, obtusish, the larger abruptly short-cuneate at base, undulate, thinly gray-tomentose beneath, y2 to 1% in. long, short' petioled; peduncles elongated, sparingly dichotomous, the heads few and scattered in the forks; involucres tomentulose, 1% to 2 lines long, with 5 triangular teeth; calyx densely silky outside, its segments narrowly obovate. obtuse, IV2 lines long; filaments glabrous.—Bluffs and foothills along the coast: Santa Barbara to San Pedro. 41. E. parvlfolium Sm. Shrub 1 to 3 f t . high, or woody only at base; branches densely leafy with fascicled leaves; leaves thick, oblong-lanceolate to ovate or roundish, undulate and irregularly revolute-margined, truncatish or subcordate at base, dark green and glabrate above, white with a dense felt beneath, 2 to 6 lines long, shortly petioled; peduncles short, simple or umbellately 2 or 3-forked, bearing terminal or racemosely scattered heads of involucres, the heads few, compact, also sessile in forks when the inflorescence is umbellate; involucres 2 lines long, glabrate outside, densely woolly on inside at throat; calyx white, glabrous, 1% to 2 lines long, its segments obovate, the outer obtuse, the inner slightly broader and retuse; filaments a little hairy at base.—Sand-dunes and hillsides near the coast: Monterey Bay to S. Cal. 4 2 . E. fasciculatum Benth. FLAT-TOP. Stems woody at base, 2 to 3 f t . high with shreddy bark, the very leafy branches ending in a simple or compound umbel or the umbel reduced to a single head; leaves oblong, linear or oblanceolate, revolute-margined, 4 to 8 lines long, drawn down to a narrow base, densely white-woolly below, usually green and glabrate above; flower clusters in heads, these terminal on the unequal rays or sessile in the forks; rays 1 to 4 in. long; bracts linear; involucres 2 lines long, with short acute teeth; calyx white, glabrous, 1% to 1% lines long, the outer segments elliptic, the inner obovate and narrower, all rounded at apex; filaments glabrous or nearly so.—Abundant on mesa and mt. slopes. I t is generally known as " W i l d B u c k w h e a t " and is the third most valued native bee-plant a f t e r White Sage and Black Sage. The form with glabrous flowers is confined to the sea-coast from Santa Barbara to San Diego. The two dominant mesa forms are the following: Yar. F6LIOL&SUM Stokes. Peduncles long ( 4 to 1 0 in.); leaves more strongly revolute-linear, green but pubescent above, tomentose beneath; calyx slightly hairy outside.—Chaparral slopes, the abundant form: cismontane S. Cal. and n. to Monterey Co. and Mt. Hamilton Range (Corral Hollow). Yar. POLIF6LIUM T. & G. Peduncles long; foliage gray, the leaves commonly less revolute, hoary above, tomentose below; calyx often conspicuously hairy outside, especially towards the base.—Desert slopes of the mts. in the Colorado and Mohave deserts, w. to Palomar, n. to Bakersfield and Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. Var. FLAVOVIRIDE M. & J. One f t . high; herbage green; calyx glabrous without, hairy within.—Mts. on n. side of Colorado Desert. 43. E. latifolium Sm. Flowering stems from a densely leafy caudex, stout, tomentulose, naked, % to 2 f t . high, 2 to 4-forked above, the forks simple or again forked; involucres in capitate clusters, terminal and sessile in the forks, or the whole inflorescence often reduced to a single large head 01

314

POLYGONACEAE

with one proliferous branch f r o m under the first head; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse or acute, a t base rounded or cordate, rarely cuneate, often undulate, densely white-woolly or lanate, or glabrate above, 1 to 2% in. long, the petioles short or long; involucres tomentose, 2 lines long; calyx glabrous, white or light rosecolor, lines long; filaments woolly a t base.—Rocky cliffs or sandy places along the sea-coast f r o m Humboldt Co. to S. Cal. 44. E. nudum Dougl. TIBINAGUA. Fig. 333. Tall and slender, 1 to 3 f t . high, the stems glabrous, pedunclelike, often fistulous, sometimes inflated, branching into a usually large panicle, the leaves all a t base on the short woody caudex; leaves broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, cordate or abruptly cuneate at base, undulate, densely tomentose beneath, glabrate 3 3 3 . E r i o g o n u m n u d u m D o u g l . ; a, above, 1 to 2 in. long, on slender habit x % ; 6 , 1 x 4 . petioles; involucres 2 or 3 lines long, glabrous or nearly so, 2 to 6 in each cluster; calyx glabrous, at least outside, 1 to 1% lines long, usually white, sometimes rose-color or yellow; filaments a little hairy at base.—Very common on dry hills, valley flats or mt. slopes: coastal S. Cal.; Coast Eanges; Sierra Nevada; n. to Ore. July-Oct. Herbage used as " s o u r d o c k " f o r pies by settlers in Shasta Co. Yar. DEDÚCTUM Jepson. Stems many f r o m t h e base, 5 to 13 in. high, umbellately triehotomous above, glabrous; leaves oval, to % in. long, on petioles 3 to 4 times as long.—High Sierra Nevada, 7500 to 9500 f t . Seems no more than a slightly reduced state of the common form of the species prevailing at lower altitudes in the Sierra. Var. SCAPÍGERUM Jepson. Like var. deductum but the inflorescence reduced to single heads terminating the slender scape-like stems. —High mts. about the upper Kern River. Var. PUBIFLÓRUM Benth. Stems \x/-< to 3 f t . high, often inflated, glabrous, the branches elongated; involucres 1 to 3 in a place; calyx deep yellow, hairy towards the base.—Arid or desert region: P a h u t e P e a k ; Mt. Pinos; Independence; Goose Valley, Modoc Co.; Yreka. Var. PAUCIFLÓRUM Wats. Stems often inflated, indefinitely dichotomous, the involucres scattered along the slender branches or occasionally in pairs; calyx white.—S. Cal.: San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains. Var. OBLÓNGIFÓLIUM Wats. Stems and involucres whitish tomentulose, the stems above twice di- or tri-chotomous, the branches rather strict; leaves broadly oblong, % to 21/? in. long, abruptly contracted to slender petioles 1Yz to 3 in. long; calyx white or rarely pale yellow, somewhat pubescent on the inner lobes.—Napa Co. to Humboldt Co. and e. to Modoc Co., thence s. to Nevada Co. Var. SULPHÜREUM Jepson. Like the preceding var. but the branches of the inflorescence more spreading; calyx pale yellow or white, a little hairy at base.—Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co. Var. AURICULATUM J . P. Tracy. Stems % to 2% f t . high, somewhat caudex-like a t base, the caudexes set with leaves or old leaf-bases, % to 4 in. high, each giving rise to a glabrous glaucous peduncle bearing a dichotomous panicle; peduncles sometimes strongly fistulous; leaves oblong to elliptic, obtuse, truncatish or subcordate at base, crenulate-undulate margined, densely white-lanate below, soon glabrescent and deep green above, 1 to 2Y> in. long; panicle usually large, the heads large, terminal and lateral, less commonly in the forks.—Dry rocky hills, central Coast Ranges. Var. GRANDE Jepson. Tall (3 to 5 f t . high) with a woody base; leaves ovate-oblong, the margin undulate-revolute,

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

315

w h i t e - l a n a t e below, to 3 in. long; involucres 3 lines long; calyx nearly or quite glabrous inside.—Santa B a r b a r a Isis. 45. E . e l ä t u m Dougl. Stems rigid and rush-like, rarely naked, 1 to 2% f t . high, sometimes inflated, b e a r i n g a trichotomous panicle, glabrous and glaucous; leaves erect, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 3 (or 5) in. long, on petioles mostly as long; involucres in t e r m i n a l clusters of 2 to 4, or solitary in t h e f o r k s , either sessile or shortly pedunculate, hairy-pubescent, lines long, 5-toothed, t h e t e e t h scarious-margined; calyx white, 1 t o lines long, its segments obovate, rounded a t apex, w i t h broad hairy-pubescent midvein. — E a s t or t r a n s m o n t a n e side of t h e Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mono Co. to Modoo and Siskiyou Cos. Y a r . VILLÖSUM Jepson. Stems villous-pubescent.—Dry hills, Siskiyou Co. to Modoc Co. Var. INCÜRVUM Jepson. Pubescence of preceding v a r i e t y ; b r a n c h e s or r a y s of t e r n a t e l y trichotomous panicle curving, f r a g i l e a t t h e joints.-—Shasta Sprs. 46. E . i n d i c i u m Jepson. Stems 1 to 2 f t . high, several f r o m t h e base, glabrous, glaucous, t h e lower internodes inflated like a slender t r u m p e t ; leaves o v a t e or deltoid-ovate, t r u n c a t i s h a t base, white-woolly below, whitisharachnoid above, persistent on b o t h faces, to 2 y2 in. long, t h e petioles as long and w i t h a broad clasping b a s e ; involucres externally glabrous, t u b u l a r b u t a little widened u p w a r d , 2 lines long, solitary and racemose along t h e slender b r a n c h e s of t h e dichotomous panicle; calyx yellowish, glabrous.— D r y hills, San Carlos E a n g e . N e a r l y related to E. nudum. 47. E . k e n n e d y i P o r t e r . Stems scape-like, wiry, 3 to 8 in. high, arising f r o m a v e r y dense l e a f y cushion; leaves obovate or oblong, revolute, whitewoolly, 1% to 5 lines long; involucres tomentulose or g l a b r a t e , t u r b i n a t e campanulate, n e r v e d and r a t h e r strongly angled, deeply triangular-toothed, lYa to 2 lines long, clustered in a t e r m i n a l h e a d ; calyx w h i t e or pink, glabrous, 1 to 1 Vz lines long, segments oblong-obovate; ovary scarious.—Desert slopes or arid p l a t e a u s , n. and s. of t h e M o h a v e Desert. 48. E . 6chroc6phalum W a t s . Stems scape-like, 2 to 6 in. high, erect f r o m a caespitose l e a f y b a s e ; leaves silvery-tomentose, oblanceolate to ovate, % to in. long, narrowed to a petiole half to as long; involucres in a c a p i t a t e cluster, turbinate-bellshaped, b l a d d e r y in age, to 2 % lines long, t h e 6 to 8 short lobes e r e c t ; calyx yellow, glabrous, 1 to 1% lines long, t h e segments elliptic, t h e inner narrower, all obtuse; filaments obscurely puberulous a t base.—Nw. Nev. and e. Ore. Var. AGNELLUM Jepson. D w a r f e d f o r m , 2 to 4 in. high, t h e upper portion of peduncles and heads a l i t t l e g l a n d u l a r ; leaves o v a t e or n a r r o w l y obovate, 2 to 4 lines long, petioled.—N. Sierra N e v a d a ( P l a c e r Co. t o Modoc Co.). 49. E . ovalifölium N u t t . Fig. 334b. Subalpine d w a r f , t h e scape-like stems slender, tomentulose, % to 3 in. high, rising f r o m a dense l e a f y cushion; leaves round-ovate to obovate, 1 to 4 lines long, contracted to a usually short petiole; involucres t u r b i n a t e , woolly, several crowded together in a v e r y close head w i t h 3 or 4 short b r a c t s ; calyx white, w i t h green midribs, o f t e n f a d i n g pinkish, glabrous, 1 to 1% lines long; o u t e r calyx segments elliptical, s u b c o r d a t e a t base, t h e i r m a r g i n s quite f r e e and dis6 t i n c t to base, t h e inner broadly s p a t u l a t e ; filaments h a i r y a t very base.—Granite p e a k s and ridges. 9000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m F r e s n o Co. to N e v a d a Co.; Snow Mt., L a k e Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Rocky Mts. Var. VINSUM Nelson. I n v o l u c r e s vase-shaped, constricted n e a r t h e t o p ; calyx wine-red, 2% to 3 lines long, i t s segments unequal.-—San Bernardino Mts.; Ore. and Wash. Var. 334. Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt.; b , f l . x 5 ; NIVALE Jones. Fig. 334a. Head a, var. nivale Jones, habit z %.

316

POLYGONACEAE

small and compact, appearing like a single involucre; flowers red; outer calyx-segments obovate; filaments hairy or glabrous.—S. Sierra Nevada. 50. E. proliferum T. & G. Stems erect, naked, scape-like, 4 to 7 in. high, bearing an umbellate inflorescence and arising from a compactly branched caudex with very short leafy branches; herbage tomentulose, the leaves densely white-woolly; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, 4 to 12 lines long, on petioles as long or longer; umbels with 3 rays from beneath the sessile central involucre; rays % to 2 in. long, somewhat unequal, bearing a cluster of 2 or 3 involucres, or one or more of the rays again shortly 3-radiate; involucre 5-toothed, the teeth large, almost hooded; calyx white, 2 to 2 % lines broad, the outer segments roundish quadrate or elliptic (nearly as broad at base and apex as at middle), attached by the lower % of the midnerve, the sides free and overlapping; inner segments obovate, narrowed to a claw-like base.—Valleys and mt. slopes, 2600 to 5000 f t . : Sierra Valley to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Eocky Mts. III.—SUBGENUS Eueriogonum Involucres turbinate, 4 to 8-toothed or -lobed, either solitary or borne in umbels, the umbels sometimes congested in heads; bracts foliaceous; calyx stipe-like at base, often accrescent; filaments mostly hairy or pubescent at base; flowering stems (peduncles) scape-like; perennials; mountains from middle altitudes to alpine summits. 51. E. caespitdsum Nutt. Dwarf, matted, the scape-like peduncles slender, naked, 2 to 4 in. high, bearing a single involucre; leaves white-tomentose, oval to oblong-spatulate, 2 to 3 lines long, the petioles % to as long; involucral lobes linear, as long or longer than the turbinate tube; calyx yellow or fading reddish, 1 to 1% lines long, in age nearly twice as long, hairy on the mostly stipe-like base; filaments pilose; ovary glabrous.—Mt. slopes and dry plateaus e. of the Sierra Nevada: White Mts.; Warner Mts.; n. to Ore., e. to Eocky Mts. 52. E. douglasii Benth. Matted white-woolly dwarf similar to the preceding, the scape-like peduncles with a whorl of 5 or 6 oblanceolate bracts at the middle; involucral lobes linear, longer than the tube, reflexed; calyx yellow, hairy at base and along the midrib of the segments, stipe-like at base, 2 to 3 lines long, its segments obovate, obtuse, the inner exceeding the outer in age; lower half of filaments pilose; ovary hairy towards apex.— N. Sierra Nevada, e. slope from Nevada Co. to Lassen Co., 4200 to 6500 ft.; Nev. to Wash. 53. E. sphaerociphalum Dougl. Peduncles 3 to 6 in. high, bearing a solitary involucre and with a whorl of leafy bracts at their middle, or the whorl subtending a 2 to 4-rayed umbel, the rays also bearing a central whorl of bracts; base much-branched, with many short woody leafy branchlets; leaves oblong to broadly oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to a short petiole, 5 to 10 lines long, white-woolly below, soft pubescent above, the margins often revolute; involucre almost bowl-shaped, 3 to 4 lines long, its (7 or 8) oblong lobes as long or longer than the tube; flowers numerous in an involucre, forming a globose cluster; calyx whitish, very villous inside and out, especially towards the base, stipe-like at base, 4 lines long, the segments obovate or elliptic, obtuse; filaments hairy on lower half; ovary densely villous except at base.—Lassen Co. to Shasta Co., 2600 to 4200 ft., n. to Wash. May-June. 54. E. tripodum Greene. Habit similar to E. sphaerocephalum but more slender and taller (10 to 14 in. high); umbel 3-rayed, the rays 3 to 5 in. long, bearing a whorl of bracts at the middle or sometimes 2-forked and again bracteate; calyx yellow, densely hairy, 2 to 3 lines long, the stipelike base very short; filaments hairy below; ovary very strongly angled, hairy at apex.—Indian Valley, Lake Co.; Benton Mills Eoad, Mariposa Co. 55. E. siskiyouense Small. Like E. umbellatum but the involucre solitary on an erect peduncle 4 to 10 in. high, with a whorl of bracts at middle (that is, the umbel reduced to one ray which is as long or longer

BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

317

t h a n the peduncle); bracts foliaceous, ovate, petioled, 2 to 6 lines long, the basal leaves of the same shape but usually larger.—Montane: Scott Mts., Siskiyou Co.; Calaveras Big Trees; Lake Merced, Yosemite. 56. E . umbellatum Torr. SULPHUR-FLOWER. Pig. 335. Peduncles erect or ascending f r o m a branching woody base, naked, 3 to 5 in. high, tomentulose or glabrate; leaves ovate, glabrate above, white-woolly beneath, 3 to 12 lines long, on petioles % to % as long; umbels simple, subtended by a whorl of linear to obovate bracts, its rays 3 to 9 (rarely reduced to 1), 5 lines to lVi (or 3) hi. long, these and the bracts soft-pubescent; involucre 8-lobed, t h e lobes reflexed, nearly as long as the turbinate tube, the tube and throat crowded with the floccose-woolly bractlets; flowers sulphur-yellow; calyx glabrous, gradually narrowed into the long stipe-like base, 2 to 3, or in age 3 to 4 lines long; filaments pilose on lower half.—Higher Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, 4000 to 9000 f t . ; n. to Wash., e. to Rocky Mts. Var. STELLATUM Jones. Bays simple and bearing a whorl of bracts at their middle or usually forked and the secondary rays similarly bracteate.—San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a ; Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. Var. BAH!AEF6RME Jepson. Inflorescence freely and irregularly branched.—Tehachapi region. Var. MINUS

Jtn.

Herbage

permanently

tomentose; peduncles V2 to 1% in. high, bearing simple 1 to 3-rayed umbels; rays 2 to 4% lines long.— Subalpine, San Antonio Mts. Var. MONOCEPHALUM T. & G. Dwarf mount a i n form with the umbel reduced to a single ray, t h a t is, the peduncle naked or bracteate and bearing a solitary involucre.—Range of the species but f a r less common. 57. E. torreyHnum Gray. H a b i t of E. umbellatum but stems and leaves 3 3 5 . E r i o g o n u m u m b e l l a t u m Torr.: a, umbel, past anthesis x % ; b, fl. x 4. glabrous; outer rays of the umbel with a whorl of bracts midway; leaves obovate, thickish, about 1 in. long, narrowed below to a petiole as long; involucral lobes sparingly pubescent; calyx yellow, 4 to 5 lines long; filaments hairy below.-—N. Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 7000 f t . 58. E. compdsitum Dougl. Scape-like stems stout, 6 to 16 in. high from a simple short caudex, glabrate; leaves oblong-ovate or deltoid-ovate, cordate at base, 1% to 2 in. long, with a close white felt beneath, green above or woolly-fiocculent; petioles long, mostly 1 to 2% times length of blade; bracts linear or oblanceolate; umbel 6 to 10-rayed, the rays sometimes with a blackish band a t middle, % to 2 in. long, each bearing a capitate cluster of ] to 5 involucres or a several-rayed umbellet; involucre broadly turbinate, woolly, 8-toothed, the teeth short, acute; calyx cream-color or yellow, glabrous, contracted to a stipe-like base, 2 to 4 lines long; segments elliptic, the inner becoming % longer in age; filaments short hairy a t base.—North Coast Banges; n. to Wash. 59. E. 16bbii T. & G. Peduncles lying along the ground, 2 to 7 in. long, borne on a densely leafy stout caudex; caudex crowded below with old leafbases and crowned with a t u f t of silvery white leaves; herbage densely white-woolly; leaves roundish, oval or ovate, Yi to % or 1*4 in. long, narrowed to r a t h e r broad petioles % to as long; umbels simple, bracteate. ascending f r o m the tips of the peduncles; rays 3 to 6, y 2 to IV2 in. long (or reduced and then the umbels capitate), usually with a whorl of bracts at middle; involucres broadly campanulate, 3 to 5 lines long; calyx white,

318

POLYGONACEAE

f a d i n g pinkish, narrowed at base but not stipe-like, 3 to 4 lines long; filaments pilose on lower half.—Gravelly d r i f t s and glaciated granite slopes and ridges, 7000 to 9500 f t . : Sierra Nevada on e. slope f r o m Sierra Co. to Inyo Co., and w. slope f r o m Nevada Co. to Tuolumne Co.; inner North Coast Eange. 60. E. pyrolaefolium Hook. Peduncles scape-like, glabrous, 2 to 3% in. high, arising f r o m a densely l e a f y caudex; leaves roundish or oval, thick, glabrous, 4 to 12 lines long, abruptly petioled, the petioles villous; umbels small, bearing 1 to 3 involucres on short (1 or 2 lines long) rays or quite capitate; bracts 2, linear or spatulate, elongated; calyx red, not a t t e n u a t e at base, to 2 lines long, somewhat glandular inside, hairy at base outside and on midribs half-way up segments; filaments glabrous; upper p a r t of ovary densely hairy.—High northern peaks: Lassen P e a k ; Mt. Shasta; n. to Mt. Eainier. 61. E. latentis Jepson. Peduncles naked, 8 to 12 in. high from the short l e a f y branches of a woody caudex; leaves roundish, or somewhat deltoidovate, acutish, short pilose, 7 to 12 lines long, abruptly or cuneately narrowed at base to a margined petiole half to as long as the blade; involucres congested in a terminal head, membranous, campanulate, 3 to 4 lines long, with short broad sparsely hairy lobes; calyx white, its base appressed hairy, the inner segments narrower t h a n the outer; lower third of filaments pubescent.—Desert slopes of Sierra N e v a d a in Inyo Co.; 6500 f t . 62. E. ursinum Wats. Peduncles scape-like from a branching woody leafy crown or mat, 4 to 12 in. high, these and the umbels villous-tomentulose; leaves ovate, mostly acute, cordate at base, varying to cuneate, whitetomentose beneath, glabrate and greener above, 4 to 8 lines long, the petiole half to as long; umbel compound, sometimes simple, 3 to 10-rayed or reduced to a head-like cluster; bracts obovate to subfiliform, subtending the umbel and secondary umbels, usually also with a whorl at or near t h e middle of the rays or secondary rays; involucres campanulate-funnelform, large (3 to 3% lines high), thin, hairy-pubescent outside, shortly and sharply toothed; calyx yellow or white, glabrous, abruptly campanulate above the stipe-like base, 2 to 3 lines long; filaments copiously woolly, t h e wool filling the base of the calyx.—High montane, 5000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Nevada Co. to Shasta Co.; Snow Mt., Lake Co. 63. E. incanum T. & G. Peduncles stout, tomentulose, 1 to 3% in. high, arising from a matted densely l e a f y crown; leaves oblong to ovate or obovate, white-tomentose, the edges often disposed to be revolute, 3 to 6 lines long, mostly short-petioled; umbels with 4 or 5 rays 2 to 6 lines long or reduced to small dense heads; bracts few, linear; calyx yellow, often red, glabrous, 1 to 2 lines long, narrowed to a short stipe-like base; filaments sparingly hairy a t base.—Gravelly slopes and peaks, Sierra Nevada. 7000 to 12,000 f t . : Farewell Gap and Mt. Whitney n. to Mt. Lyell and Mt. Ralston. 64. E. marifdlium T. & G. Peduncles scape-like, slender, 3 to 12 in. high, arising f r o m a loosely branched l e a f y base; leaves oval or ovate, whitewoolly or commonly glabrate above, 3 to 8 lines long, the petioles mostly as long or longer; umbels with 3 to 6 rays % to 2y 2 in. long, the central involucre sessile, or t h e umbel sometimes reduced to a small head; flowers often more or less dioecious, yellowish (reddish in age), glabrous, 1 to 1% lines long.—Higher Sierra Nevada; Mt. Wilson. Differs from no. 63 in its looser growth and larger umbels. 65. E. kell6ggii Gray. Peduncles rising f r o m a loose mat, scape-like, slender, 2 to 4 in. high, naked save for whorl of 3 leaf-like bracts a t the middle; mat consisting of branching stolon-like woody stems with the leaves in rosettes on the ends of short branchlets; herbage tomentulose throughout or the leaves glabrate above; leaves oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, narrowed to a short petiole, 2 to 5 lines long; involucre solitary, turbinate, 2 to 2y 2 lines long, with erect teeth; calyx whitish or pinkish, glabrous, stipe-like at base, 3 to 4% lines long, its segments obovate, rounded at apex; filaments

319

CHENOPODIACEAE

pilose below middle.—Bed Mt., Mendocino Co., not otherwise known. Remarkably similar in habit to the monocephalous forms of E. umbellatum. 66. E. alplnum Engelm. White-lanate dwarf, 1% in. high, t h e scape-like stems with a whorl of bracts at the middle and ending in a single involucre; leaves roundish, 5 to 7 lines broad; involucre turbinate, 3 lines long, with minute t e e t h ; calyx yellow, glabrous, to 2 lines long, the stipe-like base short, the segments obovate, obtuse; filaments slightly pubescent at base.— Mt. Eddy, Siskiyou Co., 8700 f t . CHENOPODIACEAE.

SALTBUSH FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs, mostly salt-loving, very o f t e n succulent or scurfy, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, or leafless. Flowers small (1 or 2 lines long), perfect or unisexual with an herbaceous calyx of 5 or fewer sepals, or in the pistillate flower the calyx sometimes absent. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, or fewer, distinct or slightly united a t base. Ovary superior, 1-celled, containing a single ovule, becoming in f r u i t an achene or utricle. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Embryo curved; endosperm copious or sometimes wanting. Nitrophila has a scarious calyx. Leaves never spiny. Leaves not fleshy or scarcely so; embryo annular or curved, embracing or surrounding the central endosperm, or folded and the endosperm lacking. Stems with foliaceous leaves. Leaves opposite, united at base 1. NITROPHILA. Leaves alternate, sometimes the lowest opposite, but never united at base. Calyx not horizontally winged; leaves plane (except no. 9 ) . Flowers perfect, all of one kind. Calyx 3 to 5-parted or -toothed. Stamen 1 ; flowers axillary and solitary. . 2 . APHANISMA. Stamens 5 (or 4) ; flowers in clusters. Calyx with a fleshy disk at base, the ovary partly sunk

in

it

3.

BETA.

Calyx without disk. Calyx 5 (or 4)-parted, herbaceous or fleshy in fruit

4.

CHENOPODIUM.

Calyx saccate, 3 to 5-toothed, dry in fruit

5 . ROUBIEVA.

Calyx of 1 sepal; stamen 1 6. MONOLEPIS. Flowers unisexual, of 2 kinds, the staminate with calyx, the pistillate without calyx and enclosed by 2 appressed bracts. Fruits not hairy; leaves not revolute. Bracts distinct or more or less united, the margins never wholly united, at least partly free, the sides smooth or muricate 7. ATRIPLEX. Bracts wholly united into an orbicular strongly flattened sac with a pin-hole orifice at a p e x . . 8 . GRAYIA. Fruits densely white-hairy; leaves linear revolute.9. EUROTIA. Calyx in fruit surrounded by a 5-lobed wing 10. KOCHIA. Stems with the leaves reduced to mere scales; flowers perfect or unisexual; stems fleshy, jointed. Shrubs; scales alternate 11. ALLENROLTEA. Herbs; scales opposite 12. SALICORNIA. Leaves more or less fleshy, soft; embryo spirally coiled, the endosperm lateral or none. Flowers unisexual, the staminate in a catkin-like spike, the pistillate axillary. . . . Flowers perfect and pistillate, in axillary clusters Leaves dry, rigid or spiny; flowers perfect; embryo spirally coiled

1. N I T R O P H I L A

1 3 . SARCOBATUS.

14. SUAEDA. 15. SALSOLA.

Wats.

A low perennial glabrous herb with fleshy opposite amplexicaul leaves and axillary perfect flowers. Sepals 5 (rarely 6 or 7), chartaceous, imbricated, concave and carinate. Stamens 5, united at base into a narrow yellowish disk. Style longer than the subglobose ovary; stigmas 2. Achene beaked by the persistent style, included within the connivent sepals. (Greek nitron, carbonate of soda, and philos, fond of, these plants loving alkaline soils.) 1. N. occidentalis (Moq.) Wats. Fig. 336. Stems decumbent, oppositely branching, 4 to 14 in. long, from a deep-seated thick taproot; leaves linear, sessile, V2 to 1 in. long, the floral mostly 3 to 6 lines long, triangular in cross-section, mucronate; flowers solitary in the axils and bibracteate, or often 2 or 3 with the central one frequently bractless and the lateral shortly

320

CHENOPODIACEAE

pediceled; sepals pinkish or whitish.—Moist alkaline soils, often on the black alkali : Sacramento Valley s. to S. and L. Cai.; desert side of the Sierra N e v a d a ; Nev.; Ore. 2. APHANÌSMA N u t t . Annual with alternate sessile entire leaves. Flowers minute, perfect, without bracts, axillary, solitary. Calyx 3 or 4cleft, without appendages. Stamen 1. Ovary depressed, the short style 2 or 3-cleft, Achene depressed-globose, indurated, somewhat 5-angled, subtended a t base by the closely appressed dry calyx. Embryo annular, surrounding the copious endosperm. (Greek aphanes, inconspicuous.) 1. A . b l l t o l d e s Nutt. Branched a t the base with slender ascending stems, to 2 f t . high; leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate or truncate at the sessile base, % to 2 in. long, or the lowest lanceolate and long-petioled; achene % line broad. — Del M a r ; San Diego; Carrizo Creek; Santa B a r b a r a Islands. 3. BÈTA L. Robust glabrous biennial herbs with large fleshy roots. Leaves alternate, large, long petioled, the floral reduced and subsessile. Flowers perfect, protandrous, greenish white, in sessile axillary clusters; 336. Nitrophila occidentalis Wats.; a, fl. branchlet clusters 2 or 3-flowered, dis' ' ' posed in panicled spikes, the flowers cohering in f r u i t by the enlarged bases of the calyx. Calyx 5-parted, its lobes costate dorsally, in f r u i t indurated and closing over the achene. Stamens 5, perigynous; filaments frequently connate a t base. Ovary sunk in the succulent base of the calyx; styles 2 or 3, short, stigmatose on the inside. Achene adnate to the calyx-base. Embryo annular. (Perhaps Celtic bett, red, on account of the color of the root.) 1. B. vulgàris L. BEET. Stems 2 to 6 f t . high, paniculately branched above; root conical; lower leaves 4 to 10 in. long, oblong or ovate, undulate, the upper smaller, ovate-lanceolate.—Garden plant, naturalized in marshes: P e t a l u m a ; Alvarado; Monterey; San Bernardino. Native of Eur. June. 4.

CHENOPÒDIUM

L.

GOOSEFOOT.

PIGWEED

Annual or perennial herbs, frequently white-mealy or glandular, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers perfect, greenish, bractless and sessile, clustered, t h e clusters commonly in simple or panicled spikes. Calyx 5 (or 3 to 4)-parted, persistent and usually inclosing the seed-like achene, rarely reduced to a single sepal. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary depressed; styles 2,

SALTBUSH

FAMILY

321

rarely 3 or 4, slender. Achene with membranous pericarp closely investing the seed. Embryo annular, sometimes incompletely so. (Greek chen, goose, and pous, foot, on account of the shape of the leaves.) F r u i t i n g calyx dry. A n n u a l ; calyx deeply parted into lobes or segments. Finely mealy, at least not pubescent or glandular. Achene with pericarp closely persistent on seed. Erect, herbage light green 1. C. album. Dill use, herbage dark green 2. C. mural?. Achene with pericarp separating readily from seed. Leaves triangular-hastate, t h i n ; petioles half as long as the blades or longer 3. C. fremontii. Leaves linear, thick; petioles short, less than Vi as long as the blades. 4. G. leptophyllum. Glandular-pubescent and aromatic, but not mealy. Flower-clusters spicate or paniculate. Leaves slender-petioled; achene imperfectly enclosed by calyx; spikes cymose-diverging, leafless 5. C. botrys. Leaves slightly petioled; achene perfectly enclosed by calyx. Spikes dense, leafy 6. O. ambrosioides. Spikes more elongated, leafless 7. C. anthelminticum. Flower-clusters all axillary 8. C. carinatum. P e r e n n i a l ; calyx merely toothed or cleft, more distinctly synsepalous; spike terminal, 9. O. ctdifornicum. leafy only below; achene exserted Fruiting calyx fleshy, often reddish; annual. Calyx deciduous 10. C. rubrum. Calyx persistent, the clusters red and berry-like 11. C. capitatum. 1. C. ¿lbum L . W H I T E PIGWEED. W H I T E GOOSEFOOT. Erect, 2 to 4 f t . high, usually paniculately branched; herbage more or less light green or whitemealy; leaves rhombic-ovate, sinuate-dentate below or about t h e middle, the uppermost varying to lanceolate and subentire, 1 to 2 in. long, whiter beneath than above; flowers densely clustered in close spikes, the panicle strict and close or somewhat spreading; calyx about % line wide in f r u i t , t h e lobes strongly carinate.—Common European weed in old fields or half-cultivated lands. July-Oct. Also well known as Lambs Quarters, the herbage making excellent boiled greens when t a k e n young. Var. VIRIDE Moq. Leaves bright green on both sides or only slightly mealy beneath; inflorescence less dense.—Widely distributed b u t not so common as the species. 2. C. m u r i l e L. SOWBANE. NETTLE-LEAF GOOSEFOOT. Bather stout and succulent, t h e loose branches decumbent and ascending, 8 to 15 in. long; herbage dark green, the growing parts very finely mealy; leaves rhombicovate, irregularly and sharply toothed above the base, 1 to 1% in. long; flowers in rather dense axillary or terminal spicate panicles; panicles leafless, or nearly so, often very small; f r u i t i n g calyx closed; achene acutely margined.—Naturalized from Eur.; a common weed in old yards and waste places, flowering through the winter. 3. C. f r e m 6 n t i i Wats. Erect, slender, branching, % to 2 f t . high; sparingly white-mealy to light green; leaves glabrous on upper surface, sparsely farinose beneath; flower-clusters in slender spikes of the open panicle; sepals strongly carinate; calyx sparsely farinose.—Panamint Mts.; e. to the Eocky Mts., n. to Ore. 4. C. leptophyllum Wats. Erect, % to 2y 2 f t . high, branches densely farinose, or becoming glabrate; leaves densely white-farinose, or glabrate on the upper surface; calyx densely farinose.—Barstow, Mohave Desert; n. to Alb., s. to Mex. 5 . C. b6trys L . JERUSALEM OAK. Erect, often widely branching, y 2 to 2 f t . high, glandular pubescent and viscid throughout; leaves slenderpetioled, ovate to oblong, % to in. long, obtuse, truncate or cuneate at base, sinuately pinnatifid and the lobes usually toothed; spikes cymose, diverging, leafless; calyx not completely inclosing the achene.—Waste places near dwellings and in flood stream beds; nat. from Eur. and widely distributed but not common. July-Sept. 6. C. ambrosioides L. M E X I C A N T E A . Erect, 2 to 3% f t . high, usually stout and branched; herbage glabrous, scarcely glandular, when young sometimes tomentose-pubescent; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or lanceolate, 2

322

CHENOPODIACEAE

to 5 in. long, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper tapering to both ends; flowers in dense axillary clusters upon the branches, forming a leafy spike; calyx-lobes obtuse, appressed, slightly carinate, completely inclosing the achene; styles 3, sometimes 4; pericarp deciduous; seed smooth and shining, reddish, obtusely margined.—Common near salt marshes and abundant along interior streams: Great Valley and Coast Ranges to S. Cal.; nat. from trop. Am.; mostly autumnal. 7. C. ¿nthelmlnticum L. WORMSEED. Very close to no. 6; sometimes biennial or perennial; herbage light green, glandular-puberulent and highly aromatic; leaves sinuate-serrate or the lower sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid, % to 3 in. long; inflorescence a terminal mostly leafless panicle of dense but elongated slender spikes; sepals not carinate.—Not so common as the last, but appearing to hybridize with i t : Coast Eanges and Sacramento Valley; nat. from trop. Am. 8. C. carin&tum E. Br. Stems several from the base, ascending or decumbent, 5 to 18 in. long; herbage puberulent, the under side of the leaves with minute resin-globules; leaves ovate, sinuate-erenate, 3 to 6 lines long, on slender petioles y2 to as long; flowers small, the clusters in all the axils; stamen usually 1.—Humboldt Co.; Hat Creek, e. Shasta Co.; Oroville; West Branch, Butte Co.; lone; Jackson; Upland; Ontario; nat. from Austr. 9. C. calif6rnlcum Wats. SOAP PLANT. Stout, erect or decumbent at base, 1% to 2y2 ft. high from a very large carrot-like root; herbage green, scarcely at all mealy; leaves broadly triangular, truncate or cordate at base, or subhastate, sharply and unequally sinuate-dentate, to 3% in. long; flowers in dense clusters in a terminal spike, leafless or leafy at the very base; calyx campanulate, barely exceeding 1 line; achene with persistent pericarp, subglobose or somewhat compressed, exserted, % to 1 line broad; embryo completely annular.—Stream beds and moist slopes or swales in open foothills: Coast Banges; Sierra Nevada foothills; s. to San Diego Co. Apr.-May. The root is grated on a rock by the native tribes and used as a soap. 10. 0. rilbrum L. BED GOOSEFOOT. Stems angled, erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage green or nearly so; leaves lanceolate-oblong to broadly ovate, coarsely sinuate, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers numerous in dense short axillary spikes; calyx-lobes 2 to 4, rather fleshy; stamens 1 or 2; achene shining, the margin acute.—Low and marshy lands: lower Sacramento Biver; Alvarado; Nigger Slough and Ballona, Los Angeles Co.; nat. from Eur. Sept. 11. 0. capltitum ( L . ) Asch. STRAWBERRY BUTE. Branched at base with erect or ascending stems 5 to 15 in. high; leaves hastate-triangular or -lanceolate, irregularly toothed or nearly entire, % to 2 in. long, on margined petioles % to as long; flower clusters large, in interrupted spikes, leafy below; stamens 1 to 5; calyx berry-like in fruit.—Sierra Co.; Sisson; n. to Alas., e. to the Atlantic. 5.

ROUBliiVA

Moq.

Heavy-scented herb, with prostrate branches. Leaves alternate, deeply pinnatifid. Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils; calyx deeply bowl-shaped, 3 to 5-tootlied, becoming saccate and contracted at the top, inclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included. Ovary glandular at the top; styles 3, somewhat lateral, exserted. Pericarp of the achene membranous, glandular-dotted, thin and deciduous; seed lenticular; embryo annular. (G. J. Boubieu, French botanist.) 1. B. multiflda ( L . ) Moq. Branches 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves % to 1% in. long; calyx in fruit obovate, very conspicuously reticulate-veined.—San Francisco sand-hills and in waste places e. to the Great Valley; nat. from Peru. 6. M O N 6 L E P I S Schrad. Low annuals with alternate fleshy leaves. Flowers polygamous, clustered in the upper axils. Sepal 1, entire, bract-like, persistent. Stamen 1. Styles 2, filiform. Achene with thin pericarp. Embryo annular around copious

323

SALTBUSH FAMILY endosperm. sepal.)

(Greek monos, one, and lepis, scale, r e f e r r i n g to t h e solitary

P e r i c a r p minutely pitted, a d h e r e n t to the seed P e r i c a r p minutely papillose, s e p a r a t i n g f r o m the seed

1. M. 2. U.

nuttalliana. spathulata.

1. M. n u t t a l l i a n a (R. & S.) Wats. Herbage pale green; branched at the base, t h e m a n y stems 5 to 10 in. h i g h ; leaves linear or lanceolate w i t h a salient tooth on each side n e a r t h e middle, % to 1 (or l 1 ^ ) in. long, shortly petioled or t h e lower petioles e l o n g a t e d ; flower clusters dense, o f t e n reddish; sepal fleshy, foliaceous, o f t e n much exceeding t h e achene; p e r i c a r p minutely p i t t e d , y to 1% in. long, on short petioles; fruiting spikes dense, naked, pliable, in compact panicles, 4 to 8 in. long; calyx 5-cleft; fruiting bracts roundish, flattened, 1 to 2 lines broad, united by their edges to the middle or above, the sides smooth and the free margins obscurely crenulate.—Alkaline flats and river benches: upper San Joaquin Valley; Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Ariz.

328

CIIENOPODIACEAE

iJ0,

to 3 lines long, the petals equaling or commonly 1 or 1% lines longer than the sepals; filaments of stamens opposite sepals with glands at base.—Ranges bordering the deserts, chiefly on the desert slopes, 4000 to 7000 f t . : Santa Rosa Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; s. Sierra N e v a d a ; e. to Utah and Ariz. 8. A. capillaris Poir. Flowering stems very slender, bright green and viscid, branching, 2 to 8 in. high, numerous from a matted base of short branches crowning a perennial taproot; leaves chiefly basal, subulate, 4 to 6 lines long, or as much as 1^4 in. long, the cauline few, distant, reduced; inflorescence loosely cymose, the flowers on pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; petals elliptic-obovate or oblong, obtuse, exceeding the elliptic acute sepals.— Granite domes and ridges, 6000 to 10,000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Fresno Co. to Sierra Co.; e. to Utah, n. to B. C.; Asia. Var. URSINA Rob. More condensed and regularly branched; leaves 2 to 3 lines long; sepals blunter, nearly as long as the petals.—Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts. Sect. 3. Alsine.—Seeds without a strophiole; capsule valves entire. 9. A. paludicola Rob. Glabrous flaccid perennial, t h e stems procumbent, rooting at the lower joints, sulcate, shining, leafy throughout, 1 to 21/, f t . long or when growing amongst tules or other plants to 5 f t . long; branches few, very long; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, thickish, acute, % to 2% in. long, slightly connate at base; peduncles solitary in the axils, 1 to 2 in. long, spreading or somewhat deflexed; sepals elliptic, nerveless, herbaceous, IY2 to 2 lines long, about half the length of the obov a t e petals; capsule oblong, shorter t h a n the calyx. — Swamps, rarely collected : Santa Ana River near San Bernardino; Los Angeles; San Francisco; n. to Wash. The angled stems are very noteworthy. 10. A. douglasii Fenzl. Fig. 362. Annual, nearly glabrous, sometimes minutely glandular-pilose; stems much branched, 2 to 8 in. high, developing a loosely cymose inflorescence; leaves filiform, 3 to 5 lines long or the lowermost longer; pedicels filiform, 3 or mostly 7 z 1; b, Btamen x 5; c, stamen with to 13 lines long; flowers numerous; gland z S.

P I N K FAMILY

359

sepals oblong-ovate, narrowly thin-margined, 1 to lines long; petals obovate or roundish, conspicuous, % again as long as the sepals; filaments opposite the sepals bearing a yellow bidentate gland at base; capsule subglobose; seeds large, smooth, compressed-renifoTm, acutely margined.—• Sterile soil of hillsides or mesas, 100 to 4000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; n. through the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou Co. Apr.-May. 11. A. calif6rnica Brew. Stems delicate and filiform, diffusely branching f r o m the base, 1 to 4 in. high, t h e flowers loosely cymose on pedicels 3 to 8 lines long; herbage glabrous; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, very short, slightly fleshy, 1 to 2 lines long; sepals oblong-ovate, IV2 lines long, the petals oblong. times as long; filaments without glands at base, those opposite sepals arising f r o m a minute lobe of the glandular disk; seeds small, finely roughened.—Gravelly hillslopes or disintegrating rock outcroppings, 100 to 2000 f t . : Coast Eanges from Mt. Hamilton to Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. to B u t t e Co.; n. to southern Ore. Apr.-May. 12. A. pusilla Wats. Stems simple or several from the base, capillary, 1 to 2 in. high; leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 lines long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1 line long; petals lanceolate or narrowly ovate, nearly transparent, shorter t h a n the sepals, or more minute, or none; stamens 3, rarely 4 or 5; capsule scarcely equaling the calyx; seeds smooth.—Dry pine woods, Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Wash. Appears like a reduced form of A. californica. 13. A. propinqua Eich. Tufted, 1 to 3 in. high, with numerous filiform stems mostly l e a f y at base and ending above in a rather strict 1 to 4flowered cluster; herbage glandular-puberulent; leaves linear-subulate, IV2 to 2y 2 lines long; flowers small; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1% lines long, strongly 3-nerved on the back, larger t h a n the petals.—High montane, 8000 f t . : Siskiyou Co.; n. to arctic Am. 14. A. nutt&llii Pax. Stems prostrate or ascending, many f r o m the crown of a perennial taproot, more or less matted, giving rise to erect flowering branches which are commonly densely leafy at base; herbage glandularpuberulent; leaves subulate, rigid, pungent, 3 to 5 lines long; flowers rather loosely and divergently cymose, on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; sepals lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, very acute, 2 to 2% lines long, equaling or exceeding the petals.—Lassen P e a k and Mt. E d d y ; n. to Ore. and Mont. Var. GRACILIS Rob. P l a n t more compact and regular; sepals lanceolate-subulate, acuminate or shortly awn-tipped, 2% to 3 lines long, the midnerve on the back very strong; petals oval or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the sepals.—Decomposed granite, 9000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Yosemite P a r k to Farewell Gap; San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains. Passing into the typical form. Var. GREGARIA Jepson. Flowering stems numerous, 3 to 5 in. high, ending above in a cymose panicle, leafy-imbricated at base and borne on ascending or creeping stems arising from the crown of a taproot; herbage purplish or green, clammy or softly viscid-pubescent; leaves subulate, 3 to 5 lines long, blunt; flowers more or less clustered in a many-flowered panicle, 1 to 2y 2 in. high, the pedicels ^ to 2 (or 3) lines long; sepals often purplish, oblong-ovate or -lanceolate, shortly acute or acuminate, 2 to 2% lines long, commonly exceeded by the oblong-lanceolate or narrowly obovate petals.—Rocky ridges, 4000 to 7000 f t . , North Coast Eanges f r o m Snow Mt. to w. Siskiyou Co. July. Intergrading to the species. 5. SPERGULARIA J . & C. Presl. S A N D SPURREY Low herbs, usually of alkaline plains, borders of salt marshes, or maritime. Leaves linear or subulate-filiform, semi-terete, with scarious stipules. Flowers cymose or racemose, the pedicels at length spreading or deflexed. Sepals 5. Petals 5, purplish or white, entire. Stamens commonly 10, Style 3, rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds o f t e n wing-margined. Embryo annular. (Derivative of Spergula.)

360

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Perennials. Erect or ascending, more or less succulent, with fusiform fleshy roots ; saline or seacoast habitats 1. S. macrotheca. Prostrate, not obviously succulent; roots fibrous, not fleshy-fusiform. Stems long and somewhat straggling, from a matted or tufted center, flowering from the middle to the ends of the branches 2. S. rubra. Plants matted; flowering mostly at the ends of the branches. . . .3. S. clevelandii. Annuals, quite erect or ascending. Herbage more or less pubescent; saline habitats. Capsules slightly longer than the sepals; petals 5, nearly equaling the sepals. . . . 4. S. salina. Capsules nearly twice as long as the sepals; petals 3 to 5, % to % as long as the sepals 5. S. tenuis. Herbage glabrous; flowers % to 1 line long; dried ponds 6. S. platensis.

1. S. macrothèca (Hornem.) Heynh. Stems stout, 7 to 12 in. high, erect or ascending from the short, often branched, woody crown of a very thick and fleshy taproot; herbage deep green and viscid-pubescent throughout, rarely subglabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 1% in. long; flowers in terminal cymes, their branches often racemose; pedicels 2 to 7 lines long; sepals 3 to 4 lines long, scarious-margined; petals as long, pink; capsule equaling or a little exceeding the calyx; seeds with or without a wing, even in the same capsule.—Sandy borders of salt marshes, coast region of Cai. Var. L E U C À N T H A Rob. Glabrous, especially below, or more lightly pubescent; inflorescence looser; flowers commonly white.—Alkaline plains of the interior valleys: Sacramento, San Joaquin and Livermore valleys; s. to S. Cai. May-June. Var. SCARIÒ SA (Britt.) Kob. Herbage pale, glandular-pubescent or almost glabrous; stipules ovate, acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long, conspicuously silvery scarious; flowers scattered and on pedicels 3 to 7 lines long or less, or in reduced terminal cymes.—Sea-bluffs, San Francisco to Monterey. Var. T A L Ì N U M Jepson. Slightly woody at base; internodes very short (2 to 5 iines mostly), the stems densely clothed with leaves; herbage heavily glandular-pubescent or nearly glabrous; cyme shortly peduncled.—San Clemente Isl. 2. S. rubra (L.) J . & C. Presi, var. perénnans (Kindb.) Rob. Stems prostrate, 4 to 9 in. long, slender and wiry, many from a densely t u f t e d base, branching little, flowering f r o m about the middle; herbage comparatively glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, to 5 lines long; stipules ovate, sii very scarious, 2 lines long, very conspicuous; pedicels slender, 2 to 3 (or 5) lines long; sepals oblong, acute, to 2 lines long; petals red or reddish, about equaling the sepals; capsule not exceeding the calyx; seeds with a marginal elevation.—Beaten paths and by roadsides, cent, and n. Cai. Introduced from Eur. and spreading gradually. May. 3. S. clevelàndii (Greene) Rob. Perennial, the prostrate stems forming deep green mats 5 to 13 in. broad; herbage viscid-glandular; leaves filiform, conspicuously fascicled in t h e axils, ascending, 6 to 9 lines long, all longer than the internodes; flowers in terminal cymes; sepals oblong, acute, 2 lines long; corolla white, about equaling the calyx; seeds winged or not winged, even in the same pod.—Sandy soil near the ocean: San Diego and San Francisco Cos. 4. S. salina J . & C. Presi. Stems branching, erect, or sometimes diffuse and prostrate, 3 to 8 in. long; herbage somewhat fleshy, nearly glabrous or lightly pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, % to 1% in. long, commonly shorter than the internodes; flowers in terminal cymes, the branches often racemose; pedicels leafy-bracted or the upper bractless, not exceeding the capsules; sepals oblong-ovate, obtusish, scarious-margined, 2 lines long, the petals nearly as long; capsule slightly longer than the calyx.—Alkaline plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, w. to the salt marshes near the coast, and s. to S. Cai.; n. Atlantic coast; Eur. May-Aug. Var. SÒRDIDA (Greene) Jepson. Leaves dark with a heavy glandular indument; branches of the cymes secund, rather dense.—Marshes about San Francisco Bay. 5. S. ténuis (Greene) Rob. Annual; stems dichotomously and copiously branched from the base, erect or diffuse, 3 to 5 in. high, the branches slender and internodes long; herbage scarcely fleshy, lightly viscid-puberulent; leaves linear-filiform, 4 to 7 lines long, shorter than the internodes; flower?

PINK

FAMILY

361

% to 1 line long, in terminal cymes, numerous, short-pediceled, the uppermost sessile in close clusters; sepals oblong-ovate; stamens 2 to 5; capsule twice as long as the fruiting sepals or nearly.—Saline plains, Sacramento Valley. 6. S. plat£nsis (Cambess.) Fenzl. Annual; stems numerous, nearly filiform, branching, 1% to 3% in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves linear-filiform, 3 to 8 lines long, mostly shorter than the internodes; upper leaves much reduced, not exceeding the scarious stipules; flowers in terminal cymes, the branches somewhat racemose; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; flowers % to 1 line long; petals 1 to 3 and minute, or lacking; capsule somewhat exceeding the sepals. —Dried ponds, S. Cal.; e. to Tex.; Brazil. 6. S P E R G U L A L .

SPURREY

Annual. Leaves narrowly linear or subterete, apparently in whorls, but really opposite, several others of their own size being crowded in the axils; stipules small and scarious. Flowers symmetrical. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, entire. Stamens 10, occasionally 5. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the valves entire, opposite the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. (Latin spargere, to scatter, in reference to the dispersion of the seeds.) 1. S. arvinsis L. CORN SPURREY. Diffusely branching from the base, the stems 1 to 2 ft. long; pubescence of short spreading glandular hairs; leaves slightly fleshy, % to 1% in. long, numerous in rather remote whorls; flowers white, 4 lines broad, in a cymose panicle with strongly divergent branches turned abruptly downward after flowering; petals ovate.—Fields and orchards near the coast, rarely in the interior; introduced European weed. Readily eaten by cattle and said to increase the flow of milk. The flowers open only of afternoon. 7. POLYCARPON L. Low much-branched annuals with numerous flat leaves, small scarious stipules and very small flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, more or less carinate, scariousmargined. Petals 5, hyaline, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 3 to 5. Style 1, very short, 3-cleft or the stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds several. Embryo little curved. (Greek polus, many, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the numerous pods.) Leaves in 4s or opposite; inflorescence leafless Leaves opposite; inflorescence more or less leafy

. . .1. P. tetraphyUum. 2. P. depressum.

1. P. tetraphyUum L. Stems diffuse or prostrate, 2 to 5 in. long; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves in 4s or opposite, oblong or obovate, shortpetioled, 2 to 6 lines long; cyme leafless, many-flowered, dense, the flowers 1 line long, short pediceled; sepals green or purplish, strongly keeled, apiculate-hooded; style slender, % as long as the ovary; stigma 3-lobed; capsule nearly equaling the calyx.—Beaten gravelly places in the valleys: St. Helena; Vallejo; Berkeley; Santa Barbara; native of Eur. July-Aug. 2. P. depressum Nutt. Plants prostrate, 1 to 3 in. broad with slender stems; leaves spatulate, varying to obovate, obtuse or acute, % to 2 lines long; flowers % as large as in the preceding; sepals not keeled or scarcely so, about % line long; petals white, membranous, linear, % as long as the sepals; style very short, 3-cleft.—Mesas and foothills, 100 to 2000 ft.: coastal S. Cal.; Monterey Co. 8. L O E F L i N G I A L. Low rigid annuals, dichotomously branched from the base, with subulate leaves and setaceous stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the axils. Sepals acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer with a tooth on each side. Petals 3 to 5, minute or none. Stamens 3 to 5. Style 1, very short or none; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. (Peter Loefling, Swedish traveler of the 18th century.) Sepals recurved; style very short but present Sepals straight; style none

1. L. squarrosa. . . 2. L. pusilla.

362

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

1. L. squarrdsa Nutt. Stems diffusely branched from base, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves cuspidate, squarrose-spreading, 2 to 3 lines long; petals very minute; sepals rather strongly recurved and squarrose; capsule shorter than the sepals.—Valleys, 100 to 200 f t . : coastal S. Cal. n. to the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. 2. L. pusilla Curran. Much like no. 1 but more delicate; stems spreading. 2 to 3 in. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, abruptly acute, entire, neither rigid nor squarrose; petals none; stamens 3; capsule as long as the sepals.— Tehachapi Mts., 4000 ft. 9. HERNlARIA L. Ours a very small annual, with minute scarious stipules. Flowers minute, green, in clusters, crowded, sessile. Sepals 5 or 4, united at base. Petals setaceous and minute, or none. Stamens 2 to 5, inserted on the calyx base. Style very short, 2-cleft or -parted. Fruit a 1-seeded indehiscent achene, with a thin pericarp, inclosed in the calyx. (Latin hernia, a rupture, which one species was thought to cure.) 1. H. cinirea DC. Tiny erect plants, 1 to 2% in. high, or sometimes forming prostrate mats 3 to 14 in. broad, the branches bearing 2-ranked branchlets; herbage hispidulous; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, to 2% lines long; flowers in all the axils, even the lowest; calyx % line long, very hispid. —Foothills on either side of the lower San Joaquin Valley; nat. from Eur. 10. PENTACAilNA Bartl. Tufted perennials with subulate pungent leaves and silvery hyaline stipules. Flowers sessile, clustered in the axils. Sepals 5, almost distinct, very unequal, hooded, the 3 outer larger, and with a stout divergent terminal spine, the 2 inner smaller and with a shorter spine. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted at the base of the sepals. Style very short, bifid. Utricle inclosed in the rigid persistent calyx. (Greek pente, five, and akaina, a thorn, the five sepals spine-tipped.) 1. P. ramosissima H . & A. S A N D MAT. Stems prostrate, forming dense mats 5 to 18 in. broad, pubescent; leaves crowded on the stems, 2 to 4 lines long, the stipules % or sometimes nearly as long; calyx 1% to 2 lines long; sepals hairy or woolly below the divergent spinose apex; utricle apiculate.— Sand-dunes or sandy soil along the entire Cal. coast; n. to Wash., s. to Mex.; Chile. 1 1 . PARONYCHIA L. WHITLOW-WORT Prostrate tufted perennial, with scarious stipules and clustered axillary flowers. Sepals 5, almost distinct, equal, linear or oblong, concave or cucullate under the apex, the very tip furnished with a short bristle or cusp. Petals filament-like, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the sepals. Ovary 1-ovuled. Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a utricle inclosed in the persistent calyx, at length bursting longitudinally. (Greek paronuchia, a whitlow or felon, the name applied to an herb used as a remedy.)

1. P. francisc&na Eastw. Stems 4 to 12 in. long, tough, the internodes very short (only 1 to 2 lines long at base); leaves oblanceolate, acute, cuspidate, 2 to 4 lines long, much crowded on the branches and branchlets. especially towards the ends; stipules hyaline; flowers 1 line long, obviously pediceled, 3 or 4 in the axils.—Grassy hilltops near the ocean: San Francisco Co. to Sonoma Co.; nat. from Chile. 12. ACHYRONiCHIA T. & G. Glabrous plants with spatulate leaves and large hyaline stipules. Leaves of the opposite pairs unequal. Flowers bright silvery-white by reason of the scarious calyx-lobes, borne in dense axillary cymose clusters. Calyx-lobes 5. Petals none. Stamens 10 to 15, only 1 to 5 anther-bearing. Style bifid, included. Utricle thin, included in the calyx. (Greek achuron, chaff, and onyx, onychos, a finger nail, in reference to the thin shining calyx-lobes.)

PINK

363

FAMILY

1. A. c6operi T. & G. Fig. 363. Stems 2 to 5 in. long, slender, prostrate, radiating f r o m the crown of an annual root; leaves spatulate, to 9 lines long; flowers 1 line long, in conspicuous dense axillary cymes; calyx-lobes scarious, their lower third fleshy-herbaceous like the urn-shaped calyx-tube. •— Sandy washes and valleys. Mohave and Colorado deserts. May. 13. SCbPULOPHiLA Jones Perennial with erect stems and linear leaves. Stems arising from a woody root crown crowded with scales and laceratefringed stipules. Flowers sessile in small axillary 1 to 3-flowered clusters. Calyx tube Vi to % as long as the lobes, the 5 lobes membranous with a central lanceolate green spot. Stamens 10, 5 fertile, t h e 3 6 3 . A c h y r o n y c h i a cooperi T. & G. ; a, h a b i t x ; b, fl. x 6 ; c, calyx 5 lanceolate staminodes petaloid, each s p r e a d open x G. bearing at base a circular red scale. Style long but not exserted, 3-cleft. F r u i t unknown. (Greek skopelos, a rocky peak, and phileo, to be fond of. The plants growing in rocky places in the desert.)

a

1. S. rixfordii (Bdg.) M. & J . Fig. 364. Stems several, branching, strict, 3 to 5 in. high; leaves 2 to 4 lines long; calyx 1% lines long, the staminodes as long as the calyx-lobes.—Eocky places, 4500 to 6000 f t . : Owens Valley; e. to southern Nev. (Eremolithia rixfordii Jepson.) 14. S C L E R A N T H U S L . KNAWEL

Indifferent annuals with subulate leaves and no stipules. Flowers small, greenish, clustered. Petals none. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the cup-like tube indurated and inclosing the utricle. Stamens 10 or 5. Ovary 1-ovuled. Styles 2, distinct. (Greek scleros, hard, and anthos, flower, referring to the hardened calyx-tube.) 1. S. &nnuus L . GERMAN K N O T G R A S S . Stems much branched, spreading, 2 to 3 in. long; flowers 1 to 1% lines long, sessile in the f o r k s ; calyx 1 lines long, its lobes narrowly scariousmargined.—Placerville; introd. f r o m Eur. 15. VACCARIA Medic. Glabrous glaucous annual with sessile leaves and showy red flowers in a broad loose flattopped corymb. Calyx synsepalous, ovate, with 5 prominent angles. Petals 5, clawed, not appendaged. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary 1celled b u t with rudimentary partitions a t base. Capsule ovate, dehiscent a t apex by 4 short teeth. ( L a t i n vacca, cow, some species used f o r fodder.) 1. V. vulgaris Host. COW-HERB. Strictly erect, dichotomously branching above, 2 to 3 f t . high; leaves ovate or the upper lanceolate, 3 to 4 in. long with cordate-clasping base; flowers 7 to 9 lines long; petals red, the blade obcordate and claw linear.—Grain-field weed: Dulzura, San Diego Co.; San Bernardino Val-

spread open x 8.

364

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

ley; Sonoma; College City; Lundy, Mono Co.; Plumas Co.; Honey Lake Valley; Jess Valley and Lake City, Modoc Co.; nat. from Eur. 16. SAPONÀBIA L. SOAP WORT Ours a stout perennial. Flowers white, in corymbed clusters. Calyx cylindric. Petals with a crest of 2 subulate teeth. Otherwise similar to Vaccaria. (Latin sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice with saponaceous qualities.) 1. S. offîcinàlis L. BOUNCING B E T . Erect, 2 to 3 ft. high, glabrous, leaves ovate, acute, 3 to 4 in. long; blade of petals cuneate-obovate, notched at apex, 6 to 7 lines long.—Escaped garden plant: Sacramento River cnnon (Delta and Castella) ; e. of South Fork Peak, Lassen Co.; native of Eur. 17. VELÈZIA Loefl. Annuals with tough dichotomous stems and sparse foliage. Flowers pink, solitary in the axils of the subulate leaves, or in clusters of 2 or 3, divaricately divergent from the stem, borne on short peduncles or sessile. Calyx slender, elongated-cylindric, 15-ribbed, sharply 5-toothed. Petals small, with minute filiform crests, the blade in ours notched. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule slender, terete, 4-valved at the summit. (Cristobal Velez, friend of Loefling.) 1. V. riglda L. Stems slender, trailing, 4 to 8 in. long, in; age readily breaking up at the joints; herbage glandular-puberulent; leaves subulate, 2 to 6 lines long; blade of petals 1 line long; capsule sheathed by the calyx. 6 to 7 lines long; seeds laterally meniscoid.—Dry foothills: La Grange. Stanislaus Co.; Hupa, Humboldt Co.; introduced from s. Eur. 18.

S I L È N E L.

CATCH-FLY.

CAMPION

Annual or perennial herbs, more or less viscid and mostly large-fiowered. Calyx tubular or inflated, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long claws, these sometimes with auricles at summit; junction of the claw and blade commonly furnished with 2 scales; blades spreading, entire, or more commonly cleft or laciniate. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Capsule opening by 3 or 6 teeth at apex. (Greek sialon, saliva, the stems and other parts being viscid.) A. Annuals. Calyx-ribs conspicuous, about 20-nerved 1 .S\ multinervia. Calyx 10-nerved, the nerves sometimes weak or obscure. I n t e r n o d e s not g l a n d u l a r ; flowers in one-sided r a c e m e s 2. S . gallica. Upper internodes w i t h a g l a n d u l a r b l a c k b a n d ; flowers in cymes or panicles 3. S . antirrhina.

B. Perennials.

1. Flowers

large,

mostly

% to S in. broad

(except

no.

7) ; petals

4 to G-cleft;

stems

leafy.

Corolla c r i m s o n ; mostly low altitudes. P l a n t s 2 to 5 f t . h i g h ; corolla % to % in. broad 4. S. laciniata. P l a n t s mostly Vz to 1 ft. h i g h ; corolla 1 to in. broad 5. S. californica. Corolla white, yellowish or p i n k ; plants mostly 3 to 7 in. high. H e r b a g e g r a y i s h ; corolla much e x s e r t e d ; north coast 6. S. hovkeri. H e r b a g e dull or yellowish g r e e n ; corolla scarcely e x s e r t e d ; high montane, S . C a l . . . 7. S. parishii. 2. Flowers smaller, mostly 3 to 6 (or 10) lines broad. F l o w e r s solitary in the upper axils or terminal, the stems very l e a f y throughout. Calyx broadly t u r b i n a t e - c a m p a n u l a t e ; flowers nodding on deflexed pedicels; petals 4 to 6-cleft 8. S. campanulata. Calyx broadly oblong; flowers e r e c t ; petals notched, the lobes divergent 9. S. menziesii. Flowers mostly scattered in a n a k e d panicle or r a r e l y s o l i t a r y ; stems mostly l e a f y at base or on lower p a r t . Flowers nodding or mostly s o ; stamens and style long-exserted. P e t a l s 4-cleft 1 0 . S. lemmonii. P e t a l s 2-cleft 1 1 . S. bridgesii. Flowers erect or mainly s o ; s t a m e n s and style included or little exserted. Mostly of middle altitudes or on the sea coast. Calyx c a m p a n u l a t e , cleft to the middle or nearly, about % as long as the corolla; petals 4-toothed; scales none 12. 5 . aptera. Calyx toothed at summit, its teeth relatively s h o r t ; scales present.

PINK

FAMILY

365

Calyx narrowly cylindric. Auricles none or feebly developed; scales long-lanceolate, entire. Petals 4-cleft; capsule long-stiped 13. S. occidentalia. Petals 2-cleft; capsule sessile 14. 5 . pectinata. Auricles present; scales various; capsule stiped. Petals 4-cleft; scales laciniate or fimbriate. Ovary with minute valvular cap; claws glabrous; leaves mostly 2 to 6 lines broad 15. S . montana. Ovary with conspicuous valvular cap Ys as long as the ovary; claws wooly; leaves mostly % to 1 line broad 16. 5 . bernardina. Petals 2-cleft; scales entire or toothed, not fimbriate; claws woolly 17. S. verecunda. Calyx oblong-campanulate; petals unequally 4-cleft; claws glabrous; sea coast . . 1 8 . «S. grandis. High montane, mostly above timber line; calyx broadly cylindric or oblongcampanulate. Stems from a loosely branched crown 19. 5 . douglasii. Stems caespitose. Lt j :ives 2 to 3 lines broad 2 0 . S. grayi. Leaves mostly 1 line broad .21. watsonii.

1. S. múltinérvia Wats. Annual; stems erect, simple or branching from the base, 7 to 16 in. high; herbage pubescent throughout, viscid-glandular above; leaves linear to lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers short-pediceled in close terminal clusters on the unequal branches of the cymosely forked inflorescence, or on mostly long (3 to 15 lines) pedicels in the forks; calyx ovate, broadly so in fruit, 3 to 4 lines long, about 20-ribbed, the ribs strong and equally prominent; petal blades small, pink, 2-cleft with obtuse lobes, without scales, not exceeding the subulate spreading calyx-teeth or very little; claws without auricles; capsule nearly sessile, ovate,—Coast region, Marin Co. to Santa Barbara Co. and the Santa Barbara Isls. 2. S. gállica L. WINDMILL PINK. Erect, simple to freely branched, 10 to 15 in. high, hirsute or hispidulous with spreading hairs; leaves spatulateobovate, 1 to IV2 in. long; flowers in a mostly l-si(led raceme on very short (1 to 2 lines long) pedicels; corolla white or flesh-color, 3 to 4 % lines broad; petal blades obovate and entire, the scales small; ovary almost completely 3-celled.—Weed everywhere in fields and along roadsides, the only common pink; nat. from Eur. The petals are commonly twisted one-fourth round or nearly so, thus resembling the fans of a turbine windmill. Flowers not withering early in the morning. Apr.-May. 3. S. antirrhlna L. SLEEPY CATCHFLY. Stems erect, slender, sparingly branched, 1 to 2 % ft. high; herbage minutely puberulent below, mainly glabrous above, the upper internodes with a blacK glandular band at the middle; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear. 1 to 2 in. long; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, filiform; flowers small; petals pink or red, emarginate, the blade 1 line long; scales minute; capsule ovoid, 3 lines long.—Sandy soil, almost throughout Cal., but nowhere common. 4. S. láciniáta Cav. Stems branching from the base, stiffly erect or climbing amongst bushes, knotty below, 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage finely scabrous-puberulent and a little glandular; leaves elongated and narrowly lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, and acute, sometimes varying to obovate, 2 to 6 in. long, narrowed to a sessile base; flowers terminal on the branches of a naked panicle, sometimes in clusters, crimson, J/2 to % (or 1) in. broad; calyx cylindric, 8 to 9 lines long, its obtuse teeth 1 line long; petals narrow, deeply 4-cleft into lanceolate divisions; scales erect, denticulate; capsule oblong, usuallv exserted at maturity. — Foothills, 500 to 5300 f t . : coastal S. Cal., n. to San Luis Obispo Co.; e. to N. Méx., s. to Mex.

366

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

5. S. c a l i f 6 r n i c a Dur. I N D I A N P I N K . Fig. 365. Stems 1 or several, erect or half-erect, very l e a f y , V2 to 1 f t . high or reclining amongst bushes and up to 3% f t . high; herbage p u b e r u l e n t and more or less g l a n d u l a r ; leaves elliptic-ovate or ovate to oblanceolate, more or less a b r u p t l y acuminate, 1 to 3 % in. long; pedicels V2 to 1% in. long; calyx oblong, soon t u r b i n a t e - or obovate-distended, 7 to 11 lines long, its t e e t h lanceolate; corolla crimson, 1 to 1% in. b r o a d ; petals deeply 4-cleft, t h e middle segments t h e longer, all the segments toothed, or t h e l a t e r a l e n t i r e or rarely all e n t i r e ; scales 2 to 4, conspicuous, incur f e d ; capsule obovoid, 6 to 8 lines long, not exceeding t h e broad calyx; seeds regularly papillate, t h e papillae with a depression in t h e center.—Open woods of canons: T e h a c h a p i R a n g e ; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to S h a s t a Co., 2000 to 5000 f t . ; Coast R a n g e s f r o m S a n t a Cruz Co. to Del N o r t e Co., 800 to 2000 f t . ; n. to southwestern Ore. The most widely d i s t r i b u t e d n a t i v e Silene in cent, and n. Cal. 6. S. hookeri N u t t . Stems several, 3 to 5 in. high, erect or decumbent, arising f r o m slender rootstocks derived f r o m t h e crown of a perennial tapr o o t ; herbage grayish pubescent or g l a b r a t e ; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, a t t e n u a t e a t base, acute a t apex, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers f e w , solitary in t h e upper axils, or o f t e n only a single t e r m i n a l one; calyx a t first clavatet u b u l a r , 8 to 10 lines long, 1% to 2 lines broad, its lanceolate teeth as long as t h e t u b e ; calyx in age strongly t u r b i n a t e , becoming 4 lines b r o a d ; corolla w h i t e or pink, 1 to 2 in. b r o a d ; petals deeply slashed into 4 laciniate or linear entire or c l e f t lobes; scales conspicuous, only the very tips f r e e , entire or n o t c h e d ; capsule globose-ovate.—Open woodlands: Mendocino Co. and n. to w e s t e r n Ore. M a y - J u n e . 7. S. p a r i s h i i W a t s . Stems several f r o m t h e slender b r a n c h i n g crown of a fleshy t a p r o o t , 4 to 7 or 10 in. high; herbage including t h e calyx densely pubescent; leaves narrowly or sometimes b r o a d l y lanceolate to oblanceolate. acuminate, % to 1% in. long; flowers in t e r m i n a l 1 to 4-flowered clusters; calyx yellowish, broadly cylindric, 8 to 11 lines long, t h e lanceolate teeth 2 to 3 lines long; corolla w h i t e or lemon-yellow, little exserted f r o m the calyx, about 5 to 7 lines broad, t h e blades of t h e petals cut nearly to base into about 4 n a r r o w l y lanceolate or s u b u l a t e segments, with a supplementary t o o t h on each side a t base; seeds w i t h a double m a r g i n a l crest of flattened tubercules.—Among Tocks or in loose g r a n i t i c soil in pine forest, 8000 t o 11,000 ft., chiefly north slope: San Gabriel Mts.; San B e r n a r d i n o Mts.; San J a c i n t o Mts. 8. S. c a m p a n u l i t a W a t s . Stems erect, l e a f y , many f r o m t h e thick crown of a perennial t a p r o o t , 9 to 11 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e green, finely glandularp u b e r u l e n t ; leaves oblanceolate to ovate, a c u t e to acuminate, sessile, % to 1 in. long; flowers racemose, on deflexed pedicels 3 to 4 lines long; calyx broadly c a m p a n u l a t e , 4 to 6 lines long, its broad rounded t e e t h % to % as long as t h e t u b e ; petals greenish w h i t e or flesh-tinted, 4 to 6-cleft into linear lobes, t h e lobes 2-cleft a t apex; auricles b r o a d ; scales well developed, several c l e f t and toothed. — N o r t h e r n Mendocino Co. to western Siskiyou Co. Var. GR^ENEI W a t s . Finely and o f t e n r a t h e r densely pubescent to glabrous, b u t not a t all or scarcely glandular.—Western Siskiyou Co. V a r . PETR6PHILA Jepson. Stems and leaves p u b e r u l e n t , not glandular, glaucous; leaves o v a t e ; petals pale yellow.—Salmon Summit, sw Siskiyou Co. 9. S. menzifesii Hook. Stems slender, erect, v e r y l e a f y , 3 to 11 in. high, arising f r o m slender b r a n c h i n g rootstocks derived f r o m a perennial root; herbage p u b e r u l e n t ; leaves obovate to ob366. Silene lemmonii Wats.; lanceolate, t a p e r i n g to base acute or shortA n 2%. acuminate a t apex, % to 1 Va in. long; flowers

367

P I N K FAMILY

few in the axils of the reduced upper leaves, on pedicels 4 t o 6 (or 15) lines long; calyx oblong, 2 to 3 lines long; corolla 3 to 4 lines broad; petals narrowly fan-shaped, deeply and broadly notched, with or without small lateral teeth; claws without scales or with small ones.-—Montane, 3000 to 9000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. n. to Modoc Co.. thence w. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Brit. Am., e. to Mo. 10. S. lemmdnii Wats. Fig. 366. Stems slender, erect, very leafy at base. 8 to 14 in. high, arising f r o m the slender branched rootstocks crowning a deep-seated taproot; herbage puberulent and somewhat glandular; basal leaves narrowly obovate, acute, narrowed at base, % to in. long; stem leaves similar or linear or lanceolate, the upper remote and much reduced; flowers nodding, in a narrow few-flowered panicle; calyx 3 to 3% lines long, oblong (soon turbinate-distended by the ovoid capsule), scarious, with 10 green nerves, the alternate ones ending in the short rounded t e e t h ; corolla dull or pale yellowish white, 4 to 6 lines broad; blade of petals 4-cleft into linear-subulate segments, the segments entire or rarely lobed; scales entire or 2-toothed, erect; auricles broad, rounded; claws woolly-pubescent; stamens long-exserted, twice as long as the corolla.—Open pine forest in the mts., 4000 to 6500 f t . ; Cuyamaca Mts. to the San Bernardino Mts. and San Gabriel Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. n. to Modoc and Shasta Cos. The most common Silene in the coniferous belt. 11. S. bridgdsil Bohrb. Stems 1 to 4 f r o m the crown of a taproot, leafy, 1% to 2% f t . high; herbage glandular-puberulent; leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, sometimes varying to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2% in. long; flowers nodding, verticillately racemose or in a narrow loose panicle with spreading branches; calyx nearly cylindric, soon clavate or obovate in f r u i t , 3 to 5 lines long, the teeth acute or lanceolate, Vi to % as long as the tube; corolla white or purplish, 5 to 8 lines broad; petal blades 2-cleft into 3 Greene"fl*!^™ linear Segments; scales lanceolate; stamens and style ' ' long-exserted; capsule ovate-globose.—Montane, 4000 to 8700 f t . ; Sierra Nevada from Amador Co. to Tulare Co. 12. S. ¿ptera Greene. Fig. 367. Stems very slender, erect, 9 to 14 in. high, one or several from the condensed crown of a taproot, t,he leaves chiefly basal, the stems with mostly a single pair at or near the middle; herbage minutely pubescent; leaves linear or linear-subulate, IV2 to 3% in. long, Yz to 1% lines wide; stems 1-flowered, or few-flowered and loosely cymose; calyx campanulate, 3% to 4% lines long, cleft to the middle or below into lance0 1 a t e acute scarious-margined lobes; corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, 5 to 7 lines broad; petal blades shallowly 4-notched or -lobed, the broad claws hairytomentulose; scales and auricles none; capsule oblong, exceeding the calyx.—Hockett Mdw., Tulare Co., 8500 to 9000 f t . 13. S. occident&Hs Wats. Fig. 368. Stems erect, 13 to 19 in. high, 1 to 4 from the crown of a stout taproot; herbage viscidglandular; basal and lower leaves narrowly obovate or oblanceolate,

3 6 8 . s i U m e o c c i d e n t»ii 8

Wats.; fl. x 2.

368

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

acute, narrowed gradually at base into a long slender margined petiole, 2 to in. l o n g , t h e u p p e r l i n e a r or l a n c e o l a t e , a c u m i n a t e , 1 t o 2 in. l o n g ; flowers t e r m i n a l on t h e f o r k s of a loosely b r a n c h e d p a n i c l e ; c a l y x n a r r o w l y t u b u l a r or soon s l i g h t l y d i s t e n d e d a b o v e t h e m i d d l e , 6 t o 9 l i n e s long, i t s t e e t h o b t u s e ; c o r o l l a p u r p l e o r dull w h i t e , 6 t o 10 lines b r o a d ; petal blades cuneate, cleft half w a y i n t o 4 o r 5 l i n e a r or l a n c e o l a t e segm e n t s ; c l a w s w i t h o u t t e e t h or a u r i c l e s ; s c a l e s l i n e a r or l a n c e o l a t e , n e a r l y e n t i r e ; capsule oblong-cylindric, 5 to 6 lines long, on a s t i p e 2 l i n e s l o n g . — M o n t a n e , 4400 t o 6000 f t . , n. S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m A l p i n e Co. t o M o d o c Co. V a r . NÁNCTA J e p s o n . P a n i cles loose, b r o a d , w i t h w h i t e flowers; b l a d e 369. Silene pectmata Wats.; o f t h e p e t a l s cut into 2 d i v e r g e n t l a n c e o l a t e lobes, e a c h w i t h one s m a l l l a t e r a l t o o t h ; s c a l e s l a n c e o l a t e , v e r y l o n g , e n t i r e . — H o c k e t t M d w . , T u l a r e Co. 14. S. p e c t i n á t a W a t s . F i g . 369. S t e m s e r e c t , 1 % t o 2 % f t . h i g h , 1 or 2 ( o r s e v e r a l ) f r o m t h e c r o w n of a s t o u t t a p r o o t , t h e l e a v e s in a c o a r s e t u f t a t b a s e or t h e l o w e r p a r t of the stem with a f e w remote pairs; herbage very g u m m y or g l a n d u l a r - p u b e s c e n t ; l e a v e s e l l i p t i c - o v a t e t o l a n c e o l a t e , a c u t e or a c u m i n a t e , 2 t o 3 % in. l o n g ; flowers e r e c t , f e w in a n a r r o w or r a t h e r s t r i c t p a n i c l e ; c a l y x c y l i n d r i c , soon t u r b i n a t e - d i s t e n d e d or o v o i d , 5 t o 6 l i n e s long, t h e t e e t h l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e . % t o % as l o n g as t h e t u b e a n d u s u a l l y e x c e e d i n g t h e m a t u r e c a p s u l e ; c o r o l l a d e e p r e d , 6 t o 8 ( o r 9) lines b r o a d ; p e t a l b l a d e s c u n e a t e , b r o a d l y n o t c h e d , w i t h r o u n d e d l o b e s ; scales l a n c e o l a t e or s u b u l a t e , e n t i r e or n o t c h e d ; c a p s u l e o v o i d , sessile or n e a r l y so. 3 t o 4 l i n e s b r o a d . — E . slope S i e r r a N e v a d a , f r o m M o n o Co. t o L a s s e n Co., t h e n c e w. on t h e i n t e r i o r p l a t e a u t o n e . S h a s t a Co. 15. S. m o n t a n a W a t s . F i g . 370. S t e m s s e v e r a l t o m a n y , e r e c t , 9 t o 16 in. h i g h , f r o m t h e b r a n c h i n g Wats.; long. sect. fl. x 2. c r o w n of a t a p r o o t ; h e r b a g e p u b e r u l e n t , g l a n d u l a r a b o v e ; l e a v e s n a r r o w l y l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e or - o b l a n c e o l a t e , 1 t o 2% in. l o n g ; flowers in a s p i c a t e p a n i c l e ; c a l y x c y l i n d r i c , soon c l a v a t e - d i s t e n d e d , 6 t o 7 lines long, its short t e e t h very acute and narrowly s c a r i o u s - m a r g i n e d ; c o r o l l a g r e e n i s h w h i t e t o rose, 4 to 7 l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l b l a d e s c u t a t a p e x i n t o 4 ( o r 6) n a r r o w s e g m e n t s ; s c a l e s 2, fimbriate or toothed; auricles roundish, commonly denticulate; filaments scarcely exserted; capsule slender-cylindric, t a p e r i n g to apex, 4 to 5 lines long, included, i t s s t i p e 1 % t o 2 l i n e s l o n g . — M o n t a n e , 4000 t o 6500 f t . : W h i t e M t s . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o L a s s e n Co.; M t . H u l l , L a k e Co. 16. S. b e r n a r d i n a W a t s . F i g . 371. S t e m s e r e c t , d e n s e l y l e a f y a t b a s e , 7 t o 15 i n . h i g h , s e v e r a l t o m a n y f r o m t h e loosely b r a n c h i n g c r o w n of a s t o u t t a p r o o t or s o m e t i m e s c a e s p i t o s e ; h e r b a g e d a r k g r e e n , g l a n d u l a r - p u b e r u l e n t t h r o u g h o u t , or o f t e n grayish pubescent below; leaves grass-like, narr o w l y l i n e a r - or s u b u l a t e - l a n c e o l a t e , a c u m i n a t e , 10 371. Silene bernardina Wats.; t o a, fi.; b, petal, x 2. m

16

l i n e S ,0n g > % , t 0 1 ( ° r 2 ) l 1 *® 3 W Í d e - f ? 0 W " S a narrow panicle; calyx cylindric, at length

PINK

FAMILY

369

turbinate-distended, 6 lines long, its teeth broadly lanceolate, acute, scariousmargined, 1 to lines long; corolla white, nearly half longer t h a n the calyx, 3 to 4 lines broad; petal blades 4-cleft, or deeply 2-cleft with the divergent lobes again 2-cleft to middle; claws commonly sparingly woolly on lower p a r t ; scales long, laciniate nearly or quite to the base; auricles rounded or lanceolate; capsule ovoid, 3% to 4 lines long, long-stiped.—Montane, 5000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Fresno Co. to Tulare Co. 17. S. verecunda Wats. Fig. 372a. Stems erect or decumbent, several f r o m the branching crown of a stout taproot, leafy along the lower part of the stem and also very leafy at base, V2 to 1 f t . high; herbage finely pubescent below, glandular-viscid above; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers in 1 to 3-flowered peduncled clusters scattered along the simple or sparingly branched flowering stems, the pedicels short V? and stout; calyx densely pubescent and also glandular, cylindric, 5 to 6 lines long, or becoming clavate or obovate as the f r u i t develops; corolla rose-color, 4 to 6 lines broad; petal blades cleft to the middle into 2 entire or slightly toothed oblong lobes, and with 2 nearly obsolete latQ eral lobes or rounded t e e t h ; scales broadly oblong, ob3 7 2 . Silene v e r e c u n d a W a t s . ; a, p e t a l ; b, v a r . tuse or often notched; claws platyota J e p s o n , fl.; c, petal, x 2. woolly pubescent; auricles rounded; capsule ovoid, slightly exserted, sessile or stiped; seeds papillate, the papillae developed into a crest on the margin.—Coast Ranges from San Francisco s. to the Santa Ana Mts., passing into the variety. May-Sept. The stipe is very variable in length. Var. PLATY6TA Jepson. Fig. 372b, c. Stems slender, branching above and forming a mostly open panicle with scattered flowers on long pedicels or sometimes in 3-flowered short-peduncled clusters; basal leaves oblong- to linear-oblanceolate, narrowed at base to a margined petiole, IV2 to 4 in. long; calyx lightly pubescent; petals pink, purple, or (?) greenish white, very narrow; scales mostly lanceolate or linear; auricles rounded or acute.—High montane, 5000 to 9000 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Tulare Co.; San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains. 18. S. grandis Eastw. Fig. 373. Stems % to 2 f t . high, very stout, strongly thickened at the nodes, unbranched, densely leafy, bearing peduncled or subsessile clusters of flowers in the axils of the somewhat reduced upper leaves; stem leaves roundish-ovate, shortly acute, 1 to 2 or 3 in. long, sessile or drawn down to a margined petiole, the pairs connate-clasping by a broad base; basal leaves similar b u t longI";., petioled; calyx oblong-campanulate, 5 to 7 lines I long, scarious between the green nerves, which are densely hairy or velvety, its teeth roundish, scarious margined; petal blades unequally 4cleft, the two middle ones longer, truncate, toothed or shortly cleft, the lateral very small, V.V•':'-:.." Sr.':! lanceolate, strongly divergent; scales quadratish, truncate, toothed; claws glabrous; auricles narrow, rounded; capsule oblong, stipitate, slightly exceeding calyx.—Sea bluffs of 3 7 3 . Silene g r a n d i s E a s t w . Marin and Sonoma Cos. Var. PACIFICA Jepson. fl. x 2.

370

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Much more slender and less densely l e a f y ; leaves narrower, the basal 2 to 3 in. long on petioles nearly twice as long; claws glabrous.—Sea coast, San Francisco to Eureka. A transition to S. verecunda. 19. S. douglásii Hook. var. monántha Rob. Stems erect, several from the loosely branching crown of a taproot, 10 to 20 in. high, the leaves chiefly basal, t h e stem with mostly 1 or 2 remote pairs; herbage very minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous, especially below; leaves linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, tapering to both ends, 1 to 2% in. long; stems (or the main branches) 1 or more commonly 3 to 5-flowered; calyx oblong-cylindric, soon inflated and oblong-campanulate, 6 to 7 lines long, its teeth roundish, often a little constricted at base, obtuse at apex or at length with the membranous margins inflexed and thus acute; corolla dull white, 5 to 8 lines broad; petal blades 2-cleft, the lobes entire; claws somewhat exserted; scales oblong entire; auricles obtuse or acute; capsule elliptic or oblong, 4 to o lines long included, on a stipe lines long.—Montane, 6000 to 8000 f t . : Placer Co n. to Modoc Co., thence to w. Siskiyou Co. 20. S. gráyi Wats. Stems erect, caespitose, 4 to 7 in. high, arising from the branching crown of a taproot; herbage finely puberulent, glandular above; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 5 to 8 lines long, mostly 2 to 3 lines broad, somewhat fleshy, densely crowded at base, the cauline pairs few and reduced; flowers 1 to 4 or 5, in a loose terminal cluster; calyx purplish, broadly cylindrical, soon ovoid-distended, 5 lines long, the teeth rounded; corolla pink, 3 to 4 lines broad; petal blades bifid, the segments each bearing a lateral tooth; scales lanceolate; auricles narrow, t r u n c a t e ; capsule obovoid, 4 to 5 lines long, the stipe almost none.—High montane, above timber line, 7000 to 8000 f t . : Medicine Lake Mts.; Mt. Shasta; Mt. Eddy; near Preston Peak. 21. S. watsónii Rob. Fig. 374. F l o w e r i n g stems densely caespitose on the branched crown of a taproot, 3 to 5 in. high, nearly filiform; herbage glandularpuberulent; leaves mostly crowded at base, narrowly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, to 1 y2 in. long, rarely exceeding 1 line in breadth; flowering stems with 1 terminal flower or o f t e n with 1 to 3 lateral short-peduncled flowers racemosely scattered below the terminal flower, sometimes a lateral flower replaced by a 2-flowered cluster; calyx purplish, broadly cylindric or soon becoming obovate, 5 to 6 lines long, its teeth obtusish, scarious-margined; corolla white or rose-color, 4 to 6 lines broad; petal blades 1 to 2 lines long, bifid, the lobes obtuse, laterally short-toothed or entire; scales quadrate and obtuse, or 2-cleft; styles 3 (or 4), spirally twisted and exserted in anthesis; capsule cylindric-ovoid.—High montane, above timber-line, 6500 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. n. to Siskiyou Co., n. to Ore. 19. AGBOSTÉMMA L. Tall hairy annual with linear exstipulate leaves. Flowers few, solitary, purplish-red, long-peduncled. Calyx-tube ovoid, with 10 strong ribs, the 5 teeth conspicuously prolonged into foliaceous lobes exceeding the 5 large entire unappendaged petals. Stamens 10. Capsule coriaceous, dehiscent by 5 teeth. ( L a t i n ager, a field, and stemma, a wreath, the showy flowers iji ancient times made into garlands.)

371

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

1. A. githigo L. CORN COCKLE. Erect, rather strictly branching, iy2 to 2 f t . high, hirsute with long ascending or somewhat appressed whitish hairs, especially on the peduncles and calyx; leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 1% to 2% lines wide, tapering to t h e acute apex; calyx-teeth % to % in. long, rather longer t h a n the tube, or in age much longer and eventually deciduous from i t ; corolla % to in. in diameter; blade of petals obovate, black-dotted toward the claw.—Occasional grain-field w a i f : San Bernardino; St. Helena; College City; Live Oak; native of Eur. CERATOPHYIILACEAE.

IIORNWORT FAMILY

Aquatic submerged fragile herbs, with cylindric jointed stems. Leaves whorled, sessile, 2 to 3 times cut into linear or filiform divisions. Flowers minute, axillary, monoecious, without perianth but surrounded by an 8 to 12-cleft persistent involucre. Staminate flower consisting of numerous sessile anthers crowded on the receptacle. Pistillate flower consisting of one pistil; ovary superior, 1-celled, with a single ovule. F r u i t indehiscent, beaked by the slender persistent style, spinose or tuberculate at base. 1. C F I R A T O P H Y L L T J M

L.

The only genus. (Greek keras, a horn, and phullon, a leaf, the leaves cut into slender rigid divisions.) 1. C. demersum L. HORNWORT. Stems slender, Y2 to 2 f t . long; leaves in whorls of 6 to 8, the segments prickly-dentate, x/\ to 1 in. long; style as long as and forming a beak to the achene; achene variable, 1 to 2 lines long, with a horn or reflexed spur on each side near the base or spurless, the margin winged or wingless, and the sides sometimes tuberculate.—Ponds and lakes, widely distributed in Cal.; all continents. Aug. Seldom collected in f r u i t . NYMPHAEACEAE.

WATER-LILY F A M I L Y

Aquatic perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks or with tubers. Leaves floating or erect, peltate or deeply cordate. Flowers large, solitary, complete, on long peduncles. Sepals 3 to 12. Petals 3 to many. Stamens 6 to numerous. Carpels 3 to many, superior, united into a single pistil with many cells, or distinct. Petals m a n y ; pistil 1, compound Petals 3 or 4 ; pistils several, distinct 1. N Y M P H A i i A L .

1. NYMPHAEA. 2. BRASENIA. POND LILY

Aquatic or subterrestrial plants. Scapes and leaves from creeping rootstocks. Leaves cordate; petioles long. Sepals 5 to 12, conspicuous, orbicular, concave, mostly petal-like, unless at base or on the outside. Petals 10 to 20, small and thick, bearing more or less resemblance to staminodia. Stamens numerous, densely imbricated around the ovary, at length recurving; anthers linear; filaments very short. Ovary 10 to 25-celled, the stigmas radiating upon its truncate or disk-like summit. F r u i t coriaceous-baccate. (Latin name of the water-lily.) 1. N . polys6pala ( E n g e l m . ) G r e e n e . INDIAN POND LILY. L e a v e s 6 t o 11 Y2

in. broad, 7 to 14% in. long, rounded a t apex, the lobes rounded and the narrow or closed sinus % to % the length of the blade; calyx yellow or brownish red, subglobose or somewhat cup-shaped, 3 (or when fully expanded 4 to 5) in. in diameter; sepals 9 to 12; petals 12 to 18, nearly or quite concealed beneath the many stamens; anthers dark red; stigmatic rays 10 to 24; f r u i t ovate or subglobose, 1 to 1% in. in diameter, with short constricted neck and convex disk.—Ponds: near t h e coast, Santa Cruz Co. to Humboldt Co., 100 to 500 f t . ; higher mts., 4500 to 7500 f t . (Yollo Bolly Mts. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Lassen Co.); n. to Ore.

372

RANUNCULACEAE

2. B R A S É N I A Schreb. Leaves peltate, oval, floating, long-petioled from fleshy creeping root stocks. Flowers small, dull purple. Sepals and petals 3 or 4. Stamens 12 to 18 with filiform filaments. Carpels 4 to 18, distinct, becoming indehiscent clavate pods. (Derivation unknown.) 1. B. schréberi Gmel. WATER SHIELD. Leaves i y 2 to 4 in. long; petals linear, about 6 lines long.—Lakes and slow streams, 35 to 6200 f t . : Kern Cañón; Stockton; Lakeport; Lake Leonard, n. Mendocino Co.; P i t t Eiver near F t . Crook. RANUNCULACEAE.

BUTTERCUP

FAMILY

Herbs with alternate or basal leaves (excepting the opposite-leaved climber Clematis). Flowers with the parts all free and distinct, commonly perfect, solitary, or in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals usually 5, always more than 2, often petal-like. Petals usually 5, often more, sometimes minute or altogether wanting. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous. Pistils several, superior, always 1-celled, bearing a single style. Fruit a follicle or achene. rarely a berry. Seeds containing abundant endosperm and a minute embryo. —Leaves mostly palmately divided or lobed, in all cases without stipules, but the petioles often with a broad sheathing base. Flowers regular, except in Delphinium and Aconitum, and most frequently with a pronounced convex receptacle. Species of Thalictrum and Clematis are dioecious or polygamodioecious. Actaea has only 1 pistil. In Paeonia the petals and stamens are inserted on a fleshy disk. A. Ovary several to many-ovuled; fruit a follicle (a berry in no. 5 ) . Flowers r e g u l a r , without spurs. P e t a l s not s p u r r e d . F l o w e r s solitary, rarely 2 or 3. P e t a l s present. F l o w e r s brownish r e d ; petals roundish, inserted on a fleshy disk F l o w e r s w h i t e ; petals l i n e a r ; disk none P e t a l s n o n e ; sepals white ( r a r e l y pinkish or b l u i s h ) . L e a v e s simple, r o u n d - r e n i f o r m L e a v e s compound Flowers m a n y , in racemes, white P e t a l s 5, prolonged b a c k w a r d into hollow s p u r s F l o w e r s irregular, complete, with s p u r s ; sepals 5. Upper sepal spurred U p p e r sepal helmet-like

1.

PAEONIA.

2. COPTIS.

3 . CALTHA. ISOPYRUM. 5. ACTAEA. 6. AQUILEGIA. 4.

7.

DELPHINIUM. 8. ACONITUM.

B. Ovary usually with one ovule; fruit an achene. L e a v e s alternate or b a s a l ; flowers p e r f e c t (except in most T h a l i c t r a ) . P e t a l s none. Cauline leaves in a single involucral whorl of 3 ; flowers mostly large 9.

ANEMOJ/E.

•Cauline leaves a l t e r n a t e ; flowers inconspicuous. L e a v e s simple; flowers perfect 1 0 . TRAUTVETTERIA. L e a v e s c o m p o u n d ; flowers commonly dioecious 1 1 . THALICTRUM. P e t a l s present. Sepals s p u r r e d ; achenes on a slender spike-like r e c e p t a c l e ; diminutive h e r b s . . . 12.

MYOSURUS.

Sepals not s p u r r e d ; achenes crowded on a convex receptacle so as to a p p e a r capitate. P e t a l s with a nectar-pit on c l a w ; sepals (rreenish or yellowish. F l o w e r s yellow or w h i t e ; achene with a close c o a t . . . 1 3 . RANUNCULUS. Flowers pink; achene utricular 1 4 . BECKWITHIA. P e t a l s reduced to a m i n u t e stiped n e c t a r y ; sepals white, corolla-like Leaves opposite;

flowers

15.

KUMLIENIA.

polygamous; achenes with a feathery t a i l ; woody climber 16.

CLEMATIS.

1. P A E Ó N I A L. Perennial herbs with ternately divided leaves. Flowers large, solitary and terminal. Calyx herbaceous, persistent. Sepals and petals 5 or 6, the latter and the numerous stamens borne on a fleshy disk adnate to the base of the calyx. Style short or none. Follicles 2 to 5, thick and leathery, several-seeded (Paion, the physician of the gods.)

373

BUTTERCUP FAMILY

1. P. brdwnii Dougl. W E S T E R N P E O N Y . Somewhat fleshy plants 8 to 14 in. high; leaves glaucous or pale, ternately or biternately divided, chiefly basal, the lobes obovate to linear-spatulate; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long; flowers % to 1% in. broad; petals orbicular, plane, brownish red, thick and leathery, scarcely longer than the roundish concave sepals; follicles mostly 5. broadly oblong, smooth, 1 to in. long; stems several, bending over in age and the pods resting on the ground.—Brushy hillslopes, 600 to 5400 f t . : coastal S. Cal. and n. to San Luis Obispo Co.; Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Plumas and Modoc Cos.; n. to Wash., e. to Utah. 2 . CdPTIS Salisb. GOLDTHREAD Low perennial herbs with slender rootstocks. Leaves basal, divided or compound. Stems scapose, bearing 1 to 3 white flowers. Sepals 5 to 7, petallike. Petals 5 to 7, small, linear, hooded above. Stamens 10 to 25. Pistils 10 to 12, stipitate, in fruit forming an umbel of follicles. (Greek koptein, to cut, referring to the divided leaves.) 1. C. laciniata Gray. Scapes 2 or 3-flowered, 4 to 6 in. high; leaves trifoliolate, each leaflet deeply 3 to 5-cleft or divided, or more Or less completely replaced by 3 separate leaflets; leaflets ovate, serrate or incised, % to 2 in. long; sepals slender, 4 to 5 lines long, the slender petals a third shorter; follicles 4 to 6 lines long, exceeding the stipes.-—Woods near the coast from Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 3 . CALTHA L . M A R S H MARIGOLD Perennial herbs, ours with round-cordate basal leaves and 1 to 2-flowered scapes. Eootstock short, vertical, bearing a fascicle of strong fibrous roots. Sepals 5 to 9 (in ours) white or bluish on back, showy. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Pistils 5 to 10 (or to 24), bearing ovules in 2 rows along the ventral suture, in fruit becoming follicles. (Ancient Latin name of the Marigold.) 1. C. bifldra DC. Scapes 1 or 2, erect, 2 to 10 in. high, exceeding the leaves; leaves crenate or nearly entire. 1 to 3 in. broad, broader than long, the basal lobes overlapping, or their inner tips turned inward and upward: sepals 6 to 9, oblong, 5 to 7 lines long; stamens about 130; follicles stipitate. —Subalpine, 6100 to 10,500 ft., in marshy slopes or wet meadows: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Plumas Co.; n. Humboldt Co. to w. Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas.

4. ISOPYRUM L. Low glabrous slender perennials with (in ours) a cluster of fusiform tubers or thickened fibres. Leaves twice ternately compound, the leaflets 2 to 3-lobed, petiolulate. Flowers commonly white, solitary, terminal or axillary. Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals (in ours) none. Stamens 10 to 30. Follicles 5 to 11, oblong or ovate, 2 to several-seeded. (Isopyron, the Greek name of a species of Fumaria.) Stamens about 2 3 to 2 7 ; peduncles surpassing the leaves Stamens about 1 0 ; peduncles not surpassing the leaves

1. I. 2. i*.

occidentale. stipitatum.

1. I. occidental« H. & A. Plant of delicate habit; stems from a cluster of slender fusiform roots, branching above, 4 to 10 in. high; leaflets obovate or fan-shaped, 5 to 9 lines long, glaucous beneath; flowers commonly white, rarely pink, 6 to 9 lines broad; filaments slender; follicles 5 to 7, sessile, 4 to 6 lines long; seeds 8 or 9, wrinkled.—Shady places in the hills or lower mts., 300 to 2000 ft.; widely distributed in the Coast Eanges and Sierra Nevada but very local: Gabilan Peak; Mt. Hamilton; Vaca Mts.; Amador Co.; Kinsley, Mariposa Co.; Girard, Kern Co. Apr. (Enemion occidentale Drum. & Hutch.) 2. I. stipitatum Gray. Fig. 375. Tufted plant 1 to 3 in. high, the stems from a cluster of numerous fusiform tubers; leaves glaucous, the leaflets or divisions oblong-oblanceolate or oblongish, 2 to 4 lines long; flowers

374

RANUNCULACEAE

whitish, 3 to 4 lines broad; filaments enlarged in the middle; follicles 6 to 11, to 3 lines long; seeds 3 to 5.— Brushy or wooded hillslopes, 2400 to 4500 f t . : Mt. Hamilton Range; Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence e. to Modoc Co.

375. Isopvrum stipitatum Gray; a, habit X S ; Ì , S . I Ì ; Ì , pistil X 4.

5. ACTAÈA L . BANEBERRY Perennial herbs with bi- or tri-ternately compound ample leaves. Stems tall, arising from short branching rootstocks and bearing 1 or 2 leaves. Flowers small, white, in a short terminal raceme. Sepals about 4, petal-like, roundish or obovate, concave, caducous. Petals 1 to 10, small, entire, or none. Stamens many, with small anthers and slender white filaments, longer and more showy than the petals or sepals. Pistil 1; ovules 10 in 2 rows; stigma broad, sessile, obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit a berry, somewhat poisonous. (Latin name of the Elder, transferred by Linnaeus to these plants.)

1. A. spicàta L. var. arguta Torr. Fig. 376. Stems one to several, 1 Vi to 3 ft. high, arising from the scaly terminal buds of the rootstock; leaves all cauline, none basal, % to 2 ft. long; leaflets broadly to narrowly ovate, rather deeply incised and sharply serrate, 1 to 21/, in. long; petioles rather short; racemes terminal, % to 1 in. long, or with 1 or 2 small lateral racemes in the axils of the upper leaves; sepals 1% lines long, their tips often pinkish; petals none, or 1 to 7 (or 9) and white, oval to rhombic-spatulate, slender-clawed; stamens 11 to 35, 2 to 3 lines long; berries ellipsoid or subglobose, red or white, with polished surface, 3 to 5 lines long.—Wooded or brushy hills, mostly north slopes : Coast Ranges (mostly near the coast, commonly 100 to 2000 ft., from Santa Lucia Mts. to Siskiyou Co.); or in the higher mts., 4000 to 8200 ft. (San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. n. to Modoc Co.); n. to Alas., e. to Rocky Mts. 6. AQUILÈGIA L. COLUMBINE Perennial herbs with ternately compound chiefly basal leaves, petiolulate leaflets and showy solitary flowers. Sepals 5, plane, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike and produced backward into large hollow spurs project ing below the calyx. Stamens numerous, some sterile inner ones with dilated filaments, appearing like scarious scales. Pistils 5, becoming severalseeded follicles. (Derivation doubtful, said by some to be from the Latin aquila, an eagle, on account of the claw-like spurs.)

BUTTERCUP

375

FAMILY

flowers pendulous. Blade of petals nearly obsolete. Throat of petal spurs truncate, about 2 lines in diameter. . . 1. A. truncata. Throat of petal spurs cut backward, about 4 lines in diameter 2. A. tracyi. Blade of petals 3 to 5 lines long 3. J . formosa. Flowers erect or soon becoming so . . 4 . A. pubescens.

1. A. truncáta F. & M. Stems several, erect, branching, 1% to 3% f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves biternate, the leaflets % to 1% in. long, broad or roundish in outline, 3-cleft or -divided, or incised, crenately toothed; flowers scarlet, tinged with yellow, pendulous in anthesis, the spurs, therefore, erect, 8 to 9 lines long, truncate at the orifice, the blade almost none; sepals widely spreading, 9 to 11 lines long; follicles 8 to 10 lines long, conspicuously veined, the long styles persistent.—Moist shaded places in the lower hills, or at middle altitudes in the mts., almost throughout Cal. MayJuly. Var. PAUCIFLÓRA Jepson. A more compact plant; leaves mostly basal, these and the nearly naked stems forming a dense heavy t u f t ; stems 1 to l ' / j f t . high, few-flowered.—High montane in the Sierra Nevada. 2. A. tracyi Jepson. Similar to the preceding; herbage puberulent and viscid throughout, especially on the stems; upper leaves reduced to small bracts; flowers larger and stamens longer; sepals reflexed; petal spurs usually spreading more widely, the throat nearly twice the diameter of t h e throat in no. 1, and with its orifice cut backward obliquely and not horizontally; styles very long.—Rocky places along streams: Mt. Diablo; Marin Co. to Napa and Mendocino Cos. A glabrous form is found in the Santa Cruz Mts. Rare. June-Sept. 3. A. formosa Fisch. Stems 1% to 3 f t . high; flowers crimson to scarlet; sepals 8 to 10 lines long; petal blades yellow, truncate, about % to % t h e length of the crimson spurs which nearly or quite equal the spreading sepals; follicles 10 to 14 lines long.—Higher mts., Butte Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Utah. 4. A. pubéscens Cov. Stems 9 to 18 in. high; leaves minutely soft-pubescent or quite glabrous; leaflets small (4 to 6 lines long), eleft and crenate at apex; flowers erect, cream yellow, varying occasionally to white or to shades of red, pink or purple; sepals oblong-ovate to ovate, 7 to 11 lines long, 4 to 5 lines broad; petal-blades obtuse, 4 to 5 lines long, their spurs 11 to 13 lines long.—Alpine, in rocky places, 9000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. 7. DELPHINIUM L.

LARKSPUR

Herbs, ours perennial, with palmately divided leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 5, irregular, the upper one produced into a spur at the base. Petals 4, in unequal pairs, with small spreading usually oblique blade on a claw of about equal length, the upper developed backward into nectarybearing spurs, which are concealed within the spur of the calyx. Pistils (in ours) 3, seldom more, becoming many-seeded follicles. (Greek delphinion, larkspur, derived from delphin, the flowers of some species resembling the classical figures of the dolphin.) A. Flowers red; follicles glabrous; seeds sharply angled, narrowly margined. •—Sect. P H O E N I C O D E L P H I S . Leaves divided into narrowly linear or lanceolate divisions; stem l e a f y . . . . 1 . D. Leaves parted into broad mostly obtuse divisions. Stem few-leaved; common 2. D. Stem l e a f y ; rare 3. D.

B. Flowers blue, white, pink or lavender.—Sect.

cardinale. nudicaule. purpusii.

DELPHINASTRUM.

1. Root a globose tuber or a cluster of fleshy roots. Leaves mostly twice palmately divided or cleft and toothed. Follicles erect, glabrous; foothills and middle altitudes 4. D. decorum. Follicles strongly curved-diverging, pubescent; n. Mendocino to Siskiyou and Modoc; higher altitudes . . . . . 5 . D. menziesii. Leaves commonly pedately divided into very narrow, mostly entire, lobes; n. Sierra Nevada at higher altitudes 6. D. pauciftorum.

376

RANUNCULACEAE

2. Root a cluster of hard, woody, often fusiform, fibres. Leaves not f a n - s h a p e d ; s t e m s freely o r sparsely l e a f y , a t least w i t h a f e w leaves t o w a r d s the b a s e ; u p p e r petals u s u a l l y white, the lower s i m u l a t i n g t h e color of the calyx. Stems very t a l l ; flowers n u m e r o u s ; pedicels s p r e a d i n g , the r a c e m e s loose or, a t least, b r o a d ; follicles g l a b r o u s . U l t i m a t e leaf-lobes little u n e q u a l , obtuse, m u c r o n u l a t e ; r a c e m e mostly loose; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; f a r N o r t h Coast R a n g e s 7. D. trolliifolium. U l t i m a t e leaf-segments u n e q u a l , lanceolate or a c u t e . F l o w e r s slightly p u b e r u l e n t ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; S i e r r a N e v a d a 8. D . scopulorum. F l o w e r s r a t h e r densely p u b e s c e n t ; h e r b a g e p u b e s c e n t ; coast species 9. D. californicum. Stems t a l l ; r a c e m e s commonly very strict or cylindric, sometimes loose; follicles puberulent. Seeds densely covered with t h i n processes, a s if s c a l y - e c h i n a t e ; S i e r r a N e v a d a , lower a l t i t u d e s 10. D. hansenii. Seeds not scaly-echinate. Coastal o r i n t e r i o r valley species. Petioles h i r s u t e w i t h s p r e a d i n g h a i r s , mostly s h o r t ; r a c e m e s of m e d i u m length a n d often loose; flowers commonly royal p u r p l e , r a r e l y p i n k i s h ; mostly c e n t r a l Coast R a n g e s 11. D . varieyatum. Petioles finely c a n e s c e n t . Sepals densely p u b e s c e n t on the back ( u s u a l l y b l u r r i n g t h e color) in a m e d i a n l o n g i t u d i n a l b a n d ; pedicels mostly 2 to 6 lines l o n g ; leaf-lobes mostly s h o r t ; petioles mostly s h o r t ; west-central Cal. chiefly 12. D. hesperium. Sepals lightly p u b e s c e n t on t h e b a c k (not b l u r r i n g the color) ; pedicels mostly 4 to 12 lines l o n g ; leaf-lobes usually l o n g ; petioles o f t e n l o n g ; S. Cal. chiefly 13. D. parryi. D e s e r t or t r a n s m o n t a n o species; leaves t h i c k i s h ; stems a n d petioles glab r o u s or n e a r l y so. F l o w e r s a light b u t lively b l u e ; leaves g l a b r o u s ; D e a t h Valley r e g i o n . a n d Mohave a n d w e s t e r n Colorado d e s e r t s . . . . 1 4 . D. parishii. F l o w e r s d e e p - b l u e ; leaves s p a r i n g l y p u b e s c e n t ; chiefly east side of n. S i e r r a N e v a d a 15. D. andersonii. L e a v e s c u n e a t e l y f a n - s h a p e d ; s t e m s scape-like; i n n e r N o r t h Coast R a n g e s 16. D. uliyinosum.

1. D. cardinále Hook. SCARLET LARKSPUR. Stem stout, 3 to 6 f t . high, l e a f y ; leaves 3 to 9 in. broad, divided into 5 to 7 narrowly linear or lanceolate divisions, the divisions usually again lobed or parted; racemes VJ to l2/¿ f t . long; pedicels of about the same length as the flowers; calyx bright scarlet; sepals 6 to 9 lines long, exceeded by the spur; petals mostly yellow, the upper unequally 2-lobed, one lobe truncate, the other very much longer, emarginate, and hairy at tip on inside; lower pair of petals with ovate blade commonly notched at apex, short-hairy on inside.—Among shrubs or bushes, mesas, foothills or washes, 500 to 1500 f t . : coastal S. Cal., e. to San Felipe Creek, s. to L. Cal. 2. D. nudicáule T. & G. RED LARKSPUR. Stems slender, 1 to 2 f t . high, few-leaved or quite naked; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves somewhat succulent, 3 to 5-parted into broad mostly obtuse divisions, the divisions cleft, lobed or entire; racemes 2 to 12-flowered, loose and open; pedicels 1 to Sy¿ in. long, the lower often much longer t h a n the upper; calyx red, glabrous or very sparsely puberulent; sepals 4 to 6 lines long, the spur nearly one-half longer; petals partly or mostly yellow, the upper narrowly obovate, sharply notched at summit, much larger t h a n the small cleft lower ones; follicles glabrous, divergent-curving.—Banks of rivulets and rocky summits: Coast Ranges, 800 to 3000 ft., f r o m Santa Lucia Mts. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8000 ft., f r o m Mariposa Co. to Modoc Co.; s. Ore. Var. LÜTEUM Jepson n. comb. Leaves sparsely short-hairy; flowers larger, pale yellow, pubescent; spur broader.—Marin and Sonoma coasts. (D. luteum Hel.) 3. D. purpüsii Bdg. Stems to 3 f t . high; stems and petioles slightly pubescent, t h e leaves a little ciliate; leaves 2 to 3 in. broad, 3-cleft into very broad toothed or incised lobes; racemes sparsely flowered, 4 to 8 in. long; flowers purplish red or dull pink, disposed to dry lavender; sepals about 4 lines long, much shorter t h a n the thickish spur; follicles 7 to 10 lines long.—Rocky slopes, Greenhorn Range. 4. D. decorum F. & M. Stem lax, 1 to 1% (or 2) f t . high; herbage glabrous, or sometimes slightly pubescent, especially the petioles and pedicels;

BUTTERCUP

FAMILY

377

basal leaves thick, o f t e n somewhat succulent, roundish in outline, 1 to 2 % in. broad, mostly shallowly 3 to 5-parted into broadly cuneate or roundish segments; segments entire, or 3-cleft or -lobed, the lobes obtuse, mucronate; upper leaves pedately 3 to 5 or rarely 7-parted into linear-oblong lobes; racemes mostly many-flowered, 2 to 4 ( o r 11) in. l o n g ; pedicels slender, spreading, % to 1 or 2 in. l o n g ; flowers purple-violet, glabrous or nearly so; sepals oval, 5 to 8 lines long, equaled or excelled by the spur; mature follicles thickish, oblong, glabrous, 5 to 6 lines long, erect or the tips spreading; seeds sinuous-roughened with short scales.—Open woods in the foothills of the Coast Ranges and Sierra N e v a d a ; s. to the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains. V a r . PATENS Gray. Pedicels glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent; racemes mostly strict; flowers smaller (sepals 4 to 5 lines l o n g ) , deep blue, magenta, pink or lavender-white; follicles d i v e r g i n g f r o m below the middle.—Open places in w o o d s : Sierra N e v a d a , 3000 to 8300 f t . , f r o m Calaveras Co. to Tulare Co. 5. D. menzi^sil DC. Stem arising f r o m a cluster of connected roundish or cylindric tubers, 6 to 11 in. high, slender, o f t e n flexuous, usually branching at the base, the branches o f t e n strongly d i v e r g e n t ; herbage quite glabrous, or sometimes pubescent; leaves t w i c e palmately divided and c l e f t into linear or oblong, mostly obtusish, lobes; racemes 2 % to 6 in. long, mostly f e w (2 to s e v e r a l ) - f l o w e r e d ; pedicels spreading, V2 to 1 in. long, the lower usually elongated, 1 to in. l o n g ; flowers blue, sparingly pubescent, w i t h short scattered hairs; sepals 4 t o 8 lines long, % to as long as the slender spur; follicles hirsutulose or nearly glabrous, 7 t o 9 lines long, curving and strongly d i v e r g e n t f r o m v e r y base at maturity, rarely suberect; seeds narr o w l y subconic, r o t a t e l y cellular-margined at the truncate end, and a l i t t l e at the pointed end, rarely on the sides.—Northern Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co., 1000 to 6500 f t . ; n. to B. C. and M o n t . 6. D. paucifldrum N u t t . Stems low ( 5 to 15 in. h i g h ) , slender, mostly simple, f e w - l e a v e d , arising f r o m a fascicle o f oblong or f u s i f o r m tubers; leaves pedately divided into nearly distinct segments; segments linear or lanceolate (sometimes o b l o n g ) , entire or some of them 1 or 2-toothed, 6 to 12 lines l o n g ; racemes f e w , 2 to 8 ( r a r e l y m o r e ) - f l o w e r e d ; pedicels spreading. 4 to 12 lines l o n g ; flowers blue t o pink purplish; sepals 4 to 6 lines long, much shorter than the slender spur; follicles pubescent, shOrt-oblong ( 4 t o 6 lines l o n g ) , more or less spreading at t i p in a g e ; seeds margined on the quadrate summit but not on the angles.—Montane, 5000 t o 9100 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. n. to Siskiyou Co.; n. t o Wash., e. to Col. 7. D. t r d l l i i f o l i u m Gray. Cow POISON. Stems coarse, 4 to 6 f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves thinnish, 2 % to 5 in. broad, orbicular in outline, 5 to 7-cleft into cuneate segments, the segments incised or w i t h rounded teeth, the upper leaves w i t h acute teeth or segments; racemes v e r y loose below, sometimes dense above, % to 1 or 2 f t . l o n g ; pedicels w i d e l y spreading, 1 t o 1% in. long, or the lowermost 3 to 5 in. long, hairy or glabrous; bractlets narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines l o n g ; flowers deep blue; sepals 4 t o 5 lines long, the v e r y slender spur nearly half again as l o n g ; follicles glabrous, 9 to 12 lines long, only slightly spreading, or sometimes strongly recurvedspreading.—Moist ground on edges of woods near the coast: Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. 8. D. scopuldrum Gray var. glaucum Gray. Stems tall ( 2 y 2 to 6 f t . h i g h ) , v e r y l e a f y ; herbage glabrous, sometimes glaucous; leaves 4 t o 6 in. broad, deeply 5 to 7-parted into cuneate divisions; divisions incised and c l e f t , the central lanceolate segments of each division prominent and salient; racemes 1 to 1 y 2 f t . l o n g ; pedicels 5 to 7 ( o r 12) lines long, ascending; bractlets filiform, 4 t o 6 lines l o n g ; flowers blue or purplish, puberulent, numerous in racemes 1 to l1/^ f t . l o n g ; sepals 5 to 6 lines long, the spur about as l o n g ; lower petals c l e f t to the middle; follicles 5 to 6 lines long, glabrous.—High montane, 6000 t o 8000 f t . : South F o r k Santa A n a R i v e r , San Bernardino M t s . ; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. t o N e v a d a Co.; n. to Alas. ( D . glaucum W a t s . ) V a r . LTJP&RUM Jepson. L e a v e s smaller ( 1 % to 2% in.

378

RANIJNCUIJACEAE

broad), very light green, the segments of the divisions more nearly equal; flowers comparatively few (5 to 13), in a rather loose raceme; calyx lightly villous-pubescent.—High s. Sierra Nevada (Inyo, Fresno and Tulare Cos.), 10,000 f t . 9 . D. californieum T . & G. COAST L A R K S P U R . Stems stout, 2% to 7 f t . high, sparsely pubescent, many-leaved; leaves very large, 4 to 6 in. broad. 2 to 4 in. long, deeply parted into 3 to 5 deeply incised segments; sinuses of the primary divisions mostly closed in the lower leaves, open in the upper; racemes very dense, % to 1% f t . long; pedicels 4 to 7 lines long, or t h e lowest somewhat more; bractlets very long and slender (4 to 8 lines l o n g ) ; flowers rather densely pilose-pubescent, white or whitish, or somewhat purplish inside, never fully expanded; sepals 3 to 4 lines long, com monlv shorter t h a n the spur; follicles oblong, turgid, 4 to 5 lines long, hardly, if at all, diverging; seeds black, wrinkled.—Low hills near the coast: San Luis Obispo Co. to Marin Co.; also higher north slopes of inner Coast Range peaks (Mt. Diablo; Cedar Mt.). 1 0 . D. hansenii Greene. H A N S E N L A R K S P U R . Stems slender or sometimes very coarse, commonly simple, 1% to 4 f t . high; leaves twice or thrice palmately divided into narrow or oblong lobes; petioles hispid-hirsute; flowers pale blue to pink, lavender or white, essentially as in D. hesperium but usually smaller; raceme narrow, mostly dense, 1% to 8 in. long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, or the lower sometimes 1 to 1% in. long; seeds densely covered with minute scale-like processes.—Sierra N e v a d a foothills, 5 0 0 to 2 5 0 0 ft., from Butte Co. to Tulare Co. Var. ARCUATUM Greene. Racemes more elongated to 1V4 f t . long), looser; spur strongly curved or straight.—Higher foothills 2 5 0 0 to 4 0 0 0 ft., f r o m Calaveras Co. to K e r n Co. 1 1 . D. v&riegatum T . & G . ROYAL L A R K S P U R . Stems erect, simple or branching above, % to IYJ f t . high; herbage liispidulous with spreading hairs, especially at base; leaves regularly twice or thrice parted or divided, the segments oblong, mostly obtusish (or those of the upper leaves acute), mucronulate, usually diverging; raceme few (about 1 to 10)-flowered, loose, the pedicels % to 1% in. long, or the lower ones sometimes much elongated; flowers royal purple, rarely whitish lavender; sepals 7 to 12 lines long; spur stoutisli, as long as the sepals, the tip o f t e n slightly curved; lower petals large, elliptic or roundish, commonly colored like the sepals; upper petals obliquely oblong, whitish; follicles oblong, rather turgid, 7 to 10 lines long, hispid-pubeseent; angles of the seeds narrowly winged, the wings soft cellular, commonly sordid.—Open grassy hills, commonly gregarious in small colonies: Coast Ranges near the coast f r o m Mendocino Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. Var. APICULATUM Greene. Flowers usually on shorter pedicels in a cylindrical raceme.—Inner foothills f r o m Butte, Tehama and Napa Cos. to Santa Clara Co.

12. D. hesp6rlum Gray. W E S T E R N L A R K S P U R . Stem commonly simple, 1 V_. to 3 f t . high, arising from a cluster of thick-fibrous roots or a single woody taproot; herbage shortly pubescent; leaves 2 to 3 times palmately cleft into oblong or linear spreading segments; raceme rather dense, virgate, 6 to 14 in. long; pedicels 2 to 6 lines long, or the lowest 1 in., strictly erect; flowers commonly blue, rarely pink or white or intermediate shades; sepals 4 to 6 lines long, equaled or exceeded by the straight spur, somewhat densely puberulent on the outside or the alternate ones with a rather definite puberulent b a n d ; petals little shorter t h a n the sepals; follicles short-oblong, 3 to 5 (or 7) lines long, pubescent; seeds with a loose cellular whitish coat, which is produced into narrow wings on t h e angles.—Dry open ground in the foothills: Coast Ranges (Humboldt Co. to Contra Costa Co. and Monterey Co.). Flowering at beginning of the dry season; rather common, but occurring as scattered individuals, rarely in colonies. Var. RECURVATUM Davis. Habit of the species; leaves usually with narrower more acute divisions; flowers pink-lavender or lavender-white, rarely blue; sepals recurving.—Low, especially alkaline lands, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and saline valleys of the inner South Coast Ranges. Var. CUYAMACAE Jepson. Leaves thick-

BUTTERCUP

FAMILY

379

ish or subeoriaceous, the sinuses with straight rather than curving sides, the lobes broad and mainly cleft at apex; raceme dense (like San Joaquin Co. specimens of var. recurvatum) or loose; flowers blue, like those of the species.—Cuyamaca Mts. Perhaps also on Mt. Pinos. Var. sfcDiTidsuM Jepson. Leaves mostly basal, minutely pubescent or canescent, t h e segments filiform or narrowly linear, more or less revolute.-—Monterey Co. towards the coast. 13. D. parryi Gray. Stems commonly simple, 1 to 2% f t . high, arising f r o m a short caudex crowning several woody-fibrous roots; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves twice divided and redivided into narrowly linear lobes, the lobes usually elongated, acute, % to 2% in. long, and often arcuate-cont o r t e d ; upper leaves often pedately 5-divided into filiform lobes; racemes virgate, often cylindric, sometimes loose, strict, 4 to 14 in. long; pedicels mostly 4 to 12 lines long or the lower longer; flowers blue or light purplish, rarely white-flowered; sepals 6 to 8 lines long, equaling thle spur, l 1 /^ to 2 times as long as the petals; follicles puberulent, 5 to 6 lines long; seeds with a loosely cellular whitish margin to the angles.—Sandy or loam soil, open ground: coastal S. Cal., e. to edge of Colorado Desert, n. to San Carlos Eange and s. Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co.). The blades of the lower leaves are inclined to disjoint roughly in age, leaving the rigid petioles behind. Var. bl6chmanae Jepson. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear ( % to % line w i d e ) ; flowers large, in a dense short raceme (2y 2 to 4 in. long), the light blue sepals in pleasing contrast to the white petals; sepals 8 to 11 lines long, with crisped edges; seed unknown.—Near the coast, San Luis Obispo Co. Var. mabItimum Dav. Commonly branching; leaf-lobes mostly 1 to 3 lines broad, o f t e n falcately curving; raceme loose, commonly elongated (4 to 15 in. long), the pedicels 1 to 2 in. long; flowers large, the sepals 6 to 11 lines long; angles of the seed not winged.—Coast region, San Luis Obispo to Los Angeles Co. and San Diego. 14. D. parishii Gray. Stems stout or somewhat slender, 1% to 2 f t . high, one or several from the crown of a stout root, which f o r k s into several deepseated branches; herbage wholly glabrous or commonly so; leaves % to 1% (or 2) in. broad, the basal cut into broadish segments which are again cleft or toothed, the basal similar but o f t e n more narrowly divided; raceme virgate, many-flowered, 5 to 7 in. long; pedicels 4 to 8 lines long; flowers a light b u t lively sky-blue; sepals 3 to 5 lines long, the petals % as long; follicles obscurely puberulent, sometimes a little distended at the middle, 5 to 6 lines long; seeds as in D. hesperium.—Sandy washes or mesas, 500 to 7500 f t . : Mohave Desert, s. to Palm Sprs., n. to Inyo Co. Var. inopinum Jepson. Stems 3 f t . tall, the stems and leaves quite glabrous; sepals very narrow (suboblong), glabrous; flowers pale lavender; follicles glabrous.— K e r n Eiver Canon, 7800 f t . 15. D. andersonii Gray. Stems several f r o m the base, to 2 f t . high; herbage more or less glaucous, glabrous or nearly so, tlje blades lightly pilose; leaves thiekish, 1 to 2% in. broad, deeply and incifcely 2 to 3 times parted into oblong or linear segments, the teeth of the lower leaves mostly obtuse, sometimes acute; raceme rather loose, 7 to 10 in. long; pedicels % to 1 (or 1 y, fl. X 1; C, stamen x 4.

Stems erect, stout, branching, % to IV2 ft. high (or even to 4 or 5 f t . ) ; leaves 2 to 4 in. long; leaflets usually 7 to 13, but sometimes 5 to 17, rather crowded on the rachis, ovate-elliptical to oblong, thinnish and plane, somewhat bubbly-undulate, 1 to 2% in. long, shining above, somewhat paler beneath, shallowly sinuate-dentate, the numerous teeth prickly; lowest pair close to base of petiole; racemes clustered, dense.—Hill summits and slopes, mostly along the edge of thickets, near the coast from Marin Co. to San Diego Co. Mar.-Apr. 8. B. nervósa Pursh. OREGON Gr.lPE. Stem scaly, caudex-like, simple, % to 1 (or 2) ft. high, bearing the leaves in a terminal tuft; leaves 9 to 16 in. long, the rachis conspicuously nodose; leaflets 11 to 21, bright green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, spinulose-serrate, and somewhat palmately nerved, 1 % to 3 in. long; scales of the strong terminal bud % to 1% in. long, coriaceousglumaceous; racemes erect, elongated, 2 to 4 (or 6) in. long; bracts oblong to lanceolate, membranaceous; berries blue-glaucous, 4 to 5 lines in diameter. —Woods near the coast from the Santa Lucia Mts. to Shasta and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to B. C. 2. ACHLYS DC. Perennial herbs with long-petioled 3-foliolate leaves and leafless scapes rising from a very slender rootstock. Flowers perfect, in a short dense spike. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 9 to 13, 2 to 3 times as long as ovary, the outer dilated upward. Fruit dry, indehiscent, broadly moonshaped. (Greek Achlus, the god of night or gloom.) 1. A. triphylla (Sm.) DC. DEER-FOOT. Plants about 1 ft. high; leaflets fan-shaped, sinuate-dentate, 2 to 6 in. broad.—Woods near the coast, 100 to 2500 ft., Mendocino Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. Also called Sweet Leaf. Settlers on the Humboldt coast, prizing the delicate fragrance, hang bunches of the leaves in their houses. 3. V A N C O U V E R I A Morr. & Dee. Low perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves once or twice ternately compound, all basal or nearly so. Flowers small, nodding, arranged in an open panicle on a slender scape-like peduncle. Sepals 6, in 2 series, obovate, petal-like, reflexed, subtended by 6 to 9 small calyx-like membranous bractlets. Petals 6, ligulate, tipped with a hood-like nectar-bear-

396

LAURACEAE

ing appendage, reflexed. Stamens 6, closely erect about the pistil, the anther connective produced into a pointed tip. Style 1; stigma thin, cup-shaped. Fruit a follicle. Seeds with an aril. (Capt. George Vancouver of the English exploring ship Discovery, who visited San Francisco B a y in 1792.) L e a f l e t s with c a r t i l a g i n o u s - m a r g i n ; brous L e a f l e t s not c a r t i l a g i n o u s - m a r g i n e d ; tipped h a i r s

panicle beset with gland-tipped h a i r s ; stamens gla1. V. parviflora. panicle g l a b r o u s ; stamens covered with short gland2. V. hexandra.

1. V. parviflora Greene. INSIDE-OUT FLOWER. Stems 8 to 20 in. high, sparsely hairy, at base rusty-pilose, the panicle pubescent with short spreading gland-tipped hairs; leaves glabrous or with rusty hairs on the petioles at the forks, persisting through the winter; leaflets thickish, roundish in outline, broadly cordate at base, with mostly closed sinus, obscurely or evidently 3-lobed with a notch at the summit of each lobe, % to in. long, frequently broader than long, the margin cartilaginous and often crisped; panicle 2V2 to 7 in. long, 25 to 55-flowered; flowers white or lavender-tinged, 4 lines long; sepals 2 lines long; stamens glabrous.—Shade of coniferous forests, mostly in the Kedwood region, from the Santa Lucia Mts. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. May-June. 2. V. hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dee. Flowering stems 7 to 21 in. high; leaves sparingly pubescent with short scattered hairs, perishing a f t e r the maturing of the fruit; leaflets thinnish, ovate to oval or roundish in outline (seldom broader than long), % to IY2 in. long, cordate at base with open sinus, 3-lobed at apex (the middle lobe l a r g e s t ) ; panicle glabrous, 10 to 25flowered; flowers 6 lines long; sepals 3 lines long; sepals and petals pearly white; stamens covered with small stipitate glands; ovules 3 in each cell.— Woods, 500 to 3000 (or even 4000) f t . : Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. Commonly in deeper shade than V. parviflora. May-June. LAURACEAE.

LAUREL FAMILY

Aromatic evergreen trees and shrubs with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Flowers perfect, regular. Petals none. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with a single style. Fruit in ours a drupe. 1. U M B E L L U L A R I A Nutt. Flowers in simple peduncled umbels. Sepals 6. Stamens 9, the three inner with stipitate orange-colored gland on each side of the filament at base and alternating with scale-like staminodia; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, the three inner extrorse, the outer introrse. ( L a t i n umbellularia, a little umbel.) 1. U. californica Nutt. CALIFORNIA LAUREL.

3 9 1 . Umbellaria californica Nutt.; fr. branchlet

F i g . 391.

T r e e 20 t o 60 f t .

high with a dense crown of erect slender branches, or in the chaparral as a mere shrub; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, 2 % to 4 % in. long, on short petioles; umbels 4 to 9-fiowered, but setting only 1 to 3 (rarely 6) fruits; flowers 2 lines long; drupe subglobose or ovoid, 1 in. long, greenish, or when ripe, brown-purple.—Canon walls; mountain slopes and stream flats: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, s. to San Diego Co. and n. to southern Ore. I t is most abundant and of greatest size on the alluvial river flats of northwestern California and adja-

397

PAPAVERACEAE

cent Oregon. Also called Bay Tree and Bay Laurel, but in the woods of Mendocino and Humboldt t h e name " P e p p e r w o o d " is the only one in use. while in Oregon the name " M y r t l e " replaces all others. The wood is prized by t h e cabinet-maker. PAPAVERACEAE. P O P P Y F A M I L Y Herbs or shrubs with mostly colored juice and regular complete flowers. Sepals 2 or 3, caducous, the petals twice as many. Calyx in Eschscholtzia resembling a fool's cap, t h e 2 sepals completely united into a single piece. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Pistil 1, composed of 2 to several united carpels; ovary superior, 1-celled (several-celled in E o m n e y a ) ; in Platystemon the lightly united carpels become distinct in f r u i t . Sepals distinct, caducous; receptacle not hollowed (slightly hollowed in no. 6 ) . Leaves usually opposite or whorled, entire; annual herbs. Stamens numerous; carpels lightly joined, distinct in f r u i t . . . . 1. PLATYSTEMON. Stamens 6 to 1 2 or n u m e r o u s ; carpels combined into a 3-angled or linear ovary. . 2. MECONELLA.

Leaves alternate or mainly so, often in a basal tuft. Stamens 6 to 9 ; minute annual 3. CANBYA. Stamens many or numerous, H e r b s ; leaves toothed, lobed or pinnatifid. Petals deciduous; stigmas opposite (that is, over) the placentae. Flower buds erect; petals white; herbage prickly. . . 4 . ARGEMONE. Flower buds drooping; petals r e d ; herbage n o t p r i c k l y . 5 . PAPAVEB. P e t a l s persistent around the capsule; stigmas alternate with the plaoentae; herbage not prickly 6. ABCTOMEOON. Shrubs or at least woody at base. Petals w h i t e ; leaves pinnatifid; capsule ovate, 7 to 12-valved Petals

yellow;

leaves

2-valved

entire

or

merely

denticulate; 8.

7.

ROMNEYA.

capsule

linear,

DENDROMEOON.

Sepals united into a calyptra or foolscap body which is pushed off by the 4 expanding petals; receptacle hollowed; herbs 9. ESCHSOHOLTZIA.

1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. Low annual with mainly opposite entire leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 6 in two series, tardily deciduous, withering and closing over the forming f r u i t . Stamens numerous; filaments more or less dilated a n d

petal-like.

Stigmas subulate-filiform, one terminating each carpel; carpels 6 to 17 or 20, each several-ovuled, connivent or coherent in a circle, becoming moniliform, at mat u r i t y separating and breaking transversely into indehiscent 1 seeded joints. (Greek platus, broad, and stemon, a stamen.) 1.

P.

Benth.

calif6rnicus CREAM

CUPS.

P i g s . 392, 393. Branched f r o m t h e base, the branchlets widely spreading and more or less decum bent, or often erect, 3 to i) (or 12) in.

392. Platystemon californicum B e n t h . ; a, habit x »4 ; b, fl. x 1 ; c-e, stamens showing variations in filaments x 4 ; /, circle of moniliform carpels x l t y .

398

393. Platystemon californicus Benth.; a, fl. bearing 2 distinct gynoecia, each gynoecium composed of several normal carpels; b, fl. with 3 gynoecia; c, fl. with moniliform carpels; d, fl. (from same plant as c) with cylindric carpels, x 1.

PAPAVERACEAE

high, the leaves often borne on the lower part (or wholly basal) and the peduncles therefore more or less scape-like and 2 to 7 (or 10) in. long; herbage pilose; buds round-obovoid, elliptic or oblong, long-hairy; petals commonly cream yellow, 3 or 6 to 11 lines long.—Foothills, plains and valleys, in sandy or clay soils, common almost throughout Cal., but absent from the deserts, except the w. margins of the Colorado and Mohave; e. to Ariz, and Utah, s. to L. Cal. Passes into the varieties. Var. c r i n I t u s Greene. Peduncles and buds with longer hairs, often densely pilose; buds globose; petals yellow, often with pink or greenish tips.— Tehachapi Mts., s. to the Cuyamaca Mts. Var. HOHRiDULUS Jepson. Petals spreading nearly rotately from a turbinate or almost cylindric base 3 to 4 lines long; carpels white when young with a dense covering of stiffish hairs, the hairs rapidly deciduous and the carpels soon becoming only thinly hairy.-—S. Sierra Nevada foothills from Fresno Co. to Tulare Co., 3500 to 5000 f t . Var. n u t a n s Bdg. Fruits nodding.—San Diego; Santa Cruz Isl.

2. MECONELLA Nutt. Low annuals with opposite leaves. Sepals 3, rarely 2. Petals 6, rarely 4, deciduous. Stamens 6 to 12, or numerous. Carpels 3, combined into a single 1-celled ovary, which is 3-lobed or nearly terete. Placentae as many as the carpels, parietal, many-ovuled. Stigmas ovate to subulate. Capsule completely 3-valved, dehiscent through the placentae. (Greek mekon, poppy, and ella, diminutive.) Plants with the leaves all basal or sub-basal and with unbranched hairy scapes; petals light yellow; ovary and capsule narrowly obovoid, 3-lobed 1. M. linearis. Plants with branching leafy stems and glabrous peduncles; petals white; ovary and capsule linear 2. M. oregana.

1. M. linearis (Benth.) Jepson. Fig. 394. Plants with the leaves all basal or nearly so, the scapes 4 to 8 in. high and hispid with spreading hairs; leaves linear, 1 to in. long, sessile; sepals brownish; petals light yellow, cuneate-orbicular or obovate, 4 to 9 lines long; stamens numerous, filaments linear or oblong-dilated, rarely filiform; body of capsule 5 to 7 lines long.—Sandy soil in the Coast Eanges from Sonoma Co. to Santa Barbara Co., chiefly near the coast, but inland to the s. Sierra Nevada (Fresno Co. to Kern Co.); Ore. Mar.-Apr. (Platystigma lineare Benth.) Var. p u l c h e l l a Jepson. Outer petals yellow, inner white.—Coast from San Francisco to Sonoma Co. 2. M. oreg&na Nutt. var. calif6rnica Jepson. Fig. 395. Very slender, erect, branching, 4 to 7 in. high, glabrous throughout; leaves entire, the basal and lower ones elliptic to obovate-spatulate, % to 1 or i y 2 in. long, commonly contracted to a petiole, the upper cauline oblanceolate to linear; peduncles 2 to 3 in. long, erect in anthesis, in f r u i t deflexed almost horizontally but the capsule vertical „„ „ i „„ " i j-,. , , , or nearly so; sepals often reddish; petals

„„, „ ,, ,. 394. Meconella linearis Jep son; o, habit; 6. capsule, x 14

POPPY

FAMILY

399

white, elliptic to oblong, 2 to 5 lines long; stamens 12, unequal, in two series, the outer shorter; filaments filiform or slightly dilated upwards; capsule linear, twisted, % to 1 (rarely 1%) in. long.—Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Amador Co.; San Francisco Bay region. Yar. OCTANDRA Jepson. Petals almost fan-shaped; stamens 8, the 4 outer shorter.—S. Sierra foothills (or their bordering plains) from Merced Co. to Tulare Co. Var. DENTICULATA Jepson. Leaves entire, sometimes denticulate; stamens 6, in one set.—Cismontane S. Cal. from Santa Inez Mts. to San Diego Co. 3. CANBYA P a r r y Minute glabrous annuals with the leaves crowded in a dense basal t u f t on the very shortly branched stems. Leaves mostly alternate, linear, fleshy, entire. Flowers on axillary filiform pedicels. Sepals 3. Petals 6, white, a f t e r anthesis withering and closing over the capsule. Stamens 6 (or 5) to 9. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 nerve-like placentae. Style none. Stigmas 3, linear, radiate-recurved and appressed to the subglobose ovary. Ovules several. (W. M. Canby, botanist of Delaware.) 1. C. Candida P a r r y . Fig. 396. P l a n t s 1 in. high; leaves fleshy, 2 to 4 lines long; petals roundish, 1 to 1% lines long.—Sandy washes, Mohave Desert, 2000 to 3500 f t . Apr.-May. 4. ARGEM&NE L. Annual herbs with acrid orange juice, prickly sinuate or pinnatifid leaves and flowers erect in the bud. Sepals 2 (often 3), with a horn-like appendage below t h e apex. Petals white, twice as many as the sepals. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas radiate. Capsule 4 to 6-valved a t summit. (Greek name of some herb, transferred here.) 395. Meconella oregana var. californica Jepson; a, habit; bt capsule. x 1.

Calyx rather densely spiny; horn-like appendage of sepals large or conspicuous, spine-tipped and with many spines over its surface; flowers not corymbose 1. A. platyceras. Calyx with scattered spines; horn-like appendage of sepals small or inconspicuous, spine-tipped, its surface otherwise u n a r m e d ; flowers corymbose. 2. A. intermedia.

1. A. platyceras Link & Otto. CHICALOTE. Stems stout, branched, more or less prickly with long yellow spines, 1% to 2% f t . high; herbage glaucescent; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid into spinose-toothed lobes, tapering to a winged petiole, spinose chiefly along the margin and along the main veins, 2 to 9 in. long; flowers in 3 9 6 a C h \ t i t x T - T ^ x f 0 ' 1 leafy-bracteate panicles; sepals 3, spiny, each ' > • • • with a horn at apex, the horns lanceolate, spiny on the sides and strongly spine-tipped; petals 6, obovate, truncate, 1 to 2 in. long; capsule narrowly cylindrical, 1% to 2 in. long, the valves firm, becoming somewhat indurated, densely spiny.—S. Cal.; e. to Tex. Apr.-July. Passing by intergrades into

400

PAPAVERACEAE

the var. HÍSPIDA Prain, the whole plant densely setose-hispid as well as armed with stouter yellow spines.—Mt. valleys or cañón fats, 2000 to 8000 f t . : Coast Ranges; e. side of the Sierra Nevada; mts. of S. Cal. June-Sept. Sometimes perennial. 2. A. intermèdia Sweet var. corymbòsa Eastw. P K I C K L Y P O P P Y . Plants 1 to 3 ft. high, prickly with stout yellow spines; leaves oblong to obovate or the upper ovate, repand-toothed to sinuate-pinnatifid; flowers fragrant, somewhat regularly corymbose; petals 10 to 14 lines (sometimes to 1 % in.) long; capsule % in. long.—Mohave Desert. May-June. 5. P A P À V E B L .

POPPY

Erect herbs (ours annual) with narcotic juice. Leaves pinnately cleft, lobed or divided. Flowers showy, solitary on long peduncles, nodding in bud. Sepals 2. Petals 4, in ours red. Stamens very many. Ovary and capsule obovoid to subglobose, with 4 to many intruded placentae. Capsule opening by holes just below the summit. (Latin name of the poppy.) Juice

milky; stigmas sessile and radiate upon the summit of the ovary.—Subgenus EUPAPAVEB 1. P. californicum. J u i c e yellow; stigmaB capitate upon the short slender style.—Subgenus MECONOPSIS 2. P. heterophyllum. 1. P . c a l i f ó r n i c u m G r a y . WESTERN POPPY. F i g . 3 9 7 . Gla-

brous or sparsely pilose-pubescent, 1 % to 2 ft. high; juice milky; leaves pinnately divided, the segments oblong or roundish, toothed, lobed, or incised; petals red with a green spot at base, 7 to 10 lines long; stigmas sessile and radiate upon the summit of the ovary, forming a sort of ' ' skull cap. ' ' persistent in fruit; capsule turbinate-obovate, 6 to 7 lines long.—Cismontane S. Cal., n. to Marin Co. Apr.-May. 2. P. heterophyllum (Benth.) Greene. W I N D POPPY. Fig. 398. Glabrous, iy 2 to 2 ft. high; juice yellow; leaves pinnate or pinnately divided, the segments entire, toothed or divided, exceedingly diverse in shape even on the same plant or the 3 9 7 . Papaver same leaf, varying from oval to narrowly linear; petals brickcalifórnicum red with a dark spot at base, Gray ; capsule broadly cuneate-obovate, % to 1 in. long; stigmas capitate at summit of a distinct and slender style; capsule clavateobovoid, 4 to 7 lines long.—Hill slopes and valley fields: Lake Co.; South Coast Ranges; San Joaquin Valley and s. Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Fresno Co.; coastal S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. May. 6. ARCTOMÈCON Torr. & Frem. Herbs with a stout tap root. Leaves longhirsute, crowded toward the base of the plant. Flowers large, white or yellow, solitary or in an umbelliform cluster. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4 or 6, round-obovate, in age persisting around the base of the capsule. Stamens numerous, short. Ovary and subcoriaceous capsule ovoid or obovoid, 3 to 6 (commonly 4)-valved; style shorter than the globular and lobulate mass of 3 to 6 erect and somewhat united stigmas. Seeds rather few, oblong. (Greek arctos, a bear, and mecon, poppy, from the hirsuteness.) 1 . A. merriàmii Cov. D E S E R T POPPY. Plants 1 ft. high , the stems somewhat branched near the base; herbage glaucous; leaves mostly basal, 398. Papaver heterophyllum cuneate-flabelliform, petiolate, coarsely toothed «reene; a. h»Mt x % ; 6. f t . high, the long erect branches f r o m stout woody bases 4 to 6 in. high; leaves glaucous, variable, the lower commonly coarsely lyrate-pinnatifid or sometimes entire, 3 to 8 in. long, long-petioled, the upper less divided, or lanceolate and entire, shortpetioled; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; sepals greenish yellow; petals bright yellow, the oblong blade 2% to 4 lines long, the claw woolly pubescent, as long or longer t h a n blade and dilated downwards; filaments puberulent toward base; pods to 2% in. long, a line wide, spreading, curved like a sickle; stipe 5 to 10 lines long.—Dry plains and foothills, 1000 to 4500 f t . : Mohave Desert, w. to Santa B a r b a r a Co., n. to the upper San Joaquin Valley and Inyo Co.; e. to Neb. and Tex. I t is remarkably capparidaceous in habit and in certain points of flower structure. 2. S. e l i t a Jones. P l a n t s 2 to 6 f t . high, branching toward the top; leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, entire or sometimes with f e w small lobes at the base, 4 to 10 in. long, contracted at the base to a short petiole; racemes 1 to 2 f t . long; sepals petal-like, enlarged to a spatulate blade 2 lines wide; petals light yellow, of about equal length but narrower and less conspicuous; filaments woolly f r o m the middle to the base; pods filiform, 3 to 4 in. long, % line in diameter.—Panamint E a n g e ; Inyo Mts.; n. to western Nev. 2. T H E L Y P d D I U M Endl. Ours mostly coarse erect annuals or biennials. Basal leaves mostly petioled, the cauline petioled, or sessile-auriculate. Flowers white or pale yellow, rarely purple or roseate, the racemes often dense. Petals with narrow claw, t h e exserted limb narrow or obovate. Stamens tetradynamous, o f t e n exserted; filaments never united; anthers narrowly linear, curved. Stigma small, circular and entire or obscurely 2-lobed. Pod terete, slender, short-stipitate or sessile. Seeds oblong, somewhat flattened, not winged or scarcely so. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek thelus, female, and pus, foot or support, t h e ovary more or less stipitate.) C a u l i n e l e a v e s n o t s a g i t t a t e n o r a u r i c u l a t e - c l a s p i n g ; a n n u a l or b i e n n i a l . F l o w e r s s p r e a d i n g in a dense spike-like r a c e m e ; f r u i t i n g racemes d e n s e ; petals white, 2 l A to 3 l i n e s l o n g ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; t r a n s m o n t a n e b i e n n i a l s . C a u l i n e l e a v e s sessile, e n t i r e ; r a c e m e s short, c o m p a c t 1. T. integrifolium.

412

CRUCIFERAE

Cauline leaves petioled, irregularly laciniate or entire, the upper subentire; racemes much elongated 2. T. laciniatum. Flowers in a raceme, the raceme soon lax; fruiting racemes commonly lax; annuals. Flowers ascending; mostly Coast Ranges and coastal S. Cal. Cauline leaves, at least the upper, sessile; flowers 4 to 5 lines long; pods ascending; herbage glabrous or nearly so 3. T. jlavescens. Cauline leaves petioled or mostly petioled; flowers 1 % to 2 % lines long; herbage as if glabrous or subglabrous, but commonly with scattered hairs. Calyx purple or purplish; pods ascending or deflexed... 4. T. lemmonii. Calyx green or yellowish; pods commonly reflexed or divaricate-spreading , 5. T. lasiophyllum. Flowers soon reflexed; pods with a beak 1 to 3 lines long; leaves all petioled; southern deserts 6. T. longirostris. Cauline leaves sagittate- or auriculate-clasping; annuals. Pods ascending, not torulose or scarcely so. Raceme very dense and spike-like; n. and e. of Sierra Nevada 7. T. brachycarpum. Raceme not dense or spike-like. Petals spatulate, 2 times as long as the sepals; Lassen and Modoc Cos 8. T. howellii. Petals linear-oblanceolate, 1 In to times as long as the sepals; San Bernardino Mts 9. T. stenopetalum. Pods declined-spreading, markedly torulose; branches elongated-serpentine; deserts. . . 10. T. cooperi.

1. T. integrifdlium Endl. Stem simple or branched only above, 3 to 4 f t . high; basal leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or shallowly repand-dentate, 1 to 6 in. long, drawn down into petioles nearly as long; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile (the lower ones sometimes auriculate), acute, erect; flowers white, crowded in subcapitate racemes, the racemes 3 to 4 in. long, several in a terminal panicle; racemes little elongated in fruit, the pods therefore crowded; pods slender, torulose, curved upwards, 1 in. long, strongly divaricate on their (1 to 3 lines long) pedicels; stipe % to % line long.—Moist situations, Mohave Desert; e. to Col., n. to eastern Wash. 2. T. laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. Stems stout, 1 % to 2 % f t . high; leaves deltoid-ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly segmented and toothed, a little fleshy, l 1 /* to 8 in. long, the petioles % to as long; racemes very dense, */> to f t . long; flowers white; pods very slender, spreading or horizontally divaricate, 1 % to 6 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long.— Valleys and foothills, Inyo Co.; n. to western Nev. and e. Ore. and Wash. 3. T. flav£scens (Hook.) Wats. Stem erect, 1 to 4 f t . high, simple or with several much elongated simple branches from below the middle; herbage glaucous and glabrous, or somewhat hispidulous; leaves ovate to oblonglanceolate, irregular or somewhat erosely toothed or laciniate, sometimes with two or three pairs of broad salient lobes below the middle, 4 to 8 in. long, the lowest on petioles 1 to 1% in. long, the uppermost linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate or denticulate, 1 to 4 in. long, sessile; flowers pale yellow; petals usually much exceeding the sepals, the claw broad and the undulate blade narrow; ovary commonly hairy, rarely quite glabrous; pods ascending, 1 % to 3 in. long, % line wide.—Inner Coast Range valleys from Solano Co. to Monterey Co. 4. T. lemmdnii Greene. Stems 1 to 1 % f t . high; lower leaves oblong, repand-dentate, 2 to 5 in. long, contracted to a petiole % to 1 in. long; upper leaves lance-linear, attenuate at both ends, sessile; sepals purple with broad white margins; petals pale purple with deeper veins, cuneate-oblong, narrowed below to a short claw; anthers yellow or purple; pods slender, 2 to 2 % in. long; pedicels a little hairy.—Inner South Coast Range from w. Fresno Co. to s. San Luis Obispo Co. (Caulanthus anceps P a y son.) 5. T. lasiophyllum (H. & A.) Greene. Pig. 406. Stem erect, simple or branching above, 1 to 5 f t . high; herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous above; lower leaves sinuately pinnatifid with mostly acute denticulate or entire segments, 2 to 10 in. long, the upper lanceolate, less lobed or merely denticulate, all petioled, or the upper rarely sessile; raceme very densely flowered, much elongated in f r u i t ; flowers white, yellowish, or sometimes roseate; pedicels 1 line long; sepals oblong, scarcely the length

MUSTARD

FAMILY

413

of the narrow petals; pods straight or somewhat curved, at first spreading, soon strictly deflexed, 2 to 4 in. long, % to V2 line wide.—Open foothills, 50 to 2000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Coast Banges and their bordering plains, mostly toward the interior; n. to Wash. Apr. Var. INALISNUM Rob. Pods slender, erect or spreading.—Solano Co. to San L u i s O b i s p o Co.

V a r . RIGIDUM R o b .

P l a n t rigid, o f t e n glabrous; pods stout, rigid, divaricate or deflexedspreading; pedicels y 2 line long.— Glenn Co. to e. Contra Costa Co. Var. UTAHENSE Jepson n. comb. Leaves thin, the lobes rounded (mostly acute in t h e species).— Colorado and Mohave deserts; e. to Utah. (T. utahensis Rydb.) 6. T. longirostris (Wats.) .Tepson n. comb. Stems much-branched, 1 to 1y> f t . high; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lower repanddentate, the upper ehtire, all contracted to a short petiole, the whole 1 to 2% in. long; flowers 2 to 2% lines long, soon reflexed, borne on slender pedicels Vo to 1 line long; Yi ; d, infl. x Mt; e, fr. branch x sepals green, or somewhat purplishtinged, scarious-margined; petals pale yellow or pinkish, narrow, blade very short, narrower t h a n the expanded summit of the claw; pods curved or straight, divaricate or deflexed, nerved, 1 to i y 2 in. long, to y 2 line wide, tapering to a beak 1 to 3 lines long; seeds winged.—Mohave and Colorado deserts, n. to Monterey Co. and to Inyo Co. (Streptanthus longirostris Wats. Streptanthella longirostris Rydb.) 7. T. brachycarpum Torr. Stem erect, simple or branched, stoutish, 1V2 to 3 f t . high; herbage glabrous or sparsely hirsute below; cauline leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly entire, sagittate-clasping, 1 to 2% in. long, the basal oblong or oblanceolate, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, 1 to 4% in. long, on petioles half as long; racemes spike-like, very dense; pedicels in f r u i t 1 to i y 2 lines long; flowers white, 2y 2 to 3 lines long; petals linear, nearly twice as long as the sepals; stamens exserted; pods slender, somewhat knotted, sharply beaked, ascending, 6 to 12 lines long, in age spreading.— Mountain sides and valleys, 4800 to 7200 ft., north end and east slope of the Sierra Nevada f r o m Siskiyou Co. to Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. May-Aug. 8. T. how611il Wats. Biennial; stem simple or branching, erect, 1% to 2y 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous and glaucous, or hirsute near the base; basal leaves entire or repand, with the winged petiole toothed; cauline leaves linear to lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, erect, % to 2% in. long; flowers white, flesh color or purple, 3% to 4% lines long; sepals saccate, oblong, acuminate, white-margined, the lateral pair strongly hooded or horned at apex; petals narrowly linear with crisped limb; stamens with the filaments of the 2 longer pairs connate; anthers sagittate, strongly curled a f t e r anthesis; pods slender, nearly erect, 1 to 2 in. long, tipped by the rather slender style y 2 line long.—Valley meadows, Lassen and Modoc Cos.; n. to eastern Ore. 9. T. stenop6talum Wats. Stem simple or branching from the base, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaves oblong to lanceolate or

414

CRUCIFERAE

linear, auriculate-clasping, 1 to 2 in. long, the basal obovate, scarcely petioled; flowers narrow, 4 to 5 lines long; petals white or pinkish, narrowoblanceolnte, little exserted; pods slender, ascending, 1 % to 2*4 in. long. —Stony slopes, San Bernardino Mts., 6500 f t . 10. T. codperi Wats. Stem slender, simple, flexuous, 8 to 14 in. high, or branched and developing elongated tortuous or even serpentine branchlets, the whole 2 to 3 ft. long; herbage glabrous; leaves disappearing early, oblong-obovate to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, mostly entire, the cauline sagittate-clasping, the basal contracted to a short petiole, the whole 1 to 2y.> in. long; flowers narrow, 3 to 4 lines long; sepals greenish, turning purplish; petals yellow, aging white with purple center, about 1V> times as long as the sepals; pods terete, torulose, especially on upper half, commonly falcate, attenuate at apex, glabrous, widely divaricate, % to 1 in. long; style 1 to l'A lines long; pedicels % to 1 line long.—Desert mesas: Inyo Co. s. through the Mohave Desert to the Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz. Apr. 3. S T R E P T A N T H U S Nutt. Annual herbs, or some biennial or perennial. Basal leaves commonly toothed or pinnatiiid, the cauline similar or entire, often sagittate-clasping. Calyx with 2 of the sepals or all saccate at base, the calyx thus ovoid or broad at base and contracted above, or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask-shaped; or not at all saccate and quite subcylindric. Petals purple, white or pinkish, rarely pale yellow, commonly with a narrow undulate or crisped limb and channeled claw, the upper pair sometimes longer (as in no. 21). Stamens tetradynamous, or in 3 unequal pairs, the filaments all distinct, or the longer pairs united, or only the uppermost pair united. Pod narrowly linear, flattened parallel to the partition (rarely obcompressed) or terete; valves 1-nerved or rarely carinate. Seeds in 1 row, flat, winged or wingless. (Greek streptas, twisted, and anthos, flower, in reference to the petals.) A. Stigma

2-lobed;

petals plane or somewhat crisped; stem seeds mostly wingless, sometimes narrowly

erect, simple winged.

or

branched,

Pods terete or slightly compressed. Cauline leaves petioled; filaments of equal length, all distinct; perennials (or no. 1 biennial).—Subgenus

CAULANTHUS.

Stem commonly branching, leafy up to the inflorescence. Leaves coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; petals little exceeding the sepals; herbage glabrous above, below densely hairy 1. S. pilosus. Leaves entire; petals nearly twice as long as the sepals; herbage glabrous. . 2. S. glaucus. Stem naked above the base or bearing a few reduced or bract-like leaves; lowest leaves mostly lyrate-pinnatifid; herbage glabrous. Calyx densely white-woolly; stem simple, strongly inflated 3. 5 . crassicaulis. Calyx glabrous; stems 1 or several from the base, simple 4. S. major. Cauline leaves sessile, auriculate-clasping; filaments in pairs, of unequal length; annuals.—Subgenus

PARACAULANTHUS.

One or 2 pair of filaments connate. Filaments of 2 pairs of stamens connate; pods erect; stem inflated or very succulent 5. S. inflatus. Filaments of 1 pair of stamens connate; stem not inflated. Pedicels glabrous; pods erect 6. S. lemmonii. Pedicels hairy; pods reflexed or reflexed-spreading 7. 5 . coulteri. Filaments all distinct. Pedicels glabrous; raceme with few remote flowers; flowers purplish 8. S. amplexicaulis. Pedicels hirsute; raceme with several flowers; flowers yellowish 9. S. simulans. Pods strongly obcompressed, sword-like; filaments all distinct; cotyledons trifid; annuals.— Subgenus STANFORDIA 10. S . californicus. B. Stigma

circular

and entire or only shortly 2-lobed; claw, the blade crisped, usually

petals commonly narrow.

with

channeled

Filaments all distinct; annuals (except no. 14 and one var. in no. 1 5 ) , all erect, or sometimes diffuse in nos. 15 and 16.—Subgenus PLEIOCARDIA. Plants hispid; leaves linear to oblong, the lobes or teeth commonly salient 11. heterophyllus.

MUSTARD

FAMILY

415

P l a n t s glabrous and glaucous. Branches of inflorescence without b r a c t s ; cauline leaves auriculate-clasping; sepals dull purplish or green, apex slightly b e a r d e d ; petals with ovate claw contracted to a ligulate b l a d e ; stamens nearly e q u a l ; pedicels less than 3 lines long. F l o w e r s 3 to 4 lines l o n g ; pods 1 line broad. Cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute, with auriculate base, not crowded 12. campestris. Cauline leaves cordate, crowded on the stem 13. S. barbatus. F l o w e r s 5 to 6 lines l o n g ; pods 2 lines b r o a d ; lower leaves broadly spatulate-obovate; the cauline oblong-ovate 14. S. cordatus. B r a n c h e s of inflorescence b e a r i n g round- to lanceolate-cordate bracts; petals w i t h expanded blade; stamens in 3 unequal pairs. L o w e r leaves oblong-spatulate, crenately toothed or lobed; mostly montane. P o d s recurved-spreading; plants % to 3 or 4 ft. h i g h ; common, of wide range 15. S. tortuosus. P o d s e r e c t ; plants 2 to 7 in. h i g h ; rare and local 16. S. t/racilis. L o w e r leaves pinnately divided, the segments linear-filiform 17. S. diversifolius. Filaments of upper pair of stamens connate, bearing reduced anthers; inflorescence nonbracteate; petals with linear obtuse crisped blade; erect a n n u a l s . — S u b g e n u s EUCLISIA. P l a n t s glabrous and often glaucous. L e a v e s b r o a d ; pods torulose 18. S. breiveri. Leaves n a r r o w ; pods not torulose. Calyx with the sepals in pairs, the outer pair sub-orbicular with upper sepal banner-like, exceeding other iiower parts, the inner or lateral pair, ovate, acute 19. S. polyt/aloides. Calyx with the 3 upper sepals approximate or connivent at tips, and lower, free 20. niyer. P l a n t s hispid, at least below. Calyx commonly glabrous. Racemes loose; 3 upper sepals approximate or connivent at tips, the lower free 21. S. f/landulo-sus. Racemes dense, secund; 2 upper sepals approximate or connivent 22. S. secundus. Calyx more or less hispid, with sepal tips distinct and free. P l a n t s 5 to 12 in. h i g h ; raceme e n d i n g in a purple spot; leaves oblonglanceolate 23. S. insionis. P l a n t s 3 to 5 in. h i g h ; raceme without terminal spot; leaves obovate 24. S. hispidus.

1. S. pilosus ( W a t s . ) Jepson n. comb. Stems to 3]/2 f t . high; leaves pinnately parted into ovate or oblong lobes (the lobes irregularly lobed or toothed), 1% to 5 in. long, the petioles about half as long; raceme lax; flowers 4 to 5 lines long; sepals elliptic, green or purple, white-membranousmargined; petals whitish, scarcely exserted; pods slender, flexuous, ascending or widely divaricate, 2y2 to 5 in. long; pedicels 2y_> to 4 lines long.—Sandy soil, deserts: Inyo Co.; e. to Nev., n. to Ore. and Ida. Apr.-May. (Caulanthus pilosus Wats.) 2. S. glaticus ( W a t s . ) Jepson n. comb. Stems stout, branching, 1 to f t . high; leaves orbicular to roundish obovate or ovate, entire or subentire, % to 3Y2 in. long, the upper lanceolate, all on petioles % to % as long; flowers 5 to 5Yi lines long; sepals elliptic, Yo as long as the oblong obtuse petals; pods slender, 3 to 6 in. long, on pedicels 3 to 5 lines.long.—Rocky slopes in the desert, 5000 to 7500 f t . : W h i t e Mts.; e. to N e v . (Caulanthus glaucus Wats.) 3. S. crassicaulis Torr. Stems simple, strongly inflated, to 3% f t . high, the leaves mainly in a basal tuft, the cauline f e w and reduced; leaves ovate or oblong and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, entire above, but with 1 or 2 pair of salient oblong or linear lobes at or towards the base, 1 to 3 in. long, the petioles 1 to times as long, sometimes bearing one or two supplementary leaflets; flowers 5 to 7 lines long, spreading on pedicels y> to 1 line long; calyx densely white-woolly, sometimes glabrate in age and then purple; petals dark purple, white-margined; pods slender, ascending, 3^2 to 4% in. long.—Desert gulches or gravelly slopes, 5000 to 7500 f t . : I n y o Co.; e. to Utah. May-June. (Caulanthus crassicaulis Wats.) 4. S. m&jor ( P a y s o n ) Jepson n. comb. Stems 1 or f e w from a l e a f y - t u f t e d perennial root-crown, simple, 1 to 2 f t . high; the cauline leaves f e w and reduced or almost none; leaves oblong to lanceolate, mostly obtusish, entire

416

CRUCIFERAE

above, but with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes at base, or merely dentate, or wholly entire, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles about as long; flowers glabrous, ascending, 5 to 6 lines long, on pedicels % line long; calyx blue-purple; petals whitish, dark-purple-veined; pods erect, 3% in. long.—Desert slopes of ranges in and bordering the Mohave Desert; e. to Utah. (Caulantlius major Payson.) 5. S. inflàtus ( W a t s . ) Greene. Fig. 407. Stem very stout, becoming strongly hollow-inflated, 1 to 2YJ f t . high; herbage glabrous (rarely a little hispid at b a s e ) ; cauline leaves erect,

obtuse or merely subacute, entire or denticulate, sessile-auriculate, 1Y> to 5 in. long; racemes at first very dense; pedicels glabrous or hispid, 2 to 4 lines long; flowers ascending, spreading or almost horizontal, at first deep purple, becoming white; sepals glabrous or nearly so; stamens exserted a little; pods 2 to 4% in. long, ascending or erect.—Dry hills: Mohave Desert; n. to western Fresno Co. Mar.May. (Caulanthus inflatus Wats.) 6. S. lemmonii ( W a t s . ) Jepson n. comb. Stems 1 to 1% f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate to lanceolate, cordate-clasping, entire or only obscurely denticulate, l1/! to 3% in. long, the basal oblong-oblanceolate, coarsely toothed to entire; flower buds deep purple; raceme rather loose, the flowers deflexed or pendulous on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; flowers 5% to 6% lines long; petals dark-purple-veined; pods erect, stout, 2 to 4 in. long; stigmas spreading conspicuously.— Eocky banks, San Luis Obispo Co. (S. parryi Greene.) 7. S. c&ulteri ( W a t s . ) Greene. Fig. 408. Stems simple or branching, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage thinly hispid; leaves oblong to ovate or lanceolate, pinnately parted or lobed to dentate or entire, sagittate-clasping, 1 to 2% in. long, the basal on short winged petioles; racemes at first with a terminal black spot (consisting of the crowded black-purple flower

408. Streptanthus coulteri Greene , a, portion of leafy stem x % ; b, fl. branchlet x % ; c, fl. x 1 % .

MUSTARD FAMILY

417

b u d s ) , soon becoming elongated and lax; flowers 6 to 7 lines long, spreading or pendulous, on pedicels 1 to 2% lines long; pedicels and calyx more or less bristly; calyx at first deep purple, becoming greenish; petals white with dark veins, widely spreading; filaments of longest pair of stamens united about M> or % their length; pods stoutish, reflexed or reflexed-spreading, 2% to 3 in. long.—Interior foothills, 1000 to 4000 f t . : Madera Co. to n. Los Angeles Co. (Caulanthus coulteri Wats.) 8. S. amplexicaulis (Wats.) Jepson n. comb. Stem very slender, a little flexuous, 7 to 12 in. high; leaves broadly obovate to elliptie-oblong, shallowly sinuate-dentate and obtuse, or the upper entire and acute, aurieulate- or cordate-clasping, 1 to 3*4 in. long, the lowest somewhat narrowed at base or subpetiolate; flowers few and remote in the raceme, purplish, ascending; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, spreading; pods 3 in. long.—San Bernardino and San Antonio mountains, n. to Antelope Valley, 1500 to 8500 f t . May-June. (Caulanthus amplexicaulis Wats.) 9. S. simulans (Payson) Jepson n. comb. Stems simple or branching from the base, 1 to 1% f t . high; herbage hispid below, glabrous above or with a few scattering hairs; basal leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, dentate, % to 1 V> in. long, scarcely petioled, the cauline linear-oblong or lanceolate, dentate, sagittate-clasping; flowers yellowish, 4 lines long; pedicels hispid, M> to lVj lines long; pods reflexed, 1% to 2 in. long.—San Jacinto Mts. to Balcan Mts. (Caulanthus simulans Payson.) 10. S. californicus (Wats.) Greene. Stems branching from the base, 8 to 9 in. high; herbage glabrous (or with a few scattered bristles below); leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, cordate-sessile, dentate, 1 to 1% in. long; pedicels hispidulose, 1 to 3 lines long; flowers pendulous, 3 to 4 lines long; sepals purpletipped, white membranous below; petals white, purple-veined; pods obcompressed and strongly flattened, somewhat sword-like, erect or pendulous, 1 to 1 y> in. long; style 1 to 1% lines long.—Plains at the head of the San Joaquin Valley and neighboring foothills. Mar.-Apr. (Stanfordia californica Wats.) 11. S. heterophyllus N u t t . Stems usually simple, 1% to 2 ] /t f t . high; herbage hirsute; leaves 1% to 3% in. long, oblong or linear to lanceolate, dentate with triangular or subulate teeth, or pinnately and shallowly lobed, the lobes linear to oblong, usually remote and often salient, the uppermost sometimes entire, all sagittate-clasping except the basal; flowers 2% to 3% lines long; calyx greenish to dark-purple, the petals white, dark-purpleveined; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; pods abruptly reflexed, 2 to 2% in. long, somewhat 4-angled; style % line long.—Coastal foothills f r o m Santa B a r b a r a Co. to San Diego Co. 12. S. campistris Wats. Stem 2 to 4 f t . high; leaves oblong, irregularly dentate or denticulate, the teeth setose-tipped, contracted at base to a winged petiole, 5 to 6 in. long; cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, auriculate-clasping; flowers darkish purple, 4 to 5 lines long; sepals bristle-tipped; pods spreading and curved, 3 to 6 in. long, 1 line broad.—Montane, 4000 to 5000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts. to the Cuyamaca Mts. Var. B E R N A R D I N U S Johnston. Leaves thickish, spatulate-obovate, contracted to a short petiole, 1 to 1% in. long, entire, not ciliate nor setose; flowers pale white, 3 lines long.—San Bernardino Mts. (Agianthus bernardinus Greene.) 13. S. barbatus Wats. Stems simple, erect, 1% to 2 f t . high; leaves cordate, sessile and clasping, obtuse, all similar and nearly equal, crowded, 5 to 9 lines long; flowers purple, 3 to 4 lines long; sepals obtusish, setosely bearded near the apex; pods spreading, curved, 1% to 2 in. long, 1 line wide; pedicels 1 line long.—Sandy bottoms, upper Sacramento River. 14. S. corcUitus Nutt. Stems stout, arising from a simple or branched rootcrown, 10 in. to 3 f t . high; basal leaves broadly spatulate-obovate, denticulate or dentate, especially toward the summit, and often setose-ciliate, % to 1% in. long, on petioles % to as long; cauline leaves cordate-ovate to -oblong, mostly obtuse and entire, sessile, 1 to 2% in. long; flowers 6 lines long; petals 1YJ times as long as the sepals, with ovate claw contracted above t o

418

CRUCIFERAE

a ligulate blade; pods ascending or spreading, 2 to 3% in. long, 1% to 2 lines broad; pedicels short (2 to 4 lines long). — Mountain valleys and slopes, Plumas Co. to Modoc Co.; e. to Col. 15. S. tortuösus Kell. Stems 1 to 4 ft. high, sometimes reduced and 3 to 6 in. high; lower leaves obovate to spatulate-obovate, YJ to 1 in. long, contracted at base to a petiole as long, upward becoming oblong- to ovate- or orbicular-cordate, entire, sessile and clasping, mostly V-i to 1% in. broad; sepals purplish, connivent; petals rose-purple or white and purpleveined, 2% to 6 lines long; pods recurved-spreading, l'/> to 4% in. long, 1 line wide.—Montane, 2000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co., thence s. in the outer and middle Coast Ranges to Monterey Co. Var. oblöngus Jepson n. var. Stem tall (2 to 3 f t . high), openly branched; leaves of the main stem long-oblong, 1% to 3% in. long. 409. S t r e p t a n t h u s tortuosus var. orbiculatus —W. Siskiyou Co. to n. Trinity Co. H a l l ; a, fl. branchlet ; b, fl. x 2. (Burnt Eanch, Tracy 6099, t y p e ) . Var. suffrutIsscens Jepson n. comb. Coarse biennial 1 to 2 f t . high, the stems half-woody at base.—Hood's P e a k Range; Sierra foothills in Calaveras Co. (S. suffrutescens Greene). Var. f l a v £ s c e n s Jepson n. var. Flowers yellow.— Sawtooth Range (Coyote Pass trail, Jepson 982, type). Var. orbicul.Ytus Hall. Fig. 409. Stems many from the base, 3 to 6 or 9 in. high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; flowers smaller ( 2 t o 4 lines long), darker purple.— High montane, 7000 to 10,500 f t . : Sierra Nevada; high North Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co. (S. orbiculatus Greene.) 16. S. gracilis Eastw. Stem simple or with delicate branches from near the base, 2 to 7 in. high; lower leaves orbicular to spatulate, sinuate-dentate to pinnately lobed, 2 to 6 lines long, on petioles 1 to 3 times as long; upper cauline leaves mostly sessile, oblong to ovate, toothed or entire, auriculateclasping, 2Yj to 6 lines long; racemes 1 to 3 in. long, bearing below 1 or 2 small ovate sessile bracts (IVJ to 2 lines long); flowers 3V> to 4 lines long; sepals rose-purple, the tips membranously margined, spreading; petals lavender-purple to pink, with slender claw exserted, the blade broad, purpleveined; upper pair of filaments longest; pods erect, slender, lVi> to 2 in. long. — Disintegrated granite, 10,000 ft., region of the Kings-Kern divide, Sierra Nevada;.

410

S t r e p t a n t h u s diyersifolius Wats.; habit x y s ; b, fl. x 2; c, pod x lines long, on pedicels 1% to 2 lines long, style usually % to % line long.—Montane, 5000 to 6000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada; n. to Saskat., e. to Ark. Var TRUNCATA Jepson n. var. H a b i t and leaves similar to the species; pods

MUSTARD

FAMILY

425

oblong, i y 2 to 1% lines long, truncate, the style very short. — San Gabriel Mts. (Crystal Lake, Peirson 2450, t y p e ) . Yar. INTEGRA Jepson n. var. Leaves narrowly obovate to broadly oblong, not lobed, sparingly d e n t a t e or subentire; pods oblongovate, turgid, IV2 to 2 lines long, on pedicels % line long.—Montane, 6000 to 10,200 f t . , ranges e. of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. (Silver Canon, White Mts., Jepson 7354, type) to Modoc Co. 4. R. palustris Moench. MARSH CRESS. Biennial; stem erect, simple or mostly branched above, 2 to 5 f t . high, usually glabrous; leaves broadly oblanceolate or narrowly oblong in outline, coarsely toothed or, if deeply pinnatifid, mostly on the lower part of the blade, the lobes often irregularly dentate; pods oblong, turgid, 2 to 3 lines long, obtuse, the pedicels nearly as long; style M to Y> line long.—Marshy places near streams, widely distributed in Cal., but not common; n. to B. C., e. to the A t l a n t i c ; Eur., Asia. 1 1 . CARD AMINE L . BITTER CRESS Ours erect herbs with leafy stems. Leaves pinnate, the basal in a rosette. Flowers white or pinkish. Very near Dentaria and scarcely separable, but the flowers smaller (in ours 1 to 3 lines long) and pods narrower. (Ancient Greek name of some speeies of cress.) Leaves simple, u n d i v i d e d ; petals 2 to 3 lines long; perennials. Stems many from an ascending, much-branched caudex; flowers white or p i n k i s h ; dwarf plants 1. C. bellidifolia Stem simple or branched above, from a r u n n i n g rootstock; flowers w h i t e ; plants 1 tc 2 ft. high 2. C. lyallii Leaves, at least the cauline. with 3 to many pinnate leaflets; flowers white. Some basal leaves simple, the cauline 3 to 5-foliolate; petals to 3 lines long ' perennial 3. C. bremeri Basal leaves pinnate. Flowers rather large; petals 2Vz to 3 lines long; perennial 4. C. gambelii. Flowers smaller; petals 1 to 2 lines long; annuals or biennials. Leaflets mostly roundish; capsules 8 to 20-seeded 5. C. oligosperma. Leaflets mostly oblong or linear; capsules 20 to 30-seeded 6. C. pennsylvanica.

1. C. bellidifolia L. Scape-like peduncles and leaves caespitose on t h e branched root-crown, the plants 2 to 6 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate or elliptic, 3 to 9 lines long, on slender petioles 2 to 3 times as long; f o w e r s f e w ; pods erect, 10 to 15 lines long.—High peaks of n. Cal., 7000 to 8000 f t . : Lassen P e a k ; Mt. Shasta; Medicine L a k e ; n. to Alas., e. to N. Eng.; Eur., Asia. 2. C. lyallii Wats. Stem erect f r o m a rootstock, simple or branched, 10 to 15 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves all simple, 6 to 8, reniform to cordate, subentire or shallowly sinuate, 1 to 2% in. broad; pods erect on spreading pedicels % to 1% in. long; style very short.—Montane, 5500 to 6000 f t . : Placer Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore., e. to northern Nev. June-July. 3. C. br&weri Wats. Stems f r o m a slender rootstock, erect or decumbent at base, 7 to 16 in. high; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves 3 (or to 7)foliolate, or the basal mostly simple; terminal leaflet usually round-cordate, entire to shallowly lobed; lateral leaflets usually smaller and rounded, t h e

426

CRUCIFERAli

upper more oblong or lanceolate; pods 8 to 33 lines long, % to % line wide, ascending or erect on pedicels 4 to 7 lines long; style almost none.—Montane, 4000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; and near sea-level at Humboldt B a y ; n. to Wash., e. to Wyo. 4. C. gambelii Wats. Stems rather stout, 2 to 4 ft. long, decumbent and rooting at base; herbage glabrous or sparingly soft-villous; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, broadly ovate to narrowly oblong, cuneate at base, acute, 1 or 2-tootlied on each side, 4 to 9 lines long; raceme very dense, becoming elongated; pods 9 to 10 lines long, on divaricate pedicels nearly as long; style slender, 1 line long.—Swamps, cismontane s. Cal., 1000 to 3000 ft., from Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to Mex. 5. C. oligospermia Nutt. Stems branched from the base or simple, 3 to 14 in. high; herbage hispidulous or glabrous; leaves pinnate (the basal in a rosette), % to IV2 in. long (including the petiole)} leaflets 5 to 11, little unequal, with a notch in each side toward the apex, 1 to 4 lines long, petiolulate; petals much surpassing the sepals; pods 6 to 9 (or 12) lines long; valves separating while still green-herbaceous; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, little accrescent in fruit.—Under oaks and other trees in openly wooded country, 20 to 700 f t . : Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B . C. 6. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Annual or biennial; stems simple or branched, 8 to 20 in. high; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 7 to 13, mostly oblong or linear, but those of the lowest leaves suborbicular, mostly sessile; pods suberect, on spreading pedicels 3 to 6 lines long.—Moist places, chiefly in the shade, 3000 to 4000 f t . : e. Nevada Co.; n. to Alaska, e. to the Atlantic. 12.

D E N T A R I A L.

TOOTHWORT

Glabrous perennials. Stems and one or two long-petioled basal leaves from tuberous rootstocks, the stems rarely branched and sparingly leafy. Flowers in a raceme, large, white or rose-tinted. Sepals equal at base, erect or nearly so. Petals with slender claws and ovate spreading limb, much longer than the sepals. Pod linear, flattened, parallel to the partition, stout, attenuate above into the slender style, the valves and partitions not nerved; seeds wingless. (Latin, dens, a tooth, the rootstocks toothed in some species.) Style 1 to 3 lines long. Cauline leaves more or less scattered along stem, compound or simple; flowers in a raceme 1. D. integrifolia. Cauline leaves simple, approximate beneath the corymbose r a c e m e . . . 2 . D. corymbosa. Style 5 lines long 3. D. macrocarpa.

1. D. integrifolia Nutt. MILK-MAIDS. Stems mostly one from the rootstock, erect, 6 to 21 in. high, the herbage rather fleshy; leaves thickish, the leaves or leaflets entire; basal leaves simple or trifoliolate, the leaves or leaflets orbicular, ovate or reniform, % to 2 % in. long; cauline 3 or 5-foliolate, the leaflets orbicular to lanceolate or linear; raceme mostly single; corolla white, 6 lines broad; sepals green or dull red; pods flattened, 1 to 1 % in. long, terminating in a stout style 1 % to 2 lines long.—Valley floors or wet hillsides, always in open situations, 50 to 500 f t . : Coast Eanges from Monterey Co. to Marin Co., often whitening low moist fields in Mar.-Apr. Var. CALIFORNICA (Nutt.) Jepson. Leaves larger (1 to 2 % in. long) and thinner, more commonly denticulate, sometimes pale purple beneath; flowers white or pale rose-color.—Shady banks or rich woods or thickets, 200 to 8700 ft., common in the hill country throughout cismontane Cal. (D. californica Nutt.) Var. TRACYI Jepson n. var. Leaves a very dense deep purple beneath, the basal smaller than in var. californica; flowers deep rose-pink, slightly smaller.—Woods, Van Duzen Eiver, Humboldt Co. (Blue Slide, Tracy 5426, type). Var. CARDIOPHFLLA Jepson n. comb. Leaves all undivided.—Vaca Mts.; Plumas Co. (Syn. Fl. 1 : 1 5 5 ) . (Cardamine cardiophylla Greene.) Var. PACHYSTIGMA Wats. Raceme sessile or nearly so.—Plumas Co. 2. D. corymbdsa Jepson n. sp. Plants 5 to 8 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves all simple, mostly orbicular in outline, coarsely dentate or sometimes

MUSTARD

427

FAMILY

lobed, especially at apex, 1 to 1% in. long; basal leaves round-cordate; cauline leaves mostly 2 or 3, approximate on upper part of stem; f r u i t i n g raceme corymbose, the lower pedicels 1 to 1% in. long; pods 1 to 1% in. long, not including the (2 to 3 lines long) style.—High peaks of the inner North Coast Ranges, 6500 to 7000 ft., from Yollo Bolly Mts. to n. Lake Co. Flowers unknown. (South Yollo Bolly, Jepson, type.) 3. D. macrocarpa Nutt. Similar to no. 1; style 5 lines long.—Plumas Co. to Del. Norte Co.; n. to Ore. 13. S M E L 6 W S K I A C. A. Mey. Low caespitose perennials with stellate-pubescent herbage. Leaves deeply pinnatifld or bipinnatifid. Flowers in racemes, small, white, yellowish or purplish-tinged. Anthers slightly sagittate at base. Pods oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less obcompressed, the valves strongly keeled; style short. (Timotheus Smielowski, Eussian botanist, 19th century.) Herbage densely whitish-pubescent; leaf segments soft, obtuse; pods somewhat obcompressed but subteretish 1. to % Hue wide, on pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged or wingless.—Foothills and mts., 100 to 4700 f t . : Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, and cismontane S. Cal., widely distributed and not rare, but the plants commonly solitary; n. to Can., and e. to N. Eng.; Eur., Asia, Aust. Apr. 4. A. hirsuta Scop. HAIRY ROCK CRESS. Biennial; stems erect, simple or strictly branched, 1 to 3 ft. high; herbage deep green, rather sparsely hirsute; leaves entire or sparingly dentate, the basal oblanceolate to elliptic oblong on short petioles, winged, 1 to 3 in. long, the cauline oblong to lanceolate, sessile by a subcordate base; petals white, 2 to 4 lines long; pods linearfiliform, iy> to 2 in. long, % to % line wide, erect, on slender pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; valves faintly nerved below the middle and more or less veined; style scarcely any; seeds in one row, suborbicular, very narrowly margined.— Widely scattered in Cal., but rare; e. to Ga., n. to Alas.; Eur., Asia. 5. A. blepharophylla H. & A. ROSE CRESS. Stems few or several from the crown of a perennial root, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage deep green, most commonly glabrous; leaves dentate or entire, ciliate with forked hairs, the basal broadly spatulate to obovate, obtuse, the few cauline oblong, sessile; flowers large and fragrant; sepals often colored, broad, 2 to 3 lines long, one pair more or less saccate at base and broader than the other pair; petals rose-purple, 5 to 7 lines long; pods erect or ascending, nearly straight, 1 to \y> in. long, 1 line wide; valves veined, 1-nerved; seeds in 1 row.—Rocky

MUSTARD

429

FAMILY

hillsides and ridges near the sea: Marin Co. to Monterey Co. Mar.-Apr. Var. macd to 3 % in. long, typically rather closely reflexed, usually secund on glabrous pedicels.—Montane, 4000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Siskiyou Co. to Tulare Co.; White Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; thence e. to N. Mex. Var. secÖnda Jepson n. comb. Biennial or perennial; stems simple, several from the base or solitary, branched above, 8 to 18 in. high; herbage densely pubescent below, scantily pubescent above; leaves 1 to in. long, the basal petioled, oblanceolate, r e p a n d toothed, the eauline sagittate-clasping, oblong-linear, repand or entire; flowers white, 3 Vk lines long, becoming pendent on pubescent pedicels; pods narrow, secund, deflexed, to 2 % in. long.—N. Humboldt Co. and 417. Arabis holboellii Hörnern, var. arcuata w. Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. (A. Jepson; habit x secunda Howell.) Var. a r c u ä t a Jepson n. comb. Fig. 417. Stems usually simple and erect, 1 to 2 % f t . high from a perennial caudex; herbage stellate-pubescent throughout; basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, mostly acute, entire or repand-dentate, 1 to or 2!/4 in. long, the petioles often ciliate; eauline leaves linear to lanceolate, mostly entire; flowers 3 to 3 % lines long, mostly dark red; pods curved or nearly straight, 2 to 3 % in. long, % to 1% lines wide, acute, spreading or deflexed on divaricate pubescent or pilose pedicels 2 to 5 lines long.—Mountains, 2500 to 6000 f t . : South Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a from Yosemite to Tulare Co.; cismontane S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. (A. arcuata Gray.) 10. A. lemmönii Wats. Stems few to many from a branched perennial crown, 3 to 9 in. high; herbage pubescent, occasionally glabrous above; lower leaves spntulate to oblanceolate, petioled, 3 to 6 or 8 lines long, covered with a fine but dense whitish felt, the hairs short witli the several branches rebranched; flowers light purple, 2 to 3 lines long; pods glabrous, straight or nearly so, 1 to l J / j in. long, widely

MUSTARD

FAMILY

431

spreading or recurved; pedicels glabrous, seeds narrowly winged, in one row.—Rocky places, 8500 to 11,000 f t . : White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare and Inyo Cos. to Shasta Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Mont, and Wyo. I t is very near A. breweri in habit and character, but the stems are more slender and the leaves grayer. 11. A. b r i w e r i Wats. BREWER ROCK CRESS. Pig. 418. Stems many from the much branched crown of a stout woody root, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage pubescent, the hairs seldom more t h a n 3-forked; lower leaves broadly spatulate, entire, or rarely with 1 or 2 teeth, 3 to 10 lines long, the petioles ciliate; upper leaves lanceolate to oblong, sessile by a subcordate base or obtusely auriculate; flowers bright red-purple or nearly white, 3 to 4 lines long, the pedicels and purplish calyx more or less pubescent; pods spreading and arcuate, glabrous, 1% to 2% in. long, 1 line broad; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, in one row or nearly so.—Rocky summits of mountain peaks in the Coast Ranges f r o m Siskiyou Co. to Santa Clara Co. 12. A. gracilipes Greene. Stems 2 to several, 7 to 14 (or 16) in. high, from the loosely branched crown of a perennial root, hairy-pubescent below, glabrous above; basal leaves loose, obovate, long-petioled, repand-dentate, thinly pubescent with 3 to 4-branched hairs, 1 to 1% in. long; later leaves oblanceolate or the upper cauline oblong to lanceolate, sessile; sepals very thinly pubescent with 3 to 4-branched hairs or almost glabrous; petals narrow with purple blade; pods glabrous, 1% to 2% in. long, spreading on very slender glabrous pedicels % to 1 in. long; seeds in one row.—Mts. of the Colorado and Mohave deserts, n. to Inyo Co., e. to Ariz. (A. arcuata var. longipes Wats.) 13. A. perennans Wats. Stems several, erect from a usually branching and somewhat woody root-crown, 1 to 1% f t . high; herbage stellate-canescent, or stellate-puberulent and greenish, or glabrous above; basal leaves narrow-oblanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, the petioles sometimes ciliate; cauline leaves linear to lanceolate; raceme rather loose; flowers reddish or pale, 2 to 3 lines long; calyx and pedicels stellate-pubescent to glabrous; pods glabrous, rarely thinly puberulent, straight or nearly so, 1 to 4 in. long, 1 line wide, widely spreading or recurved on pedicels 2 to 6 lines long; stigma small, sessile; seeds in 2 rows, orbicular, very narrowly margined.—Mountain ranges in and bordering the Colorado and Mohave deserts, n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and Ariz. 14. A. subpinnatiflda Wats. Stems simple, 1 or few from a biennial or perennial root, 8 to 12 in. high; herbage (especially the leaves) canescent or almost silvery; basal leaves t u f t e d , very narrowly linear-oblanceolate, entire or toothed, petioled, 1 to 2 in. long, t h e cauline lanceolate, unequally or saliently incised, sometimes merely toothed, or t h e uppermost entire; flowers rose-color or white, 5 to 7 lines long; pods pubescent, slightly curved, 2 to 3 (or 5) in. long, 1 to 1% lines wide, a t t e n u a t e to a short style, and pendent upon recurved or spreading puberulent or hairy pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; seeds in 1 row, as broad as the partition, winged.—Mts. of Siskiyou Co.; sw. Ore. to n. Nev. Var. BECKWITHII Jepson n. comb. Stouter; leaves less strongly toothed or entire.—E. slope Sierra Nevada, Siskiyou and Modoc Cos. s. to Inyo Co. I t approaches A. pulchra. (A. beckwithii Wats.) 15. A. pulchra Jones. Stems erect, leafy, 12 to 15 in. high, few or severe-1 from a branching woody crown; herbage stellate-canescent throughout oi glabrate; lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate and petioled, 1 to 2 in. long, the upper linear-lanceolate, sessile; raceme rather dense; flowers usually large, soon spreading or reflexed; petals 4 to 6 lines long, rose-color, about twice as long as the pubescent sepals; pods pendent, finely pubescent, 1 % to 2% in. long, 1% lines wide, on pedicels 1 to 6 lines long; stigma sessile; valves 1-nerved, veined; seeds small, in 2 rows, orbieular, winged.—Mts. and higher slopes on the borders of the Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Col.

432

CRUCIFERAE

16. A. glaucovalvula Jones. Fig. 419. Stems several from' a branching woody crown, branched above, 7 to 14 in. high; herbage canescent; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, petioled, 1 to 2 in. long, the cauline few, linear to lanceolate, reduced and sessile; flowers rather large, purple, in one-sided racemes; sepals ovate, woolly-pubescent with scarious margins; pods deflexed, glabrous, glaucous, narrowoblong, rounded at each end, 1-nerved and veiny, 1 Vi to 1% in. long, wide, on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; style stout and rsither prominent; seeds in 2 rows with broad membranous wings, 2 lines broad.—• Gravelly mesas, 2200 to 5000 f t . : Inyo Co.; e. Mohave Desert. 17. A. suffrutescens Wats. Stems several, 7 to 14 in. high, from a branching woody cnudex; herbage glabrous, or the basal leaves sparsely ciliate; basal leaves oblanceolate, cauline lanceolate, t h e lower scarcely auriculate; flowers few, 3 lines long, purplish; pods 1 t o 2 in. long, 1% to 3 lines broad, pendulous on pedicels 4 to 9 lines long; valves 1-nerved, veined; seeds in 2 rows.—Dry or stony situations, 419. Arabis glaucovalvula , e. and n. of the Sierra Nevada crest a, habit x Mt; i>, seed x from Placer Co. to Siskiyou Co.; rarely collected in Cal.; n. to Wash. 18. A. platysperma Gray. Fig. 420. Stems erect or ascending from a slender branching rootstock, 2% to 12 in. high; herbage glaucous, finely pubescent or hispidulous or glabrous; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole, % to 1% in. long, the upper oblong- to linear-lanceolate, sessile; petals at first white, changing to rosecolor, 2 to 3 lines long, the sepals % to nearly as long, glabrous or hispid towards apex; pods erect or a little spreading, 1 to 2 in. long, 1% to 2 lines broad, tipped with a short stout style; valves distinctly veined, 1-nerved toward the base; seeds in 1 row, orbicular, winged all around (or nearly so) with a broad scarious membrane.—High montane slopes, 7000 to 13,000 f t . : inner North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; San Gabriel H t s . ; San Jacinto Mts. June. Var. H o w i m i Jepson n. comb. Seeds in 2 rows.—Siskiyou H t s . (s. Ore.); White Mts. (Arabis howellii Wats.) 19. A. inamoina Greene. Stems scapelike, arising from the dense basal leaf 420. Arabis platysperma G r a y ; a, habit x rosettes of the branched caudex, 1 to fl,x3;c, petal x 3 ; d, stamen f r o m 1 V> in. high; leaves narrowly oblancebehind x 3 ; e, dehiscent pod x % ; olate, 2 to 5 lines long, about Y2 line f, seed x 3.

MUSTARD

FAMILY

433

wide, hispid, persistent for 1 to 3 years in dense whorls below the leaves of the season; pods similar to no. 18.—Whitney plateau, s. Sierra Nevada, 8500 to 10,000 ft. 20. A. parishii Wats. Stems slender, simple, erect, 1 to 5 in. high, several to many from the densely tufted crown of a simple or branched caudex; herbage finely stellate-pubescent; basal leaves numerous, linear-oblanceolate, entire, 2 to 5 (or 7) lines long, the cauline few and linear, or none; petals rose-color, 3 to 4 lines long, twice as long as the purplish sepals; pods glabrous, 7 to 9 lines long, 1 to 1% lines wide, ascending on pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; style filiform, 2 to 2 % lines long; valves 1-nerved and veined; seeds in 1 row, elliptical, narrowly winged.—San Bernardino Mts., 6500 to 9800 ft. 1 5 . ERYSIMUM L . WALL FLOWER Erect stoutish biennials or perennials, simple or with few branches. Leaves narrow, entire or dentate. Flowers large, orange to light yellow. Sepals narrow, equal at base or the lateral saccate. Petals with slender claws and obovate blades. Pods linear, flattened, with 1-nerved valves, or quadrangular. Seeds in 1 row, numerous, not margined. (Greek name of a garden plant.) Stems simple above the base. Flowers cream-color or yellowish ; pods flattened parallel to the partition ; littoral 1. E. capitatimi. Flowers orange; pods 4-sided; montane 2. E. asperum. Stems profusely branched from the base; flowers yellow; pods 4-sided; insular 3. E. insulare.

1. E. capitàtum (Dougl.) Greene. Biennial; stems stout, erect, % to 1% ft. high, leafy; herbage puberulent; leaves narrowly oblong, gradually contracted to a petiole, entire or repand-dentate, 1 to 3 in. long; flowers creamcolor to yellowish, rarely white, at first sub-capitate, the axis elongating in fruit and becoming a raceme; pods spreading or divaricate, IYJ to 3 % in. long, lines wide, abruptly short-pointed; valves flattish, 1-nerved; seeds broadly oblong to orbicular sometimes with narrow margin.—Along the coast from Los Angeles to Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 2. E. àsperum (Nutt.) D C . WESTERN WALL FLOWER. Biennial or perennial; stems erect, simple or branching above, 1 to 2% ft. high, densely leafy below; herbage strigulose, the hairs often stellately 3-parted; leaves narrow (2 to 6 lines wide and 3 to 6 in. long, or the uppermost shorter), entire or sharply dentate, the lower slender-petioled; flowers orange, 8 to 10 lines in diameter; pods 4-sided, ascending or widely spreading, commonly 3 to 4 in. long, 1 line wide; seeds oblong, turgid, often slightly winged at one end.—Common on rocky hills and mountains throughout Cai. Mar.-Apr. Var. PERÈNNE Wats. Perennial; stems more slender, often tufted, 5 to 15 in. higlj; flowers lemon-yellow; pods thinner, flattened, tapering at apex.—Subalpine, 8 0 0 0 to 1 2 , 0 0 0 ft., Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. 3. E. insulàre Greene. Stem stout, profusely branched, woody at base; leaves long linear, crowded, attenuate and often recurved at the tip, 1 Vi to 2 % in. long; raceme short; seeds not margined.—Sandy slopes, San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands. E. REPANDUM L. Annual, branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate, repanddentate; flowers yellow, 2 to 3 lines long; pods 4-sided, 2y2 in. long, rigid, horizontal, spine-like.—Introd. from Eur.; troublesome in alfalfa fields in Modoc Co., becoming a tumbleweed; sometimes miscalled Russian Thistle. E. CHERIÀNTHOÌDES L. Erect, branching above; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate, short-petioled; flowers pale yellow, 2 lines long; pods 4-sided, % to 1 in. long, ascending on slender spreading pedicels 4 lines long.— Adventive along railroad, Placer Co.; introd. from Eur. 16. MATTHÌOLA R. Br. Stout stellate-tomentose herbs with oblong or linear leaves. Flowers usually purple, sweet-scented; petals with long claws and broad showy blades.

434

CRUCIFERAE

Pod large, linear, nearly terete or compressed; stigmas thickened or horned at the back. (Peter Andrew Matthioli, 1500-1577, Italian physician and celebrated botanist.) 1. M. incina ( L . ) E. Br. Garden S t o c k . Stems erect, branched above, 2 f t . high; leaves entire or sinuately dentate, 4 to 7 in. long; flowers % to in. broad; pods 2 % to 4 in. long; seeds thin, flat, circular, wing-margined. —Native of Eur.; naturalized along the seashore bluffs of San Diego and Orange Cos. 17. P A R R Y A R. Br. Perennial herbs, with basal leaves and flowering stems borne on the crown of a simple or branched caudex. Flowers purple or rose-colored, the clusters showy. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod very strongly flattened, produced at apex into a prominent acute or attenuate point, the valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 2 rows, convex or turgid. (Capt. W. E. Parry, British navigator, who discovered the first-known species while on quest of the Northwest Passage.) Pods divaricately spreading; flowering stems 2 to 3 times as long as the leaves 1. P. Pods ascending; flowering stems scarcely exceeding the leaves 2. P .

menziesii. eurycarpa.

1. P . menziesii (Hook.) Greene. Plants 3 to 6 in. high, the flowering scapose stems and the leaves caespitose on a thick caudex, the caudex simple or with few short branches; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, densely stellate-tomentose, entire, drawn down to a petiole at base, 1 to 4 in. long; racemes many-flowered; pods ensiform, attenuate to the short style, 1 to 1Vz in. long, glabrous, 2 to 4-seeded; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long, both the pedicels and the pods spreading horizontally.—Montane, 4000 to 9600 f t . : e. slope of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co., w. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Mendocino Co.; w. Nev. to Ore. Var. glAbka Jepson n. var. Plant entirely glabrous.—Lake City Mt., Modoc Co. (C. C. Bruce 2250, type). 2. P. eurycarpa (Gray) Jepson n. comb. Plants 1 to 2 in. high, the flowering stems and leaves caespitose on a slender branched caudex; herbage stellate-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long; raceme fewflowered; pods oblong-ovate, acute, glabrous, % to 1 in. long, 3 to 5 lines broad; style % line long; seeds oval, the seed-coat covered with silverywhite more or less crisped scales or processes.—Subalpine slides, 11,500 to 14,300 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co.; White Mts.; n. to Ida. (Draba eurycarpa Gray.) 18. T R 6 P I D O C A R P T J M Hook. Erect or diffusely spreading annuals with pubescent herbage, pinnatifid leaves and leafy racemes of rather small yellow flowers. Sepals concave, ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals cuneate-obovate. Stamens tetradynamous; anthers roundish. Style slender, sometimes short. Pod completely or partially 2-celled, or 1-celled, strongly flattened contrary to the narrow partition, or only the upper part flattened, or somewhat inflated; valves 2 to 4, opening from above; seeds in 2 to 4 rows. (Greek tropis, keel, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the carinate valves of the capsule.) Plants, when robust, with mostly straggling branches; pods 2-valved and 2-celled 1. T. gracile. Plants commonly erect; pods 4-valved and 1-celled 2. T. capparideum.

1. T. gracile Hook. Stems erect or at last very diffuse, 5 to 14 in. long; leaves pinnatifid, the segments commonly linear, acutish, cleft or entire; leaves of the inflorescence similar but reduced; pedicels axillary, 3 to 10 lines long, spreading; stamens very unequal; pods linear, strongly obcompressed throughout, tardily dehiscent, 1 to 1 % in. long; seeds in 2 rows.— Plains and low hills bordering the Great "Valley; South Coast Ranges; Inyo Co. and s. through the Mohave Desert to San Diego Co. Var. DiJBiUM Jepson n. comb. Pods 1-celled below, the partition persistent in the upper third or fourth; otherwise like the species.—West side of the San Joaquin Valley and s. to coastal S. Cal. ( T . dubium Dav.)

MUSTARD

FAMILY

435

2. T . capparideum Greene. S t e m stoutish, e r e c t , 8 to 10 in. high, simple o r sparingly b r a n c h e d ; f o l i a g e as in T . g r a c i l e , t h e upper l e a v e s somewhat more deeply parted and with longer subentire s e g m e n t s ; pods linear-oblong, 7 to 10 lines long, 2 lines wide, somewhat inflated, 1-celled, conspicuously 6-nerved, tipped with a short s t y l e ; v a l v e s 4, t h e dehiscence b e g i n n i n g at the a p e x ; seeds in 4 r o w s . — A l k a l i n e soil, M t . Diablo range and bordering plains. 19. L Y R O C A R P A Hook. & H a r v . E r e c t herbs, ours perennial, with somewhat flexuous b r a n c h e s and stellatepubescence. L e a v e s toothed or runcinately pinnatifid. Sepals linear-oblong, sharply a c u t e , strongly connivent. P e t a l s in ours linear-elongated. S t y l e short or none. S t i g m a r a t h e r large. Pod in ours fiddle-shape, flattened c o n t r a r y to t h e narrow partition. ( G r e e k lyra, a lyre, and karpos, f r u i t . ) 1. L . coulteri Hook. & H a r v . F i g . 421. S t e m s several, woody a t base, 1 % to 2 f t . h i g h ; flowers in a loose raceme, m a t u r i n g slowly, sweet-scented; sepals stellate-tomentose, strongly connivent +r. t h e i r length, becoming distinct from below; petals t a w n y yellow, lancelinear, 6 to 8 lines long, t a p e r i n g to a long, slender claw; seeds 2 to several in each cell, round, flat.—Western Colorado D e s e r t ; s. to L. Cal. and Sonora. 20. L E S Q U E E i l L L A W a t s . L o w herbs, ours stellate-pubescent throughout. F l o w e r s usually yellow. S t y l e slender; s t i g m a entire or nearly so. Pod globose-inflated to o b o v a t e ; cells 2 to 15-seeded; seeds flattened; cotyledons accumbent. ( L e o Lesquereux, distinguished American paleob o t a n i s t and bryologist, 1805-1889.) Annual;

basal leaves not forming a rosette; pods globose, as if glabrous but minutely pubescent under a lens; style a little shorter than the pod 1. L. palmeri. P e r e n n i a l ; basal leaves in a rosette; style equaling or slightly longer than the pods; pedicels straight or straightish. Pods globose or subglobose, thinly pubescent; flowers yellow. 3 lines long. . 2 . L. kinriii. Pods flattened on the margins, ovate, densely pubescent; flowers deep yellow, 4 lines long 3. L. occidentalis.

1. L . palmeri W a t s . S t e m s slender, mostly e r e c t ; leaves oblong-oblanceo l a t e , narrowed to a slender p e t i o l e ; pedicels ascending, horizontal or recurved, usually sigmoid; ovules 4 to 6 in each c e l l ; pods l 1 /» lines in diameter. — E . Colorado and M o h a v e deserts; e. to Ariz., s. to L. Cal. 2. L . k i n g i i W a t s . S t e m s ascending or decumbent, 2 to 7 in. long; basal leaves suborbicular to elliptic, entire or 1 to 3-(lentate on each side, drawn down to petiole 1 to 1 % t i m e s as long; cauline leaves o b l a n e e o l a t e ; pods 2 to 3 lines in diameter, the cells 2 to 4-ovuled.—East side of the S i e r r a N e v a d a (or its northern c r e s t s ) from I n y o Co. to Modoc Co., 5000 to 11,500 f t . 3. L . o c c i d e n t a l i s W a t s . S t e m s erect or ascending, 3 to 9 in. high, from the crown o f a stout t a p r o o t ; leaves e n t i r e , the basal orbicular to elliptic, v a r y i n g to oblaneeolate, narrowed to petioles 1 % to 2 times as long, t h e cauline s p a t u l a t e ; flowers 3 to 4 lines l o n g ; pods somewhat flattened, o v a t e , a c u t i s h , 2 to 4 lines long; cells 4 - o v u l e d . — E a s t side and north end of the

436

CRUCIFERAE

Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Lake Co.; n. to Ore. 21.

DITHTFREA

Harv.

Ours ail annual herb with finely pubescent herbage. Sepals stellate-tomentose, connivent above, forming a closed tube. Petals white or tinged with purple, conspicuous, broadly spatulate, with spreading blades and slender claws. Stamens 6; anthers, linear, sagittate. Pod strongly obcompressed and didymous, that is notched both above and below, the lobes suborbicular, with a distinct cord-like margin. Style almost none, crowned by a large helmet-shaped stigma. (Greek, dis, two, and thureos, shield, referring to the flattened twin fruit.) 1. D . califórnica Harv. S P E C T A C L E POD. Fig. 422. Stems several from the base, spreading or ascending, 4 to 10 in. or 1% ft. high, very brittle at the joints; leaves thickish, ovate or oblong-ovate shallowly and somewhat sinuately few-toothed, 1 to 3V4 in. long, the basal on petioles nearly as long, the cauline nearly sessile and somewhat cuneate at base; racemes very dense; flowers sweet-scented, 4 to 5 lines long, on pedicels scarcely 1 line long; pods with a tomentosemargined border, 3 to 4 lines broad. •—Sandy soil in the deserts: Inyo Co., Mohave and Colorado deserts; s. to M é x . , e. t o N e v .

V a r . MARÍTIMA

Dav.

Leaves mostly orbicular, sinuate to entire, thicker, distinctly fleshy, more densely canescent-tomentose; racemes very dense; pods more densely pubescent. —• Coast sand dunes from Los Angeles Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.

422. D i t h y r e a c a l i f o r n i c a H a r v . ;

y2

x H;

a, habit x pod x 2.

22. THLÁSPI L.

Herbs with undivided leaves, the c a u l i n e ones auriculate-clasping. Flowers in ours white. Sepals short, oval, obtuse. Petals obovate or oblanceolate. Anthers short, oval. Pods obcompressed, in ours obcuneate, obovate or orbicular, the valves often winged, especially towards the apex. Seeds 2 or several in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. (Greek thlan, to crush, on account of the strongly flattened pods.) ; b, f r . branchlet

c,

P e r e n n i a l ; pod o b o v a t e ; seed smooth A n n u a l ; p o d o r b i c u l a r ; seed r u g o s e

1. T. 2. T.

alpestre. arvense.

1. T. alpèstre L. Fig. 423a. Stems commonly many from a branching perennial crown, 3 to 8 in. high; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, round-obovate to oblanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, narrowed to slender petioles 1 to 2 times as long, the cauline ovate to oblong, sessile-auriculate; raceme rather dense; flowers white, 2 to 3 lines long; petals rather spreading, twice the length of the sepals; pods narrowly obovate or obcuneate, 3 to 4 lines long, twice as long as wide, retuse or truncate at apex, flattened toward the margin, the summit narrowly winged; style slender, y2 to nearly 1 line long.— Northern mts., 3800 to 4000 ft.: Humboldt, Trinity, and Siskiyou Cos., e. to Plumas Co. Var. C A L I F Ó R N I C U M Jepson n. comb. Fig. 423b, c, d. Four to 12 in. high; raceme looser; pods truncate to retuse at apex.—N. Humboldt Co. (T. califórnicum Wats.)

MUSTARD 2.

T.

arvSnse

L.

PENNY

FAMILY

437

CRESS.

Annual, erect, 8 to 14 in. high; often branched above; leaves % to 2 in. long, rather remotely toothed; the basal spatulate, the cauline oblong, obtuse; flowers smaller than in T. alpestre and with narrower petals; pods orbicular, or nearly so, % in. in diameter, strongly obcompressed, broadly winged, the apex deeply notched; style very short.—Introd. from Eur., adventive in Modoc and Los Angeles Cos. Also called French Weed. Ionopsidium acaule (Desf.) Rchb. Annual, 2 to 2 % in. high; stem short, rather densely leafy, each axil bearing a long naked one-flowered peduncle; leaves ovate, entire, 2 lines long, long-petioled; pods obcompressed, flattened, round-ovate, 2 lines long.—Adventive at Ferndale, Humboldt Co.; native of Portugal.

23. CORdNOPUS Ludwig. Prostrate heavy-scented annuals, 4 2 3 . Thlaspi alpestre L . ; a, pod x 2 ; var. fr. with pinnatifid leaves and short californicum Jepson; b, habit x Y2c, raceme x ^ ; d, pod x 2. racemes of minute greenish white flowers. Sepals oval, spreading. Stamens 6 or often only 4 or 2. Pod small, more or less didymous, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, the surface strongly wrinkled or tuberculate; valves falling away at maturity from the persistent axis as closed or nearly closed nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek korono, crow, and pous, foot, because of the shape of the leaves.) 1. C. didymus ( L . ) Sm. WART CRESS. Stems numerous, freely branching, diffuse or prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves % to 1 in. long, pinnately parted into entire or sharply toothed segments; pods small, about 1 line broad, notched both above and below, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed or didymous, each lobe turgid and finely wrinkled.—South American weed, naturalized near dwellings in n. Cal. C. PROCtJMBENs Gilib. Swine Cress. Pods notched above, obscurely didymous, strongly roughened and cristate-muricate.—Adventive at San Francisco; native of Eur. (C. ruelli All.) 24.

L E P i D I U M L.

PEPPER-GRASS

Low annuals, rarely perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid leaves and very small flowers to 1 or 2 lines long). Petals white, rarely yellow, sometimes none. Stamens 6, 4 or 2. Pod an orbicular, ovate or broadly oblong silicle, strongly obcompressed, and commonly notched or lobed at the more or less winged apex; valves acutely carinate, the cells 1-seeded. Style present or none. (Greek lepidion, a little scale, the pods flattened.) A. Style distinctly developed and persistent. Pods not notched at apex or indistinctly notched. jaredi. Flowers yellow; pods orbicular 1. L. Flowers white. Pods cordate; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, auriculate-clasping at base 2. L. draba. Pods elliptic; leaves deeply toothed or pinnatifid, petioled 3. L. montanum. Pods notched at apex. Flowers white or nearly so. Herbage pubescent; annual or biennial herbs. Pods thick, winged; upper leaves oblong, sagittate-clasping, d e n t i c u l a t e . . . . 4. L. campestre.

438

CRUCIFERAE P o d s thin, not winged, merely notched at apex; upper leaves cordate-clasping, entire 5. L. perfoliatum. Herbage glabrous; perennial herbs; leaves not clasping, the upper ones linear; desert species. Stems woody below; silicle obcordate 6. L. fremontii. Stems herbaceous; silicle oval 7. L. alyssoides. Flowers bright yellow; plant prostrate 8. L. fiavum.

B. Style none, the stigma sessile or subsessile; annuals. P o d s notched but not winged. Pedicels terete or only slightly flattened. Plants prostrate or diffuse; petals none; leaves pinnatifid, the lowest bipinnatifid. 9. L. bipinnatifidum. Plants erect. Petals n o n e ; var. californicum of 10. L. virginicum. Petals present. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, dentate, the basal sometimes pinnatifid with ovate-acute segments 10. L. virginicum. Cauline leaves pinnate or bipinnate with ovate or lanceolate segments. . 11. L. robinsonii. Pedicels very much flattened. Herbage hirsutulose; petals minute or n o n e ; pods pubescent, at least on the margins 12. L. lasiocarpum. Herbage glabrous or sparingly pubescent; petals present; pods glabrous 13. L. nitidum. P o d s winged at apex with two lobes or teeth and Conspicuously reticulate; d w a r f s with mostly prostrate or decumbent stems; wings or teeth approximate or parallel and Nearly as long as the body 14. L. latipes. Very short 15. L. dictyotum. With finer reticulations, the teeth divergent 16. L. oxycarpum.

1. L. jaredi Bdg. Slender glaucous pubescent annual 4 to 8 in. high, with narrow lanceolate entire or somewhat toothed leaves and branched rather loose inflorescence; pedicels filiform, 5 lines in length; flowers yellow, a little over 1 line long; pods glabrous, not retuse until by incipient dehiscence.—• Goodwin, San Luis Obispo Co.; Riverdale, Fresno Co. 2. L . draba L . HOARY CRESS. Perennial from deep-seated roots; herbage grayish; stems several from the ground, 12 to 16 in. high, leafy below, branching above and bearing a panicle of racemes; leaves large, ovate, sagittate-clasping at base and with scattered minute teeth on the margin; pods somewhat cordate, neither winged nor notched at apex.—Garden plant, nat. from Eur. Var. AURICULATUM Thell. Leaves narrow; pod elliptic, pubescent.—Los Angeles. 3. L. montanum N u t t . Biennial; stem branching above or o f t e n from the base, 10 to 14 in. high; herbage minutely pulverulent to shortly hirsute; leaves pinnatifid (sometimes bipinnatifid), the segments ovate to oblongelliptic or rarely linear; upper leaves toothed or rarely entire; flowers in dense racemes; pods elliptic, varying to ovatish or orbicular, obscurely notched at apex, 1 to 1% lines long, on spreading pedicels twice as long.— Mountain valleys, Siskiyou Co. (rare in Cal.); n. to Ore., e. to Col. and Tex. 4. L . campestre R. Br. P O O R - M A N ' S P E P P E R . Annual or biennial; stems 1 or several f r o m the base, erect, 9 to 14 in. high, very leafy up to the inflorescence; herbage hoary-pubescent; cauline leaves oblong, mostly sagittate-clasping, denticulate, crowded, 1 to 3% in. long; basal leaves pinnately lobed, long-petioled; pedicels horizontally spreading, equaling or a little shorter than the pods; pods broadly ovate, thick, squamulose, winged all around, 21/, lines long; style scarcely exserted from the narrow notch at apex.—European species, locally established in the Lake Tahoe region. 5. L. perfoliatum L. Diffusely branching, 1 to 2 f t . high; lower leaves bipinnatifid with linear lobes; upper leaves round-ovate, cordate-clasping, entire; pedicels spreading; pods rhombic-orbicular, minutely notched.— Introd. from Eur., sparingly naturalized. 6. L. fremontii Wats. Fig. 424. Rounded low evergreen bush, the stems woody below, % to 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaves narrow, linear, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of linear salient lobes or teeth; racemes very numerous; flowers on slender spreading pedicels;

MUSTARD

439

FAMILY

p e t a l s iy> t o 2 lines l o n g ; pods t h i n , lightcolored, shallowly o b c o r d a t e w i t h b r o a d r o u n d e d lobes, r o u n d e d or o f t e n p o i n t e d a t t h e b a s e , 3 lines long.—Arid r o c k y slopes, a b u n d a n t in t h e M o h a v e D e s e r t , s. to t h e Colorado D e s e r t , n. t o I n y o Co.; e. t o Col. 7. L. alyssoides G r a y . S t e m s several f r o m a perennial base; herbage glabrous; leaves linear, e n t i r e , % t o 1 or in- l o n g or t h e lower ones p i n n a t e l y p a r t e d into 5 to 11 oblong or oval e n t i r e or incised lobes a b o u t 1 line long; racemes dense, w h i t e - f l o w e r e d ; flowers a b o u t 1 line long; f r u i t i n g pedicels 2 to 3 lines l o n g ; pods oval, 1 line l o n g . — P l a i n s a n d mesas, e. M o h a v e D e s e r t ; e. t o Col. a n d T e x . 8.

L.

flavum

Torr.

YELLOW

PEPPER-GRASS.

P r o s t r a t e or d e c u m b e n t a n n u a l , 4 t o 16 in. b r o a d , v e r y b r i t t l e a t t h e j o i n t s ; h e r b a g e glabrous, yellow-green; l e a v e s s l i g h t l y fleshy, t h e basal rosulate, oblong-oblanceolate in outline, r e g u l a r l y p i n n a t i f i d w i t h short r o u n d e d lobes 424. Lepidium fremontii a n d n a r r o w a c u t e sinuses, t h e cauline oblanceW i t s . ; p o d x 5. olate t o o b o v a t e , p i n n a t i f i d , s p a r i n g l y t o o t h e d , or e n t i r e ; racemes short a n d dense, s u b c a p i t a t e ; pods glabrous, finely reticul a t e d , bifid a t t h e apex, t h e t e e t h acute, t h e sinus open; s t y l e half as l o n g as t h e b o d y of t h e p o d . — S a n d y b o t t o m s of d e s e r t w a s h e s or dry pool b e d s : M o h a v e a n d Colorado d e s e r t s a n d I n y o Co.; N e v . to Mex. M a r . - A p r . 9.

L. bipinnatifidum Desv.

WAYSIDE PEPPER-GRASS.

F i g . 425.

S t e m s 3 to 6 in. long, f r e e l y b r a n c h i n g f r o m t h e base, diffuse or even p r o s t r a t e , t h e p l a n t s o f t e n closely m a t t i n g t h e g r o u n d ; h e r b a g e light green, p u b e r u l e n t or g l a b r a t e ; l e a v e s p i n n a t i f i d or t h e lowest b i p i n n a t i f i d ; r a c e m e s n u m e r o u s , dense a n d r a t h e r 425. Lepidium n a r r o w ; p e t a l s n o n e ; pods round, n e a r l y 1 % lines long, g l a b r o u s , bipinnatifidum f a i n t l y r e t i c u l a t e , t h e t e e t h a t t h e apex short a n d o b t u s e ; Desv.; pod x 5. f r u i t i n g pedicels a s c e n d i n g , % t o 1 line long.—Common in h a r d b e a t e n soil by p a t h s a n d waysides, Coast R a n g e s a n d G r e a t V a l l e y ; n a t . f r o m S. Am. 10.

L. virginicum L.

T A L L PEPPER-GRASS.

F i g . 426.

Stem

erect,

%

to

2

f t . high, simple below, p a n i c u l a t e l y b r a n c h i n g a b o v e a n d b e a r i n g n u m e r o u s racemes 2 to 8 in. long, r a r e l y w i t h several s t e m s f r o m t h e b a s e ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s to s p a r i n g l y p u b e s c e n t ; l e a v e s oblanceolate, v a r y i n g to n a r r o w - o v a t e , s h a r p l y s e r r a t e ( t h e b a s a l sometimes pinn a t i f i d ) , n a r r o w e d a t base t o a petiole, 1 to 3 in. l o n g ; r a m e a l l e a v e s l i n e a r , s e r r a t e only t o w a r d s t h e apex or e n t i r e , s h o r t e r : p e t a l s w h i t e ; s t a m e n s 2; pods o r b i c u l a r or n e a r l y so, 1% lines long, notched a t t h e v e r y n a r r o w l y w i n g e d a p e x ; pedicels 1 Vii to 2 lines long, widely (or even h o r i z o n t a l l y ) spreading.—Moist valleys and s t r e a m b o t t o m s t h r o u g h o u t Cal.; e. to t h e A t l a n t i c . I t passes into t h e v a r . PUBISSCENS Thell. H e r b a g e and pods roughish p u b e s c e n t . — P r o v i d e n c e M t s . V a r . CALIF6RNICUM J e p s o n n. v a r . S t e m s u s u a l l y several f r o m t h e b a s e ; h e r b a g e p u b e r u l e n t to almost g l a b r a t e ; p e t a l s n o n e ; s t a m e n s 2.—E. Cal., especially in t h e desert r e g i o n ( B a r s t o w , J e p s o n 6623). 11. L . r o b i n s o n i i Thell. Stems b r a n c h i n g , commonly several f r o m t h e base, diffuse or ascending, 4 to 10 in. l o n g ; h e r b a g e p u b e s c e n t ; leaves once or t w i c e p i n n a t i f i d w i t h o v a t e or oblong a c u t e lobes; r a c e m e s a n d pods similar to L. lasio-

^ ' ¡ 2 ™ podx5.

440

CRUCIFERAE

carpum, but the latter glabrous.—Cismontane S. Cal. Perhaps only a leai form of L. lasiocarpum. 12. L. lasiocarpum Nutt. Stems many from the base, decumbent or ascending, 3 to 6 (or 10) in. long; herbage hirsutulose or hirsute; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, toothed, incised or less commonly pinnatifid; racemes many; pedicels distinctly flattened, horizontally spreading, lines long; sepals broadly oblong, usually purple, with thin white margins; petals minute or none; pods suborbicular, thinmargined near the apex, hispid-pubescent upon both faces or at least upon the edge, or sometimes (especially near the coast) quite glabrous.—Coast of S. Cal.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. 13. L . nitidum Nutt. COMMON P E P P E R - G K A S S . TONGUEGRASS. Fig. 427. Branching from or near the base, 1 to 10 in. high, the branches mostly simple; herbage glabrous or sparingly pubescent; leaves % to 4 in. long, pinnatifid with rachis ligulate and bearing entire or laciniately toothed discrete lobes, the terminal lanceolate lobe often enlarged or prolonged; upper leaves often entire; petals white, less than 1 line long, obovate, without distinct claw; stamens V 6, but the 2 shorter mere rudiments; pods round with a 4*27. Lepidium nitidum N u t t . ; narrow margin, abruptly notched at apex, to 2 lines pod x 5 . long, plane on the upper face, convex on the lower, glabrous and shining, often dark purple.—Common everywhere on the Cal. plains, low hills and in the valleys; n. to Wash. Feb.-Apr. 1 4 . L . latipes Hook. D W A R F P E P P E R - G R A S S . Fig. 4 2 8 . Stems from the base, very thick and stout, 1 to 2 in. long, recurved-prostrate or erect; herbage slightly pubescent; leaves 3 to 5 in. long, linear and entire, or pinnatifid with few segments, the segments remote, lanceolate or linear, often toothed, 3 to 7 lines long, the rachis ligulate, commonly dilated into a terminal lanceolate lobe; racemes very dense, often capitate, % to 1% in. long; petals broadly spatulate, greenish, rounded at the apex, 1 line long, much exceeding the short sepals; pods broadly oblong or oval, to 3 lines long, 2 lines broad, strongly reticulated, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, winged at apex with two broad acute teeth nearly as long as the body, the sinus between the teeth or wings a narrow cleft.—Alkaline flats, beds of winter pools or balsas on the plains or in the valleys: Coast Ranges and Great Valley to coastal S. Cal. Mar.-Mav.

1

to several

15. L. dictyotum Gray. Fig. 429. Branches several or numerous from the base, decumbent, or at length ascending, 1 to 7 in. long; 4 2 8 . Lepidium latipes H o o k . ; leaves pinnate with ligulate rachis and few pod x 5. remote linear segments, or quite entire; herbage hirsutulose; raceme rather dense with ascending flattened pedicels; petals little exceeding the sepals or wanting; pods elliptic, finely reticulated, pubescent or glabrous, 1V> to 2 lines long with short obtuse wings or teeth at the summit, the sinus narrower, linear.—Alkaline soils: Livermore and San Joaquin valleys to S. Cal.; Ore., Wash, and Ida. Mar.-Apr.

4 2 9 . Lepidium dictyotum Gray; pod x 5.

16. L. oxycarpum T. & G. Fig. 430. Stems very slender, branched from the base, the branches elongated, erect or ascending, 4 to 6 in. long, bearing flowers more than half their length; leaves narrow, linear and subentire, or pinnate with a few acute linear segments; sepals very unequal, caducous, V2 line long; petals none; stamens 2; pods roundish, glabrate,

MUSTARD

FAMILY

finely reticulated, 1% lines long, tipped with 2 very short and acute widely divergent teeth; sinus rounded but often t r i a n g u l a r ; pedicels widely spreading or retrocurved, very slender, flattened, 1 to lines long, o f t e n longer t h a n the pod.—Borders of salt marshes or in alkaline soils, San Francisco Bay region. Yar. AC(JTIDENS Jepson n. comb. Fig. 431. Baceme elongated, loose, the pedicels erect or spreading; pods glabrous or slightly pubescent, lightly reticulated, 2 to 2% lines long, the teeth at apex wing-like, 430. Lepidium widely divergent, lanceolate and commonly as long as the elliptic body; pedicels oxycarpum T. & G. ; rather shorter t h a n the pod.—-Alkaline soil: pod x 5. San Diego Co.; Livermore Valley; lower San Joaquin Valley; Sacramento Valley; Lassen and Siskiyou Cos. (L. dictyotum var. aeutidens Gray.)

441

431. Lepidium oxycarpum var. aeutidens Jepson ; pod z 5.

25. SUBULARIA L. AWLWORT Small aquatic perennials. Stem simple, scape-like, with a cluster of linear-subulate leaves at base. Flowers minute, white, loosely racemose. Stamens 6, scarcely unequal; anthers oval. Stigma sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Pod elliptic or obovate, scarcely flattened, the valves convex, 1-ribbed on the back. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell. ( L a t i n subula, an awl, in reference to the leaves.) 1. S. aquatica L. Stems 1 to 4 in. high, arising from a dense cluster of bright white root fibers; leaves unequal, erect or slightly spreading, thickish a t the base, % to IV2 in. long; scape flowering from below the middle, the submersed flowers minute, cleistogamous; pods 1 to 1% lines long, upon short spreading pedicels.—Submersed or growing on muddy banks of ponds, lakes or running w a t e r : Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Sierra Co., 7000 to 10,000 f t . ; n. to Brit. Am.; Eur., Asia. 26. P L A T Y S P f i B M U M Hook. Low glabrous annual with the leaves in a basal rosette, Flowers minute, solitary on naked scapes. Sepals equaling the white petals. Pod suborbicular, flattened parallel to t h e broad partition. Seeds reticulated, broadly winged, in 2 rows. (Greek platys, broad, and sperma, seed.) 1. P . scapigerum Hook. Fig. 432. Scapes 1 to 4% in. high; leaves lyrately pinnatifid with f e w lobes or reduced to a single ovate or rhombic lobe; pods 3 to 6 lines long, 8 to 12-seeded.—Moist gravelly places in montane valleys from Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Nev. to Ida. 27. ALYSSUM L. Low branching herbs with small white or yellowish flowers. Pod ovate, oblong or orbicular, flattened; cells 1 or 2-seeded. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek, a, without, lussa, madness, in ancient times an antidote f o r hydrophobia.) Pubescence of simple appressed hairs; pods marginless, pointed 1. A. maritimum. »Pubescence stellate; pods narrowly margined, slightly emarginate above 2. A. alyssoides.

432. Platyspermum scapigerum Hook.; a, habit x ^ ; 6, fl. x 2 % ; c, seed x 2.

442 1.

CRUCIFERAE A. maritimum (L.) Lam.

SWEET ALYSSUM.

Perennial; leaves

narrowly

lanceolate or linear; flowers white, 2 lines long; petals twice as long as the deciduous sepals; filaments not toothed; pods orbicular, 2-seeded.—Garden plant from Eur., occurring as an escape. 2. A. alyssoldes L. SMALL ALYSSUM. Annual; petals yellowish white, scarcely exceeding the sepals; sepals persistent about the base of the fruit; filaments of the shorter stamens toothed at base.—Garden plant from Eur., nat. in Siskiyou Co., at one time adventive in the San Francisco B a y region. 28. C A P S 2 L L A Medic. Slender annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers. Petals small, little exceeding the sepals. Pod obcordate or elliptical, strongly or scarcely at all flattened, several-seeded; valves carinate. Seeds not winged; cotyledons incumbent. (Latin capsella, a little box.) Pods obcordate, or cuneate-triangular in outline with retuse apex, strongly flattened 1. G. bursa-pastoris. 2. C. procumbens.

Pods elliptic-oblong, scarcely flattened, entire at the apex

1. C. bursa-pastdris ( L . ) Moench. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Stems erect, simple or branching, 3 to 18 in. high, sparsely hispid; basal leaves in a spreading rosette; lower leaves petioled, pinnatifid, rarely entire, the terminal lobe largest; upper leaves merely dentate, sessile-auriculate; petals % to IV2 lines long; pedicels elongating in fruit, 4 lines long; pods obcordate, 2 % to 3 lines broad, many-seeded, strongly flattened.—Common in pastures, orchards and by waysides; nat. from Eur. Variable in foliage and shape of pod. 2. C. procumbens ( L . ) Fries. Stems several from the base, erect or ascending, 3 to 6 in. high; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, or the lower or all more or less pinnatifid; flowers minute, V2 line long or less; sepals ovate-elliptic, thin-margined, about equaled by the petals; pods elliptic-oblong, entire at the apex, 1 to IV2 lines long; pedicels filiform, in fruit 2 to 4 lines long and divaricately spreading.—Alkaline soil: S. Cal. to Alameda, Tulare, and Inyo Cos.; n. to B. C.; Eur., Asia. 29. C A M i L I N A Crantz Erect annual with sagittate-clasping leaves. Flowers small, light yellow, in a loose raceme. Pods obovate or pear-shaped, beaked with the persistent style; valves convex with flattened edges forming a narrow margin; seeds several in each cell; cotyledons incumbent. (Greek camai, dwarf, and linon, flax.) 1. C. satlva Crantz. FALSE FLAX. Stem simple or branching above, 1 to 3 f t . high, leafy, nearly glabrous; leaves oblong to lanceolate, entire or dentate; pods 3 % to 4 lines long, 2 to 2 % lines broad.—Old World weed of grain fields, occasional in Cal. The seeds were used as a source of oil in Europe before the introduction of cottonseed oil ( E r y t h e a 2 : 1 5 7 ) . 30. DRABA L. Low herbs with a pubescence of simple, forked or stellate hairs. Flowers white or yellow, in racemes. Petals entire, notched or bifid. Style short or slender; stigma simple or very slightly lobed. Pod oval to oblong or linearoblong, flat; partition thin-membranous. Seeds in 2 rows, neither margined nor winged. Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent. (Greek drabe, a name of Dioscorides for some cress.) A. AnnuaIs; lower altitudes (except no. 4). Petals not entire; pods straight. Petals deeply 2-cleft; flowers white; pods glabrous 1. D. verna. Petals retuse, Little exceeding the sepals; flowers yellowish, becoming white; pods puberulent. . 2. D. nemorosa. Nearly twice as long as the sepals; flowers white; pods pubescent or glabrous. . . 3. D. cuneifolia. Petals entire, obtuse or truncate; flowers yellow; pods glabrous, usually a little curved. . . 4. D. stenoloba.

MUSTARD

FAMILY

443

B. Perennials; alpine or subalpine plants with branched densely leafy caudex. Leaves not carinate, soft. Style 14 to % line long. Flowers yellow; leaves loosely or thinly pubescent or ciliate. Flowering stems l e a f y ; leaves oblong-linear; pods pubescent, not twisted. . . 5. D. aureola. Flowering stems n a k e d ; leaves broadly spatulate or oblanceolate. Leaves ciliate, surface hairs simple or forked; branches of caudex densely leafy throughout; pods pubescent or glabrous, undulate or twisted 6. D. lemmonii. Leaves stellate-pubescent, not ciliate; branches of caudex leafy only at tip; pods glabrous, not twisted 7. D. nivalis. Flowers white; flowering stems few-leaved; leaves oblong, canescent; pods pubescent, often twisted; stigma subsessile 8. D. breweri. Style 1 to 2 lines long. Flowering stems mostly with reduced leaves, commonly much branched; corolla pale yellow, about 1 line long 9. D. corrugata. Flowering stems naked, simple; corolla deep yellow, 2 to 4 lines long 10. D. howellii. Leaves carinate by the prominent midnerve, becoming rigid with reflexed margin. Racemes produced beyond the leaves; pods mostly flattened 11. D. glacialis. R a c e m e s mostly h i d d e n by the l e a v e s ; pods a b o u t a s thick as b r o a d . . 1 2 . D. douglasii.

1. D. verna L. W H I T L O W GRASS. Stems 2 to 4 (or 6) in. high, naked, several'from a rosulate cluster of leaves; leaves ovate or oval, toothed near the apex, sessile or nearly so, 2 to 6 lines long; petals cleft nearly or quite to the middle, 1 line long, nearly twice as long as the acutish sepals; pod oval, 2 to 3 lines long.—Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; introd. from Eur. 2. D. nemorosa L. Stems slender, several from the base, 1% to 4 (or 12) in. high; pubescent below; leaves basal and sub-basal but rarely rosulate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long; slightly dentate; stems usually flowering from near the base; flowers yellow, becoming whitish, petals slightly retuse; calyx somewhat villous; pods elliptic- to narrow-oblong, minutely pubescent, 2% to 6 lines long, much shorter than the divaricate pedicels (6 to 9 lines long).—Thickets and woods, Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Ont.; Eur., Asia. 3. D. euneifolia N u t t . Stems several to many from the base, ascending or diffuse, 2 to 10 in. high; leaves basal (or mostly basal), oblanceolate to o b o v a t e , entire or serrately fewtoothed, stellate-pubescent, Vi to 1% in. long; racemes rather dense, borne on mostly naked stems commonly as long or longer; pods linear-oblong to narrow-elliptic, pubescent (the hairs forked or occasionally simple) or glabrous, 3 to 6 lines long, exceeding the pedicels.—Dry sandy soil, Colorado Desert; e. to Tex. and 111. Var. INTEGRIF6LIA Wats. Stems 1 to several from the base, flowering from near the base, usually with a few leaves below as well as basal; racemes loose, commonly longer than in the species; pods as in the species or glabrous. — Dry sandy soil of the foothills and valleys of eismontane S. Cal.; e. to Ariz.; s. to Mex.

V a r . CALIF6RNICA J e p s o n n. v a r .

Stems strictly erect, nearly naked, flowering from about the middle or a little below, 3 to 5y> in. high, the leaves in a dense basal t u f t ; herbage and pods puberulent; petals obtuse or obscurely notched; pods oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 3% lines long, ascending.— North Fork Crooked Creek, White Mts., Inyo Co. (Jepson 7261, t y p e ) .

b, fl. x 2Vfe ; c, fr. branchlet x % ;

444

CRUCIFERAE

4. D. stenóloba Ledeb. Fig. 433. Stems several from a basal tuft, erect or lax, 5 to 13 in. high, % to 3 (or 5) in. high in dwarf forms; herbage more or less villous and the leaves often ciliate; leaves mostly in a subrosulate basal tuft, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, thin, % to % (or 1%) in. long (or only 2 to 3 lines long in the alpine dwarfs), the one or two cauline ones ovate to oblong-lanceolate; fruiting raceme very open; flowers yellow, becoming white in age; sepals glabrous or sparingly pilose; petals entire, obtuse or truncate, sometimes purplish; pods linear, usually a little curved, acute, glabrous, 4 to 7 lines long, equal to or shorter than the spreading or divaricate pedicels.—Subalpine, 7000 to 12,000 ft. : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; White Mts.; e. to Rocky Mts., n. to Alas. 5. D. aurèola Wats. Fig. 434. Stems simple, 2 to 4 in. high, crowded with leaves at base, arising from a simple or branched caudex; herbage rather densely stellate-pubescent throughout; basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, 6 to 8 lines long, the cauline oblong, shorter; flowers yellow; raceme densely crowded in flower and fruit; calyx glabrous; pods broadly oblong, obtuse, pubescent, not twisted, 4 to 5 lines long, on spreading pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; style short (V2 line long), stout.—Known only from three volcanic peaks (7000 to 11,000 ft.) : LassenPeak, Cai.; Three Sisters, Ore.; Mt. Eainier, Wash. 6. D. lerrunònii Wats. Scapes 1 to 3}4 in. high, pilose or glabrous, rising from a compact leafy cushion of the much-branched caudex; leaves thick, spatulate to oblong-obovate, mostly very obtuse, conspicuously ciliate, the surface glabrous or sparingly hirsutulose with simple or forked hairs, 2 to 5 lines long; raceme short; flowers yellow, 2 lines long; sepals somewhat villous or subglabrous; pods ovate to broadly lanceolate, more or less undulate or twisted, pubescent or glabrous, 3 to 4 lines long, on slender spreading pedicels 1 to 2 or 4 lines long.—Alpine peaks in the Sierra Nevada from Alpine Co. to Tulare Co., 9000 to 13,000 ft., rooting in clefts of rocks; w. Ne v. to e. Ore. 7. D. nivàlis Lilj. var. califórnica Jepson n. var. Caudex rather loosely branched, its branches of the season producing a rosette of leaves at apex and the next season slender, naked flowering stems, 3 to 4 in. high; leaves oblanceolate, c, pod x 2. acutish, obscurely repand, usually with a pair of short teeth toward the apex, slightly thickened, thinly stellate-pubescent, not ciliate, 3 to 7 lines long; flowers bright yellow, 2% lines long; sepals line long, glabrous, thinly margined, yellow; stamens less than % the length of the petals; pods linear-lanceolate, acuminate, generally slightly oblique, glabrous, 4% lines long; style slender, % to % line long.—Mineral King, Tulare Co., 9000 ft. (T. Brandegee, type). 8. D. bréweri Wats. Alpine dwarf, the stem 1 to 4 in. high, arising from a densely leafy cushion; herbage hoary throughout with a dense stellate pubescence; basal leaves oblong, obtuse, entire or rarely sparingly toothed, 2 to 4 lines long; the cauline ones few, oblong-ovate; flowers white, 1 to 1Y2 lines long; sepals oblong; pods linear-oblong, obtusish, often twisted, pubescent, 2 to 3 lines long, on short ascending pedicels; stigma sessile or nearly so.—Alpine rocky slopes and summits, 12,000 to 13,000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Siskiyou Co. to Tulare Co.; White Mts. Var. SUBLAXA Jepson n. var. Stems 4 to 7 in. high; pubescence thinner; lower leaves less crowded, oblance-

MUSTARD

445

FAMILY

olate, toothed or entire, thinner, 6 to 9 lines long; pods oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 4 lines long.—Saddle between Mt. Dana and Mt. Gibbs (Chesnut & Drew, type). 9. D. corrugata Wats. Fig. 435. Stems several from the crown of a simple or somewhat branched root-crown, 2 to 9 in. high; herbage loosely pubescent with branching hairs; leaves in a dense basal t u f t , few or much reduced on the flowering stems, oblong-oblanceolate to narrow-obovate, obtusish, entire, % to 1 (or 2) in. long; flowers pale yellow; sepals pubescent; petals narrowly linearcuneate, 1^4 lines long, notched at apex; pods lanceolate to broadly oblong, acute or obtuse, pubescent, much corrugated and twisted, 2 to 5 lines long on pedicels 1 to 5 lines long; style 1 line long. —Alpine a t 9500 to 11,500 f t . , b u t descending to forest areas at 8000 f t . ; San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. 10. D. howellil Wats. Flowering t 3 5 -®. r a f l h a ^¿rugaU Wats.; a, habit x 1 J O J . A • . • . . . ° V2 ; 6. infl. x 1 4 ; i , l l Z » ; i , pod x 2. . stems naked, 2 to 4 in. high, arising from the densely l e a f y cushion of a much-branched caudex; herbage finely soft-pubescent throughout; leaves in very dense rosettes, broadly spatulate or oblong, mostly very obtuse, 1% to 2 lines long; flowers large (3 to 4 lines long), in a loose raceme, deep yellow; pods oblong, often somewhat oblique or subfaleate, acute at each end, pubescent, 2 to 4 lines long, the style slender, 1 to i y 2 lines long; pedicels 2% to 4 lines long.—Siskiyou Mts.; Marble Mt. 11. D. glaci&lis Adams. Fig. 436. Flowering stems naked, slender, % to 2% in. high, pilose or glabrate, few-flowered, arising from the dense cushion of the much-branched caudex; leaves linear, in dense terminal rosettes on the branches of the caudex, 1 to 2 (or 3) lines long, mostly grayish pubescent; flowers yellowish, fading white; sepals sparingly villous or glabrous; pods ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, rounded (or sometimes acute) at base, strongly flattened or rarely a little thickened, usually finely pubescent, 1 to 3 lines long, on pedicels 1 to 6 lines long; style % to % line long; seeds 2 to 4 or 6.—Alpine summits and high ridges, in rocky places, 11,600 to 13,300 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Placer Co.; White Mts., Inyo Co.; e. to Bocky Mts., n. to B. Am.; Eur., Asia. V a r . PECTINATA W a t s .

Taller

(3

to

41/L> in. high) and with greener glabrous ciliate-pectinate l e a v e s . — Castle Peak, Nevada Co.; Mt. Lola; Lake City Pass, Modoc Co. 436. Draba glacialis Adams; a, habit x 1; i , l i 2 S ; t , pod x 2.

J 2 - ? / douglasii Gray. Flowering stems y2 to 1 in. high, arising from

446

CRUCIFERAE

the crown of a branched and densely leafy caudex; leaves narrowly linear, firm or even somewhat cartilaginous, pubescent, or glabrate except the ciliate margins, 3 to 6 lines long; flowers w h i t e ; pods ovate, acuminate, 1 % to 2 lines long, pubescent with simple hairs; valves becoming strongly convex; style slender, Ys to 1 line long; ovules 2 (rarely 4 ) in each cell, pendent from near the apex of the cells; seeds large.—Alkaline or wet places in high mts., r a r e : San Bernardino M t s . ; Nev. to Wash. 31. A T H Y S A N U S Greene Low annual, l e a f y below, the short stem divided at or near the base into few or many simple elongated filiform branches or racemes which are unilaterally flower-bearing throughout. Herbage pubescent with 2 to severalforked spreading hairs. Flowers minute, promptly reflexed or recurved. P e t a l s linear or none. Stamens 6, nearly or quite equal; filaments slender. Pod small, orbicular, indehiscent, or dehiscent only a f t e r falling, 1-eelled, or 2-celled by a thin partition, wingless; cotyledons accumbent (Greek a, without, and thusanos, fringe, the f r u i t wingless.) Pods plane, numerous on the racemes; seed 1 1. A. pusillus. Pods twisted at maturity; racemes lax, the pods often distant 1 in. or more; seeds mostly 8 to 11, the valves eventually separating 2. A. unilateralis.

1. A . pusillus (Hook.) Greene. F i g . 437. P l a n t s 4 to 6 or 12 in. high; racemes 3 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly oblong, nearly entire or with 1 to 3 coarse teeth on each side, 2 to 5 ( o i 12) lines long; flowers % line long, on pedicels twice as long; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 to 4, only one maturing, t h a t attached at base of the pod; fruiting pedicels recurved, 1 to 3 lines long; pods orbicular, strongly flattened, % to 1 line long, hispid all over with hooked hairs.—• Gravelly plains and foothills, 50 to 4000 f t . : cismontane S. Cal.; S i e r r a Nevada; Coast R a n g e s ; n. to B . C. and Ida. Common. 2. A . ilnilater&lis ( J o n e s ) Jepson. Stem short; racemes lax, diffuse, or horizontal and trailing, in age rigid and wiry, 6 to 18 in. long; leaves cuneate-obovate to oblanceolate, 4 to 12 lines long, few-toothed or entire; flowers 1 line long on pedicels Yz as long; pods round-oval, 1 to 2Y2 lines long, hispidulous, twisted when mature, the pedicels t h i c k , recurved, % to 1 line long.—Hillsides and valleys of the inner Coast Ranges from w. Fresno Co. to w. Colusa Co.; s. to L . Cal., n. to Ore. Apr.

32. T H Y S A N O C A R P U S Hook. Slender erect annuals. Flowers minute, white or purplish. Sepals ovate, spread437. Athysanus pusillus Greene; a, habit ing. P e t a l s spatulate. Stamens 6, subx 1 ; b, c, leaf variations x 1 ; equal, with slender filaments. Ovary 1d, pod s I K . celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an indehiscent fruit. Pod much flattened and winged, orbicular in outline, the body diskshaped or plane on one side and convex on the other, the wing with small holes or perforations or with radiating nerves ( " r a y s " ) or toothed. (Greek thusanos, fringe, and karpos, f r u i t . ) Fruiting pedicels more or less recurved their whole length; rays of the wing broad. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the basal rosulate, pinnatifid or toothed 1. T. curvipes. Leaves linear to oblong-linear, the basal entire or with divaricate salient segments, not rosulate 2. T. laciniatus. Fruiting pedicels straight or recurved only at tip; rays oi the wing linear. . .3. I. radiant.

MUSTARD

FAMILY

447

1. T. curvipes Hook. FRINGE-POD. Fig. 438. Slender, 1 to iy 2 ft. high, more or less pubescent or hirsute; cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile and aurieled at base, the upper entire, the lower dentate or denticulate; basal leaves often narrowed at base to a petiole, commonly sinuate-pinnatifid, with triangular acute or acuminate lobes; pods obovate varying to round-obovate, pubescent or glabrous, to 3 % lines long, often very convex on one side; wing narrow, rather crowded with broad rays, entire.—Frequent in the open hill country of Cal., 100 to 5000 f t . : n. to B. C. and Ida. Var. ERADIATL'S Jepson n. var. Wing of pod membranous, without rays. — Deserts, Inyo Co. (Panamint Range, Jepson 7040, type) s. to the Colorado Desert.

Var.

LONGI S T Y L U S

Jepson

n.

var. Style % to % line long (in the species % to % line long), persistent. —Sierra Nevada, 3000 to 3500 ft., from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. (Jepson, type). Var. ¿LEGANS Eob. Lace-pod. Stem rather stout, with few branches, 14 to 22 in. high; lower leaves repandtoothed or entire; pod nearly orbicular, f r . brftnchlet x 1 ; b, base of p l a n t x 1 ; c, pod x 2 . 3 to 4 % lines long, the body densely tomentose or glabrous; wing with large ovoid perforations between the rays (or sometimes non-perforate), the margin membranous and entire.— Foothills throughout cismontane Cal. (T. elegans F. & M.) 2. T. lacinl&tus Nutt. Stems 8 to 15 in. high; herbage glabrous or the stems sometimes sparingly hirsutulose; leaves thinner than in nos. 1 and 3, linear, subentire or deeply pinnatifid into remote narrowly linear segments, those near the base not forming a dense or persistent rosette; racemes 1 to 8 in. long; pods obovate, elliptic or orbicular, distinctly reticulated, commonly but not always glabrous, 1 to 2 lines long; wing entire, crenate-toothed or perforated; pedicels slender, spreading and deflexed.—Open hills, 50 to 1500 f t . : S. Cal.; South Coast Ranges; e. to Ariz., s. to L . Cal. It passes by intergrades into the next var. Var. EMARGINATUS Jepson n. comb. Cauline leaves not aurieled; pods nearly circular, 2 to 2% lines long, glabrous, the wing scarious, destitute of radiating nerves or these very short, deeply or slightly emarginate at the apex.—Inner Coast Range; Sierra foothills in Calaveras Co. (T. emarginatus Greene.) Var. CRENATUS Brew. Wing notched between the ends of the rays.—South Coast Ranges and S. Cal. Var. CONCHULIFERUS Jepson n. comb. Four to 8 in. high; herbage glabrous, glaucous; leaves linear or lance-linear, sagittate-auriculate, runeinately toothed or parted; teeth 2 to 4 pairs; racemes densely many-flowered, 1 to 2 in. long; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, spreading, little recurved; pods markedly boat-shaped, glabrous; wing parted into spatulate lobes or the lobes coherent above leaving oblong perforations.—Santa Cruz Isl. (T. conchuliferus Greene.) 3. T. rildians Benth. Fig. 439. Stems % to ft. high; basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the cauline ovate-lanceolate, auriculate-clasping; pods orbicular, 4 lines broad, glabrous or tomentose, the edge of the body divided into 43« v \ L

r rfri

—

i

Wtftf^fi^

1. F. chilSnsis (L.) Duch. SAND STRAWBERRY. F i g . 478. Scapes severalflowered, 1 to 4 (or 8) in. high; upper surface of ^^aF' leaves dark ^green, gla^

W i i j ^ f ^ ^ f ^

O i : '.¿fcjLjwifr- ' .

478.

Fragaria

chilensis D u c h . ;

achenes embedded

its

in diameter.—Sand-dunes, bluffs and^ beaches along

habit

x

%.

late cluster much shorter than the leaves; leaflets obovate or oblong, green, glabrous a n d glaucous above, below pale and sparsely pubescent, 1 to 2

483

ROSE F A M I L Y

in. long; petioles with spreading hairs; flowers 7 to 12 lines broad; achenes set in deep pits; f r u i t 5 to 7 lines broad.—Mts., 4000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a a n d mts. of n. Cal.

V a r . SIBBALDIF6LIA J e p s o n n. comb.

Leaflets

small (5 to 10 lines long), the apices subtruncate, 3 to 7-toothed.—High mts., 8000 to 10,000 f t . : Mt. Dana s. to Olancha P e a k . (F. sibbaldifolia Rydb.) 3.

F . c a l i f o r n i c a C. & S. WOOD STRAWBERRY. S c a p e s 4 t o 5 i n . ( r a r e l y 1 0 )

high, cymosely 2-flowered; scapes and petioles pilose, the hairs ascending or spreading; leaflets thin, light green, 1 to 1% in. long; flowers 5 to 11 lines broad; f r u i t globose, about 4 to 5 lines broad, the achenes borne superficially. —Openly wooded hills: Coast Ranges, Santa Cruz Co. to Humboldt Co., m o s t l y 50 t o 2000 f t . ; S a n t a R o s a M t s . t o S a n B e r n a r d i n o M t s . , 4 5 0 0 t o 6 6 0 0

f t . ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Mt. Shasta and w. to Marble Mt.,

3500 to 6000 f t . (mostly var. CRINITA H a l l , s t e m s a n d petioles densely pilose

with spreading hairs). Var. FRANCISCANA Rydb. Leaves thicker and more strongly veined.—Exposed h a b i t a t s about San Francisco Bay. 10.

P O T E N T i L L A L.

FIVE FINGER

Perennial herbs (rarely annuals or shrubs). Leaves compound, typically with serrate or cleft leaflets. Flowers white, yellow (or purple in one), in terminal cymes, rarely solitary, the cymes sometimes capitate. Calyx saucershaped, campanulate, or cup-shaped, cleft into 5 lobes, with as many alternate bractlets at the sinuses. Petals orbicular to linear. Stamens 5 to many, the filaments filiform or dilated. Pistils few to numerous, borne upon an elevated receptacle, becoming in f r u i t small turgid crustaceous achenes; styles lateral or nearly terminal, deciduous. (Diminutive of t h e Latin potens, powerful, some species used medicinally.) A. Style lateral; ovules ascending; filaments filiform; perennials. Stamens 5 ; petals minute; leaves 3-foliolate; achenes 10 to 15.—Subgenus SIBBALDIA. . . . 1. P . procumbens. Stamens about 20 to 2 5 ; leaves pinnate. H e r b s ; achenes glabrous. Petals yellow; stems wholly creeping, rooting at the joints; leaves white-silky beneath.—Subgenus ARGENTINA 2. P . anserina. Petals dark-purple; stems ascending, rooting below.—Subgenus COMARUM 3. P. palustris. Low shrubs; petals yellow; achenes hairy.—Subgenus DASIPHORA. . . .4. P. fruticosa.

B. Style terminal or nearly so; ovules pendulous. I.

S T A M E N S 1 5 TO 2 5 ( 1 0 I N NOS. 5 TO 7 ) , I N S E R T E D ON A DISK OR ANNULAR T H I C K E N ING NEAR T H E R E C E P T A C L E ; FLOWERS YELLOW (RARELY W H I T I S H OR CREAM-COLOR, I N NOS. 9 AND 1 3 ) ; OALYX-TUBE SAUCER-SHAPED; A C H E N E S NUMEROUS. Subgenus EUPOTENTILLA.

J. Inflorescence leafy; leaves with 3 or 5 (or 7 or 9) leaflets. Stamens about 1 0 ; annual or biennial. Leaves all ternate. Leaflets oblong-cuneate 5. P. millegrana. Leaflets broadly obovate 6. P . biennis. Leaves with 5 leaflets; stamens 10 7. P . rivalis. Stamens 25 to 3 0 ; basal leaves pinnate with 3 or 5 (or 7 or 9) leaflets; perennial 8. P . saxosa. 2. Inflorescence with few leaves or merely bracteate; flowers yellow (rarely whitish or cream-color in nos. 9 and 13); perennial herbs, the stems from a more or less branched root-crown or short caudex. a. Leaves pinnate, with 5 or more leaflets. Leaflets ovate, merely toothed, not deeply incised; herbage glandular-pubescent 9. P . glandulosa. Leaflets deeply incised or cleft into linear or oblong lobes. Leaflets rather regularly cleft or incised along the sides (pinnatifld). Stems erect or ascending; herbage grayish; leaflets with narrowly revolute margins; petals erect; White Mts 10. P . pennsylvanica. Stems ascending; herbage green; no revolute margins to leaflets; petals rotate; high mts., r a r e 11. P . drummondii. Leaflets cleft, incised or divided from the apex (palmatifid or tending to be so. at least in p a r t ) , no revolute margins. Herbage silvery; stems horizontally spreading or diffuse; alpine or subalpine, common 12. P . breweri. Herbage green or greenish; stems prostrate or decumbent or diffuse.

484

ROSACEAE Petioles Víi to % as long as blade; leaflets cleft % to % the way to base; central coast 13. P. hickmanii. Petioles very short ( A to % as long as blade) ; leaflets cleft nearly to base; ne. interior plateau 14. P. plattensis.

b. Leaves palmate with 3 to 7 leaflets (all from summit of petiole); mostly montane and high-montane. Leaflets oblanceolate to obovate. Stems decumbcnt; leaves with 3 to 5 leaflets, densely silky-villous. Plant decumbent; stems l e a f y ; leaflets toothed at summit; high mts. of S. Cal. and Tulare Co 15. P. wheeleri. Plant caespitose; stems sparingly l e a f y ; leaflets deeply cleft into linear segments; alpine, desert ranges. Leaves densely white-silky 16. P. pseudosericea. Leaves green above, whitish beneath 17. P. rubricaulis. Stems erect or ascending; leaves with 5 to 7 leaflets. Leaves green on both sides, but sparingly silky-villous, the basal with petioles 1 to 3 in. long; subalpino 18. P. dissecta. Leaves commonly whitish or silky-gray beneath, commonly 1 to 3 in. long, the basal with petioles 3 to 9 in. long; montane at middle altitudes. Leaflets divided nearly to midrib into narrowly linear segments with feltlike tomentum beneath 19. P. fiabelliformis. Leaflets serrate or pinnatifid-serrate; villous or silky beneath or subglabrous. 20. P. gracilis. Leaflets broadly obovate; leaves with 3 leaflets 21. P. fiabellifolia. II.

S T A M E N S 5 T O 2 0 , I N S E R T E D ON T H E M A R G I N S OR W E L L U P ON T H E C A L Y X - T U B E ; N O A N N U L A R D I S K ; L E A V E S A L W A Y S P I N N A T E ; S T E M S F R O M A MORE OR LESS B R A N C H E D ROOT-CROWN OR S H O R T C A U D E X ; P E R E N N I A L HERBS-

1. Filaments filiform (eacept nos. 25 and 26); petals white or yellow; stamens 5 to 20; pistils 3 to 15 (or 20 to 25); leaflets many to numerous, usually crowded or imbricated, 1 to 3 (or 4) lines long, commonly palmately cleft or divided into 2 to 4 (or

5)

segments.—Subgenus

IVESIA.

Stamens 15 to 20. Petals with slender claws nearly ae long as the blade; segments of leaflets linear to oblanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse; Sierra Nevada. Herbage villous but green or greenish. Cauline leaves f e w ; petals yellow 22. P. campestris. Cauline leaves several; petals white 23. P. unguiculata. Herbage white bilky-villous; petals white or yellowish; cauline leaves many 24. P. pickeringii. Petals not clawed; leaflets oval to oblong-elliptic. Filaments dilated. Cyme few-flowered; herbage greenish or grayish; calyx purplish; high s. Sierra Nevada 25. P. purpurase fins. Cyme many-flowered, composed of subcapitate clusters; herbage silveryvillous; calyx green; San Bernardino Mts 26. P. argyrocoma. Filaments filiform; cyme open or diffuse; high montane. Leaflets minute, so densely crowded that the silvery leaf is terete or wormlike; anthers opening by a pore; high montane 27. P. santolina ides. Leaflets less crowded, greenish; anthers opening by a slit; Mt. San Jacinto; var. callida of 28. P. shockleyi. Stamens 5 (10 in 2 vars. of no. 29) ; high montane. Cyme open, more or less distinctly racemose; petals white, shorter than the calyxlobes 28. P. shockleyi. Cyme compact or dense or even capitate. Petals exceeding the sepals before anthesis; herbage green, viscid-puberulent to subglabrate; leaflets crowded; petals yellow, commonly as broad or broader than long; common, Sierra Nevada 29. P. gordonii. Petals minute, never equaling the sepals; rare, Sierra Nevada. Leaves silvery, terete; petioles about % or ^ as long as blade.30. P. muirii. Leaves green, flat, loosely villous; petioles about as long or a little longer than blade 31. P. webberi. 2. Filaments dilated, at least the alternate; stamens 10. alternately long and short; pistils numerous or often only 2 to 15; flowers white (pinkish white in no. 36).—Subgenus HOKKELIA.

Leaflets parted or divided into 3 to 5 linear or oblong segments or divisions, mostly 1 to 3 (or 4 ) lines long, usually many or numerous, often crowded. Stipules entire; pistils about 15. Cyme dense; central coast 32. P. tenuiloba. Cyme lax; White Mts 33. P . hispidula. Stipules more or less divided or cleft. Cyme congested or dense; pistils 8 to 12; leaves villous; Siskiyou region 34. P. daucifolia. Cyme very open and lax; pistils 2 to 5. Leaves greenish; stipules twice or thrice dichotomously divided; Humboldt Co 35. P. laxifloraLeaves silky; stipules 2-cleft; Del Norte Co 36. P. howellii.

ROSE

FAMILY

485

Leaflets merely toothed (dissected in no. 39, sometimes in no. 3 7 ) , mostly % to 1 or 2 in. long, usually not crowded. F l o w e r s o n slender drooping or r e c u r v e d pedicels 37. P . parryi. F l o w e r s not on recurved pedicels. P e t a l s erect or nearly so; cyme dichotomously f o r k e d ; calyx-tube deeply cupshaped ; filaments opposite the petals filiform or at least less dilated than the others. B r a c t l e t s usually 3-toothed; stems s t o u t ; leaves not t h i n . . . 3 8 . P . californica. B r a c t l e t s usually e n t i r e ; stems s l e n d e r ; leaves thin, d i s s e c t e d . . . 3 9 . P . elata. P e t a l s s p r e a d i n g rotately; bractlets e n t i r e ; filaments all dilated, though unequally s o ; calyx-tube saucer-shaped or cupulate. Leaflets 1 1 to 2 9 . P e t a l s t r u n c a t e or refuse at a p e x ; herbage greenish, more or less pubescent and g l a n d u l a r ; Sierra N e v a d a . . . . 4 0 . P . douglavii. P e t a l s r o u n d e d or obtuse or subacute at apex. D r y interior r a n g e s ; herbage hoary or silky-pubescent, not glandular 41. P. bolanderi. Coastal or s e a s h o r e ; herbage u s u a l l y more or less glandular. H e r b a g e greenish, pubescent 42. P . lindleyi. H e r b a g e white-silky w i t h short h a i r s 43. P . kelloggii. Leaflets 5 to 9, cuneate, commonly 3-toothed at a p e x ; petals acute at base and a p e x ; herbage white-silky; Sierra N e v a d a . . . . 4 4 . P . congesta.

1. P . procumbens (L.) Clairv. Low matted plant, t h e stems 2 to 6 in. high; leaves ternate on petioles % to 2 in. long; leaflets broadly cuneate, toothed at apex, sparsely soft-hairy, % to % in. long; cymes commonly few-flowered, compact a t first, becoming open in f r u i t ; flowers 2 to 2V> lines broad; petals yellow, ovate or elliptic, shorter t h a n the sepals; stamens 5 (or 6 ) ; achenes 5 to 20—High montane, 8000 to 11,800 f t . ; San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N. Eng.; n. Eur. and Asia. / i\ r^ _ /"*>, . i, i ."•"i 1 2. P .

anserina

L.

SILVER-WEED.

Fig. 479. Leaves and peduncles in a basal t u f t on a fascicle of roots, producing slender runners, these rooting at each j o i n t ; leaves white-silky beneath, dark green above and glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 13 to 21, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, % to 1 in. long; flowers solitary on long peduncles, % to 1% in. broad; petals rounded, much exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 20 to 25; receptacle hairy.—Marshy or springy places: along t h e coast, 10 to 100 ft., from Los Angeles Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to arctic Am., e. to N. Eng.; Eur., Asia. Var. ABGISNTEA Jepson n. comb. Leaves silky and usually silvery on both sides. — Arid interior: San Bernardino Mts.; e. of Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Brit. Am. (Argentina argentea Eydb.) 3 . P . palustris Scop. MARSH P O T E N T I L L A . COWBERRY. Stems stout,

4 7 9 . P o t e n t i n a anserina L. ; a, habit x Vâ; long. sect, of fl. x 1 ; c, stamen x 2.

ascending, often rooting a t the decumbent base, glabrous below, puberulent above, with long creeping rootstock; leaves pinnate with long stipules; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong, 1 t o 1% in. long, mostly glabrous except along the veins and margins; flowers 1 to 2 in. broad, few to several in an open cyme; calyx spreading, pubescent, purplish-green below, dark reddish-purple above; calyxlobes % to V2 in. long, or becoming 1 in. long; petals very dark purple, ovatelanceolate, 2 lines long; stamens 20 to 23, on a glandular ring; filaments

486

ROSACEAE

r a t h e r s t o u t , filiform, b r o a d e r a t b a s e ; r e c e p t a c l e becomi n g e n l a r g e d a n d spongy in f r u i t ; a c h e n e s n u m e r o u s , glabrous.—Cold bogs, o f t e n a q u a t i c : n. Cai. (Del N o r t e , S h a s t a , S i e r r a , and Modoc C o s . ) ; n. t o Alas., e. to L a b . ; Eur., Asia. V a r . VILLÓSA L e h m . L e a v e s densely appressed silky-villous below.—Del N o r t e Co. 4.

P. fruticósa L.

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. F i g . 4 8 0 . M u c h

b r a n c h e d s h r u b 1 to 4 f t . h i g h ; b r a n c h l e t s densely l e a f y , w h e n y o u n g silky-hairy, in a g e w i t h b r o w n i s h s h r e d d y b a r k ; l e a v e s p i n n a t e w i t h crowded leaflets, 4 t o 7 lines b r o a d , Y> t o % in. long, on petioles 1 to 2 lines long, w h i t e silky-pubescent b e n e a t h ; leaflets 3 to 7, oblong, entire, 2 to 5 lines l o n g ; flowers % to 1 in. b r o a d ; p e t a l s yellow, o r b i c u l a r ; s t a m e n s a b o u t 25.—At or a b o u t timberline, 8000 to 12,000 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m M a d e r a Co. to L a s s e n Co.; n. to s u b - a r c t i c regions, N. Am., E u r . , Asia. 5. P . m i l l e g r à n a E n g e l m . Stems slender, p r o s t r a t e , s p r e a d i n g to e r e c t , f r e e l y b r a n c h e d f r o m t h e base upw a r d , Vi to 1 Yj f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e p u b e s c e n t ; leaves all t e r n a t e ; leaflets c u n e a t e - o b o v a t e , serrate-incised a t a p e x 480. Potentina fruti- ( o r above t h e m i d d l e ) , % t o 1 in. long; flowers to 2 cosa L.; fl.^branchlet ] i n e s b r o a d . p e t a l s l i g h t yellow, s h o r t e r t h a n t h e calyxlobes; s t a m e n s a b o u t 10; m a t u r e a c h e n e s smooth, pale.— B o t t o m l a n d s : E s t r e l l a ; T r a c y ; Sonoma Co.; T r u c k e e ; n. to Wash., e. to N. Mex. a n d 111. 6. P . b i é n n i s Greene. S t e m s s t r i c t l y e r e c t , b r a n c h e d f r o m t h e b a s e or t h e middle, % to 2 f t . high, more or less p u r p l i s h , l e a f y ; h e r b a g e t h i n l y p u b e s c e n t a n d m i n u t e l y g l a n d u l a r ; l e a v e s all t e r n a t e ; leaflets b r o a d l y o b o v a t e , coarsely c r e n a t e , 6 to 11 lines l o n g ; cyme not s p r e a d i n g , i t s b r a n c h e s elongated a n d t h e flowers in s c a t t e r e d clusters or s o l i t a r y in t h e axils of t h e small l e a v e s in such a w a y as to a p p e a r r a c e m o s e ; flowers small (3 lines b r o a d ) , on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; p e t a l s yellow (or w h i t e ) ; s t a m e n s 10; m a t u r e a c h e n e s w h i t i s h . — M o i s t b o t t o m l a n d s in r a n g e s b o r d e r i n g t h e d e s e r t s on t h e west, 5000 to 8200 f t . : San B e r n a r d i n o Mts., M t . P i n o s , e. to t h e P a n a m i n t M t s . a n d n. a l o n g t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a (chiefly east slope) to Modoc Co.; n. t o S a s k a t . 7. P . r i v à l i s N u t t . Stems coarse, erect or a s c e n d i n g , 1 t o 2 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e s o f t - p u b e s c e n t ; lower l e a v e s w i t h 5 leaflets or t h e u p p e r t e r n a t e ; leaflets oblong or o b o v a t e , u s u a l l y t w i c e as long as b r o a d , i n c i s e d - s e r r a t e or c r e n a t e , 1 to in. l o n g ; cyme widely b r a n c h e d , open, l e a f y ; flowers a b o u t 21/i> lines b r o a d ; p e t a l s yellow, much exceeded b y t h e b r a c t l e t s ; s t a m e n s a b o u t 10; ripe achenes smooth, p a l e . — B o t t o m lands, lower S a c r a m e n t o a n d S a n J o a q u i n rivers. 8. P . saxòsa L e m . S t e m s slender, a s c e n d i n g , 4 t o 7 in. high, t h e s e a n d t h e l e a v e s t u f t e d ; h e r b a g e g l a n d u l a r - p u b e s c e n t ; l e a v e s p i n n a t e ; leaflets 3 to 7 (or 9 ) , b r o a d l y o v a t e , or f a n - s h a p e d , c r e n a t e to deeply s e r r a t e , 3 to 6 lines long; cymes loose, few-flowered, s o m e w h a t l e a f y ; flowers small and inconspicuous (2y 2 t o 3 lines b r o a d ) , on filiform pedicels 4 t o 9 lines long; b r a c t l e t s o v a t e - a c u t e to lanceolate, sometimes 2 - c l e f t ; p e t a l s o v a t e - a c u m i n a t e , w h i t e or light yellow; s t a m e n s 25 to 30; a c h e n e s 8 t o 10.—Rock crevices, r a n g e s in or b o r d e r i n g t h e d e s e r t s : W h i t e M t s . ; T w e n t y - n i n e P a l m s ; M t . San J a c i n t o ; s. to L. Cai. ( P . r o s u l a t a E y d b . P . a c u m i n a t a H a l l . ) 9. P . g l a n d u l ò s a Lindi. F i g . 481. S t e m s e r e c t , o f t e n r e d d i s h , 1 to 4 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e p u b e s c e n t , t h e s t e m s a n d petioles g l a n d u l a r ; b a s a l leaves 4 t o 8 or even 15 in. l o n g ; leaflets 5 to 7 (or 9 ) , or t h o s e of t h e u p p e r m o s t l e a v e s 3, roundish o v a t e , or o b o v a t e w i t h c u n e a t e b a s e , 1 to 3 in. l o n g ; cyme l a x , l e a f y - b r a c t e d ; flowers 4 to 7 lines b r o a d ; p e t a l s p a l e yellow (or s o m e t i m e s pale c r e a m ) , o b o v a t e , r o u n d e d a t apex, or o r b i c u l a r , scarcely e q u a l i n g t h e c a l y x ; s t a m e n s 25; a c h e n e s g l a b r o u s . — W o o d e d hills or m t . slopes: coastal

ROSE FAMILY

487

S. Cal., 500 to 4000 f t . ; Coast Ranges, 100 to 4000 ft., mostly near the coast: Sierra Nevada, 2000 to 6000 f t . ; n. to Siskiyou and Modoe Cos.; f a r n. to B. C., e. to S. D a k . a n d

N. Mex.

Var.

WRANGELLIANA

Wolf. Stems very rank, usually very glandular, much and widely branched, 3 to 4 f t . high; basal leaves 1 f t . long including t h e petiole.—Wooded slopes near the coast. Var. N E V A D É N S I S Wats. Stems not reddish; herbage often less glandular; inflorescence more nearly naked; leaflets usually smaller; petals elliptic.—Montane, 5000 to 11,000 ft., high North Coast Eanges; Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co., thence w. to Mt. Pinos and s. to Palomar Mt. Var. LÁCTEA Greene. P l a n t s 5 to 18 in. high; flowers 6 to 8 lines broad; petals white or creamy-white, exceeding the calyx. — High montane, 4000 to 10,500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Tulare Co.; s. to the San Gabriel Mts. and San Jacinto Mts. (Drymocallis gracilis Rydb.) Var. F Í S S A Jepson n. comb. Petals sulphur-yellow, 5 lines long, exceeding the calyx-lobes; herbage viscid-pubescent to subglabrous; leaves 9 to 11-foliolate. — B u t t e Co. to 481. Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.; o, fl. ,, , „ . . , ~ . branchlet x %; b, leaf x % c, fl. x 1. /T1 „ Modoc Co.; n. to Alb., e. to Colo. (P. fissa Nutt.) Var. INCISA Lindl. Caespitose; leaflets more deeply incised, or doubly serrate; flowers small, pale yellow.—Meadows, rare: Mt. Silliman; South Yollo Bolly; Nev. to Wash, and Ida. Var. MONTÍCOLA (Rydb.) Jepson n. comb. P l a n t s reduced, 2^4 to 6 in. high; stems slender, few-flowered; petals 2% to 4 lines long.-—High montane, 6500 to 8225 f t . : San Gabriel Mts.; Sierra Nevada; Warner Mts. (Drymocallis glandulosa var. monticola Rydb.) 10. P . pennsylvánica L. var. strig&sa Rydb. Stems several, erect or ascending, 4 to 9 in. high; leaves chiefly basal, the stems bearing 2 or 3 reduced leaves; herbage (especially stems and under side of leaves) pilose, the spreading hairs arising f r o m a close gray pubescence; leaves pinnate, 1 to 3 in. long, on petioles nearly as long; leaflets (5 or) 9 to 11, 8 to 11 lines long, broadly oblong, pinnately cleft to below middle into regular linear-oblong segments, the segments with revolute margins; cyme 5 to 7 (or 10)-flowered; flowers 3 to 5 lines broad; petals yellow, erect, roundish-obovate, truncatish or obtuse; stamens 11 or 16 to 19.—White Mts., e. Inyo Co.; e. to Rocky Mts., n. to Canada. 11. P . drummóndii Lelim. Stems erect or nearly so, few-leaved, slightly hairy, 5 to 12 (or 16) in. high; herbage green, soft-pubescent; stipules ovatelanceolate, about % in. long; basal leaves pinnate, b u t leaflets often so crowded as to appear digitate, hairy, especially when young; petioles 1% to 5 in. long; leaflets 5 to 9 (or 11), oblong-obovate to roundish, cunéate a t base, cleft into acute teeth or sometimes unequally and rather deeply laciniate, % to 1% in. long; flowers long-pediceled, bright yellow, 8 to 9 lines broad; petals obcordate, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens about 20; achenes many.—High montane, 6000 to 9000 f t . : Hockett Mdw., Tulare Co.; Placer and Nevada Cos.; n. Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co; n. to B. C. Rare with us. (P. cascadensis Rydb.) 12. P . brewer! Wats. Fig. 482. Stems f r o m a stout scaly root-crown, horizontally spreading or diffuse, 2 to 7 (or 10) in. long; herbage, especially the leaves, silky-villous or silvery; leaves pinnate, % to l 1 /? in. long, the petioles V% to as long; leaflets 7 to 9, crowded or discrete, deeply incised, 3 to 6 lines

488

ROSACEAE

Potentilla breweri Wats.; a, habit x % ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, stamen x 5.

long; stipules broad, mostly incised; flowers 6 t o 8 l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l s yellow, r o u n d i s h , r e t u s e , or o b c o r d a t e with obtuse sinus; stamens 20; a c l i e n e s 20 t o 2 5 . — A l p i n e or s u b a l p i n e , 7000 t o 13,000 f t . , i n e x p o s e d s i t u a tions, common: Sierra N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. to N e v a d a Co.; S i s k i y o u Co. V a r . EXPANSA W a t s . S t e m s c o a r s e r , m o r e e r e c t , 7 to 14 in. h i g h ; l e a v e s 2 to 6 in. l o n g , t h e l e a f l e t s 7 to 11; h e r b a g e less s i l v e r y or g r e e n i s h ; c y m e s loosely e x p a n d e d , t h e flowers on l o n g pedicels. — Gravelly meadows, Sierra N e v a d a a n d S i s k i y o u Co. V a r . VIRIDIA J e p s o n n. v a r . Herbage green.— Volcano Creek, Mt. W h i t n e y (Jepson 4950, t y p e ) .

13. P . h i c k m a n i i E a s t w . S t e m s d e c u m b e n t , 2 t o 4 in. l o n g ; h e r b a g e s p a r i n g l y s t r i g o s e ; b a s a l l e a v e s p i n n a t e , 1 t o 2 i n . l o n g , on p e t i o l e s rA t o % a s l o n g ; l e a f l e t s 9 t o 11, c u n e a t e - o b o v a t e , d i g i t a t e l y 3 t o 4 - c l e f t , 4 to 6 l i n e s l o n g ; c y m e s f e w - f l o w e r e d , t h e flowers 7 t o 12 l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l s g o l d e n , o b c o r d a t e ; s t a m e n s 2 0 . — A l o n g t h e c o a s t , S a n M a t e o Co. t o M o n t e r e y Co. 14. P . p l a t t e n s i s N u t t . v a r . m i l l e f o l i a J e p s o n n. comb. L o w , t h e s l e n d e r stems 3 to 6 in. long; h e r b a g e sparingly pilose; basal leaves p i n n a t e , 2 to 7 in. l o n g , t h e o u t l i n e w i t h t h e m a r g i n s n e a r l y p a r a l l e l , t h e p e t i o l e s a b o u t 3 t o 6 l i n e s l o n g ; l e a f l e t s a b o u t 9 t o 15, c l e f t i n t o 3 t o 5 l i n e a r a c u t e s e g m e n t s , loosely h a i r y t o g l a b r o u s , 4 t o 7 l i n e s l o n g ; c y m e o p e n ; flowers a b o u t 6 l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l s y e l l o w or y e l l o w i s h , o b c o r d a t e , e x c e e d i n g t h e c a l y x - l o b e s ; stam e n s a b o u t 20; a c h e n e s 25 t o 40, s m o o t h . — M t . v a l l e y s , S i e r r a Co. t o M o d o c Co. a n d e. S i s k i y o u Co. ( P . m i l l e f o l i a R y d b . ) V a r . KLAMATH^NSIS J e p s o n n. comb. H e r b a g e g r a y i s h , t h e h a i r s s p r e a d i n g . — I n t e r i o r p l a t e a u f r o m ne. S h a s t a Co. t o K l a m a t h Co., Ore. ( P . k l a m a t h e n s i s R y d b . ) 15. P . w h e e l e r i W a t s . S t e m s s e v e r a l f r o m t h e b a s e , d e c u m b e n t , l e a f y , 1 t o 6 ( o r 10) in. l o n g ; d e n s e l y s i l k y - v i l l o u s ; l e a v e s p a l m a t e , 3 t o 5 - f o l i o l a t e ; l e a f l e t s c u n e a t e , 3 t o 5 - t o o t h e d a t t h e r o u n d e d s u m m i t , 4 t o 10 l i n e s l o n g ( v e r y u n e q u a l in size o n a p l a n t ) ; s t i p u l e s e n t i r e or n e a r l y so; c y m e muchb r a n c h e d , t h e l o w e r flowers a x i l l a r y ; flowers 5 t o 5 % l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l s y e l l o w , o b c o r d a t e , 1 % l i n e s l o n g , s l i g h t l y e x c e e d i n g t h e c a l y x ; s t a m e n s 20; a c h e n e s a b o u t 3 0 . — H i g h m o n t a n e , 6800 t o 11,400 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a in T u l a r e Co.; S a n B e r n a r d i n o M t s . ; S a n J a c i n t o M t s . V a r . PAUP£RCULA J e p s o n n. v a r . A l p i n e d w a r f ; s t e m s a b o u t 1 i n . l o n g ; l e a f l e t s f o l d e d , d e n s e l y s i l k y , 1]A t o 21/, l i n e s l o n g ; c y m e d e n s e , g l o m e r a t e , a b o u t 5 - f l o w e r e d . — S u m m i t of M t . S a n G o r g o n i o , 11,400 f t . ( W . C. B l a s d a l e , t y p e ) . 16. P . p s e u d o s e r i c e a R y d b . S t e m s s p r e a d i n g , 1 t o 4 i n . l o n g , t h e s e a n d the leaves caespitose; herbage densely white-silky, lower stipules brown and scarious; leaves palmate, sometimes a little p i n n a t e ; leaflets 3 to 5 lines long, d i v i d e d i n t o l i n e a r o b t u s e s e g m e n t s ; c y m e f e w - f l o w e r e d ; flowers 3 l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l s y e l l o w , o b o v a t e , e q u a l l i n g or s l i g h t l y e x c e e d i n g t h e c a l y x - l o b e s . — H i g h m o n t a n e , 11,000 t o 13,000 f t . : O l a n c h a P e a k , I n y o Co.; W h i t e M t s . , M o n o Co.; e. t o R o c k y M t s . 17. P . r u b r i c a u l i s L e h m . S t e m s 2 t o 3 i n . l o n g , t h e s e a n d t h e l e a v e s t u f t e d ; l e a v e s w i t h 3 ( o r 5) t e r m i n a l l e a f l e t s , o f t e n w i t h a n a d d i t i o n a l p a i r b e l o w ; leaflets deeply c l e f t into linear-oblong segments, green a n d appressed pilose a b o v e , w h i t e - s i l k y b e n e a t h , 4 t o 7 l i n e s l o n g ; flowers f e w in a s u b c a p i t a t e c y m e , 3 % l i n e s b r o a d ; p e t a l s y e l l o w . — A l p i n e , W h i t e M t s . , 13,200 f t . ; e. t o Col. 18. P . d i s s £ c t a P u r s h . S t e m s e r e c t , 6 t o 11 in. h i g h ; l e a v e s m o s t l y b a s a l , s o m e w h a t pilose or s i l k y , b u t g r e e n on b o t h sides, d i g i t a t e , or in a n y c a s e

ROSE

FAMILY

489

the leaflets approximate a t summit of the petiole, on petioles 1 to 3 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, oblanceolate or cuneate-obovate, % to 1% or 2 in. long, pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate t e e t h ; flowers 7 to 9 lines broad; petals yellow, obcordate, or obovate and emarginate, about % longer t h a n the calyx-lobes; stamens 20.—High montane, 8500 to 9500 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Mariposa and Mono Cos.; e. to Col., n. to Brit. Am. 19. P. flabelliformis Lehm. Stems strict, or nearly so, 2 f t . high, erect, thinly silky-strigose; leaves digitate, green above and appressed silky-hairy, white below with a felt-like tomentum, the veins silky-hairy; leaflets 2% to 3y s in. long, pectinately divided into narrowly linear lobes, the lobes generally stiffish and with revolute margins; cyme mostly loose, sometimes dense, usually many-flowered; flowers 7 to 8 lines broad; petals yellow, obcordate, a little exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 20; achenes many.— M t . valleys, Modoc Co.; e. to northern Nev., n. to B. C. and Saskat. Var. CTEN to 2 times as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens about 20.—High montane in pine woods or subalpine in moist meadows, 7300 to 12,200 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to B. C.

V a r . GRAYI

Jepson n. comb. Stems 2 to 5 in. high; leaves glabrous or nearly so, on petioles % to 1 in. long; leaflets coarsely and acutely 5 to 7-toothed (the teeth somewhat triangular), 3 to 9 lines long, the terminal leaflet distinctly stalked.—Subalpine, 8000 to 9000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co. (P. grayi Wats.) 22. P. campgstris (Rydb.) Jepson n. comb. Pig. 485. Stems ascending or spreading, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage villous but green; basal leaves numerous, 2 to 3 lines wide, 2 to 3 in. long, on petioles >4 to % as long; cauline leaves few and re- 484. Potentina flabellifolia Hook. ; a, habit x Vz ; b, Iong. sect, of fl. x 1. duced; leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, 2 to 4-divided into oblanceolate divisions; cyme compact or capitate; flowers 2 to 3 lines broad; bractlets narrow, linear-lanceolate, noticeably shorter than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; petals 5 (or sometimes 4), widely spreading, pale yellow, spatulate-obovate or rhomboid with conspicuous claw, the broad blade often truncate or slightly emarginate at apex; stamens 15 to 20; filaments filiform; pistils 10, but not all maturing.— High montane meadows, S000 to 8500 ft., upper Kern, Kaweah and Kings rivers in the s. Sierra Nevada. (P. utahensis var. cainpestris Jones.)

_ .

. .

T

. ...

485. Potentula campestris Jepson; a, habit x H ; b, long. sect, of fl. x 3.

23. P. unguiculata Greene. Stems many, ascending, 5 to 15 in. high, the basal and cauline leaves 2 to 4 in. long, on petioles % to % as long; herbage villous but green; leaflets crowded, 3 or 4-cleft into linear divisions, 1% to 21/i> lines long; cyme compact, leafy-bracted; flowers 4 lines broad; calyx rose or purplish, its segments sharply acuminate; petals white, spatulate or obovate with rounded apex, at base drawn down to a long narrow claw; stamens commonly 15, though some may be lacking; filaments filiform. — Montane, 5000 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Mariposa ,-T , 1Co. to ± resno Co.

KOSE FAMILY

491

24. P. pickeringii (Torr.) Greene. Fig. 486. Stems erect or spreading, 10 to 16 in. high; herbage white silkyvillous; basal leaves numerous, 4 to 7 in. long, on petioles about % as long; cauline leaves 5 to 10, 2 in. long; leaflets numerous, at first closely imbricated, 2 to 5-parted, 2 to 6 lines long, the segments oblong to oblong-elliptic; branches of the cymes with the flowers in dense terminal clusters; flowers 4 to 5 lines broad; petals white or yellowish, roundish-obovate, truncate or emarginate-mucronate, tapering to a narrow claw, 1% to 2 lines long, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 20; filaments filiform.—Dry valleys of the eastern summits or east side of Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 5500 ft., from Nevada Co. to Siskiyou Co.; e. to Nev. (Horkelia sericoleuca Rydb.) 25. P. purpuràscens (Wats.) Greene. Stems erect, 6 to 15 in. high; herbage pubescent and somewhat villous or slightly grayish; leaves 2 to 8 in. long, on petioles !/•> to l 1 /! in. long; leaflets numerous, usually closely crowded, 2 4 8 6 . P o t e n t i l l a p i c k e r i n g i i G r e e n e ; a , fl. to 4-parted, 2 to 3 lines long; cyme b r a n c h l e t x Vfe ; l>, l e a f y base of s t e m x % ; d, leaflet x 1 ; e, long, commonly open, few-flowered; flowers Yi ; c, leaf x sect, of fl. x 3. 4 lines broad; calyx purplish, bowlshaped, about 4 lines long; bractlets small and narrow; petals white, rotate, broadly cuneate-oblong, truncate or slightly retuse, equalling the calyx; stamens 20, those opposite the calyxlobes longest; filaments subulatedilated, often scabrous or minutely pubescent; achenes 20 to 25.—Summit valleys and meadows, 6600 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada in e. Tulare Co. Var. CÓNGDON1S Jepson n. comb. Coarser, 13 to 24 in. high; herbage greenish, less pubescent, a little glandular; petals obtuse.—East side of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo and Mono Cos.; alsò Alta Mdws., Tulare Co. (Horkeliella congdonis Rydb.)

48

Lwt 0 x e t I !\no n ^ i n s°ec d t e S of G fl e e x e i ' '

26. P. argyrócoma (Rydb.) Jepson n. comb. Stems spreading, 4 to 8 in. high, densely silky-villous ; basal leaves numerous, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles YJ to % in. long; cauline leaves 1 or 2, 1 in. long; leaflets densely imbricated, 2 or 3-parted, the segments oblong-elliptic, 1 line long; cyme open or somewhat dense, its f o r k s ending in subcapitate clusters; flowers 4 lines broad; bractlets oblong-lanceolate, half as long as the lanceolate sepals; petals white, spatula te, exceeding the sepals; sta-

492

ROSACEAE

mens 20; filaments somewhat dilated.—San Bernardino Mts., 6000 ft. (Horkelia argyrocoma Rydb.) 27. P. santolinoldes (Gray) Greene. MOUSE TAIL. Fig. 487. Plants Y2 to 1 ft. high, the stems slender, erect, nearly naked, subglabrous, diffusely branched above and forming an open panicle of cymes; leaves terete, densely silvery-villous, 1 to 4 in. long, on petioles 3 to 5 lines long, very numerous, the minute leaflets closely imbricated; flowers to 4 lines broad; petals white, orbicular, exceeding the short calyx-lobes; stamens 14 to 16: anthers purple; pistil only 1.—Montane, 7200 to 10,000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. to Kern Co.; e. Ventura Co.; San Gabriel Mts.; Sail Bernardino Mts. 28. P. shdckleyi (Wats.) Jepson n. comb. Stems nearly naked,'2 to 3 in. high, these and the leaves densely tufted; leaves similar to P. gordonii; herbage finely glandular-puberulent, the leaflets bristle-tipped; cyme 4 or 5-flowered, distinctly racemose; flowers 2M> to 3M> lines broad; petals white, ovate, shorter than the calyx-lobes; stamens 5.—Rocky summits of high peaks, eastern crests of the Sierra Nevada from Silver Peak, Alpine Co., to Tinker's Knob, Eldorado Co. (Ivesia shockleyi Wats.) Var. CALLIDA Jepson n. comb. Stamens 20.—Tahquitz Peak, San Jacinto Mts., 8000 ft. (P. eallida Hall.) 29. P. gordonii (Hook.) Greene. Fig. 488. Stems erect, nearly naked, 1 to 6 in. high, increasing in length y2 to 2 in. after anthesis; herbage minutely viscid-pubescent, or often somewhat hirsute; leaves basal, narrowly linear in outline, % to 3 ^ in. long, on petioles '/o to % as long; leaflets numerous, densely set, 1 to lines long, 3 to 5-cleft nearly to the base into obovate segments; cyme more or less dense; flowers 3 to 4 lines broad; petals yellow, lines long, at first almost orbicular, exceeding the sepals, becoming spatulate after anthesis and then shorter than the accrescent calvxlobes; stamens 5.—Alpine or subalpine, 8000 to 13,000 ft.: Sierra Nevada; Mendocino and Trinity Cos.; n. to Wash., e; to Col. and Mont. Variable in size, character of pubescence and shape of leaves, which resemble those of Yarrow on a 4 3 8 . Potentilla gordonii G r e e n e ; a , small scale. Var. MEGALOPISTALA Jepson n. habit x % ; b, leaflet x 3. comb. Leaves larger (2 to 3 in. long); petals larger (2 lines long).—Mariposa and Mono Cos., mostly lower altitude than the species. (Ivesia megalopetala Rydb.) Var. SCANDULARIS Jepson n. comb. Stems naked; pistils 5 to 10.—Alpine, 12,000 ft., White Mts. (Horkelia scandularis Rydb.) Var. U R S I N 6 R U M Jepson n. var. Leaves grayish with a short stiff pubescence.—Bear Creek, Trinity Mts. (Alexander & Kellogg 313, type). Var. PYGMA^A (Wats.) Jepson n. comb. Stamens 10.—Alpine, rock crevices: Sierra Nevada in e. Tulare Co., 9000 (or to 12,000) ft. (Ivesia gordonii var. pygmaea Wats.) Var. LYCOPODIOIDF.S (Gray) Greene. Petals oblanceolate.—High peaks: Mt. Dana to Eagle Peak (Modoc Co.). (Ivesia gordonii var. lycopodiodes Wats.) Var. CHAET6PHORA Jepson n. comb. Cyme open, flat-topped; stamens 10.—High montane, Tulare Co. (Ivesia chaetophora Rydb.) 30. P. muirii (Gray) Greene. Stems slender, naked except for a pair of reduced or minute leaves at the middle, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage silverveilky; basal leaves tufted, 1 to 1 M> in. long, terete with the numerous minute

ROSE F A M I L Y

493

leaflets closely covering t h e axis ( " m o u s e - t a i l " type), the petioles very short; cyme with 2 or 3 forks, t h e flowers in subcapitate clusters, or the cyme reduced to a single terminal head; flowers IY2 to 2 lines broad; petals yellow, oblong-spatulate, % the length of the sepals; stamens 5, the filaments filiform or subulate-filiform; achenes usually 2.—Gravelly alpine slopes, 11,000 to 11,500 f t . in the central Sierra N e v a d a : Mt. Conness; Mt. Hoffman; Silver Pass; Mt. Goddard. (Ivesia muirii Gray. Horkelia chandleri Rydb.) 31. P. w i b b e r i Greene. Stems reddish, slender or wiry, scantily pilose, 2 to 4% in. high, naked save f o r a pair of leaves at the middle; leaves loosely villous; basal leaves % to 1 in. long, on petioles as long; leaflets 2 to 3 lines long, approximate, 2 to 5-parted into linear acute segments; cyme subcapitate, leafy-bracted; flowers 3 to '¿V2 lines broad; petals yellow, oblanceolate, acute, shorter t h a n calyx-lobes; stamens 5; achenes 3 or 4; receptacle densely hirsute. — Montane, 5000 ft., n. Sierra Nevada in Sierra and Plumas Cos. 32. P . tenuiloba (Gray) Greene. Stems ascending or erect, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage villous b u t more or less green; basal leaves 1% to 3 in. long on petioles V2 to 1 in. long; leaflets 17 to 31, 2 to 3 lines long, cuneate-obovate, cleft % to % the way into about 4 linear lobes; cymes close; flowers 3 to 3% lines broad; calyx with linear lobes; petals white, cuneate, notched at apex, exceeding the calyx; stamens 10; filaments oblong-dilated.—Low hills or valleys, uncommon: Coast Ranges f r o m Sonoma Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. (P. micheneri Greene). 33. P . hlspidula (Rydb.) Jepson n. comb. Stems slender, erect, 6 to 10 in. high; herbage hispid and glandular-pubescent; basal leaves V2 to 3 in. long, on petioles nearly half as long; cauline leaves few, % to % in. long; leaflets 16 to 21, fan-shaped or broadly cuneate, divided about half way into 4 or 5 oblong or elliptic lobes, markedly hispid, especially at the tips, 2 to 3 lines long; cyme a little lax, medium-sized, somewhat few-flowered; flowers 4 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, these and the petals rotately spreading; petals white, cuneate-obovate, at apex emarginate to rounded, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 10; filaments white, broadly dilated; achenes 15.—High montane, pine slopes and meadows, 8500 to 11,000 f t . : White Mts. (Horkelia hispidula S y d b . ) 34. P . daucifdlia Greene. Fig. 489. Stems erect or ascending, rather rigid, 6 to 14 in. high; herbage (especially the leaves) villous; basal leaves 2 to 4 in. long, on petioles % to as long; leaflets 11 to 17, 3 to 8 lines long, 2-parted, t h e segments 2 or 3-cleft into linear divergent lobes; stipules 2 or 3 times divided into filiform segments, long pilose, forming a conspicuous t u f t on the root-crown below the erect leaf-blades; cyme rather close or even capitately congested; flowers 5 to 7 lines broad; petals cream-color, spatulateobovate, truncatish or obtuse, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 10; filaments petaloid-dilated, those opposite the calyx-lobes deltoid; achenes 8 to 12, smooth. — Shasta and Trinity Cos. to S i s k i y o u Co. Y a r . INDICTA J e p s o n n . v a r .

Leaf segments filiform or nearly so; petals very broad (somewhat fanshaped) ; filaments broadly subulate.— Crane Creek, w. Tehama Co. (Jepson lOOp, t y p e ) .

Potontiu. daucifolU Greene; . C, stamens x 5.

494

KOSACEAE

35. P . laxifl&ra Drew. Stems ascending, slender, 9 to 12 in. high; herbage green; leaves sparsely hairy, about 2 in. long, on petioles about as long; leaflets 10 to 12 pairs, 2 % to 4 lines long, 2 to 4-cleft almost to base into linearlanceolate segments; stipules of basal leaves finely 2 or 3 times dichotomously divided, villous; cyme loose, spreading, compound; flowers 4 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, the bractlets !/_> as long; petals white, spatulate-oblong, deeply emarginate, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 10; filaments petaloid-dilated, unequal; aclienes 2 or 3, light brown, smooth.—N. Humboldt Co. 36. P . howellii Greene. Stems slender or filiform, purplish, thinly pubescent or glabrate, 8 to 14 in. high, the leaves mostly basal, the cauline few and small; leaves slender, silvery-villous, densely crowded with leaflets, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles V4 to % in. long; stipules deeply 2-cleft and h a i r y ; leaflets 13 to 21, 1% to 3 lines long, divided to the base into 2 or 3 segments, the segments oblong or oval, entire, or 1 to 3-toothed; cymes % to 3 in. broad, the flowers in clusters of 2 or 3, terminating its slender branches; flowers 3 to 4 lines broad; petals white with pinkish center, obcuneate, retuse, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 10; filaments dilated;

i^viiiu,

xjuv/o^iuvoVi, tj tu I 111.

,

leaflets cuneate-obovate, usually incised with the lobes toothed; flowers 2 to 2 % lines broad; pedicels 2 to 5 lines long.—Santa Ana River, San 490. Potentilla parryi Greene; a, habit x Bernardino Mts., 8000 f t . (Horkelia ; b, fl. x 1 ^ ; c, stamens x 5. wilderae Parish.) 38. P . californica (C. & S.) Greene. Stems stoutish, erect, rather leafy, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage pubescent and more or less glandular; basal leaves about 6 in. long, on petioles Ys to as long; leaflets 9 to 21 (or the upper leaves with fewer leaflets), thickish, cuneate-obovate to orbicular or oblong, more or less doubly incised or toothed above the base, % to 1 % in. long; cyme openly 2 to 4-forked, the branches ending in dense few-flowered clusters and often with solitary flowers iD the forks, or sometimes the whole inflorescence capitately congested; flowers 4 to 6 lines broad; calyx cupshaped, 4 to 6 lines high, about equaling the petals, the calyx-tube commonly purplish or membranous; bractlets commonly exceeding the sepals, 3-toothed, or variably incised, or sometimes entire; petals oblong or spatulate, about 3 lines long; stamens 10, the filaments opposite the calyx-lobes subulate, the others filiform or nearly so.—Wooded slopes or edge of brushy t h i c k e t s : Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. Y a r . FROND&si

ROSE FAMILY

495

Jepson n. comb. Leaflets 5 to 9, oblong or oval, shallowly incised; petals shorter than the calyx-lobes (about to 2 lines long).—Contra Costa Co. to Monterey Co. (P. frondosa Greene.) 39. P. elata Greene. Stems erect, to 2 f t . high; herbage glandular, pilose-pubescent; basal leaves 3 to 6 in. long, on petioles V2 to as long; leaflets 15 to 19, thin, cuneate-obovate, 4 to 9 lines long, once or twice incisely c l e f t ; cyme dichotomously forked, t h e flowers solitary or in 3s, 5 lines broad; bractlets of the calyx equaling the lobes, lanceolate; petals white, spatulate; stamens 10, 5 short and with filiform filaments, the other 5 with filaments deltoid-dilated a t base.—Lower nit. slopes, 1000 to 5000 f t . : middle North Coast Ranges f r o m Napa Co. to Lake and Mendocino Cos.; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Amador Co. 40. P. dougl&sii Greene. Stems % to 1% f t . high, more or less glandularpubescent; leaves mostly sub-basal, 2 to 4 in. long, on petioles 1 to IV2 in. long; leaflets about 11, euneate to cuneate-obovate, deeply toothed at apex or above the middle, 3 to 6 or rarely 9 lines long; flowers 2% to 3 lines broad; calyx somewhat purplish; petals white, euneate, truncate or retuse, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens 10, filaments dilated, those alternate the petals broadly dilated.—Montane, 3400 to 8200 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Fresno Co. n. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash, and Ida. (Horkelia fusca Lindl. P. fusca Jepson.) Var. T E N £ L L A Greene. Low (4 to 8 in. high), the stems glandular above; leaflets incised below the middle into linear segments.—Tulare Co. to Tehama Co., thence w. to Trinity Co. 41. P . bolanderi (Gray) Greene. Stems ascending, very sparingly leafy, 2 to 10 in. high, these and the leaves mainly t u f t e d ; leaves densely whitesilky, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles % to nearly as long; leaflets (11 or) 15 to 27, cuneate-obovate, 2 to 3 lines long, toothed or cleft at apex, the teeth acute; cyme open or dense; flowers 4 lines broad; calyx-lobes and bractlets lanceolate; petals oblong-spatulate, rounded and emarginate, or acute; stamens 10, filaments dilated; achenes minutely granular.—Dry hills: inner North Coast Range f r o m sw. Colusa Co. to Lake Co. and s. to Mt. Hamilton Range and Mt. Pinos. (Horkelia bolanderi Gray.) Var. BERNARDINA Jepson n. comb. Stems mostly 10 to 15 in. high; herbage less densely pubescent; calyx 3 lines long; leaflets 3 to 4 lines long, typically longer than broad; petals emarginate or rounded at apex.—Montane, 4000 to 7500 f t . : San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts. (Horkelia b e m a r d i n a Rydb. H. bolanderi var. parryi Wats.) Var. CLEVELANDII Jepson n. comb. Stems erect, several f r o m the short caudex, 5 to 18 in. high; herbage grayish pubescent; leaflets fan-shaped or roundish, broadly euneate at base, deeply toothed at apex, 2 to 6 lines long, typically broader t h a n long; flowers 5 to 6 lines broad; petals obovate, obtuse or emarginate.-—Montane, 5000 to 7000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts. to Cuyamaca Mts.; s. to L. Cal. (P. clevelandii Greene.) 42. P . lindleyi Greene. Stems erect or ascending, many from the rootcrown, 7 to 20 in. high; herbage pubescent, more or less glandular; leaves mostly basal, 3 to 3% in. long, the petioles 1 (to 2) in. long; leaflets roundish to cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed above t h e base, 4 to 7 lines long; cymes with many flowers, rather crowded; flowers 3% to 4% lines broad; calyxtube cupulate, the ovate bractlets smaller t h a n the lobes; petals white, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, % longer t h a n the sepals; stamens 10, the filaments dilated, the alternate larger and more strongly triangular-subulate.— Near the coast, Santa Cruz Co. to Santa B a r b a r a Co. (P. cuneata Baill. Horkelia cuneata Lindl. P. multijuga Fl. W. Mid. Cal.) Var. PUB£RULA Jepson n. comb. Stems few, erect, 9 to 22 in. high; cymes narrow to diffuse; flowers 7 lines broad.—Valleys and lower hills, 1000 to 2000 f t . : Santa B a r b a r a Co. to San Diego Co. and e. to the San Bernardino Valley. (P. puberula Greene.) P. TRUNCATA (Rydb.) Jepson n. comb. Leaflets 5 to 7, obovate, truncate, finely crenate, more deeply toothed at apex; filaments broadly triangular,

those opposite calyx-lobes broader than long.—Said to grow at Ramona, San Diego Co. (Horkelia truncata Rydb.) 43. P . kellóggii Greene. Too like no. 42; herbage white-silky, obscurely glandular; cymes dichotomous; leaflets broadly obovate, toothed above the euneate base, % to 1 in. long; flowers 6 to 7 lines broad.—Along the seacoast: Alameda; San Francisco; Monterey. (Horkelia calif ornica var. sericea Gray.)

V a r . MARINÉNSIS

(Elmer)

Jep-

son n. comb. Smaller, stems decumbent; leaflets shaggy-villous. •— Sand flats, Point Reyes. (Horkelia bolanderi var. marinensis Elmer.) 44. P . congèsta Hook. var. tilingii Jepson n. comb. Pig. 491. Stems ascending or erect from a decumbent base, more or less leafy below, 5 to 13 (or 17) in. high; herbage silky-villous; leaves with 5 to 9 (or 11) approximate leaflets; leaflets euneate, varying to cuneate-elliptic or linear-oblong, usually 3-toothed at apex (otherwise entire), 4 to 6 (or 11) lines long; cyme much491. Potentina congesta var. tilingii Jep- branched, commonly rather open with son; a, habit x Mg b.^fl. x 3; c, stamens t h e branches bearing capitate clusters, or the whole cyme rather dense, or the clusters reduced to one; flowers on slender pedicels, 2 to 2 % lines broad; calyx reddish; petals white, linear-oblong or narrow oblanceolate, acute at both ends, little longer than the calyxlobes; stamens 10, the filaments more or less dilated at base or narrowly triangular; achenes smooth or roughlineate.—Montane, common on sandy flats or ridges of open forests, 3000 to 6500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Siskiyou and Humboldt Cos.; n. to Ore. (Horkelia tilingii Regel. H. tridentata Torr.) P . congesta Hook., of s. Ore., has broadly obovate petals. Both petals and filaments are, however, variable in shape. 11. GÈTJM L. Perennial herbs. Leaves lyrately pinnate. Stipules adnate to the sheathing petioles. Flowers rather large, solitary or corymbose. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, usually with 5 alternate bractlets. Stamens many. Pistils numerous, borne on a d a v a t e or hemispheric receptacle; o v u l e 1. Achenes small, tipped with the elon- 492. Geum macrophyllum Willd. ; a, leaf x H ; b, fl. branchlet x Vz ; c, fr. head x Yz ; gated styles. (The Latin name.) d. fr. x 1.

ROSE

FAMILY

497

Style jointed and kinked near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the lower hooked, naked; achenes and styles strongly deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes reflexed. Terminal leaflet round-cordate; receptacle naked or nearly s o . . . . 1 . G. macrophyllum. Terminal leaflet cuneate-obovate; receptacle densely short-hairy 2. O. strictum. Style straight, not jointed, wholly persistent, plumose, much elongated; achenes and styles erect or spreading in f r u i t ; calyx-lobes not reflexed 3. (?. triflorum.

1. G. macrophyllum Willd. BIG-LEAF A V E N S . Fig. 492. Stems coarse, mostly solitary, bristly, leafy, 1 to 3% f t . high; basal leaves 4 to 15 in. long (including the petiole), the leaflets incised and serrate; terminal leaflet very large, round-cordate (3 to 3% in. long), the lateral ones downwardly smaller and with very small ones between; flowers 6 lines broad, in an open cyme; petals yellow; bractlets of the calyx small, often wanting; receptacle oblong; achene hairy above, tailed with a naked style, the persistent part hooked.— Montane, 3000 to 9000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; White Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. n. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N f d . ; Asia. 2.

G . s t r i c t u m A i t . YELLOW A V E N S .

Similar to no. 1; stems bristly; leaflets cuneate-obovate.—Siskiyou Co. to Lassen Co.; n. Mex. to B. C. and Nfd. 3. G. triflorum Willd. OLD MAN'S WHISKERS. Fig. 493. Stems clustered, simple, nearly naked, 6 to 14 in. high; herbage pilose; leaves 1% to 7 in. long including the short petiole; leaflets many, somewhat crowded, cuneate, toothed and incised, % to 1 Y> in. long; flowers few, broad, borne on long peduncles; calyx dull reddish; bractlets linear, 4 to 9 lines long; petals purplish; receptacle small, hemispherical; tails of the achenes plumose, at length % to in. long.—Montane, 400 to 8500 f t . : high eastern summits and valleys of the Sierra Nevada from Alpine Co. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; n. to Alb., e. to N f d . 12. F A L L U G I A Endl. Low deciduous shrub with pin- 493. Geum triflorum Willd.; a, basal leaf x nately lobed leaves and revolute 1/2; fl- branchiet x % fr. head x % ; margins. Flowers white, showy, solit a r y on the ends of long nearly naked peduncles. Receptacle flat. Calyxtube short-hemispherical, the 5 ovate lobes with alternate linear bractlets. Petals orbicular. Stamens numerous, inserted in 3 rows upon the margin of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, glabrous. Style terminal, very villous at the base, twisted, persistent. (V. Falugi, abbot of Vallombrosa.) 1. F. paradoxa Endl. A P A C H E P L U M E . Much branched, 1 to 5 f t . high; branchlets slender, elongated, with white, soon exfoliating epidermis; herbage pubescent, the under side of the leaves and the calyx usually r u s t y ; leaves more or less fascicled, 3 to 6 lines long, cleft into 3 to 5 linear obtuse segments with revolute margins; flowers 1 to 1% in. broad; achenes very numerous, the thread-like plumose tails 1 in. long.—Gravelly or rocky slopes: Providence Mts.; s. Nev. to Col. and Mex. May. 13. COWANIA Don. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves small, pinnately lobed, coriaceous, glanddotted. Flowers showy, solitary and terminal on the short branchlets. Calyx with broadly clavate tube. Petals orbicular or obovate, spreading. Stamens

498

KOSACEAE

numerous, in 2 rows. Pistils about 5 to 10, densely villous; style terminal; ovule solitary. Achenes coriaceous, striate, nearly included in the enlarged calyx-tube, tailed with the elongated plumose style. ( J a m e s Cowan, British merchant and botanical amateur, died at Lima, 1823.) 1. C. mexicana Don var. stansburiana Jepson n. comb. CLIFF ROSE. Freely branching shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves tending to be fascicled on the short branchlets, 3 to 4 lines long, pinnately 3 to 5-parted into short linear lobes, dark green above, white-tomentose beneath, the margin somewhat revolute; flowers white, 6 to 9 lines broad; calyx-tube glandular-pubescent, attenuate into a short pedicel; calyx-lobes roundish; tail of the achene 1 % to 2 in. long.—Mesas and canon sides; e. Mohave Desert; Death Valley region; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. June. (C. stansburiana Torr.) Var. DIJBIA Bdg. Flowers perfect and staminate; stamens fewer; pistils 2 or 3; tails of the fruit short, not plumose but densely hairy.—Providence Mts. 14.

B Ó S A L.

BOSE

Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves and adnate stipules. Flowers large, ours mostly rose-pink, solitary or in corymbs or panicles. Calyx-tube globose or urnshaped, becoming fleshy in fruit; calyx limb 5-parted. Petals 5 (rarely 6, 7 or 8 ) , rounded or in ours mostly obcordate, spreading, inserted with the numerous stamens on the edge of the thin disk which lines the calyx-tube within and bears toward the base the numerous distinct pistils. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes. Achenes enclosed in the globose or urnshaped calyxtube or " h i p . " (The Latin name.) Calyx-lobes persistent on hips; leaflets 5 or 7, sometimes 9, mostly V2 to 1 % in. long. Leaves resinous-pubescent beneath 1. 11. nutkana. Leaves not resinous beneath; hips constricted into a short neck below calyx-lobes. Plants 3 to 5 ft. high or more; calyx-tube mostly glabrous. Stipules narrow, with the free tips commonly lanceolate. Spines stout, curved; herbage mostly pubescent 2. R. californica. Spines slender, straight; herbage glabrate or nearly. . 3 . R. mohavensis. Stipules strongly enlarged upwards and sagittate in outline.. . 4 . R. pisocarpa. Plants about % to 1 ft. high; calyx-tube mostly glandular-hispid. . 5 . R. spithamea. Calyx-lobes deciduous from f r u i t ; leaflets 5, 7, or 9, sometimes 11, mostly J 4 to L2 (or % ) in. long 6. R. gyranorarpa.

1. R . nutkana Presl. Stout, 2 to 5 f t . high; prickles stout, usually straight, or sometimes unarmed; leaves resinous-pubescent beneath; stipules subequal in width from base to apex, mostly glandular-ciliate; flowers solitary or 2 to 4 together, the pedicels often prickly and glandular; calyx-tube glabrous, its lobes prolonged into foliaceous, serrate or laciniate appendages; petals obcordate, % to 1 in. long; hips globose or depressed-globose, 5 to 7 lines in diameter. — Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Alas., e. to Utah. MayJune. The largest flowered western species. Var. HÍSPIDA Fer. Calyxtube with gland-tipped bristles.— Eureka. 2 . E . c a l i f 6 r n i c a C. & S . CALIFORNIA W I L D E O S E . F i g . 4 9 4 . S t o u t , 3 t o

4 9 4 . Rosa californica C. & S . ; a, l e a f ; b, fl. branchlet; c, fr. x % .

6 f t . high; prickles few or numerous, mostly stout and recurved, usually also with one or a pair below the stipules; leaves puberulent or pubeBcent, especially beneath, and more or less glandular; stipules narrow, with lanceolate tips, sometimes

ROSE F A M I L Y

499

glandular-denticulate; flowers few to many, often 20 to 40 in a panicle; calyx-tube glabrous, its lobes mostly prolonged into foliaceous serrate appendages; petals obcordato, % to 1 in. long; pedicels hairy and more or less glandular; hips globose or ovoid, 4 to 8 lines broad, somewhat constrictcd below the calyx-lobes.-—Common everywhere along river and creek banks and margins of springs at the lower and middle altitudes throughout Cal., often forming small thickets. May-Nov., flowering most freely in June. I t is a highly variable species in pubescence, number of flowers and shape of hips. Prickles often 3 to 6 lines long at base and 3 to 5 lines high. (R. aldersonii Greene). Var. ULTRAMONTANA Wats. Tomentose but not glandular; pedicels glabrous.—E. side of the Sierra N e v a d a ; Nev. 3. R. mohavénsis Parish. Stems slender; nearly glabrous and nonglandular; prickles scattered, slender, mostly straight, not in pairs below the leaves; flowers solitary or in corymbs of 2 or 3; petals 7 lines long.—Desert side of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains. 4. E. pisocárpa Gray. Slender, 3 to 5 f t . high; prickles few, slender and straight, or none; leaves green and glabrous above, paler and often puberulent beneath; stipules strongly and often abruptly dilated upwards and so inversely s a g i t t a t e ; flowers in corymbs or solitary; calyx-lobes prolonged into a slender terminal entire linear or lanceolate appendage, often glandularhispid; petals obcordate, 6 to 8 lines long; hips globose, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, contracted above into a very short neck.—N. Sierra Nevada; Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. This, t h e mountain form of R. californica, is smaller in all its parts but is deficient in technical characters. Var. GRATÍSSIMA Jepson n. comb. Prickles straight, slender, weak; stipules often broad and often broadest at the middle; leaves thinnish, bright green, glandular, minutely pubescent; stipules not glandular-ciliate.—Tehachapi Mts.; San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. (R. gratissima Greene.) Var. RIVÁLIS Jepson n. comb. Glabrous; prickles few or none; leaflets thin, rather prominently feather-veined, 1 to 1% in. long.—Van Duzen Eiver; Long Valley, Mendocino Co. (R. rivalis Eastw.) 5 . R. spithaméa Wats. GROUND E O S E . Simple or sparingly branched, about 1 f t . high; prickles few, slender, s t r a i g h t ; leaves minutely pubescent and more or less glandular, especially on the petioles; stipules narrow, acute or acuminate; pedicels, calyx-tube and -lobes usually hispid with gland-tipped hairs; flowers solitary or f e w ; calyx with entire linear or lanceolate appendages; petals obcordate, 5 to 8 lines long; hips globose, 3 to 5 lines broad. —Open pine woods at middle altitudes in the Sierra N e v a d a ; and higher North Coast Ranges f r o m Elk Mt., Lake Co., to Humboldt Co. and t h e Trinity Mts. July. Var. SONOMÉNSIS Jepson. Sonoma Eose. Stems densely armed with O stout straight or slightly recurved prickles; leaflets with the teeth minutely glandular-denticulate; flowers several in a corymb; calyx-tube very densely glandular-hispid. — Dry slopes in t h e outer Coast Ranges f r o m t h e Santa Cruz Mts. to Mt. Tamalpais and Sonoma Co.

6. R. gymnocárpa Nutt. WOOD ROSE. Slender, 1 to 3 f t . high, glabrous or puberulent, the branchlets and rachis of the leaves densely armed with long slender straight prickles, or sometimes nearly unarmed; leaves 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets % to % ( o r l ) in. long, elliptic or roundish, obtuse or acute, doubly serrate, the minute teeth gland-tipped; flowers generally solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; petals 5 to 7 lines long; pedi-

495. Chamaebatia foliolosa B e n t h . ; fl. branchlet x 1.

500

ROSACEAE

eels glabrous or more frequently clothed with gland-tipped hairs, drooping or curving in f r u i t ; calyx-lobes a t length deciduous; hips ovate or pear-shaped or globose, red, 4 to 8 lines long.—Shady woods or bushy north slopes, often near streams, 400 to 5500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. Yar. piNETdRUM Jepson n. comb. Calyx-lobes persistent.—Monterey coast. (R. pinetorum I-Iel.) 15. CHAMAEBATIA Bentli. Low glandular-pubescent heavy-scented evergreen bush with dissected fern-lilce foliage. Leaves thrice pinnate, with numerous minute leaflets and very minute stipules. Flowers white, in loose terminal cymes. Stamens about 50 to 60 in several rows. Pistil one, simple; style densely villous at base; ovule one. Fruit an aehene, included in the persistent calyx. (Greek cliamae, on the ground, low, and batos, a bramble.) 1. C. foliolosa Benth. MOUNTAIN M I S E R Y . Fig. 495. One to 2 f t . high; leaflets crowded, % line long; petals obovate, 3 to 4 lines long.—Mt. slopes, 3000 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to K e r n Co., abundant in the lower part of the Yellow Pine belt, commonly gregarious and covering extensive tracts. Also called Bear-mat, Bear-clover, Tarweed, Jerusalem Oak and Running Oak. Var. AUSTRALIS Bdg. Leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline; ovary glabrous.—San Miguel Mt. (San Diego Co.); s. to northern L. Cal. 16. AGRIM6NTA L. AGRIMONY Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets. Flowers yellow, in racemes. Bracts 3-cleft. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the throat and the upper part beset with a ring of hooked prickles, indurated in f r u i t and enclosing the 2 achenes; calyx-limb 5cleft, the lobes closing over the throat a f t e r flowering. Stamens 5 to 15. Styles terminal. (Corruption of the Greek word argema, a disease of the eye, the plants reputed medicinal.) 1. A. eupatoria L. COMMON AGRIMONY. Fig. 496. Stems erect, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage glandular, and both hirsute and puberulent; leaflets 5 or 7, with interposed smaller ones, ovate or obovate, 3 lines to 3% in. long, coarsely toothed, entire at base; flowers 2% lines long.— 496. Agrimonia eupatoria L.; a, leaf x Borders of woods in the mts., 2500 to y2; b, fl. branchlet x % ; c, fr. head 4 5 0 0 f t > w i f ] e l y disseminated but r a r e : x Cuyamaca Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Co.; Howell Mt.; n. Lake Co.; n. to Wash., e. to t h e Atlantic. (A, gyrosepala Wallr.) 17. ACAiJNA L. Perennial herbs with a woody base, pinnate leaves and pinnatifid leaflets. Flowers green, in more or less crowded spikes. Calyx persistent, its tube contracted at the throat, at length armed with retrorsely barbed prickles; limb in ours 5-parted, valvate, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens in ours 3 to 5. Pistil in ours 1; style terminal; stigma multifid-feathery; ovule solitary, suspended. Achene enclosed in the indurated calyx. (Greek akaina, a thorn, in reference to the spines on the calyx.)

ROSE FAMILY

501

1. A. pinnatifida R. & P. var. californica Jepson n. comb. Fig. 497. Stems erect with decumbent base, 5 to 13 in. high, sometimes almost naked, the leaves mostly at base or t u f t e d on t h e short woody branches of the rootcrown; herbage villous; leaflets 11 to 17, nearly uniform, 3 to 4 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments; calyx-tube in f r u i t prickly, 4-angled; stamens dark purple, exserted.—Dry or rocky soil of hilltops or n. slopes near the ocean, 25 to 1500 f t . ; Contra Costa and Marin Cos. to Monterey Co. May-June. (A. californica Bitt.) 18. S A N G U I S O K B A L .

BURNET

Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous or dioecious, crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long naked peduncle. Calyx-tube turbinate, constricted at the throat, persistent, its 4 spreading lobes de- 497. Àcaena pinnatifida var. californica Jepson; ; b, infl. x 1 ; c, fl. x 3 ; d, pistil x 6. ciduous. Petals none. Stamens a, habit x (in ours) 2 or 4. Pistil 1. Achene enclosed in the 4-angled dry calyx-tube. (Latin sanguis, blood, and sorbere, to absorb, the plant anciently a styptic.) Spikes mostly greenish; stigmas cleft into narrow segments (brush-like). Leaflets incisely pinnatiiid; fruiting calyx narrowly 4-winged, smooth on the faces between the angles; annual 1. S. annua. Leaflets serrate; fruiting calyx broadly 4-winged, irregularly thick-ridged and alveolate on the faces between the angles; perennial 2. S. minor. Spikes brown-purple; stigmas muricate-papillose; leaflets merely serrate; perennial 3. S. officinalis.

1. S. annua N u t t . Stem erect, branching a t or near the base, 12 to 20 (or 24) in. high; leaflets 3 to 5 lines long, incisely parted into narrow lobes; spike oblong, 4 to 6 (or 10) lines long.—Mts., 2500 to 5000 f t . : Cuyamaca Mts.; Nevada Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. 2. S . minor Scop. GARDEN BURNET. Similar to no. 1; spikes globose.—Foothills, Howell Mt.; adv. from Eur. 3. S. officinalis L. GREAT BURNET. Stems 2 to 3 f t . high; leaflets roundish to ovate, cordate or subcordate at base, serrate, 1 to 1% in. long; spikes 6 to 11 lines long.—Near the coast, peat bogs: Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co.; Eur., Asia. 19. A I i C H E M i L I i A L . LADY'S MANTLE

Ours a diminutive annual herb, with palmately-lobed leaves and sheathing stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, pediceled and fascicled in the axils. Calyx persistent, its tube pitcher-shaped; limb 4 or 5-parted and bearing an equal number of alternate bractlets, or these minute or obsolete. Petals none. Stamens 1 S?op ^ T a b i t * ™ n t t 0 4> P i s t i l s 1 to 4 (in ours 1), distinct, the slender fl. x' 7;' c, pistil x *6.' style lateral or arising from near t h e base. Achene

502

ROSACEAE

ovate, smooth, concealed in the tube of the persistent calyx. (So named because valued in alchemy.) 1. A. arvgnsis ( L . ) Scop. Tig. 498. One to 3 in. high, the branches slender and flower-bearing throughout; herbage scantily soft hairy; leaves 2 to 3 lines long, fan-shaped, 3-parted, the segments 2 or 3-cleft; calyx % to % line long.—Low hills and plains, common throughout Cal.; nat. from Eur. 20.

CERCOCARPUS

HBK.

MOUNTAIN

MAHOGANY

Evergreen shrubs or low trees with spur-like branchlets and simple coriaceous straight-veined leaves. Flowers from winter buds, solitary or fascicled, terminal on the short branchlets. Calyx consisting of a slender pedicel-like tube abruptly expanded into the low-hemispherical deciduous 5-toothed limb. Petals none. Stamens numerous, borne in two or three rows on the calyx. Pistil 1. Fruit a villous achene enclosed in the persistent calyx-tube and surmounted by the very much elongated twisted soft-hairy style. (Greek kerkis, a shuttle, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the achene and its twisted tail.) F l o w e r s solitary or r a r e l y in p a i r s ; sessile; desert r a n g e s . L e a v e s narrowly lanceolate, ^ to 1 in. long 1. C. ledifoliua. L e a v e s oblong, 2 % to 3 lines long 2 . 0. intricatus. F l o w e r s in 2 to 15-flowered clusters, shortly pediceled. L e a v e s obovate, c u n e a t e at b a s e ; clusters commonly 2 or 3-flowered. F l o w e r s 3 lines b r o a d ; cismontane, a b u n d a n t 3 . C. betuloides. F l o w e r s 1 to 1 Vz lines b r o a d ; S a n Diego Co 4. C. minutiflorus. L e a v e s ovate to elliptic; clusters 4 to 9 flowered; S a n t a B a r b a r a I s l s . Leaves glabrous or nearly so 5 . lines long, a s t r i n g e n t . — M o u n t a i n slopes a n d canons, 1500 to 6700 f t . : mts. of S. Cal.; S i e r r a N e v a d a ; Coast R a n g e s ; n. to Wash. 3. P . i l i c i f ò l i a W a l p . ISLAY. E v e r green s h r u b 4 to 7, or small t r e e u p t o 25 f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s elliptic or o v a t e , a c u t e or obtuse, coriaceous, spinoset o o t h e d , 1 to 2 in. long, s h o r t - p e t i o l e d ; r a c e m e s 1 t o 2 % in. long, on a x i l l a r y leafless p e d u n c l e s ; flowers 2 % t o 3 % lines b r o a d ; d r u p e red or d a r k purple, 6 t o 8 lines t h i c k , s l i g h t l y obcompressed, apicu l a t e ; flesh t h i n , sweetish w h e n ripe.— M o u n t a i n slopes a n d rich valleys, 100 t o 4000 f t . : N a p a R a n g e to S a n t a L u c i a Mts., T e h a c h a p i R a n g e a n d S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. Also called E v e r g r e e n C h e r r y a n d

ROSE

FAMILY

507

Holly-leaf Cherry. Var. INTEGRIFÓLIA Sudw. O f t e n a tree 15 to 45 f t . high; leaves oblong-ovate, usually entire, 3 to 6 in. long.—Santa Barbara Isls. 4 . P. subcordáta Benth. SIERRA P L U M . Deciduous shrub 4 to 8 f t . high, or a tree up to 20 f t . high, with crooked and rough gray-brown branches and more or less spinescent branchlets; leaves ovate or elliptic to almost round, obtuse or t r u n c a t e a t base, rarely subcordate, serrulate, % to 2 in. long, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; flowers .6 lines broad, 2 to 4 in a cluster, on pedicels % in. long; drupe red, 9 to 11 lines long.—Cañón sides: Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co., 2 5 0 0 to 4 5 0 0 f t . ; Coast Eanges f r o m the Santa Cruz Mts. to Siskiyou Co., 5 0 0 to 3 5 0 0 f t . ; n. to Ore. Most abundant and f r u i t i n g most freely in ne. Cal. Apr. Var. KELLÓGGII Lem. Drupe larger, yellow, more pulpy, sweeter.—Sierra Co. to Mt. Shasta. Var. RUBicÚNDA Jepson n. var. Two to 4 f t . high; drupe subglobose, bright red, % to 1% in. long; pulp very bitter.—Willow Creek .Cañon, Modoc Co. (Goldsmith, t y p e ) . Var. OREGINA Wight. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute, % to 1% in. long; drupe dark red, more elliptic t h a n in the species, finely pubescent, % in. long.—Warner Mts., Modoc Co.; n. to southeastern Ore. (P. oregana Greene.) 5 . P. andersónii Gray. D E S E R T P E A C H . Spreading divaricately branched deciduous shrub 2 to 6 f t . high with very thorny branehlets; leaves fascicled, glabrous, oblong or oblanceolate, minutely serrulate, narrowed to a short petiolar base, 4 to 10 lines long, mostly with several brownish veins; flowers solitary, 5 to 8 lines broad, on pedicels 1% to 4 lines long; f r u i t s flattenedglobose and a little oblique, 6 to 7 lines long, covered with a close dark brown pubescence or indument.—Arid slopes and desert mesas: e. side of Sierra Nevada f r o m Modoc Co. to the P a n a m i n t and Coso ranges; nw. Nev. May. 6. P. fasciculáta Gray. DESERT ALMOND. Divaricately branched deciduous shrub with gray bark and very thorny branchlets, 2 to 6 f t . high; leaves fascicled, minutely pubescent, narrowly oblanceolate, entire or with 1 or 2 minute teeth on each side, 3 to 8 (or 10) lines long, mostly with one brownish vein; flowers more or less dioecious, solitary or fascicled on the short spurs, sessile or nearly so, 2 to 3 lines broad; f r u i t ovoid, acutish, light brown with a dense velvet coat of short bristly hairs, 4 to 5 lines long; flesh thin.—Desert slopes and mesas, 3000 to 6500 f t . : Mohave and Colorado deserts and bordering ranges, w. to Santa B a r b a r a and San Luis Obispo Cos., n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and Ariz. Apr.-May. 7 . P. fremóntii Wats. D E S E R T APRICOT. Deciduous shrub or small tree, 5 to 15 f t . high with spiny branchlets; leaves ovate or roundish, serrulate, % to IV2 in. long, on short slender petioles; flowers solitary or somewhat fascicled, 5 to 6 lines broad, pediceled; f r u i t oblong-ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, sparingly or minutely puberulent, 4 to 6 lines long.—Eanges in and bordering the Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal. (P. eriogyna Mason.) Var. PILULATA Jepson n. var. Leaves orbicular, more or less truncatish or subcordate at base, 5 to 8 lines long; f r u i t (immature) subglobose, a little flattened, a little broader t h a n long, 4 lines long.—Wagon Wash near Sentenac Cañón (Jepson 8 7 6 9 , type).

26. SÓRBUS L. Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. Flowers white, in compound cymes. S t a m e n s about 20. Ovary inferior, 2 to

506. Sorbus sitchensis Roem. ; fr. branchlet x V\.

508

ROKACEAE

5-celled; styles as many as the cells, distinct. F r u i t a small berry-like pome. (The Latin name.) 1. S. sitchénsis Roem. W E S T E R N MOUNTAIN A S H . Fig. 506. Many-stemmed erect nearly glabrous shrub 3 to 9 f t . high; leaves 4 to 6 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong, serrate except at base, 1 to 2 in. long; corymbs 2 to 3 in. broad; petals 2 lines long; styles villous at base; f r u i t coral-red, 4 lines long.—Along streams on steep slopes in the mts., 7000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Mt. Shasta, Salmon Summit and Marble Mt.; n. to Alas., e. to Lab. Yar. DÈNSA Jepson n. var. Leaflets more crowded, V/i to 2 in. long; corymbs denser, the pedicels and calyx-tube hairy.—Siskiyou Co. to Mariposa Co. (Stubblefield Canon, Jepson 4530, t y p e ) . ( P y r u s sambucifolia Bot. Cai.) 27. PHOTÌNIA Lindi. Evergreen shrub with simple coriaceous serrate leaves. Flowers white, small, numerous, in little cymes disposed in a terminal corymbose panicle. Calyx turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals spreading. Stamens (in ours) 10, in pairs opposite the calyx-teeth; filaments subulate. Pistils 2 or 3, lightly united, only lightly adherent to the fleshy calyxtube, the thickened calyx-teeth closed over them in f r u i t . F r u i t bright red, ovoid, berry-like. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. (Greek photeinos, shining, alluding to the foliage.) 1. P. arbutifòlia Lindi.

CHRISTMAS

BERRY. TOYON. F i g . 507. S h r u b , r a r e l y

a small tree, 5 to 15 f t . high; leaves oblong, acute at base and apex, dark green, lighter beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, on petioles % to % in. long; panicle in anthesis rather dense, 2 to 3 in. high; corolla 21/i. lines broad; f r u i t 3 to 4 lines long.—Eocky mountain slopes and deep soil of canon bottoms, 10 to 3500 f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Butte Co. to Mariposa Co.; Coast Ranges f r o m Humboldt and Shasta Cos. s. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cai. (Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem.) Var. CÉRINA Jepson n. var. Berries yellow.-—San Luis Obispo Co. (Templeton, Pearl C. Jared, type) to n. Monterey Co. 2 8 . P ^ R U S L. P E A R . A P P L E Deciduous trees or shrubs with simple leaves and stipules which disappear early. Flowers in corymbs. Calyx-tube urnshaped. Petals white or pink, with claws. Stamens about 20. Ovary inferior, 2 to 5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, the carpels chartaceous; styles as many as the cells, united at base. F r u i t a pome. (Latin name of the Pear.)

1. P. rivulàris Dougl. OREGON CRAB A P P L E . Small tree or many-stemmed shrub 10 to 30 f t . high; leaves ovate, pointed, serrate, or some 3-lobed or with, a coarse tooth on each side, green above, pale, pubescent and eventually rusty beneath, 1 to 3% in. long; corymbs 4 to 10-flowered; petals white, elliptical, 3 to 5 lines long; carpels commonly 3; f r u i t s oblong or oblongovoid, 6 to 7 lines long, yellowish (or pinkish on one side), aging purpleblack.—Near the coast: N a p a Range and Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash.

ROSE 29.

509

FAMILY

CRATAÈGUS

L.

THORN

Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed, deciduous. Flowers iu ours white, heavy-scented, in short corymbs. Calyx-tube urnshaped. Petals roundish. Stamens 10 to 20. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, 2 to 5-celled, or the 2 to 5 carpels merely contiguous and not united; styles distinct. F r u i t more or less drupe-like, red or purple, containing 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets, these united or separable; calyx-teeth persistent. (Greek kratos, strength, in reference to the wood.) 1. C. douglàsii Lindi. W E S T E R N B L A C K H A W . Much branched shrub 5 to 9 f t . high or sometimes a scraggly tree up to 20 or 30 f t . high; thorns stout, Vi to 1 in. long; twigs reddish; leaves obovate or ovate, doubly serrate above the cuneate entire base and often lobed or rarely with 1 or 2 deep slashes, 1 to 2 (or 4) in. long, on short petioles; flowers 5 to 6 lines broad; f r u i t black, 5 to 6 lines long.—Canon flats, 2500 to 4000 f t . , Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co., thence e. to Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Mich. June. (C. rivularis FI. W. Mid. Cai.) 30. P E R A P H Ì L L U M Nutt. Low shrub. Leaves simple, mostly fascicled at the ends of the branchlets or short spurs. Flowers appearing with the leaves, solitary or in a sessile 2 to 3-flowered umbel. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, each cell becoming incompletely divided by a false partition; styles 2. F r u i t globose, fleshy. (Greek pera, excessively, and phullon, a leaf.) 1. P. ramosissimum N u t t . Intricately branched, 2 to 4 f t . high, with short rigid branchlets and grayish b a r k ; leaves oblanceolate, entire or very minutely serrate, % to 1% (or 2 % ) in. long; flowers pale rose-color; petals roundish-obovate, spreading, 4 lines long; f r u i t yellowish, 4 to 5 lines in diameter.—High interior plateau, Lassen Co. to ne. Shasta Co. and Modoc Co.; n. to Ore., e. to Bocky Mts. May. 31.

AMELÀNCHIER

Medic.

J U N E BERRY

Shrubs or small trees with simple deciduous leaves. Flowers white, in racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-parted, the lobes narrow, persistent. Petals ascending. Stamens indefinite, about 20, the outer row with longer filaments. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, 5celled, each cell in f r u i t divided into 2 by a partition f r o m the back; styles 5, united below. F r u i t berry-like, globose, the cells 1seeded. (Savoy name of the Medlar.) 1. A. alnifòlia N u t t . W E S T E R N SERVICE BERRY. Fig. 508. Shrub 3 to 12 f t . high; leaves mostly elliptic, sharply serrate near the apex or less commonly entire, % to 1% in. long; petioles 4 to 6 lines long; racemes short and rather dense; petals narrowly oblong, or somewhat cuneate at base, 4 to 6 lines long; calyx tomentulose or white-hairy, more or less glab r a t e ; f r u i t purplish, 2% to 3 lines in diameter.—Mountain slopes: High mts. of S. Cai. a n d S i e r r a N e v a d a , 5000 t o 8000 f t . ; R a n g e s , 100 t o 6000 f t . ; n. t o Alas.,

Coast e. t o

Eocky Mts. Variable as to pubescence, especially of flowering parts. The following are shadowy or wavering varieties only tentatively entered here: Var. PÀLLIDA Jepson n. comb. Leaves cuspidate, entire or less serrate a t apex; calyx-lobes subglabrous outside.— U s u a l l y at lower a n d more arid situations:

5 0 8 . Amelanchier alnifolia N u t t . ;

fl.

branchlet x l .

510

LEGUMINOSAE

Sierra Nevada and Coast Banges to mts. of S. Cal. (A. pallida Greene). Y a r . VENUL6SA Jepson n. comb. Leaves conspicuously veiny, serrate at apex or above middle; calyx pubescent outside.—Arid mountain slopes: Warner M t s . ; San Gabriel M t s . ; San Bernardino Mts. (A. venulosa Greene.) Var. coviLLEi Jepson n. comb. Leaves obtuse, pointed at very apex; petals 2y 2 to 3 lines long.—Panamint Mts. ( A . covillei S t a . ) L E G U M I N O S A E . PEA FAMILY Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually compound. Leaflets 1 to many, usually entire. Calyx synsepalous, 5-toothed or -cleft (or in Lupinus 2-lipped), mostly persistent. Corolla with 5 petals, regular or somewhat irregular or in ours commonly papilionaceous, i. e., highly irregular and butterfly-like: the upper petal is called the banner; the lateral petals are called the wings; the two lower petals are joined by their edges to form the keel; the banner in the bud enfolds the wings which in turn cover the keelpetals; all the claws are free from one another. P e t a l s essentially hypogynous. Stamens 10, united into a sheath around the ovary (monadelphous), or the upper stamen distinct from the others (diadelphous), or sometimes all distinct. Pistil 1, superior, 1-celled. F r u i t a legume (2-valved pod), with 1 row of seeds on the ventral side, commonly opening by both the dorsal and ventral sutures, the valves twisting in opposite directions, or sometimes in dehiscent. Seeds mostly kidney-shaped, without endosperm.—Amorpha has but'one petal. K r a m e r i a has simple leaves without stipules, 4 stamens and an irregular corolla. Acacia has numerous stamens. I n ours Cytisus and Ulex have no stipules. The seeds of Cassia have endosperm. The pod in Astragalus is sometimes 2-celled. A . COROLLA REGULAR, OR ONLY SLIGHTLY IRREGULAR ( E X C E P T IN NO. 2 ) , NOT AT ALL PAPILIONACEOUS (OBSCURELY SO IN NO. 1 ) ; TREES OR SHRUBS. L e a v e s simple. P o d s not spiny; stamens 1 0 1 . CERCIS. Pods spiny; stamens 4 2 . KRAMERIA. Leaves compound. C a l y x w i t h p e r i g y n o u s disk w i t h i n t h e t u b e o r a t b a s e . L e a v e s s i m p l y p i n n a t e ; a n t h e r s fixed b y t h e b a s e ; fertile s t a m e n s 7 . . . 3 . CASSIA. L e a v e s b i p i n n a t e , t h e p e t i o l e v e r y s h o r t o r a l m o s t n o n e , b e a r i n g o n e p a i r of p i n n a e ; c a l y x 5-lobed, t h e lobes r e f l e x e d a t m a t u r i t y , d e c i d u o u s ; stam e n s 1 0 , d i s t i n c t ; a n t h e r s fixed b y t h e m i d d l e ; c o r o l l a m o d e r a t e l y l a r g e ( 2 to 5 lines l o n g ) . P o d s flattish; petiole n o t s p i n e s c e n t a t t i p 4 . CERCIDIUM. P o d s t o r u l o s e ; petiole spinescent at tip 5 . PARKINSONIA. C a l y x w i t h o u t p e r i g y n o u s d i s k ; c o r o l l a m i n u t e ( 1 to 1V2 l i n e s l o n g ) ; l e a v e s u s u a l l y twice pinnate. Petals distinct or becoming so; stamens 1 0 6 . PROKOPIS. P e t a l s u n i t e d b e l o w ; s t a m e n s indefinitely n u m e r o u s 7 . ACACIA. B.

COROLLA PAPILIONACEOUS. 1. Stamens

distinct.

L e a v e s p a l m a t e l y 3-foliolate. F l o w e r s yellow, in r a c e m e s ; s t i p u l e s c o n s p i c u o u s ; h e r b s F l o w e r s purple, solitary; stipules n o n e ; very spiny shrub L e a v e s b i p i n n a t e ; h e r b s or low s h r u b s w i t h r a c e m e s of yellow flowers

a. Calyx

8 . THERMOPSIS. 9 . PICKERINGIA.

1 0 . HOFFMANSECGIA. 2. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous. deeply 2 - l i p p e d ; s t a m e n s 5 l o n g a n d 5 s h o r t , t h e i r filaments m o n a d e l p h o u s b u t free at a p e x ; anthers alternately larger a n d smaller.

S i d e s of t h e r o u n d i s h b a n n e r t u r n e d o r rolled s h a r p l y b a c k w a r d s ; flowers m o s t l y blue o r p u r p l e , r a r e l y w h i t e , yellow o r r e d , i n t e r m i n a l r a c e m e s , m o s t l y i n w h o r l s ; l e a v e s p a l m a t e , of 4 t o m a n y l e a f l e t s ; seeds w i t h o u t s t r o p h i o l e 1 1 . LUPINUS. S i d e s of b a n n e r n o t rolled o r b e n t b a c k w a r d ; flowers y e l l o w ; s e e d s w i t h s t r o p h i o l e ; i n t r o duced shrubs. L e a v e s 3-foliolate, or the b r a n c h e s leafless; calyx herbaceous, divided half-way into 2 lips 1 2 . CYTISUS. L e a v e s simple, o r t h e b r a n c h e s l e a f l e s s ; c a l y x m e m b r a n o u s , d i v i d e d n e a r l y to b a s e i n t o 2 lips 13. ULEX. b. C a l y x n o t d e e p l y 2 - l i p p e d . Leaves compound. L e a v e s 3-foliolate, t h e leaflets d e n t i c u l a t e or s e r r u l a t e ; ( s e e also 110s. 1 7 a n d 2 0 ) . F l o w e r s in a r a c e m e or s p i k e ; corolla deciduous a f t e r flowering; l e a v e s pinnately 3-foliolate. P o d c u r v e d or s p i r a l l v c o i l e d ; style s u b u l a t e 1 4 . MEDICAGO P o d small, o v o i d ; styie filiform 1 5 . MELILOTUS

PEA

511

FAMILY

Flowers in a head, rarely in a capitate umbel or short spike; corolla witheringpersistent after flowering; leaves palmately 3, sometimes 4 or 5-foliolate. 16.

TRIFOLIUM.

Leaves pinnate, the leaflets commonly entire. Leaves commonly odd-pinnate (two species palmate in P s o r a l e a ) , the leaflets entire. Flowers in umbels, sometimes solitary; leaflets commonly 3 to many, sometimes 1 or 2

17.

LOTUS.

Flowers in racemes or spikes; leaflets many (few in no. 20 and often in no. 1 9 ) . Herbage glutinous or glandular-dotted. Pod not prickly; flowers purple or whitish or rose-color. Corolla of 1 petal; shrub 18. AMORPHA. Corolla of 5 petals. Shrubs, sometimes herbs; deserts 19. PAROSELA. H e r b s ; Sierra Nevada and Coast R a n g e s . . 2 0 . PSORALEA. Pod prickly, indehiscent; flowers yellowish 2 1 . GLYCYRRHIZA. Herbage not glandular-punctate nor glutinous (viscid in 1 species of no. 2 4 ) ; herbs. Leaves and upper stipules spinose-tipped 2 2 . KENTROPHYTA. Herbage unarmed. Tip of keel obtuse or merely acute 2 3 . ASTRAGALUS. Tip of keel prolonged into a distinct beak 2 4 . OXYTROPIS. Leaves equally pinnate. Tree, spinescent; two upper calyx-teeth united 2 5 . OLNEYA. Herbs. Rachis not produced into a tendril; pods somewhat stipitate, septate between the seeds 2 6 . SESBAXIA. R a c h i s produced into a branched tendril, rarely terminating in a bristle or imperfect leaflet; pods not septate between the seeds; flowers commonly in spikes or racemes. Style hairy all around at summit 2 7 . VICIA. Style hairy on the upper side 2 8 . LATHYRUS. Leaves simple; very spiny low shrub 2 9 . ALHAGI.

1. CfiRCIS L . J U D A S T R E E Shrubs. Flowers red-purple, in umbel-like fascicles, appearing from winter buds in advance of the simple leaves. Stipules caducous. Calyx in anthesis broader than long, with 5 broad obtuse teeth. Corolla obscurely papilionaceous; banner smaller than the wings and enclosed by them in the bud; keelpetals larger than the wing-petals and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined, the filaments clavate-dilated towards the base. Pod oblong, very flat, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. (Kerkis, Greek name of the oriental Judas Tree.) 1. C. occidentals Torr. W E S T E R N RED-BUD. Fig. 509. Stems usually clustered, 8 to 15 ft. high; leaves round, cordate at base with nearly closed sinus, 2% to 3% in. broad; pod 2 to 2 y2 in. long and 8 lines wide.—Foothills, 1000 to 4000 ft.; inner North Coast Ranges from Solano Co. to e. Mendocino Co. and Shasta Co., s. through the Sierra Foothills to Tulare Co. and the mts. of S. Cal.; e. to Tex. Mar.-Apr. 2. K R A M E R I A L. More or less root-parasitic shrubs with alternate simple entire leaves without stipules. Flowers purple, solitary in the axils on bracted peduncles. Sepals 5, petal-like, the lower one broadest. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, the 3 upper parallel and approximate with very small blades and very long claws, the 2 lower reduced to short fleshy scales. Stamens 4, all on upper side of

512

LEGUMINOSAE

flower, in two unequal pairs; anthers opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 2ovuled. Pod subglobose, spiny, indehiseent, 1-seeded. ( J . G. H. Kramer, Austrian army physician, 18th century, author of a key to the herbs, shrubs and trees.) Spines on fruit barbed at apex 1. S. canescens. Spines on fruit barbed their whole length. . . 2. K. parvifolia.

1. K . canéscens Gray. Pig. 510. Intricately and densely branched thorny shrub 1% to 2*4 f t . high; young parts tomentose; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, 2 to 5 lines long; peduncles bearing near middle one pair of opposite bracts; calyx 4 to 5 lines long, lightly tomentose without,deep purple within; upper sepals approximate, erect or recurving, lateral pair upwardly curving with falcate tips, the lower one spreading downward; petals red-purple with yellowish claws; style with a whitepubescent zone at base; pod globose, 4 lines long, armed with many slender (2 lines long) spines barbed at tip.— Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to N. Mex., s. to Mex. and L. Cai. (K. grayi Rose & Painter.) 2. K. parvifolia Benth. Similar to no. 1 ; peduncles bearing 2 or 3 opposite pairs of leaf-like bracts.—Mohave Desert; s. along the western borders of the Colorado Desert to L. Cai.; e. to N. Mex. 3. C À S S I A L .

SENNA

Herbs or shrubs with even-pinnate leaves. Flowers (in ours) yellow, in racemes. Sepals 5, distinct or nearly so. Corolla regular, with spreading petals. Fertile stamens (in ours) 7, the anthers opening by 2 pores at the apex, the 3 remaining stamens represented by short sterile filaments on the upper side of the flower. Pod usually curved, many-seeded. (Ancient Greek name.) Herbage glabrous or nearly so; stipules and stipels none; racemes terminal 1. C. armata. Herbage finely and densely white-pubescent; stipules and stipels filiform; racemes axillary 2. C. covesii.

1. C. armàta Wats. Fig. 511. Much-branched bush 2 to 4 f t . high; shoots of the season thickish, green, almost leafless, ending in racemes 3 to 7 in. long; leaf-rachis elongated, dilated, ending in a conspicuous point, bearing 1 to 4 pairs of leaflets; leaflets distant, oblong or ovate, 2 to 4 lines long; petals roundish, bright salmon-color, 4 to 6 lines long; pods curved.—Sandy shallow washes: Colorado and Mohave deserts and n. to Inyo Co.; e. to western Ariz. 2. C. còvesii Gray. Bush 1 to 2 f t . high; leafrachis short, bearing 3 pairs leaflets; leaflets elliptic, 6 to 12 lines long; racemes few-flowered, corymbose, 1 to 2 in. long; petals oblong-obovate, veined, 6 lines long; pods straight. — Sandy washes, Chuckawalla Mts., Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz.

511. Cassia armata Wats. ; a, fl. branchlet ; b, leaf ;

c, pod. x Vi.

PEA F A M I L Y

51-J

4. C E R C I D I U M TUL. Shrubs or small trees, armed with short axillary thorns. L e a v e s bipinnate with very short petiole bearing one pair of pinnae, each pinna with 2 or 3 equal pairs of leaflets. Flowers on jointed pedicels in axillary racemes. Petals y e l l o w , clawed, the upper one broader than the rest, a little auricled at base of blade, and w i t h longer claw. Stamens 10, distinct, the filaments hairy at base. P o d linear or oblong, flattish. ( G r e e k cercidion, a w e a v e r ' s shuttle, in reference to the f r u i t . ) 1. C. torreyanum ( W a t s . ) Sarg. PALO VERDE. F i g . 512. T r e e 15 to 20 f t . high, with short trunk and smooth green bark, leafless f o r most of the y e a r ; flowers yellow, 6 to 9 lines broad; pods 2 to 3 in. long, o f t e n conspicuously constricted between the flat seeds.—Sandy washes or depressions in the Colorado Desert; s. A r i z , to L . Cal. and Sonora. The leaves f a l l soon a f t e r they appear in March, but the tree still presents a cheerful appearance on account of its bright green bark. 5. P A R K I N S & N I A L . 512. Cercidium torreyanum Shrubs or low trees. L e a v e s bipinnate, the comSarg.; a, b, c, different mon petiole v e r y short, or almost none, bearing one f o r m s of pods x

p a i r

o f

p i n n a e ;

e a c h

p i n n a

w i t h

4

t o

2 5

p a i r s

0

f

leaflets. F l o w e r s in loose racemes. Petals y e l l o w . Stamens 10, distinct, in 2 rows, the filaments hairy below. P o d linear-cylindric, conspicuously constricted between the seeds. (James Parkinson, 1567-1650, author of botanical treatises and herbalist to James I . ) 1. P . microphylla Torr. MALE PALO VERDE. Shrub 5 to 10 f t . high or a small tree up to 25 f t . high, with light green b a r k ; branchlets spinose at t i p ; pinnae % to 1 in. long, in sessile pairs, the common petiole short or none; leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, elliptic, YJ to 1 line long; petals pale yellow, 2 to 2 % lines l o n g ; pods 1 % to 3 in. long, 1 to 3-seeded, strongly constricted between the seeds and the constrictions sometimes elongated, beaked with a long-acuminate apex and contracted at base into a cuneate stipe.—Whipple Mts. on the Colorado R i v e r ; A r i z . ; n. M e x . 6. P R O S O P I S L . Deciduous shrubs or trees, the branches armed with spines or thorns. L e a v e s deciduous, bipinnate w i t h 1 pair ( r a r e l y 2 pairs) of pinnae; leaflets in equal pairs, numerous, small, entire. F l o w e r s small, greenish-yellow, regular, sessile, in a x i l l a r y pedunculate cylindrical spikes. Calyx campanulate, w i t h 5 short teeth, deciduous. P e t a l s 5, v e r y much exceeding the calyx. Stamens 10, distinct, exserted. O v a r y stipitate, villous. P o d straight, curved or coiled, indehiscent, the A [ many seeds separated by thick spongy partitions. -N ( G r e e k prosopis, ancient name f o r the butter-bur.) Pinnae

w i t h 10 to 15 p a i r s of l e a f l e t s ; thorns a x i l l a r y , in pairs, singly or n o n e ; pod straight or c u r v i n g , compressed 1. P . juliflora. P i n n a e w i t h 5 to 8 p a i r s of l e a f l e t s ; spines in pairs, s t i p u l a r ; p o d spirally coiled into a straight c y l i n d r i c b o d y . . . 2. P . pubescens.

1. P . juliflora DC. var. glandulosa Ckll. HONEY MESQUITE. F i g . 513. Several-stemmed or a shorttrunked tree w i t h crooked or arching branches forming a rounded or depressed crown, 10 to 20 f t . high; leaflets linear, % to 1 in. l o n g ; stipules linear and membranous; thorns 1 or 2, a x i l l a r y , VI to 1*4 in. long, or sometimes absent; flowers 2 lines long, condensed in slender cvlindrical spikes mostly 2 to 31/» in. l o n g ; stamens tWice as long as the petals; podi borne in drooping clusters, 1 to 6 to each spike,

513g

,a™uta^kn^Y'"'' branclilet x

514

LEGU MINOSAE

linear, at first flat, later becoming thickened, curved 4 to 8 in. long, 4 to 5 lines broad, irregularly constricted between the seeds which are about 3 lines long.-—Colorado and Mohave deserts; local in the upper San Joaquin Valley, at San Jacinto Lake and in w. San Diego Co.; e. to Tex., s. to northern Mex. 2. P . pubescens B e n t h .

SCREW-BEAN MESQUITE.

Fig. 514. Shrub or small tree 10 to 35 f t . high; branches armed with stout stipular often whitish spines 2 to 6 lines long; leaves canescently puberulent; leaflets oblong, 1 to 5 lines long; flowers 2 lines long, borne in spikes 2 to 3 in. long, each spike setting 2 to 15 pods; pod coiled into a narrow straight cylindric body 1 to 1% in. long; seeds 514. Prosopis pubescens Benth.; fr. spike x less t h a n 1 line long.—Sandy or gravelly washes or ravines: Colorado and Mohave deserts, n. to Death Valley; e. to N. Mex. 7. ACACIA Willd. Trees or shrubs with bipinnate leaves and small leaflets. Flowers minute, in ours yellow, perfect or polygamous, condensed in pedunculate cylindrical or globular spikes. Spikes solitary or fascicled in the axils or disposed in a diffuse terminal panicle. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Petals more or less united below. Stamens numerous, distinct or nearly so, much exserted. Pod 2-valved or indehiscent. (Greek akakie, f r o m ake, a point, referring to the prickles.) 1. A. greggii Gray. CATCLAW. Fig. 515. Straggling shrub 4 to 7 f t . high, or sometimes becoming a small tree up to 15 f t . high; branches armed with scattered short b u t stout curved prickles, rarely unarmed; leaves deciduous, 1 to 2 in. long, with 1 or mostly 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae and 4 to 6 pairs of pale leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-obovate, 1 to 3Vi> lines long; flowers in cylindrical spikes % to 2% in. long; pods 2 to 11seeded, much compressed, more or less constricted between the seeds and curved or contorted, narrowed to a cuneate base, 2 to 6 in. long, or sometimes much reduced, 1seeded and simulating a fry-pan in o u t l i n e . — Washes or hillsides in the Colorado Desert, n. to the Providence Mts.; e. to Tex., s. to Mex.

/

8. THERM6PSIS R. Br. Perennial herbs (resembling Lupines) with commonly e r e c t clustered stems. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate, petioled, and with free leaf-like stipules. Flowers yellow, in a terminal raceme, the pedicels subtended by persistent bracts.

Calyx

campanu-

late, deeply toothed, the

515. Acacia greggii Gray; a, fl. branehlet; i>,

different forms of pods, x 1.

PEA FAMILY

515

two upper teeth in ours almost completely united. Banner roundish, shorter t h a n the oblong wings, t h e sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, obtuse, its petals very lightly joined, equaling the wings. Stamens distinct. Pod long, linear, flat, several-seeded. (Greek thermos, lupine, and opsis, resemblance.) Herbage glabrous; pedicels equaling or longer than bracts 1. T. gracilis. Herbage densely pubescent or tomentose ; pedicels commonly shorter than bracts 2. T. macrophylla.

1. T. gracilis Howell var. venósa Jepson n. comb. Stems branching, f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaflets obovate to oblong, 1% to 2 in. long; stipules ovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, longer or shorter t h a n the petioles; racemes loose, the flowers solitary or in 2s in t h e axils of the bracts; pedicels equaling or longer t h a n the bracts; pods linear, 2 to 3 in. long, on a stipe shorter t h a n the calyx. —Trinity and Shasta Cos. May. (T. venosa Eastw.) Var. VELÙTINA Jepson n. comb. Leaflets small, with a dense velvety pubescence. •— Mt. Hamilton Range to S. Cai. (T. velutina Greene.) Var. ARGENTÀTA Jepson n. comb. One to 2 f t . high, densely silky-pubescent throughout.—Shasta and Modoc Cos. (T. a r g e n t a t a Greene.) 2. T. macrophylla H. & A. Fig. 516. Stems somewhat branched above, 1 to 2 f t . high; leaves silky or whitishpubescent when young, soon glabrate, at least above; leaflets broadly or narrowly obovate and often more or less rhomboidal, acute at each end, or some obtuse at apex (even on same p l a n t ) , 1% to 3 or 4 in. long; stipules strongly oblique or not at all oblique, even on the same plant, longer t h a n the petioles; upper lip of calyx slightly notched; lower calyx-teeth shorter 5 1 6 . Thermopsis macrophylla H . & A . ; a, t h a n or as long as t u b e ; raceme rather leaves and raceme x y3 ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, fl. with corolla removed x 1. dense, 3 to 6 in. long; pods straight, silky, 2 to 5-seeded.—Coast Kanges, mostly toward the coast, from Monterey Co. to Mendocino Co. 9. PICKERÌNGIA N u t t . Very rigid and spiny evergreen xerophytic shrub. Leaves small, palmately 1 to 3-foliolate, nearly sessile and without stipules. Flowers large, purple, solitary, axillary and short-pediceled. Calyx campanulate with a t u r b i n a t e base, the border with 5 very low broad teeth. Petals equal, the banner orbicular with reflexed sides, the wing- and keel-petals oblong, the l a t t e r distinct and straight. Stamens distinct. Pod linear, flat, stipitate, straight, several-seeded. (Charles Pickering of the Wilkes Expedition, which visited California in 1841.) 1. P. montana N u t t . PEA CHAPARRAL. Fig. 517. Densely branched shrub, 3 to 8 f t . high, t h e branchlets very spinose; leaflets obovate, entire, 2 to 6 lines long; flowers near the ends of the branchlets, rose-purple, % in. long, on very short pedicels; pedicels bearing 2 minute subulate bractlets near the middle; banner with a yellowish or whitish spot at base; stamens persistent; pod exserted on the stipe, about 2 in. long, 6 to 10-seeded, somewhat constricted between the seeds.—Characteristic chaparral shrub, 2000 to 5000 f t . : San Diego Co. and n. to Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Butte Co. May-June. The roots, as in this family generally, bear

516

LEGU MINOS AE

nodules, but in this species i n v e r y large clusters, resembling those on the roots of Ceanothus thrysiflorus. 10. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Herbs o r l o w shrubs, the stems from t u b e r o u s roots or a woody base. Leaves bipinnate, glandulardotted, with very small leaflets and small s t i p u l e s . Flowers and fruit more or less glandular. Flowers yellow, in n a k e d racemes. Calyx 5parted, the lobes nearly equal. Petals a n d stamens perigynous, inserted a t the s u m m i t o f the 5 1 7 . P i c k e r i n g i a m o n t a n a N u t t . ; a , fl. b r a n c h l e t x % ; b, fl. x 1.

short

calyx - tube.

Petals 5, obovate, oval or oblong, nearly equal. Stamens 10, distinct. Ovary subsessile. Pod flat., with few or several seeds. ( J . Centurius, Count of Hoffmansegg, 1766-1849, author, with J . F. Link, of a Flora of Portugal.)

H e r b ; leaves with several pair of p i n n a e 1. H. (lensiilora. S h r u b ; leaves with only one p a i r of p i n n a e besides the t e r m i n a l p i n n a . . 2 . II. mtcroi'liylla.

1. H. densiflora Benth. CAMOTE DE EATON. Stems several from deepseated roots, 8 to 12 in. high, with a heavy t u f t of mostly basal leaves; leaves bipinnate, 3 to 5 in. long, commonly 3 to 5 pairs, the pinnae 3 to 9 lines long, leaflets oblong, 1 to 3 lines long; flowers 5 lines long; corolla orange-red; lower margins of petals and claws with many stipitate glands; filaments puberulent, the alternate ones less heavy or glandular than the others; ovary densely covered with tack-shaped glands; pods 1V-2 in. long, straight on the ventral suture.—Hard alkaline spots: Inyo Co.; head of the San Joaquin Valley; Mohave and Colorado Deserts; s. to L. Cal. and Mex., e. to Tex. Apr.-June. 2. H. microphylla Torr. Bush 2 to 10 ft. high, with rush-like stems; leaves % to 1% in. long, with one pair of lateral pinnae 2 to 5 lines long, the terminal pinna twice as long; racemes 4 to 5 in. long; flowers 4 lines long; filaments woolly at base; ovary with its margins and style densely hairy; pods oblong, 8 to 9 lines long.—Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal. 11. L U P i N U S By

L.

CHARLES P I P E R

LUPINE SMITH

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately compound, rarely unifoliolat.e; petioles dilated at base; leaflets usually 3 to 17. Flowers racemose. Calyx 2-lipped, the lips entire, toothed, or the upper bifid, often with bractlets between the lips. Banner commonly with a ventral median sulcus, a pair of rounded umbos, the sides reflexed, the back glabrous or more or less pubescent; wings usually glabrous, rarely pubescent on the side or somewhat ciliate on the edges near the claw; keel often ciliate on the free margins. Stamens 10,

PEA

517

FAMILY

monadelphous, the anthers alternately of two forms. Legume flattened. Ovules 2 to 12. Seeds with a sunken hilum. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. (Latin lupus, a wolf, these plants thought to rob the soil of its fertility.) A. Cotyledons sessile, connate; ovules usually 2 only; annuals. 1. FLOWERS NON-VERTICILLATE ; KEEL

NON-CILIATE.

Pods la nee-oblong, hirsute, constricted between the seeds; stems and peduncles both very short, the racemes equaled or surpassed by the foliage; seeds concave-lenticular. . 1. L. pusillus. P o d s oblong or ovate, scarcely constricted between the seeds; peduncles well-developed; seeds more or less oblong. P o d s oblong, about 20 mm. long, smooth or scaly on the sides; ovules 2 to 6 ; flowers 10 mm. long 2. L. odoratus. P o d s ovate, or not over 15 mm. long; ovules two. B a n n e r suborbicular; racemes elongated; pods loosely villous on the sides 3. L. rubenx. B a n n e r longer than wide. Stems and petioles densely short- and spreading-pubescent; racemes elong a t e d ; pods smooth or scaly on the sides 4. L. shockleyi. Stems and petioles densely villous; racemes usually subcapitate; pods loosely villous on the sides 5. L. brevicaulit). 2.

F L O W E R S V E R T I C I L L A T E ; K E E L C I L I A T E ON T H E U P P E R M A R G I N S N E A R

CLAWS.

Flowers ascending to suberect in anthesis. B a n n e r 7 to 11 mm. wide, rounded at apex; both wing a n d keel petals ciliate near claws on both upper a n d lower m a r g i n s 6. L. horizontal™. B a n n e r 4 to 6 mm. wide, angled at a p e x ; neither wing nor keel petals ciliate on lower margins 7. L. microcarpus. Flowers spreading in anthesis. Flowers becoming suberect soon a f t e r anthesis, usually not secund. . . . 8 . L. subvezus. Flowers spreading or distinctly secund a f t e r anthesis. Stems often fistulose; b a n n e r elliptic or oval, rarely ovate; keel sparsely ciliate or non-ciliate below; seeds smooth or roughened, but not tuberculate. . 9. L. densiflorus. Stems never fistulose; b a n n e r ovate; keel densely ciliate below; seeds uniformly d a r k brown and tuberculate 10. L. luteolus.

B. Cotyledons petioled after germination; ovules 2 to 12 or more. I.

P L A N T S A N N U A L OR B I E N N I A L .

1. Flowers

verticillate.

Keel ciliate on both u p p e r and lower margins, n e a r the claws only 11. L. succulentus. Keel non-ciliate, or ciliate on u p p e r m a r g i n s near apex only. Pedicels 3 to 8 mm. long; flowers 8 to 16 mm. long; b a n n e r suborbicular or wider t h a n long; verticils f o u r to several 12. L. nanus. Pedicels 1 to 3 mm. long. B a n n e r cuneate or s p a t u l a t e ; keel short and broad, the blunt acumen scarcely upturned 15. L. micranthus. B a n n e r neither cuneate nor s p a t u l a t e ; keel slender, with long n a r r o w acumen, often much u p t u r n e d . P o d s 6 to 9 mm. wide; seeds 4 to 5 mm. long by fully 3 mm. wide 13. L. pachylobus. P o d s 3 to 5 mm. wide; seeds 2 to 3 mm. long by about 2 mm. wide. 14. L. bicolor. 2. Flowers non-verticillate. Keel non-ciliate 16. L. concinnus. Keel ciliate on the lower free margins n e a r claws, often also on the upper margins. Racemes usually shorter t h a n their peduncles 23. L. stiversi. Racemes longer t h a n their peduncles. Largest leaflets 15 to 25 mm. wide; whole plant with stinging hairs 2 to 5 mm. long 17. L. hirsutissimus. Largest leaflets 2 to 12 mm. wide; longest hairs not over 2 mm. long. Keel stout, with blunt, short acumen, densely woolly-ciliate on the upper edges 18. L. truncates. Keel with slender acute acumen. Matured pods ascending; petals blue, lilac or purple. Pedicels 5 to 10 mm. long; floral bracts much exceeding the buds, usually early deciduous 19. L. bent.hami. Pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; bracts not much exceeding the buds. often subpersistent 20. L. sparsijlorus. Matured pods deflexed; petals not at all blue. P l a n t s 1 to 2 dm. tall; petals orange or golden; ovules 3 to 4 . . . . 21. L. citrinus. P l a n t s 2 to 4 dm. tall; petals white or p i n k i s h ; ovules 5 to 8 . . . . 22. L. dejlexus.

518

LEGUMINOSAE II.

1. Pedicels or tardily

short

and

deciduous;

stout,

usually

racemes

PLANTS

less

than

subspicate

PERENNIAL.

3 mm. with

long;

flowers

floral usually

bracts crowded;

usually keel

persistent ciliate.

B a n n e r pubescent on the back. Pubescence all appressed or subappressed 3 1 . L. canescens. Stems and petioles usually densely villous, at least with some widely-spreading h a i r s . . 3 0 . L. leucophyllus. B a n n e r glabrous. Largest leaves cauline, short-petioled. Pubescence minute and closely appressed except in the inflorescence; peduncles elongated, surpassing the uppermost foliage; bracts and brackets lanceolate 2 8 . L. pratensis. Pubescence long and loose, largely spreading; peduncles short, not surpassing the uppermost foliage; bracts and bractlets linear or filiform 2 9 . L. covillei. Largest leaves long-petioled, usually basal. Racemes capitate or subcapitate, rarely more than twice as long as wide; peduncles usually curved or bent, spreading or decumbent; stems often woody near base 24. L. lyallii. Racemes cylindric or conoidal, usually more than twice as long as wide. B a n n e r suborbicular; peduncles shorter than the elongated, leafy stems. . . . 2 7 . L. hypolasius. B a n n e r longer than wide. Flowers 6 to 9 mm. long 2 5 . L. torreyi. Flowers 10 to 13 mm. long 2 6 . L. confertus. slender, usually 3 to 12 mm. long; floral bracts usually early deciduous. 2. Pedicels a. Apex of b a n n e r normally not much reflexed from upper margin of wings; ventral median sulcus of banner deep, covering considerable of the wings. P l a n t s less than 15 cm. tall, commonly shrubby and matted 3 2 . L. breweri. P l a n t s over 15 cm. tall. Flowers 6 to 8 mm. long 3 3 . L. meionanthus. Flowers 8 to 1 4 mm. long. Keel non-ciliate 4 7 . L. adsurgens. Keel more or less ciliate on the upper edges. W i n g petals rather densely pubescent on outer surface n e a r upper distal c o r n e r ; calyx-cup spurred 3 4 . L. laxiflorus. W i n g petals not pubescent near upper distal corner, though sometimes with a few scattered villi near the claws. Leaflets glabrous or glabrate above. Stems without long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time, much branched above 4 0 . L. corymbosus. Stems with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Leaflets linear-falcate, about 2 mm. wide; keel curved 3 5 . L. gracilentus. Leaflets oblanceolate, usually over 6 mm. wide; keel nearly straight 36. L. onustus. Leaflets permanently pubescent above. Calyx-cup scarcely gibbous; pubescence largely spreading 3 7 . L. ludovicianus. Calyx-cup spurred or strongly gibbous. Stems with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time; pubescence of pedicels appressed or subappressed. . 38. L. caudatus. Stems without long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time; pubescence of pedicels widely spreading 39. L. inyoensis. b. Apex of b a n n e r normally well reflexed from upper margin of w i n g s ; ventral median sulcus of banner usually shallow, including very little of the wings. Keel non-ciliate. Low or tall shrubs. Low shrubs with long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time; var. of 58. L. albifrons. Tall shrub with all leaves short-petioled 5 7 . L. chamissonis. Stems herbaceous above ground. Stems usually stout and fistulose, with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Leaflets 10 to 17, 5 to 15 cm. long 4 1 . L. polyphyllus. Leaflets 5 to 9, usually not over 8 cm. long 42. L. superbus. Stems not fistulose, with no long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. B a n n e r narrow, acute at apex, median line much curved in bud. wings narrow and keel much exposed 43. L. albicaulis B a n n e r ovate to suborbicular, usually obtuse or rounded at apex, wings wider and keel largely or entirely covered. Leaves densely pubescent above, often silky; b a n n e r 11 to 14 mm. wide 4 6 . L. formosus. Leaves distinctly greenish above; b a n n e r 7 to 12 mm. wide. Flowers 10 to 13 mm. long; petals usually bluish or purplish. . . . 4 4 . L. andersoni. Flowers 1 4 to 16 mm. long; petals all light y e l l o w . 4 5 . L. sylvestris

PEA F A M I L Y

519

Keel ciliate on the upper margins. Keel ciliate from the claws to about the middle, but not along the acumen. Pedicels 5 to 10 mm. long, or largest leaflets over 5 cm. l o n g . . . . 5 0 . L. latifoliva. Pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; leaflets not over 5 cm. long. Stems usually much branched above; stipules inconspicuous, not villous, less than 10 mm. long 49. L. viridifolius. Stems simple or nearly so, stout and fistulous; stipules villous, 15-20 mm. long 48. L. barbatus. Keel ciliate from near apex to the middle. Stems with few or no long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Leaves densely silky both sides. Leaflets 5 to 7, appressed-silvery; banner pubescent dorsally 63. L. obtusilobus. Leaflets 3 to 5, subappressed-silky; banner glabrous. . 5 1 . L. tidestromii. Leaves greenish above, or plants over 3 dm. tall. Stems usually decumbent at base, villous at the nodes; ovules 9 to 1 4 . . 52. L. littoralis. Stems erect or ascending, not villous at the nodes more than elsewhere. Shrubby at base only; seeds about 3 mm. long, without pale spots at the micropyle 54. L. rivularis. Plants becoming tall shrubs. Leaflets usually less than 35 mm. long, glabrate or sparsely pubescent above; seeds 4 to 6 mm. long, with a pair of pale spots at the micropyle 55. L. arboreus. Largest leaflets usually 50 mm. long, silky above; seeds scarcely 4 mm. long, without pale spots at the micropyle. . . . 56. L. longifolius. Stems with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Leaflets glabrous or obscurely pubescent above, or at least not silky. Stems elongated, rarely long-villous; leaves all cauline.53. L. variicolor. Stems abbreviated, loDg-villous; leaves largely basal 65. L. saxosus. Leaflets usually silky-pubescent above. Keel narrow, with long, slender acumen and narrowed toward the base, ciliate along upper edges of acumen; upper leaves usually short-petioled 58. L. albifrons. Keel broader, not narrowed toward the base, usually ciliate along most of the upper margins; upper leaves usually long-petioled. Largest leaflets 14 to 30 mm. wide. Stems and petioles appressed-silky 59. L. scricatus. Stems and petioles densely spreading-velvety. . 6 0 . L. cervinu.s. Largest leaflets not over 12 mm. wide. Stems and petioles appressed-silky 61. L. exculntus. Stems and petioles spreading-pubescent. Stems short-villous, elongated, with few scattered leaves. 62. L. gra\n. Stems long-villous, abbreviated, with the leaves mostly crowded at the base 64. L. •magnificuv. DIVISION

1.—Annuals.

1. L . p u s i l l u s P u r s h v a r . i n t e r m o n t a n u s C. P . S m . L o o s e l y v i l l o u s , a b o u t 1 d m . t a l l ; l e a v e s l o n g - p e t i o l e d , g l a b r o u s a b o v e , l e a f l e t s 5, 1 2 t o 2 0 m m . l o n g ; r a c e m e s s u r p a s s e d b y t h e f o l i a g e ; flowers n o t w h o r l e d , 7 t o 9 m m . l o n g , b r a c t s p e r s i s t e n t , pedicels 2 m m . long, g l a b r o u s or s u b v i l l o u s ; c a l y x - c u p subvillous, the lips quite villous; petals bluish to whitish, keel nearly straight, non-ciliate; pods oblong, c o n s t r i c t e d b e t w e e n t h e two seeds, w h i c h are rugose, flat, d i s k - l i k e . — D r y s a n d y s o i l , I n y o a n d M o d o c C o s . ; N e v . t o A r i z . , w . W y o . a n d e. W a s h . ( L . i n t e r m o n t a n u s H e l . ) 2. L . o d o r a t u s H e l . G l a b r o u s o r s p a r s e l y v i l l o u s , s u b a c a u l e s c e n t ; l e a v e s b a s a l , l o n g - p e t i o l e d , g l a b r o u s a b o v e , l e a f l e t s 5 t o 7, 10 t o 2 0 m m . l o n g ; flowers a b o u t 1 0 m m . l o n g , s c a t t e r e d , b r a c t s p e r s i s t e n t , p e d i c e l s 4 t o (r m m . l o n g , g l a b r o u s ; c a l y x g l a b r o u s ; p e t a l s b l u e or purple, b a n n e r with a yellow c e n t e r , k e e l s o m e w h a t c u r v e d ; p o d s o b l o n g , 17 t o 2 0 m m . l o n g , s m o o t h o r s c a l y o n t h e sides, v i l l o u s on t h e m a r g i n s , ovules 2 t o 6, seeds r o u g h . — S a n d y p l a i n s , M o h a v e D e s e r t ; e. t o A r i z , a n d N e v . V a r . PILOSI!;LLUS C. P . S m . S t e m s a n d petioles conspicuously pubescent with short, spreading hairs. — Nipton; Mohave. 3 . L . r u b e n s R y d b . V i l l o u s , 6 t o 15 c m . t a l l , a x i a l p e d u n c l e s flowering before the branches fully develop; racemes exceeding the foliage; flowers 6 t o 12 m m . l o n g , a p p r o x i m a t e o r w e l l s c a t t e r e d , p e d i c e l s 1 t o 2 m m . l o n g , g l a b r o u s o r s u b v i l l o u s ; c a l y x - l i p s s e t o s e - v i l l o u s ; p o d s o v a t e , 8 t o 12 m m . long, subvillous on t h e sides, o v u l e s 2 . — S a n d y soils, M o h a v e D e s e r t and I n y o C o . ; e. t o U t a h a n d A r i z . V a r . FLAVOCULATUS C. P . S m . B r a n c h e s e a r l y developing, widely spreading, floriferous; pedicels 1 to 4 mm. l o n g . — E .

520

LEGUMINOSAE

Mohave Desert (Barnwell and Ciina sta.); Inyo Co.; e. to western Nev. (L. flavoeulatus Hel.) 4. L. shockleyi Wats. Densely pubescent with short, spreading hairs, subacaulescent, 1 to 2 dm. tall; leaves long-petioled, subappressed-silky below, glabrous above except near the margins, leaflets 7 to 10, 10 to 20 mm. long; racemes lax, equaled by the foliage; flowers 5 to 6 mm. long, well scattered, bracts persistent, pedicels 2 to 3 mm. long, often curved, spreading-pubescent; calyx densely spreading-pubescent; petals blue, purple, or pink, keel straight on upper edges, non-ciliate; pods ovate to oblong, smooth or scaly on the sides, ciliate on the edges, ovules 2, seeds wrinkled and rough.—Desert sands, Colorado and Mohave deserts and their borders; e. to Nev. and Ariz. 5. L. brevicaulis Wats. Densely villous, 3 to 10 cm. tall, stems scarcely 1 cm. long; leaves basal, long-petioled, glabrous above, leaflets 5 to 8, 5 to 15 mm. long; racemes subcapitate, barely surpassing the foliage; flowers 6 to 8 mm. long, crowded, pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long, villous; calyx villous; petals bright blue or paler, keel straight, non-ciliate; pods ovate, about 10 mm. long, ovules 2 or 3, seeds 2 mm. long.—Desert sands: Bishop Creek, Inyo Co.;' New York Mts.; e. Ore. to Col., N. Mex. and Chihuahua. (L. uncialis Wats. L. scaposus Rydb. L. dispersus Hel.) 6. L. horizontals Hel. Pubescent with short spreading hairs, 10 to 12 cm. tall; leaves glabrous above, petioles 4 to 6 cm. long, leaflets 7 to 9, 1 to 2 cm. long; racemes equaling or surpassing the foliage; flowers about 10 mm. long, ascending to suberect, whorled, bracts reflexed, persistent, pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long; calyx pubescent; petals pale violet-blue, banner almost plane, about 7 mm. wide, wings 4 to 5 mm. wide, keel straight, both wings and keel ciliate above and below near the claw; pods ovate, villous, 12 mm. long, ovules 2, seeds dotted.—Dry gravelly hillsides, Sunset, Kern Co. Seemingly a good species, but known from the type collection only. Var. PLATYPETALUS C. P. Sm. Flowers 13 to 15 mm. long, banner 11 to 12 mm. wide, its sides reflexed, wings 6 to 7 mm. wide.—Mohave Desert, n. side. 7. L. microcarpus Sims var. ruber C. P. Sm. Villous, 1 to 5 dm. tall, often much branched, the branches ascending to erect, floriferous; leaves longpetioled, glabrous above, leaflets 5 to 8, 1 to 2 cm. long; racemes of 2 to 5 verticils; flowers 8 to 10 mm. long, erect or ascending, bracts persistent, pedicels barely 1 mm. long; petals dull red to pink, banner almost plane, 4 to 6 mm. wide, keel straight, ciliate above near claw; pods ovate, 12 to 17 mm. long, more or less villous, ovules 2, seeds rugose.—Mostly dry soil, San Luis Obispo and Kern Cos. to L. Cal. (L. ruber Hel.) 8. L. subv6xus C. P. Sm. Intermediate between the last and the next; loosely villous, simple or branched, 2 to 4 dm. tall; flowers spreading in anthesis, becoming suberect later, 14 to 16 mm. long, in 3 to 7 distinct verticils, bracts soon reflexing, pedicels 2 mm. long; petals dark violet-purple to lilac and rose-pink, wings usually non-ciliate, keel nearly straight, ciliate above near claw; pods and ovules as in the last, seeds rough, dark brown.— Clay soils, Yolo Co. to Mt. Hamilton. (L. microcarpus of many writers and collectors.) Var. TRANSMONTANUS C. P. Sm. Plants 8 to 18 cm. tall, branched near the base; stems short and leaves crowded basally; verticils mostly 2 to 5, approximate; flowers 12 to 14 mm. long, banner angled at apex, 5 to 7 mm. wide.—Sandy soils, Lassen and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to southern and eastern Ore. Var. P H O E N f c E u s C. P. Sm. Like the last, but verticils 4 to 8; flowers about 10 mm. long, banner 9 to 11 mm. long; foliage greenish.—Mt. Hamilton Range. Var. ALBILANATUS C. P. Sm. Banner 12 to 14 mm. long; foliage conspicuously white woolly-villous.—Upper Salinas Valley. 9. L. densiflorus Benth. Pubescence appressed or subappressed, 2 to 5 dm. tall, simple, or branched well above the base, often succulent and fistulose; leaves long-petioled, glabrous above, leaflets 7 to 9; verticils 5 to 12, approximate or well separated; flowers 14 to 18 mm. long, spreading during and after anthesis, but becoming secund when the rachis becomes bent over with weight, bracts reflexing, pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long; upper calyx-lip short, searious, lower lip green, bent and subsaccate near base; petals lilac or rose,

PEA

FAMILY

521

keel eiliate on upper edges near claws, as also sometimes the wings; pods ovate-oblong, ovules 2, seeds variable as to size, color, and surface.—Fields, hillsides, and ravines, San Francisco B a y region, as to the typical form. Var. MENZIESII C. P. Sm. Stout and fistulose, pubescence sparse and appressed, petals yellow.—Sacramento and Marin Cos. to Santa Barbara. (L. menziesii Agardh.) Var. GLARE6SUS C. P. Sm. Leaflets succulent, blackening in drying; petals light blue, banner with a white center.—Stream gravels, Mt. Pinos region. (L. glareosus Elmer.) Var. LACTEUS C. P. Sm. Pubescence spreading or retrorsely-spreading; lower calyx-lip nearly straight, scarcely bent or subsaccate near base; petals nearly white; usually acaulescent and unbranched.—Kern Co. and s. to desert slopes of San Diego Co. (L. lacteus Kell. L. arenicola Hel.) Var. PALIJSTRIS C. P . Sm. Long-villous, especially the bent and subsaccate lower calyx-lip; petals deep purple; plants stout, 20 to 60 cm. tall.—Contra Costa Co. to Monterey Co. ( L . densiflorus Agardh. L. palustris Kell.) Var. CRINITUS Eastw. Low, 8 to 15 cm. tall, very villous with hairs 3 to 5 mm. long; short stems and peduncles more or less decumbent or deflexed; verticils 2 to 4.—Bodega Point, Sonoma Co. Var. AUSTROC6LLIUM C. P. Sm. Lower calyx-lip spreading-villous, scarcely bent or subsaccate near base; petals pale-tinted, banner angled at apex.—Coastal canons near San Diego. (For additional varieties see Bull. Torr. Club 45:167-202.) 10. L. luteolus Kell. Appressed-subsilky, similar to the last, but strictly fibrous and rigid, 3 to 9 dm. tall, widely branched above; leaves cuneateoblong; verticils few or many, crowded; petals all pale yellow, banner ovate, wings eiliate above claw and often also below, keel densely eiliate both above and below near claws; seeds uniformly dark-brown, regularly and roughly tuberculate.—Alluvial gravels and hillsides, San Benito Co. to s. Ore. (L. bridgesii Gray.) 11. L. succulentus Dougl. Fig. 518. Glabrate or sparsely appressed-pubescent, 2 to 6 dm. tall, stout, usually succulent or fistulose, branched; leaves several, long-petioled, glabrous above, leaflets 7 to 9; flowers 12 to 17 mm. long, subverticillate in 4 to 8 whorls or groups, spreading in anthesis, ascending later, bracts early deciduous, pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long, spreading - pubescent; petals deep blue to almost white, banner with yellow center turning v i o l e t , w i n g s slightly eiliate at the base above, keel eiliate near claws both above and below; pods about 5 cm. long, loosely pubescent or villous, ovules 8 to 10, seeds oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, marbled with dark brown, a pair of whitish spots embracing the micropyle. — Eavines, moist hillsides and fields, Butte and Sonoma Cos. to L. Cal. ( L . affinis of American authors, not

Agardh.)

Var.

LAYNEAE

C. P . Sm. Depressed, 1 dm. t a l l , branches decumbent; racemes short; pods densely long-villous. — Farallone City, San Mateo Co.

522

LEGUMINOSAE

12. L. nànus Doug], Minutely spreading- or appressed-pubescent and more or less villous, simple or branched at the base, erect, 2 to 6 dm. tall; leaves long-petioled, usually appressed-hairy above, leaflets 5 to 7, linear to spatulate, 15 to 30 mm. long; verticils well separated; flowers 10 to 16 mm. long, bracts deciduous, pedicels 5 to 8 mm. long; petals rich blue, rarely pink, all broad, banner with white or yellow center changing to violet, keel ciliate on upper edges of acumen; pods appressed-pubescent, 20 to 35 mm. long, ovules usually 4 to 8, rarely 8 to 12, seeds 2 to 3 mm. long, variously colored and marked.-—Grassy hills, common in t h e Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. to Santa Barbara, less common in the Sierra Nevada foothills from Calaveras Co. to Tulare Co. (L. affinis Agardh.) Var. PERLÀSIUS C. P . Sm. Densely villous with hairs 2 to 3 mm. long; flowers about 4 mm. long.—Mariposa-Coulterville road. Var. CARNÒSULUS C. P. Sm. Largest leaflets 25 to 40 mm. long; pods 30 to 50 mm. long by 7 to 9 mm. wide, seeds about 5 mm. long. —San Francisco Bay region; w. Ore. (L. carnosulus Greene. L. affinis var. carnosulus Jepson.) Var. MÉNKERAE C. P. Sm. Leaflets 10 to 15 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long; petals pale lilac, drying blue; pods 20 to 25 mm. long, barely 4 mm. wide, ovules 9 to 12, seeds pale fleshcolor, obscurely marked.—Kern Co. to Coalinga, Fresno Co. Yar. VALLÌCOLA C. P. Sm. Flowers 6 to 10 mm. long; banner usually wider t h a n long, its apex not much reflexed f r o m upper margins of wings, keel strongly curved; seeds pale.—Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Butte Co. to K e r n Co.; probably casual a t Wright, Santa Clara Co. (L. persistens and vallicola Hel.) Var. APRÌCUS C. P. Sm. Like the last, but banner not wider t h a n long, its apex well reflexed f r o m upper edges of wings; seeds dark, well marked.—Monterey Co. to sw. Ore. (L. apricus Greene. L. vallicola var. aprieus C. P. Sm.) 13. L. pachylobus Greene. Conspicuously villous, 1 to 3 dm. tall, stout, usually branched at the base; petioles 6 to 8 mm. long, leaflets 6 to 8, 15 to 25 mm. long, hairy both sides; racemes of 2 to 4 whorls; flowers few, 6 to 8 mm. long, sometimes scattered, pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long; petals blue, banner suborbicular, 6 to 8 mm. wide, with a white center, keel non-ciliate or nearly so; pods especially large, 25 to 30 mm. long, 6 to 9 mm. wide, thick and succulent when green, ovules 4 to 6, seeds 4 to 5 mm. long, brown, marked with darker shades. —- Grassy hills, Shasta Co. to Mariposa and Santa Clara Cos. (L. micranthus var. pachylobus Jepson.) 14. L. bicolor Lindl. Usually villous, 1 to 4 dm. tall, erect and simple, or diffusely branched at the base; leaves pubescent both sides, petioles 3 to 7 cm. long, leaflets 5 to 7, 10 to 20 mm. long; verticils 1 to 3; flowers 8 to 12 mm. long, rarely scattered or umbellate by reduction of the raceme, pedicels 1 to 3 mm. long; petals blue and white, banner about 8 mm. long by 6 to 8 mm, wide, elliptic, rhombic, obovate to orbicular-obovate, the white center changing to violet, the sides much reflexed, keel slender, ciliate along upper edges of slender acumen; pods appressed-hairy, 15 to 20 mm. long by 3 to 5 mm. wide, ovules 5 to 8, seeds 2 to 3 mm. long, variously colored and marked.—Mostly sandy soils, common coastwise f r o m San Luis Obispo Co. to Vancouver Isl. ; less common in the Sierra foothills. (L. micranthus var. bicolor Wats. L. sabulosus Hel. L. 2 ; c, w i n g x 2 ; d, keel x 2.

PEA FAMILY

523

strigulosus Gand.) Var. UMBELLATUS C. P. Sm. Racemes reduced to one verticil; flowers 6 to 8 mm. long.—Santa Cruz Isl. (L. umbellatus Greene.) Var. TRIDENT ATUS Eastw. Verticils 3 to 6 or more; flowers 6 to 8 mm. long; lower calyx-lip tridentate.—Sandy loams or clays, San Diego Co. to Vancouver Isl., abundant in the San Francisco Bay region. Var. PIPERSMITHII C. P. Sm. Flowers 5 to 8 mm. long, keel non-ciliate or with 1 to 4 stray cilia. —San Joaquin Valley to Napa, San Mateo and Monterey Cos. (L. pipersmithii Hel.) Var. MICROPHALLUS C. P. Sm. Fig. 519. Flowers 4 to 6 mm. long, keel ciliate; ovules 5 to 8.—San Diego Co. to Ore.; abundant in S. Cal., where known as L. micranthus. (L. micranthus var. microphyllus Wats. L. rostratus Eastw.) Var. TETRASP£RMUS C. P. Sm. Similar to the last, but ovules mostly 4, the pods much like those of Vicia tetrasperma.—Wright, Santa Clara Co. Var. TRIFIDUS C. P. Sm. Flowers 5 to 8 mm. long; lower calyx-lip deeply trifid.—Coastal sands, San Francisco and Monterey. (L. micranthus var. trifidus Wats. L. trifidus Torr.) 15. L. micranthus Dougl. Appressed- or subappressed-pubescent and more or less villous, 1 to 4 dm. tall, simple or branched at the base, stout and succulent or slender and fibrous; leaves glabrous or sparsely hairy above, leaflets 5 to 7, linear to oblanceolate; verticils 2 to 7; flowers 5 to 8 mm. long, pedicels stout, 1 to 2 mm. long; calyx-lips broad; petals blue and white, banner cuneate or spatulate, center turning violet, the sides scarcely reflexing, keel short and broad, the blunt acumen scarcely upturned, ciliate above; pods 25 to 30 mm. long, appressed-hairy, ovules 6 or 7, seeds oblong, thick, 3 mm. long, gray- or brown-mottled.—Largely clay soils, San Diego Co. to Vancouver Isl., inland to Modoc and Plumas Cos.; abundant in the San Francisco Bay region. Much confused with the small-flowered forms of L. bicolor. (L. polycarpus Greene.) 16. L. concinnus Agardh. Densely villous, 6 to 20 cm. tall, simple or muchbranched from the base; leaves long-petioled, hairy above, leaflets 5 to 8, 10 to 20 mm. long; racemes nearly sessile, 3 to 6 cm. long, surpassed by the leaves, a short raceme or one or two flowers sometimes representing all the growth from certain axillary buds; flowers 6 to 12 mm. long, usually well scattered, pedicels 1 mm. long, stout, long-villous; petals lilac, edged with rich reddish-purple, banner obovate, rounded or emarginate at apex, keel nearly straight; pods 10 to 15 mm. long, ovules 2 to 4, seeds 2 to 3 mm. long, angled, nearly square, pale, obscurely spotted.—Sandy soil, Monterey Co. to L. Cal., e. to N. Mex. Var. ORCTJTTII C. P. Sm. Flowers 6 to 7 mm. long, banner narrower, about 3 mm. wide.—Monterey Co. to L. Cal. and Sonora, e. to southern Utah and N. Mex. (L. orcuttii Wats. L. micensis Jones.) Var. OPTATUS C. P. Sm. Larger throughout, 20 to 30 cm. tall; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long, banner 7 to 9 mm. wide.—Monterey Co. to San Bernardino and San Diego Cos.; apparently confined to Cal. and inhabiting soils with a greater water supply. Var. AGARDHIANUS C. P. Sm. Pubescence spreading but short and less dense; petals edged with rose-purple or bright blue, banner angled a t apex.—Monterey Co. to San Diego, e. to Fort Tejon and Cajon Pass. (L. gracilis Agardh. L. agardhianus Hel.) Var. PALLIDUS C. P. Sm. Appressed-pubescent mainly; leaflets 5 or 6, spatulate; petals white or pale bluish.—S. San Diego Co.; adjacent L. Cal. (L. pallidus Bdg.) Var. DESERT6RUM C. P. Sm. Pubescence mainly appressed; leaflets 6 to 9, oblanceolate; petals white or yellowish.—Mohave Desert (Randsburg and Ord Mts.). (L. desertorum Hel.) 17. L. hirsutissimus Benth. Hirsute with nettle-like stiff hairs 3 to 5 mm. long, stout, fistulose, 2 to 6 dm. tall; leaves long-petioled, leaflets 5 to 8, broadly cuneate-obovate; flowers 13 to 15 mm. long, scattered, spreading, pedicels 3 to 4 mm. long; petals violet or lilac, banner suborbicular, keel stout, straight, ciliate at the free edges below only; pods 25 to 35 mm. long, very hirsute, ovules about 7, seeds 3 to 4 mm. long, pale and obscurely marked or densely marbled with dark brown.—Lightly-shaded areas in the hills, San Mateo Co. to L. Cal. 18. L. trunc&tus N u t t . Sparsely appressed-pubescent or glabrate, 3 to 6 dm. tall, branched; leaves many, glabrate, petioles usually flattened, leaflets

524

LEGUMINOSAE

5 to 7, linear, truncate, emarginate, or dentate at the apex; racemes lax arid few-flowered; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long, spreading or drooping after anthesis, pedicels 2 to 3 mm. long, bracts usually persistent; petals violet or paler purple, keel densely ciliate above from the stout, blunt acumen to the claw, and below near the claw; pods spreading, about 3 cm. long, villous, ovules 6 or 7, seeds obscurely or conspicuously marked.—Open woods or thickets, Monterey to L. Cal. 19. L. benthami Hel. Villous, slender, erect, 3 to 6 dm. tall, simple or branched at the base; leaves long-petioled, leaflets 7 to 10, linear; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long, spreading, bracts linear, exceeding the buds, long-villous, deciduous, pedicels 4 to 10 mm. long; petals blue, banner suborbicular, the yellow center early changing to reddish-purple, keel slender, curved, ciliate on lower edges near claws; pods 2 to 3 cm. long, ovules 3 or 4, seeds marked with brown.—Rather moist slopes, near streams, Sierra foothills from Sacramento Co. to Kern Co.; Santa Barbara Co. to Monterey Co. (L. leptophyllus Benth., not S. & C.) Var. d L a k e Cos. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. to mts. of S. Cal.; Calaveras Co., Sierra Nevada. More frequent than the species. Apr.-June. ( H o s a c k i a grandiflora var. anthylloides Gray. L . leucophaeus Greene. L . conflnis Greene.) 8. L . rigidus ( B e n t h . ) Greene. Suffrutescent with stems coarse and r i g i d ; internodes long; herbage pubescent with scanty, short, appressed white hairs, becoming g l a b r a t e ; leaves short ( 1 to 2 cm. l o n g ) ; leaf-rachis clearly evident when bearing 5 leaflets; leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse or truncate at apex, cuneate at base, markedly variable in l e n g t h ; umbels 2 or 3-flowered; bracts when present commonly of 1 small leaflet; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, % to % the length of the tube (rarely almost equaling it in l e n g t h ) ; legumes straw-color, shining, t e r e t e ; seeds globose, granulose.—Ranges in

PEA

551

FAMILY

and bordering the deserts: Inyo Co.; e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert (where it reaches its best development); e. to Utah and Ariz., s. to L. Cal. Mar.-June. (Hosaekia rigida Benth. L. argensis Cov.) b. Stems many from the root-crown; leaves short; umbels bractless. 9. L. wrightii (Gray) Greene var. multicaulis Ottley. Decumbent or ascending, stems 2.5 dm. or less long, slender; herbage appressed-pubescent; leaflets mostly 3 or 4, oblong or oblanceolate; peduncles 2 to 4 cm. long; umbels commonly 2-flowered; flowers 1 cm. long; calyx % as long, teeth narrowly lanceolate to linear, % as long as the tube; legumes linear, 2 to 3 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide; seeds subglobose.—New York Mts., e. Mohave Desert; e. to Nev. Apr.-May. 10. L. argyraeus Greene. Stems prostrate with short internodes; herbage, calyces and legumes covered with a white, silky, appressed pubescence; leaves often broader than long, petiole and rachis short; leaflets 3 to 5, cuneate-oblanceolate or cuneate-obovate, mostly obtuse to truncate; umbels 1 or 2 (or 3)-flowered; flowers 8 to 10 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, slightly more than one-half as long as the tube; legumes linear to linearoblong, 1 to 2.2 cm. long; seeds oblong-spherical, smooth.—Mountain valleys: San Bernardino Mts. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. Occasional. May-Sept. (Hosaekia argyraea Greene.) 2. Annuals;

stems several from the

root-crown.

11. L . strigdsus (Nutt.) Greene. Stems slender, decumbent to ascending; herbage and legumes thinly appressed-hirsutulous; leaves 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long; leaflets linear-oblong, acute, scattered along the flattened rachis, the basal one nearly at juncture of petiole with stem, about half the length of the terminal one; flowers 5 to 10 mm. long; legumes straight or slightly curved at apex, 2 to 3 cm. long, 2 to 2.5 mm. wide; seeds not more than 1 mm. in diameter.—Sandy soil along the coast from San Francisco to San Diego Co. Jan.-Nov. (Hosaekia strigosa Nutt. H. rubella Nutt. H. nudiflora Nutt.) Var. HIRT£LLUS (Greene) Ottley. Canescently hirsutulous, hairs not appressed; leaves 1 to 2 cm. long; leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, obtuse, thickish; flowers 8 to 11 mm. long; legumes mostly 3 mm. wide, usually somewhat constricted between the seeds; seeds larger than for the species.— Arid situations, mainly in the pine belt on ridges, Tuolumne Co. to S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. Apr.-Oct. Intergrades with the type represent Nuttall's Hosaekia nudiflora. ( L . liirtellus Greene.) 12. L . tomentellus Greene. Fig. 542. Small prostrate plant with leaves and flowers resembling those of L. strigosus var. hirtellus; pubescence thin, canescently hirsutulous; f . a n d f r . b r a n c h l e t x 1. legumes less than 3 mm. wide. — Deserts: Panamint Mts. to Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to L. Cal. Mar.-May. B.

W I N G S P A R A L L E L TO T H E K E E L ;

BANNER BLADE A B R U P T L Y CLAWED.

1. Lobe or process of keel shallow; legumes linear; seeds globose to short-oblong. 13. L. salsuginosus Greene. Decumbent or procumbent; stems many from the crown of the root; pubescence of few, short, appressed hairs; leaves slightly succulent, 2 to 4 cm. long, the rachis flattened; leaflets mostly 5 or 6, obovate to orbicular; umbel with a bract of 1 to 3 ovate or orbicular leaflets; flowers 8 to 10 mm. long; keel obtuse.—Coastal counties from Santa Clara to San Diego; Eeche Canon, San Bernardino Co.; Santa Barbara Isls.; s. to L. Cal. Mar.-July. (Hosaekia maritima Nutt.) Var. BR£VIVEX1LLUS Ottley. Small and prostrate; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers 3 to 5 mm. long; banner and wings shorter than the keel; legumes 1 to 2 cm. long, con-

552

LEGUMINOSAE

stricted between the seeds. — P a n a mint M t s . ; Colorado D e s e r t ; S a n Diego Co.; Ariz, to Mex. and L . Cal.; islands w. of L . Cal. Mar.-May. ( L . humilis Greene.) 14. L . micranthus B e n t h . F i g . 543. Low, diffusely branched; stems slender and wiry; rachis of l e a f t e r e t e ; leaflets 3 to 5, somewhat glaucous, oblong, oblanceolate or elliptical, obtuse; flowers 4 to 5 mm. long; calyx turbinate-campanulate; banner blade short-oblong to nearly orbicular; keel acute; legumes constricted between the seeds; seeds 5 to 9, suborbicular to sliort-oblong. —- F a i r l y common in grassy situations in the foothills, 100 to 4000 f t . : Coast B a n g e s ; Sierra N e v a d a ; s. to Los Angeles Co.; n. to Wash. Jan.-Aug. ( H o s a c k i a parviflora B e n t h . )

5 4 3 . Lotus micranthus Benth. x Vi ; b, fl. x 4.

a, habit

2. L o b e or process of keel deep; keel a t t e n u a t e l y beaked, its upper margin covered, except at the tip, by the wings; legumes linear to oblong; seeds umbilicate; rachis of l e a f flattened; leaflets 3 to 5 ; flowers 5 to 8 mm. long. 15. L . humistratus Greene. HILL LOTUS. Stems prostrate to ascending, diffusely branched; herbage densely villous or sometimes only slightly so; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, 2 or 3 at apex of the rachis, the others scattered; banner short-clawed, blade nearly orbicular; legumes oblong, commonly straw-color, 7 to 10 mm. long; seeds 2 to 5, mostly 3 . — L a r g e l y confined to dry hillsides 100 to 2500 f t . : Siskiyou Co.; Coast R a n g e s ; Sierra Nevada foothills; Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; thence e. to N. M e x . Apr.-July. (Hosackia brachycarpa B e n t h . L o t u s trispermus Greene.) 16. Ii. subpinnatus L a g . F i g . 544. Closely allied to no. 15, pubescence less marked, varying from pilose to nearly glabrous; legumes oblong t o linear, 10 to 25 mm. long, 3 to 7seeded.—Hillsides and plains 20 to 2500 f t . , throughout cismontane Cal., often growing with L . humistratus. Mar.-Oct. ( H o s a c k i a subpinnata T . & G. H. wrangeliana T . & G.) 17. L . denticul3,tus ( D r e w ) Greene. Stems erect, 2 to 5 dm. high; branches f e w and coarse; stems glabrous or with scanty, appressed pubescence, sometimes g l a u c o u s ; leaves and calyces pilose, often den5 4 4 . Lotus subpinnatus L a g . ; a, habit t i c u l a t e ; legumes 1 to 2 cm. long, 3 x % ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, fl. x 1. to 4 mm. w i d e . — B u t t e Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Mendocino Co.; n. to B . C. May-Aug. ( H o s a c k i a dent i c u l a t a Drew.) H I . Subgenus ACMISPON.—Stipules gland-like; leaves with 3 leaflets, terminal leaflet petiolulate, oblong or elliptical, acute, t h e 2 l a t e r a l one» asymmetrically ovate, nearly sessile, borne near or at t h e base o f

PEA FAMILY

553

the l e a f ; flowers solitary, peduncled, bracteate; keel acutely beaked; legumes linear, abruptly short-beaked, dehiscent, not reflexed; annuals. 18. L. americanus ( N u t t . ) Bisch. S P A N I S H CLOVER. Stems erect or ascending, 1.5 to 4.5 dm. high, well-branched; herbage silky-villous or pilose to nearly glabrous; vigorous branches sometimes bearing leaves with 4 or 5 leaflets and tips of branches occasionally with leaves of b u t 1 leaflet; peduncles exceeding the leaves or shorter; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate; legumes 3 to 7-seeded.—Throughout Cal. but mostly in the cismontane region; ne. to Minn., se. to Tex. and Mex. May-Oct. (L. sericeus Pursh. Hosackia purshiana Benth.) Var. M I N U T I F L 6 R U S Ottley. Decumbent, less robust t h a n t h e type, pilose to nearly glabrous; peduncles longer or shorter t h a n t h e leaves; flowers 4.to 5 mm. long.—Apparently a reduced form of the species growing at high altitudes or under other unfavorable conditions. June-July. (Hosackia elata var. glabra N u t t . H. pilosa N u t t . ) IV. Subgenus SYRMATIUM.—Stipules gland-like; flowers yellow, often marked with Ted, 3 to 12 mm. long, umbellate (umbels sometimes reduced to a single flower); legumes less t h a n 2 cm. long, straight to arcuate, mostly a t t e n u a t e into a long, incurved beak, indehiscent, reflexed; f r u i t deciduous at base of pedicel. A.

PERENNIALS.

1. Herbage conspicuously puieseent; many branches arising from the root-crown. a. Umbels several to many-flowered, short-peduncled to sessile, bracteate; prostrate to decumbent (L. argophyllus var. ornithopus erect). 19. L. eriophorus Greene. P l a n t s forming dense mats several dm. in diameter, covered with a gray or rusty-villous pubescence; leaves on the main branches o f t e n conspicuously larger than those on the secondary branches; leaflets 4 to 6, scattered, oblanceolate or obovate, acute and apiculate; flowers 5 to 7 mm. long; calyx slightly more t h a n one-half t h e length of the flower, its teeth approaching the length of the t u b e ; legumes terete, arcuate, not keeled or only slightly so, abruptly beaked, usually 2-seeded.— N e a r the coast f r o m Sonoma Co. to San Diego. Apr.-Oct. (Hosackia tomentosa H. & A.) Var. H E E R M A N N I I (D. & H.) Ottley. Pubescence thinner, stems often glabrate; flowers smaller, 3 to 5 mm. long; legumes mostly 1-seeded.— S a n t a Cruz Co. to San Diego Co.; San Bernardino and Riverside Cos. The typical condition of the variety appears in sandy washes at low altitudes. I n the San J a c i n t o Mts. it closely resembles L. douglasii var. nevadensis but may be distinguished from it by t h e character of the pubescence. (Hosackia heermannii D. & H.) 20. L. douglasii Greene. Pubescence of stems of short, appressed hairs, of leaves and calyces somewhat villous; stems with long internodes; leaflets 4 or 5, oblanceolate or obovate, mostly acute; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long; calyxteeth equal in length to the tube; wings oblong, noticeably surpassing the keel; legumes canescent, arcuate, attenuately beaked, mostly clearly keeled, extending well beyond the calyx-teeth.—Hills and mountains, Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash, and Ida. Beaches its typical condition north of the state. May-July. (Hosackia decumbens Benth.) Var. NEVADENSIS (Wats.) Ottley. Often flowering the first season; pubescence always appressed; branches wiry; flowers 4 to 7 mm. long; calyx-teeth not more t h a n half the length of the t u b e ; wings equaling or exceeding the keel in length.—Mountains, 3500 to 6500 f t . : Sierra Nevada, n. to Siskiyou Co. s. to mts. of S. Cal.; e. to Nev. (Hosackia decumbens var. nevadensis Wats.) Yar. CONG£STUS Ottley. Villous character of the pubescence more marked; branches shorter t h a n f o r the type, 15 to 25 cm. long; internodes short; umbels dense, confined to the tips of the branches; leaflets elliptical, acute at both ends.— Hill country of Lake, Humboldt, Trinity and Siskiyou Cos. May-July. (L. incanus Dougl.)

554

LEGUMINOSAE

21. L. argophyllus ( G r a y ) Greene. Silvery-tomentose, t o m e n t u m close, e x t e n d i n g f r o m apex to base of t h e long, slender, decumbent branches, longer, denser and more silky on t h e leaves and calyces; leaves 8 to 15 mm. long; leaflets 3 to 5, roundish o b o v a t e ; umbels nearly sessile, dense, extending b a c k f r o m t h e apex of t h e stem for some distance; b r a c t of 1 leaflet, commonly p r e s e n t ; flowers 8 to 10 mm. long; pedicels short, hidden by t h e pubescence; calyx-teetli obscured by t h e pubescence, about half t h e length of t h e t u b e ; o v a r y w i t h 2 to 4 ovules; legumes silky, slightly longer t h a n the calyx, nearly straight, attenuately beaked, mostly clearly keeled, 1 (or 2)seeded; seeds curved-oblong.-—-Foothills and plains, M o n t e r e y and Fresno Cos. to S. Cal. Mar.-July. ( H o s a c k i a argophylla Gray.) Var. FREM6NTII ( G r a y ) Ottley. Leaves slightly longer t h a n those of t h e t y p e ; leaflets broadly oblanceolate or obovate to elliptical, a c u t e ; umbels confined to t h e ends of t h e b r a n c h e s ; calyx-teeth as long as t h e t u b e ; blade of b a n n e r shorter t h a n its claw.—Sierra N e v a d a f r o m P l a c e r Co. to Mariposa Co. Occasional. MayJuly. ( H o s a c k i a argophylla var. f r e m o n t i i Gray.) V a r . D E C 6 R U S ( J t n . ) Ottley. H e r b a g e glistening satiny-canescent t h r o u g h o u t or only a t t i p s of t h e b r a n c h e s ; umbels peduncled; pedicels more evident t h a n in t h e type.—Foothills and mts. of S. Cal. Apr.-July. ( H o s a c k i a argophylla v a r . decora J t n . ) Var. NIVEUS (Greene) Ottley. Stems woody and stocky, characterized by short internodes; leaflets a c u t e ; calyx-teeth as long as t h e t u b e , extending beyond the corolla.—Santa Cruz and San Clemente Isls. ( S y r m a t i u m niveum Greene.) V a r . O R N i T H O P U s (Greene) Ottley. Less pubescent t h a n t h e species or t h e varieties, h e r b a g e somewhat silky, stems becoming g l a b r a t e ; leaflets 3 to 7, mostly 4 or 5, 6 to 12 mm. long, a c u t e ; umbels long-peduncled; legumes conspicuously exceeding t h e calyx, 2-seeded.—Santa B a r b a r a Isls. Apr.J u n e . ( H o s a c k i a ornithopus Greene. H. v e n u s t a E a s t w . ) 22. L . davidsdnii Greene. Closely resembling L. douglasii var. nevadensis and L. argophyllus v a r . decorus in h a b i t and general a p p e a r a n c e ; herbage bluish-green or silvery; flowers 5 to 8 mm. long; calyx-teeth half as long as t h e t u b e or a p p r o a c h i n g it in length.—Pine belt of t h e mts. of S. Cal.; f r e quent. May-Aug. (L. sulphureus Greene.) b. Umbels 1 to 3 (or 5)-flowered, sessile, b r a c t l e s s ; p r o s t r a t e to erect. 23. L. leucophyllus Greene. Suffrutescent to slightly woody a t base; leaflets 3, approximate, elliptical (or oblanceolate), a c u t e ; flowers 6 to 9 mm. long; calyx nearly half as long, t e e t h n a r r o w l y linear, about half as long as t h e t u b e ; claws of t h e petals exserted; legumes silky-canescent, slender, much exceeding t h e calyx; seeds 2 to seve r a l . — Foothills and mountains, 1000 to 6000 f t . : San Benito and M o n t e r e y Cos. to I n y o Co.; s. to Cajon P a s s and San Gorgonio Pass. Apr.-July. (Hosackia sericea Benth. H. procumbens Greene.) Var. JEPS 6 N I I Ottley. Flowers 1 to 2 in an umbel, 9 to 12 mm. long; calyx-teeth between 2 and 3 mm. long and more t h a n half the length of t h e t u b e ; claws of t h e petals scarcely exserted.—S. Sierra N e v a d a in Tulare and K e r n Cos., 6000 to 6300 f t . J u l y . 2.

545. Lotus scoparius Ottley; a, fl. branchlet x V2 b, fl. x 2 ; c, pod x 2.

Herbage not conspicuously pubescent, growing tips often appressed-pubescent; suffrutescent (L. junceus var. biolettii somewhat herbaceous). 24. L. scoparius ( N u t t . ) Ottley. DEERWEED. Fig. 545. Suberect, bushy, 4 to 12 dm. high, with long v i r g a t e greenish

PEA FAMILY

555

branches; stipular ridge prominent; leaflets 3 (4 or 5), oblong or oblanceolate (or oval), acute; umbels sessile or nearly so, extending back from apex of branches for many cm.; flowers 8 to 10 mm. long; legumes much surpassing the calyx, 1 or 2-seeded.—Hill country, 10 to 2500 f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills from Amador Co. to K e r n Co.; Coast Banges from Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. to coastal S. Cal.; abundant. Feb.-Oct. P l a n t s having calyx-teeth triangular, with a prominent midvein ending in a subulate point, occur in San Diego Co. (Hosackia scoparia N u t t . L. glaber Greene. Syrmatium glabrum Vog.) Var. VJ:ATCHII (Greene) Ottley. Decumbent, more pubescent than the type; leaflets oblanceolate, obtuse; umbels nearly sessile; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate-triangular; legumes 2-seeded. -—San Miguel Isl.; s. to L. Cal. (Hosackia veatchii Greene. Syrmatium patens Greene.) Var. DENDROIDEUS (Greene) Ottley. Erect, more woody t h a n the species, 12 to 21 dm. high; umbels short-peduncled; flowers 10 to 12 mm. long; legumes 2 or 3-seeded, longer t h a n in the species.—Santa Cruz, Santa Eosa and Santa Catalina Isls. Jan.-Aug. (Syrmatium dendroideum Greene.) Var. TRASKIAE (Eastw.) Ottley. E r e c t ; leaflets oblanceolate, obtuse; umbels pedunculate, with or without a 1-foliolate bract; calyx-teeth short, subulate-triangular; claws conspicuously exserted. — S a n t a Catalina Isl. (Syrmatium traskiae Eastw.) Var. B R E V I A I A T U S Ottley. Flowers 8 to 10 mm. long; banner short, keel extending noticeably beyond the upward curving wings.—S. Cal.; less abundant t h a n t h e species. 25. L. haydonii (Orcutt) Greene. Low, erect, thickly branched, with inconspicuous leaves and flowers, the plant appearing little more than a mass of slender stiff greenish branches; leaves t e r n a t e ; leaflets elliptical, obtuse, 2.5 mm. or less long; flowers solitary or rarely in pairs, short-pedunculate, 5 mm. or less long; legumes incurved, 1-seeded.—Stony slopes, w. border of the Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal.; local. Apr. (Hosackia haydoni Orcutt. L. spencerae Mcbr.) 26. L. benth&mii Greene. Stems brownish, abundantly branched, occasionally forming masses 7.5 dm. high and 12 dm. in diameter; stipules promin e n t ; leaflets 3 to 5, oblong or cuneate-oblanceolate; peduncles exceeding the leaves; bract of 1 or 2 leaflets, sometimes lacking; legumes falcate, the subulate beak nearly as long as the body, 2-seeded.—Coastal: Sonoma Co.; San Mateo Co. to S a n t a B a r b a r a Co. Apr.-Oct. (Hosackia cytisoides Benth.) 27. L. junceus (Benth.) Greene. Stems brownish, low, erect to decumbent, much-branched, often two or three branches from a node; leaflets 3 to 5, rounded-oblanceolate; peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves; umbels mostly ebracteate; legumes short, terete and arcuate, 1-seeded.—Infrequent on dry hills and ridges, Mt. Tamalpais to San Luis Obispo. Apr.-July. (Hosackia juncea Benth.) Var. BIOL£TTII (Greene) Ottley. P r o s t r a t e to decumbent, with many branches arising from the crown of the root; stems more delicate and wiry than for the species; pubescence more abundant, of short appressed hairs; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse or acute; peduncles 5 to 20 mm. long; bract of 1 leaflet.—Dry ridges and burned-over areas: Fort Bragg; Mt. Tamalpais. May-Oct. (L. biolettii Greene.) B;

ANNUALS;

PROSTRATE W I T H

MANY BRANCHES ARISING FROM T H E CROWN OR T H E ROOT.

28. L. nuttallianus Greene. Branches long and slender; young stems, leaves and calyces thinly hirsutulous, older stems glabrate; leaves 5 to 7foliolate; leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse; peduncles exceeding t h e leaves; bract when present mostly of 1 leaflet; flowers 5 to 7 mm. long, the calyx less t h a n half as long; calyx-teeth triangular, about % as long as the t u b e ; legumes several times as long as the calyx, slender, arcuate, constricted between the two seeds.—Coastal: San Diego Co. to L. Cal.; local. Apr.-June. (Hosackia prostrata N u t t . ) 29. L. ham&tus Greene. Fig. 546. Young stems, leaves and calyces appressed-pubescent; leaflets 4 to 6, oblanceolate, often mucronate and cuneate; umbels sessile or nearly so, ebracteate; flowers 3 to 4.5 mm. long, the calyx half as long; shape of f r u i t as in the preceding species; pericarp with wavy

556

LEGUMINOSAE v-shaped markings.—Occasional in sandy soils: Los Angeles, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside Cos.; Santa Catalina Isl.; L. Cai. Mar.-June. (Hosackia micrantha Nutt. in part.) 18. A M Ó R P H A L. Deciduous shrubs with heavy-scented herbage. Leaves odd-pinnate, with caducous stipules and stipels, the leaflets dotted with translucent glands. Flowers small, violet or purple, in long and narrow terminal spikes. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals wanting except the banner, this erect, clawed, folded around the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct, longer than the banner. Pod short, but exceeding the calyx, 1 or 2-seeded, tardily dehiscent. (Greek amorphos, deformed, alluding to the corolla.) Branchlnts and leaves without prickle-like glands; calyx-teeth very short, low-triangular 1. A. fruticosa. Branchlets and leaf-rachis with prickle-like glands; calyxteeth acute-triangular or lanceolate, % to % as long as the tube 2. A. californica. 1.

A. fruticósa L.

F A L S E INDIGO. S h r u b 3 t o 6 f t .

high; herbage minutely pubescent; leaflets 11 to 15, ovate to oblong, % to 1 % in. long, shortly petioled; stipules and bracts (as also in no. 2) linear-lanceolate, caducous; racemes 3 to 9 in. long; flowers 3 lines long; calyx canescent, especially on the teeth, 546. Lotus hamatuB with many glands; banner dark purple, truncatish Greene ; a, fl. branchlet or notched; pod with conspicuous blister-like glands, x 1 ; b, pod x 2. 4 lines long.—Along streams in the foothills and mts. : s. slope San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains to San Diego Co., w. side Colorado Desert; e. to Mississippi Valley and Fla. (A. occidentalis Abrams.) 2.

A. califórnica Nutt.

MOCK LOCUST.

F i g . 547.

Shrub 4 to 7 ft.

high;

herbage minutely pubescent; leaflets 11 to 27, oblong-elliptical, mucronulate at the retuse apex, shortly petioled, 7 to 12 lines long; rachis with pricklelike glands scattered among the sessile ones, the prickles often more or less deciduous late in the season; racemes 2. to 5 % in. long; flowers as in no. 1 except that the calyx has longer teeth; pod 2V2 lines long, with many low circular glands which are depressed or somewhat excavated in the center. —Wooded canons, 500 to 3000 f t . ; Marin Co. to San Luis Obispo and M t . Pinos; s. to the San Bernardino and Santa Ana mountains. (A. hispidula Greene.) Y a r . NAPÉNSIS J e p s o n

n.

var.

Subglabrous;

glands on the rachis none; racemes 1 to 1% in. long; calyx nearly glabrous and glandless, its teeth minute.—Howell Mt., Napa Range (Jepson, type). 1 9 . P A R O S È L A C a v . DALEA

Herbs, small shrubs or small trees. Herbage glandular-punctate. Leaves unequally pinnate or simple; stipules small, subulate; leaflets small, entire. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth or lobes, persistent. Banner cordate or aurieulate, inserted opposite the cleft stamentube. Stamens monadelphous. Pod ovate, 5 4 7 A m o r p h a ca ii£ 0 rnica Nutt. ; a, fl. compressed, usually mdehiscent, more branchlet k ' i ; 1 , 1 1 3K ; t, pod x 3 hi.

PEA

557

FAMILY

or less included in the calyx, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds reniform. Psoralea.)

( A n a g r a m oi

Shrubs, often very l o w ; calyx-tube with a short turbinate base, the petals and stamens inserted at the summit of the turbinate portion ; w i n g and keel petals with free claws or at least adnate only to very base of stamen-tube. Leaves simple. Stems white-pubescent, very spinose ; calyx white-pubescent ; ovules 4 to 6 1. P. spinoxa. Stems bright green, somewhat spinose ; calyx yellowish, nearly glabrous ; ovules 2 . 2. P. schottii. Leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet often longer than the lateral. Corolla large, glabrous, exceeding calyx; leaflets more or less decurrent on rachis; petioles rather long (often as long as rachis and terminal leaflet) ; flowers in racemes. Leaflets more or less decurrent on rachis, mostly ovate or oblong. B a n n e r rounded at summit or scarcely e m a r g i n a t e . . . 3 . P. arborescent. B a n n e r obcordate 4.P. californica. Leaflets mostly distinct from rachis, narrowly linear or oblong 5. P. fremontii. Corolla small, more or less pubescent, little exceeding calyx; leaflets distinct from rachis; petioles very short; flowers in very dense spikes. Leaflets 3 to 7, rather large, the terminal conspicuously longer ; calyx densely hairy 6. P. emoryi. Leaflets 7 to 13, minute, subequal 1. P. polyadenia. Herbs, sometimes a little woody at base ; petals and stamens inserted at base of calyxtube, the claws of the w i n g and keel petals adnate to stamen-tube for about half their length. Flowers in loose spike-like racemes; calyx less than half length of corolla 8. P. parryi. Flowers in h e a d s ; calyx exceeding corolla 9. P. mollis. 1 . P . spinósa ( G r a y ) Hel. SMOKE nearly leafless ash-gray low shrub or small tree, 4 to 25 f t . high ; branehlets numerous, reduced to slender spines 1 to 1% (or 3) in. long; leaves f e w , simple, cuneateor linear-oblong, nearly sessile, % to 1 in. long, marked w i t h a f e w large glands and persisting only a f e w weeks; spike % to 1 in. long; calyxt u b e m a r k e d b y a row of glands; corolla violet-purple, 4 to 5 lines long; ovules 4 to 6.—Common in washes, Colorado D e s e r t ; Ariz, t o L. Cai. and Sonora. (Dalea spinosa Gray.)

TREE.

Fig.

548.

Very spinose and

2. P . schóttii (Torr.) Hel. Shrubby slender somewhat spinose bush 3 to 8 f t . h i g h ; herbage b r i g h t green and nearly glabrous, or t h e young p a r t s canescent; glandular dots dark, b u t the branches nearly ¿landless; leaves simple, linear, % to l ] / i in. long; flowers blue in loose racemes 1 to 4 in. long; calyx yellowish, 2y 2 to 3 lines long, obscurely glandular, its t e e t h low-triangular or shortly acute, ciliate-margined; corolla 4 to 5 lines long; b a n n e r obcordate; wings broadly oblong; keel-petals semi-orbicular w i t h a strong auricular lobe at base; ovary and style pubescent; ovules 2, collateral; pods obliquely elliptic, 4 to 6 lines long, conspicuously m a r k e d with red glands, containing a single large seed.—Dry gravelly mesas, Colorado D e s e r t ; s. t o L. Cai. (Dalea schottii Torr.) 3. P . arboréscens (Torr.) Hel. MOHAVE DALEA. R a t h e r spiny shrub w i t h somewhat slender branches, 2 t o 3 f t . high; h e r b a g e white-tomentose (eventually quite glabrous), t h e upper portion of t h e branches with scattered short bristle-like yellow glands; leaves % t o 1% in. long, pinnately divided into 5 (3 or 7) obovate mostly subequal leaflets 3 to 4 (or 6) lines long; racemes IV2 to 2 in. long; calyx 3 lines long, its lower t e e t h recurving, oblong-lance-

558

LEGUMINOSAE

olate or lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as tube; fruiting calyx 5 lines long; corolla blue, 4 to 5 lines long; banner obovate; ovary and lower part of style densely white-hairy with ascending hairs; ovules 2, superposed.— Mohave Desert. (Dalea arborescens Torr. P. neglecta Parish.) 4. P. callf6rnica (Wats.) Vail. CALIFORNIA D A L E A . Bough bush 1 to 2 (or 6) f t . high; young parts canescent, sparingly glandular, eventually more or less glabrous; branchlets eventually rigid, spinose; leaves 7 to 10 lines long, pinnately divided into 5 (rarely 3 or 7) oblong entire leaflets decurrent on rachis, 1 to 5 lines long, or the terminal leaflet sometimes notched or unequally 2-cleft or sometimes excessively developed and the 2 lateral leaflets reduced or none; racemes 2 to 3 in. long; calyx canescent, 2% to 3 lines long, its lower teeth subulate, rather shorter than tube; corolla purple, 4 to 5 lines long; banner with a v-shaped notch; upper part of ovary and style (except tip) white-hispidulose.—San Jacinto Valley; desert slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; e. to southern Utah. Very near P. fremontii. (Dalea californica Wats.) 5. P . frem6ntii (Torr.) Vail. F R E M O N T D A L E A . Shrub 1 to 3 f t . high; nearly glabrous or the leaves thinly canescent; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3 to 5, narrowly oblong, 3 lines long, mostly distinct from rachis; racemes loose, 3 to 5 in. long; calyx 3 lines long, finely pubescent outside and inside, its lower teeth subulate, as long as tube; corolla purple, 5 lines long; banner orbicular, notched at apex; lower portion of style and margins of ovary white-hairy with close ascending hairs; ovules 2, sub-collateral.—S. Nev. (Dalea fremontii Torr. P. wheeleri Vail.) Var. SAUNDERSII Mcbr. Leaves soon bright green, glandular-dotted; leaflets 3 to 7 (or 9), ovate-oblong, 3 to 4 (or 6) lines long; calyx brownish, nearly or quite glabrous outside, hairy inside.— Desert slopes and mesas, 2000 to 6000 f t . : Mohave Desert; Mono Co. (Dalea saundersii Parish.) Var. J O H N S 6 N I I Jepson n. comb. More l e a f y ; sparingly glandular; leaflets narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, 3 to 10 lines long, the terminal commonly longer than the lateral; calyx often glabrous or less pubescent outside, hairy inside or with a t u f t of hairs at the sinuses.— Desert slopes and mesas, Cottonwood Mts. and Ord Mt.; e. through southern Nev. to n. Ariz, and sw. Utah. (Dalea johnsonii Wats.) 6. P. emoryi (Gray.) Hel. Densely and divaricately branched shrub 1 to 4 f t . high, white with a close feltlike tomentum, commonly sprinkled with red glands; leaves % to 1% in. long, pinnate with 5 to 7 obovate leaflets, sometimes 3 or reduced to 1; leaflets 2 to 6 lines long, or the terminal leaflet much longer, commonly longer than the lateral; spikes very dense, capitate to oblong, % to % in. long; calyx 2% to 3 lines long, 10ribbed, rusty-pubescent, with subulate teeth as long as tube; corolla purple, 3 lines long; banner orbicular, cordate at base, the midrib very hairy on back; keel hairy on under side; style (except tip) and ovary (except base) densely short-hairy when young; ovules 2, collateral.— Colorado Desert; Ariz, to Sonora and L. Cal. (Dalea emoryi Gray.) 549. Parosela polyadenia Hel.; a, fl. branch- J ' P- POlyadfenia (Torr.) Hel. Tig. let x % ; b, fl. x 2% ; c, pod x 2%. 549. Stout somewhat spinose very

PEA

FAMILY

559

divaricately branched shrub 1 to 2 (or 5) f t . high; branches and leaves densely canescent, thickly sprinkled with yellowish saucer-shaped glands; leaves pinnate, 3 to 8 lines long, the petioles short or almost none; leaflets 7 to 9 (or 13), obovate, notched at apex, 1 line long; racemes dense, 4 to 7 lines long; calyx 2 lines long, hairy (especially on the teeth) and with prominent red glands between t h e strong callus-ribs of the tube, the teeth lanceolate or subulate, almost equaling or longer than the tube; corolla pinkish or violet, 3 lines long; banner roundish to oblong-elliptic; ovary glabrous except the hairy summit; ovules 2, collateral; style hairy with spreading hairs; seed 1.—Desert region f r o m Owens Valley n. to Nev. (Dalea polyadenia Torr.) Var. SUBNITDA Parish. Calyx-tube nearly or quite glabrous.— Inyo and Mono Cos. (Dalea polyadenia var. subnuda Wats.) 8. P. parryi ( T . & G.) Hel. PARRY DALEA. Stems slender, diffusely spreading, 1 to 2 f t . long; herbage puberulent or glabrate; leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, obovate or oblong, emarginate or obtuse, % to lines long, with distinct petiolules; flowers 3 to 4 lines long, purple, in loose spikes; calyx turbinate, strongly ribbed, somewhat silky-canescent, its teeth ovate, acute, equaling or shorter t h a n tube; banner % and wings % as long as keel; banner cordately reniform and with a short sharp point at apex, the ccnter whitish and with translucent gland-dots, the purple sides turned in so as almost to make a sac; ovules 2; " p o d smooth."—Mts. between the Mohave and Colorado deserts; Ariz, to L. Cal. (Dalea p a r r y i T. & G.) 9. P . mollis (Benth.) Hel. Stems many f r o m the base, 6 to 10 in. long; herbage hairy-pubescent, dotted with black saucer-shaped glands, the leaves under a lens sometimes suggesting domino pieces; leaves % to 1 in. long, with 4 to 6 pairs of leaflets; leaflets obcordate to obovate or oblong, iy> to 3 lines long; spikes very dense, 1 to 1% in. long; calyx concealed by the dense clothing of hairs, 3 to 4 lines long; corolla pinkish, shorter than or little exceeding the subulate plumose calyx-teeth; banner reniform, hardly half length of the keel; keel very broad and blunt at t i p ; wings shorter than keel, notched at apex.—Colorado and Mohave deserts; P a n a m i n t Kange; e. to Nev. (Dalea mollis Benth.) 20. PSOBALEA L. Ours perennial herbs. Herbage heavy-scented, punctate with dark dots. Leaves 3 or 5-foliolate; stipules f r e e f r o m t h e petiole. Flowers purple or whitish in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-cleft. Keel broad, obtuse, joined to the wings. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod seldom exceeding the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek psoraleos, scurfy or rough, the glands wart-like in some species.) A. Plants from rootstocks; leaves pinnate with 3 leaflets; pod indehiscent, the beak short or none. Stems prostrate; leaves aDd peduncles erect; flowers spicate; stamens diadelphous 1. P. orbicularis. Stems erect. Flowers in spikes, purple. Stamens monadelphous; peduncles shorter than the leaves 2. P. strobilina Tenth stamen nearly f r e e ; peduncles exceeding the leaves; bracts soon deciduous B r a c t s shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth a little longer than the corolla. . 3. P. macrostachya B r a c t s as long as or longer than the flowers; calyx-teeth a little shorter t h a n the corolla 4. P. douglasii. Flowers in racemes, whitish; stamens monadelphous. Leaflets broadly ovate; calyx-teeth % to 1 line long 5. P. physodes. Leaflets lanceolate-ovate; calyx-teeth 1 to 2 lines long 6 . P. rigida. B. Plants

from

stout

thick

roots; leaves palmate with 5 or 6 leaflets; pod circumscissile or bursting irregularly, the beak long. Pedicels slender, 2 lines long; calyx-lobes nearly regular 7 .P. calif arnica. Pedicels less than 1 line long or n o n e ; calyx-lobes markedly irregular 8. P. caslorea.

1. P. orbiculàris Lindl. Stems creeping and rooting, the long-petioled leaves and peduncles erect; peduncles 10 to 24 in. long; herbage finely pubescent, the inflorescence densely whitish-villous; leaflets 2% to 3% in. long, the lateral pair broadly obovate, t h e terminal one more nearly orbicular; petioles 6 to 21 in. long; spikes 3 to 10 in. long; flowers 6 to 8 lines long;

560

LEGUMINOSAE

calyx with stipitate glands scattered among the hairs, cleft almost to the base, the lowest tooth as long as the purplish corolla; pods ovate, acute, 3 lines long.—Grassy vales, meadows or creek bottoms, 500 to 4000 f t . : coastal S. Cal. and n. in the Coast Eanges to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co. 2. P . strobilina H. & A. Stems erect, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage villous or pubescent throughout, the upper surface of the leaves subglabrous; stems, peduncles and petioles rather densely sprinkled with tack-shaped glands; inflorescence villous; leaflets orbicular to rhombic-ovate, 1% to 2% in. long; stipules membranous, narrowly ovate, acuminate, about 5 lines long; peduncles shorter t h a n the leaves; spikes short-oblong, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts membranous, broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, 7 to 9 lines long, deciduous; calyx 6 to 9 lines long, the lower tooth much the longest and equaling the purple corolla; ovary pubescent.—Hill country from Contra Costa Co. to Santa Cruz Co.: Saratoga; Los Gatos; Little A r t h u r Creek, Gilroy. 3. P. macrost&chya DC. LEATHER ROOT. Stems erect, 4 to 10 ft. high; herbage variable, nearly glabrous, villous-pubescent or tomentose; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long; peduncles commonly much exceeding the leaves; spikes broadly cylindrical, silky-villous with white hairs, mostly 9 to 10 lines broad; calyx 3 to 5 lines long, the lower tooth a little the longest, exceeding or equaling the petals, the 4 upper teeth short, broadly lanceolate; corolla purple, the lower portion of banner dull greenish; pods hairy, ovate-oblong, acute, flattened, 3 to 4 lines long.— Along rivers and larger streams in the valleys, following the canon bottoms in the mountains, and common in the salt marshes, always in the richest soils, 5 to 3000 ft., cismontane Cal. Our most common and widely distributed species of the genus. The roots furnished to t h e Pomos and other native tribes a very tough fibre. 4. P . douglasii Greene. H a b i t of no. 3, but more slender; subglabrous, the petioles and sometimes the stems with elevated dot-like glands; leaflets rhombic-ovate, l 1 ^ to 2% in. long; spikes mostly narrower (7 to 8 lines broad) t h a n in no. 3, 2 to 3 in. long, on slender peduncles 3 to 5% in. long; bracts deltoid and long-acuminate, caducous; rachis and calyces densely short-villous, the hairs commonly blackish, the segments of the l a t t e r just shorter t h a n the violet corolla.— San Luis Obispo Co. to the Santa Cruz Mts. and Marin Co.; uncommon. Aug.Sept. 5. P . physodes Dougl. CALIFORNIA TEA. Fig. 550. Stems erect, 10 to 23 in. high; herbage nearly glabrous; leaflets ovate, varying to orbicular, mostly acute, 1 to 1% in. long; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; racemes dense, % to 1 in. long, about as broad, the bracts small; calyx cupshaped, covered with glands which suggest low volcanic craters, and slightly villous with usually dark hairs, about % as long as the corolla, at length much enlarged and inflated; calyxteeth very short and subequal; corolla 5 to 6 lines long; petals greenishwhite, the keel purple-tipped; pods suborbicular, compressed, 3 lines long. —Common in open spots on bushy or «50. Psoralea physodes Dougl.; a, fl. wooded_ slopes of the higher hills or branchlet x % ; b, fl. x l ; c, pod x 2. mountains: San Gabriel and b a n t a

PEA

561

FAMILY

Monica mountains to Monterey, Mt. Diablo, Marin Co., Napa Range, Yaca Mts. and Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. Apr.-June. The herbage when dried makes a pleasant tea and was used as such by early Californians. 6. P . rigida Parish. Similar to no. 5; stems erect, 2 to 2y 2 f t . high; herbage and inflorescence with a minute scattered pubescence; leaflets mostly ovate-lanceolate, to 3 in. long; racemes 1 to 1% in. long; calyx at first black-pubescent, less conspicuously glandular than in no. 5; calyxteeth 1 to 2 lines long.—San Diego Co.: Oak Grove; Cuyamaca Mts. 7. P. californica Wats. Stems 5 to 8 in. high, t u f t e d on the often branched root-crown; pubescence silky and appressed; leaves palmately compound; leaflets 5 or 6, orbicular-obovate, cuneate a t base, Vi to 1 (or 1%) in. long; stipules scarious, lanceolate; racemes very much shorter t h a n the leaves, dense, % to 1 in. long, on short peduncles; calyx silky-villous, 6 lines long, the linear-acuminate lobes a little shorter t h a n the petals; pods oblong, narrowed to a lanceolate beak, thin-walled, villous; seed dark brown, 2 lines long or more.—Mountain slopes and summits, 1500 to 5300 f t . : inner Coast Ranges f r o m Glenn Co. to Mt. Diablo and Mt. Pinos; s. Sierra Nevada (Bodfish; K e r n v i l l e ) ; Santa B a r b a r a Co.; San Bernardino Mts.; L. Cal.; widely distributed but a rare plant. May-July. 8. P. castorea Wats. Stems ascending, 3 to 8 in. high; herbage whitepubescent; leaflets obovate-rhomboid, obtuse, % to 1% in. long; racemes oblong, 1 to 1x/4 in. long; bracts palmately 3-lobed; flowers 4 lines long; lower calyx-lobes elliptic, the others subulate, a little shorter than the corolla.— Sandy places, Daggett, Mohave Desert. 21.

GLYCYRRHiZA

L.

LIQUORICE

Perennial herbs with glandular-viseid herbage. Leaves odd-pinnate, glandular-dotted. Flowers yellowish-white, in axillary peduncled spikes. Calyx 5cleft, with the 2 upper lobes shorter or partly united. Stamens mainly diadelphous, the alternate anthers smaller. Ovary 2 to many-ovuled; style short and rigid, curved a t the tip. Pod bur-like, densely beset with hooked prickles, in ours oblong, few-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek glukus, sweet, and rhiza, root.) 1. G. lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. Fig. 551. Stems erect, 2 f t . high; h e r b a g e viseid-puberulent and sometimes with minute scales; leaflets 11 to 15, oblong- to ovatelanceolate, 1 to IV2 in. long; stipules linear-subulate, spikes broadly oblong, 1 to IV2 in. long; peduncles shorter t h a n the leaves, % to 3 in. long, with spreading glandular hairs; calyx very glandular; pod % to % in. long, reddish brown, 2 to 6-seeded.—Rich soil of low or moist lands in the valleys or on the plains, 20 to 4000 ft., throughout Cal.; n. to B. C. June. 22. KENTROPHYTA N u t t . Low t u f t e d perennials with fine silky appressed pubescence and persistent odd-pinnate leaves. Lower stipules scarious, united on the side of stem opposite the l e a f ; upper stipules and leaflets rigid and awn-pointed. Peduncles axillary, bearing 1 to 3 small flowers. Calyx 5-cleft Pod 1-celled, 1 to 2seeded, included m the calyx. Sta-

G l y c y r r h i z a l e p i d o t a P u r s h . a_ fl. b r a n c h . let x V2 ; b, cluster of pods x V2 ; c, pod x 1

551

562

LEGUMINOSAE

mens diadelphous (9 and 1). Seeds large for the size of the pod. (Greek kentron, spur or prickle, and phytum, plant.) 1. K. mont&na Nutt. Fig. 552. Stem rigid, 2 to 3 in. high; leaves crowded, the 5 to 7 leaflets subulate, spinetipped, 2 to 5 lines long, divaricate in age; peduncles hardly over 1 line long; calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous, much longer than the campanulate tube; corolla whitish or purplish-tinged, 2 lines long; pods ovate, acuminate, 3 lines long. — Alpine crests on either side of the Owens Valley trough, 11,300 to 3 3 , 0 0 0 ft. (Mt. Dana; Mt. Warren; White Mts.). July. 23.

ASTRAGALUS

L.

RATTLE-WEED.

LOCO-WEED

Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves and persistent stipules. Flowers purple, pale yellow or white, in spikes, racemes 5 5 2 . Kcntrophyta montana N u t t . ; a, habit or heads. Racemes mostly spike-like, x Y2 ; b, leaf with stipules x ; c, fl. either the pedicels very short or the d, pod x 3. flowers crowded. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow; keel mostly obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Pod turgid, or inflated and bladder-like, sometimes not inflated, 1-celled or partly or completely 2-celled by the intrusion of one or both sutures, tardily dehiscent, 2 to many-seeded. Seeds small, usually reniform on slender funiculi. (Ancient Greek name for some leguminous plant.) I. Pods strongly inflated. A.

PODS

1-CELLED

(SEED-BEARING

SUTURE

SOMETIMES

SLIGHTLY

INTRUDED).

1. Pods 8tipitate. Stipe not more than twice as long as calyx. Stems low and tufted. Perennials. P o d s obovate, balloon-shaped, much rounded or obtuse at monly grayish-puberulent; n. S i e r r a Nevada; White Mts Pods broadly spindle-shaped; leaves essentially glabrous;

apex; leaves comYollo Bolly M t s . ; 1. A. hookerianus. White Mts 2. A. oophorus. A n n u a l ; pods broadly ovate, acute; Providence Mts 3. A. deserticola. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, not t u f t e d ; perennials; inner South Coast Ranges. P.od acuminate at base and at a p e x ; calyx-tube cylindric 4. A. oxyphysus. P o d acute at base and at a p e x ; calyx-tube campanulate 5. A. curtipes. Stipe more than twice as long as calyx; perennial 6. A. leucophyllus. 2. Pods

not

8tipitate.

Perennials. Pods glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Seed-bearing suture somewhat intruded; stipules distinct. P o d s 5 to 8 lines long; w. side Colorado Desert 7. A. vaseyi. Pods 1 to 1% in. long. Pods oblong-ovate, abruptly acute at apex, 1 to 1 % in. long; mostly South Coast Ranges and S . Cal 8. A. douylasii. Pods ovoid, gradually acute at apex, barely 1 in. l o n g ; S. Cal 9. A. oocarpus. Seed-bearing suture not intruded. Stipules meeting or united on opposite side of stem from l e a f ; leaflets crowded; coastal from S a n F r a n c i s c o s 10. A. menziesii. Stipules distinct; leaflets not crowded; Colorado Desert 11. A. preussii. Pods r a t h e r densely pubescent. Stems 1 t o , 4 ft. long; leaves 3 to 5 in. long. Pods oblong, 1 in. long; Monterey and S a n Luis Obispo Cos 12. A. macrodon. P o d s ovate, V2 in. long; in or near Mohave Desert 13. A. hornii. Stems 3 to 8 in. long; leaves Vz to 1 in. long; ne. Cal 14. A. pulsiferae

PEA

563

FAMILY

A n n u a l s ; pods densely hoary-pubescent; Colorado Desert. Pods narrowly ovate, IVz lines wide; branches ascending 15. A. aridus. Pods broadly ovate, 4 % lines wide; branches spreading from base. . 1 6 . A. sabulonum. B.

P O D S W H O L L Y OR I N C O M P L E T E L Y

A.

PERENNIALS

2-CELLED.

Flowers racemose; plants 4 in. high or more. P o d s not stout-beaked, ovate. Pods stipitate, glabrous; S i e r r a Nevada 17, A. bolanderi. Pods not stipitate. Pods hoary with soft dense pubescence; annual or biennial; deserts and desert ranges 18. A. coulteri. P o d s not hoary, rather sparsely pubescent; perennial; Lassen Co. and n . . . 1 9 . A. lentiginosus. Pods stout-beaked, globose, sessile; perennial; mts. of Tulare Co 2 0 . A. kernensis. Flowers in small heads; plants 2 to 3 in. high; pod incompletely 2-celled, sessile; perenn i a l ; high S i e r r a Nevada 2 1 . A. platytropis.

II. Pods not strongly inflated. t. Dorsal

and

(EXCEPT

NO. 2 2

A BIENNIAL).

ventral

sutures both externally prominent, forming a thick cord-like ridge; pods coriaceous, strongly rugulose. Pods hoary-pubescent, thin-walled, non-stipitate; biennials 2 2 . A. mohavensis. Pods glabrous, fleshy-coriaceous; perennials. P o d s not stipitate; leaflets 5 or 7, linear, remote 2 3 . A. shockleyi. Pods stipitate; leaflets mostly 1 1 to 21. Stipe not longer than calyx; pod linear-oblong, curved; leaflets narrowly l i n e a r ; K e r n Co. region 2 4 . A. pachypus. Stipe mostly longer than calyx; pod elliptic, straight, very t u r g i d ; leaflets oblong; Siskiyou Co 2 5 . A. pacifi-cus. 2. Dorsal suture not prominent and not cord-like externally (except in A. bicristatus), 2-celled pods often inturned and forming a groove; pods not strongly rugulose.

in

Pods 1-celled. Pods glabrous, subgtabrate or at least not long hairy. Pods strongly obcompressed. P o d s stipitate, strongly cristate fore and aft by the prominent sutures 2 6 . A. bicristatus. Pods not stipitate, not cristate fore and aft. Leaflets obovate, 1% to 5 lines long; pods % to 1 % in. long 2 7 . A. iodanthus. Leaflets linear, 6 to 1 1 lines long; pods 1 to 1^4 in. long. . 2 8 . A. casei. Pods not obcompressed. P o d s stipitate. Pods subcylindric. Pods more or less curved, % to 1 in. long; Alpine Co. to P l u m a s Co 2 9 . A. gibbsii. P o d s straight, 1 to 1 % in. long; Siskiyou Co.. . 3 0 . A. californicus. Pods strongly flattened laterally (except one form in A. trichopodus). Leaflets narrowly l i n e a r ; pods linear-oblong; Siskiyou Co. to Lassen Co.; inner ranges, S . Cal 3 1 . A. filipes. Leaflets oblong; pods narrowly elliptic or linear-oblong, or mostly narrowed from above the middle toward the base (oblanceolate) ; coastal S. Cal 3 2 . A. trichopodus. Pods not stipitate, ovate; coastal 3 3 . A. pycnostachyus. Pods densely covered with long hairs, sessile. Flowers white or blue and white, not over 1 in. long; pods curved-oblong or -ovate; peduncles shorter than the leaves 3 4 . A. purshii. Flowers crimson, 1 % to in. long; pods curved-broad-oblong; peduncles equaling or surpassing the leaves 3 5 . A. coccineus. Pods wholly or incompletely 2-celled. Pods over % in. long (sometimes less in no. 4 2 ) . Mature pods strongly obcompressed, sessile. P l a n t t u f t e d ; pods densely woolly, moderately curved, % to 1 in. long; mts. of S . Cal 3 6 . A. injlexus. P l a n t not t u f t e d ; pods pubescent, strongly curved, 1 to 2 % in. long; Mohave and Inyo Co. deserts 37. A. layneae. Mature pods not obcompressed. P o d s not stipitate. Pods 3-angled or triquetrous; deserts 3 8 . A. tricarinatus. Pods compressed or cylindric. Herbage and pods strongly villous; pods reflexed or spreading; e. side S i e r r a Nevada 3 9 . A. malacus. Herbage and pods not villous. Stems not cespitose, % to 1 ft. high; pods reflexed or spreadi n g ; leaflets 17 to 2 5 ; cent. S i e r r a Nevada foothills. . 4 0 . A. congdonii. Stems cespitose, not over 6 in. high; pods erect or ascending; leaflets not over 1 3 . Peduncles equaling or shorter than the leaves; flowers yellowish; Modoc Co 4 1 . A. obscurus.

564

LEGUMINOSAE

Peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers purple-tipped; Inyo Range 42. A. calycosus. Pods stipitate. Herbage glabrous or nearly so; stipe of pod scarcely longer than calyxtube; Humboldt Co 43. A. sylvaticus. Herbage appressed-pubescent; stipe of pod equaling or exceeding calyxteeth; Santa B a r b a r a Isls 44. A. nevinii. Pods not more than % in. long (sometimes longer in A. andersonii), non-stipitate. Flowers in capitate clusters or in racemes not 1 in. long. Pod not over 2 to 3 lines long; flowers commonly many; Sierra Co. to Placer Co. Stems slender, % to 2 ft. long; herbage green, thinly strigulose, the calyces not white-woolly 45. A. lemmonii. Stems stout, 2 to 4 in. long; herbage white with dense silky pubescence, the calyces white-woolly 46. A. austinae. Pod 5 to 6 lines long; flowers few; stems slender, not over % ft. long; Death Valley region 47. A. atraius. Flowers in racemes or spikes in. long or more. Pods erect, very finely pubescent; calyx-teeth short and broad; Mono Co. to Modoc Co 48. A. mortonii. Pods spreading or re flexed. Pods densely tomentose; calyx-teeth setaceous, at least as long as the tube. Stems % to 1 ft. high; pods incurved; Sierra Nevada 49. A. andersonii. Stems 3 to 4 ft. high; pods nearly straight; Los Angeles Co 50. A. brauntonii. Pods glabrous; calyx-teeth subulate, about as long as the tube; Lake and Napa Cos 51. A. clevelandii. B . A N N U A L S ; PODS N O T

STIPITATE.

1. Pods eUiptic-ovate or ovate, 2seeded, strongly wrinkled or ridged transversely; flowers in short racemes or spikes. Pod erect, little exserted from the calyx. Pod deeply 2-lobed lengthwise; mostly cismontane species 52. A. didymocarpus. Pod creased dorsally but not 2-lobed; mostly desert species 53. A. dispermus. Pod deflexed, well-exserted from the calyx 54. A. nigrescens. 2. Pods linear or nearly so (oblong-ovate in no. 57), several to many-seeded, not wrinkled transversely. Flowers in racemes; pods curved, grooved dorsally; plants silvery or hoary-pubescent; deserts. Pods linear, compressed, 2-celled 55. A. albens. Pods lanceolate, strongly thickened and somewhat obcompressed, incompletely 2-celled. 56. A. agninus. Flowers commonly in small head-like clusters at the ends of the peduncles; plants green or at least not strongly hoary-pubescent. Pods not laterally compressed, completely or almost completely 2-celled. Pods oblong-ovate, straight, silvery-pubescent; style in fruit stout, straight, as long as body of pod 57. A. breweri. Pods cylindric or teretish, curved, green ; style in f r u i t short, curved or hooked, } to ^ as long as body of pod. Pods grooved on back, not stipe-like at base 58. A. tener. Pods not grooved on back, d r a w n down to a stipe-like base, attenuate at apex 59. A. clarianics. Pods laterally compressed, incompletely 2-celled, grooved dorsally. Pods li near-attenuate, straight or nearly so, 2 in. long; North Coast Ranges. . . . 60. A. rattanii. Pods linear, % in. long, curved; desert. Keel obtuse or acute, not prolonged at apex 61. A. nuttallianus. Keel prolonged at apex into an acute beak 62. A. acutirostris. 1. A . h o o k e r i à n u s G r a y . BALLOON PLANT. S t e m s t u f t e d , 3 t o 9 ( o r 1 2 ) in. h i g h , f r o m a w o o d y b a s e ; l e a v e s % t o l 1 /^ i n . l o n g , p u b e r u l e n t , o f t e n g r a y i s h ; l e a f l e t s 13 t o 19, d i s c r e t e , o f t e n c r o w d e d , l i n e a r t o l i n e a r - o b l o n g , 3 t o 5 ( o r 7 ) l i n e s l o n g ; flowers w h i t i s h or v i o l e t , 4 l i n e s l o n g , v e r y s h o r t - p e d i c e l e d i n a capitate moderately dense raceme which elongates somewhat in fruit; calyxt e e t h s u b u l a t e , Vo a s l o n g a s t h e c a m p a n u l a t e t u b e ; p o d s s t r o n g l y i n f l a t e d , o b o v a t e , r o u n d e d a t a p e x or v e r y o b t u s e ( b a l l o o n - s h a p e d ) , 1 - c e l l e d , 1 t o 2 in. l o n g , g l a b r o u s or s c a n t i l y p u b e r u l e n t , a b o u t 1 0 - s e e d e d , t h e s t i p e l o n g e r t h a n t h e c a l y x . — M o n t a n e : e. s i d e o f t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m M o n o Co. t o M o d o c Co.; W h i t e M t s . ; Y o l l o B o l l y M t s . ; w . N e v . t o Ore. V a r . WHÌTNEYI J o n e s . H e r b a g e g r e e n or g r e e n i s h , s c a n t i l y s t r i g o s e . — S i e r r a N e v a d a i n M o n o Co., 8000 t o 12,000 f t . V a r . PINÒSUS J e p s o n n. c o m b . H e r b a g e g l a b r o u s , b r i g h t g r e e n ; l e a f l e t s d i s t a n t . — M t . P i n o s , V e n t u r a Co. ( A . w h i t n e y i var. pinosus Elmer.)

PEA FAMILY

565

2. A. oóphorus Wats. Fig. 553. Stems many from the branched crown of a stout taproot, ascending, forming a rounded clump 8 or 9 in. high; herbage glabrous or essentially so; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, obovate, obtuse, 2% to 6 lines long; racemes short, % to 2 in. long; flowers purplish, 6 lines long; calyxtube deeply bowl-shaped, its subulate teeth almost as long; banner light purple, the wings white; pod strongly inflated, very broadly spindle-shaped, 1-celled, 1% to 1% in. long, stiped, the stipe little exceeding the calyx-tube.—High montane, desert ranges, 7200 to 10,000 ft.: Panamint Range; White Mts.; n. into Nev. Fr. July-Aug. 3. A. deserticola Jepson n. sp. Annual, branched from base, 3 to 7 in. high; herbage strigose, gray, in age becoming green; leaves 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 9 to 13, oblong, 4 to 7 lines long; racemes short, rather dense, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-teeth nar- 553. Astragalus oophorus Wats.; a, fl. branchrow, about % as long as the cam- let x V2 ; b, pods x V2 ; c, cross sect, of pod x 1. panulate tube; corolla dark blue, 3 to 3% lines long; pod broadly ovate, strongly inflated, membranaceous, 1celled, 10 lines long, on a stipe barely equaling the calyx-tube.—Providence Mts. (T. Brandegee, type). May (fr.). 4. A. oxyphysus Gray. Stem rigid, erect, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage whitevillous when young, soon becoming subglabrate and green; leaves 3V2 to 4% in. long; leaflets 15 to 23, oblong to linear-oblong, % to 1Vi in. long; racemes elongate, on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, % as long as the cylindric tube; corolla white or greenish-white, 7 to 8 lines long; pods semi-obovate (i. e. the ventral suture nearly straight), inflated, 1-celled, to 2 in. long, with sharply pointed apex, at base attenuate into a recurved stipe 3 to 4 lines long; seeds numerous.—Inner South Coast Range from Stanislaus Co. to Fresno Co., thence s. to the upper San Joaquin Yalley. Mar.-Apr. (fl. and fr.). 5. A. curtipes Gray. Stem erect, IV2 to 2% ft. high; herbage finely pubescent, grayish when young, the upper surface of the leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaves 3 to 4% in. long; leaflets 19 to 33, linear, rarely oblong, cuneate at base, sometimes retuse, 5 to 8 lines long; racemes short-cylindric (1 to 2 in.), rather densely many-flowered, the peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx-teeth subulate, about half as long as the campanulate shortoblong tube; corolla whitish, 5 to 6 lines long; pods strongly inflated, ovate or obovate, acute, 1-celled, puberulent, IV4, to IV2 in. long, pendulous on a rigid recurved stipe, little exceeding the calyx-tube; seeds many.—San Luis Obispo Co. Jan.-Apr. 6. A. leucophyllus T. & G. Stems erect, 1 to 3 ft. high; herbage silverypubescent, in age becoming green; leaves 2% to 5 in. long; leaflets 17 to 29, linear to oblong, 5 to 13 lines long; racemes 2 to 4 in. long, rather dense, the flowers yellòwish-white, 5 to 7 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, % as long as the tube; pods much-inflated, oblong or ovate, abruptly short-acute, 1celled, 1 y s to 1% in. long, the valves unequal; stipe densely pubescent, V2 to 1 in. long.—Low open dry hills : inner Coast Ranges from Solano Co. to Monterey Co.; Madera Co. Apr.-June. Said to be poisonous to horses and sheep.

566

LEGUMINOSAE

7. A. Vàseyi Wats. Stems ascending or a t length procumbent, to 3 f t . long; herbage somewhat canescent or the upper surface of the leaves glabrous; leaves 2% to 3 in. long; leaflets oblong, 5 to 7 lines long; flowers purple, 4 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, little longer t h a n the tube; pods inflated, narrowly ovate, tapering to an acute apex, 1-celled, canescent, 5 to 8 lines long.—Desert slopes of the San Jacinto and Cuyamaea ranges. Apr. (fl. and f r . ) . 8. A. douglàsii Gray. Stems many, ascending, H4 to 3 f t . high; herbage appressed-pubescent or in age glabrate; leaves 3% to 5 in. long; leaflets 15 to 25, linear to oblong-linear, obtuse or retuse, 4% to 9 lines long; racemes many-flowered, the flowers whitish or yellow, spreading; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, t h e calyx about % as long; calyx-teeth subulate, % to % as long as the campanulate t u b e ; pods remarkably inflated, oblong to ovate, abruptly very short acute, 1-celled, 1 to 1% in. long, the ventral suture slightly intruded; seeds numerous.—Foothills, 180 to 4000 f t . : w. Yolo Co.; South Coast Ranges to the mts. of S. Cai. May. 9. A. oocàrpus Gray. Stems stout, erect or nearly so, 4 to 6 f t . high; herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, the calyces somewhat villouspubescent; leaves 3% to 7 in. long; leaflets 19 to 23, narrowly oblong to ovate-oblong, % to 1 (or 1%) in. long; peduncles shorter t h a n the leaves, bearing dense or rather loosely flowered racemes; flowers tawny-yellow, 4 to 5 lines long; calyx-teeth triangularsubulate, nearly half as long as the campanulate t u b e ; pods of rather parchment-like texture, turgid and much inflated, ovoid, gradually acute at apex, nearly 1 in. long, 1-celled, the ventral suture projecting slightly inward.—Cuyamaea Mts. n. to the Conchilla Range. 10. A. menzièsii Gray. Fig. 554. Stems erect or decumbent, 1 to 4 f t . high; herbage grayish with appressed pubescence, o f t e n becoming green and glabrate; leaves 2% to 5 in. long; leaflets usually many, oblong or oblongobovate, retuse or obtuse, 6 to 10 lines long, more closely borne t h a n in A. douglasii; racemes dense, mostly 2 to 4 in. long, the stout peduneles nearly equaling the leaves; flowers whitish, 5 5 5 4 . A s t r a g a l u s m e n z i e s i i G r a y ; a, fl. to 6 lines long, early reflexed; pods b r a n c h l e t x H ; 6, fl. x 1; e, p o d s x ovoid, 1-celled, to 2 in. long, strongly inflated, the walls membranous.—Sandy slopes near t h e coast, San Francisco Co. to Monterey Co. May-July. 11. A. preussii Gray var. limàtus Jepson n. comb. Fig. 555. Robust bushy plant 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage subglabrous or sparsely strigose, the upper surface of the leaves glabrous or glabrate; leaves 2% to 5 in. long; leaflets 11 to 15, obovate or oblong, obtuse or obeordate, Và to 1% in. long; racemes rather loose, on peduncles shorter or longer (in f r u i t ) t h a n the leaves; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about % or 14 as long as t h e tube; corolla purple, 9 to 10 lines long; pods oblong-cylindric or oblong-ovate, chartaeeousinflated, obscurely puberulent or glabrate, reticulate-veined, 1-celled, manyseeded, subsessile or barely stipitate, % to in. long, 5 to 6 lines broad.— Colorado Desert. Apr. (fl. and f r . ) . (A. limatus Sheld.)

SPURGE

599

FAMILY

LEAVES MOSTLY ALTERNATE, MOSTLY NOT OBLIQUE AT BASE; GLANDS 5 OR 4 ; PLANTS NEVER PROSTRATE. G l a n d s of the i n v o l u c r e w i t h a colored m e m b r a n o u s a p p e n d a g e ; pedicels of the flowers w i t h a m i n u t e scale at b a s e ; l e a v e s round-obovate, e n t i r e ; s h r u b . . 1 2 . E . misera. Glands of the i n v o l u c r e w i t h o u t a colored a p p e n d a g e ; herbs, the stems erect or a s c e n d i n g . L e a v e s l i n e a r , e n t i r e o r n e a r l y s o ; i n v o l u c r e s in t e r m i n a l head-like clusters; stipules gland-like, m i n u t e ; g l a n d s c u p - s h a p e d ; a n n u a l or b i e n n i a l . . 1 3 . E. eriantha. L e a v e s ovate, obovate or r o t u n d , n e v e r l i n e a r ; i n v o l u c r e s in dichotomous or o f t e n umbellate c y m e s ; stipules none. G l a n d s r o u n d e d and discoid, e n t i r e ; capsule w i t h w a r t y lobes ; leaves serrulate ; annual 14. E. dictyosperma. Glands n o t entire, v a r i o u s l y denticulate, lacerate, or h o r n e d ; leaves e n t i r e . A n n u a l s (sometimes b i e n n i a l ) . Capsule s m o o t h ; stem leaves sessile or n e a r l y so 15. E. crenulata. Capsule c r e s t e d ; stem leaves petiolate 16. E. peplus. P e r e n n i a l ; capsule smooth. G l a n d s r a t h e r l o n g e r than b r o a d , 2 - h o r n e d ; leaves obtuse 17. E. palmeri. G l a n d s much b r o a d e r than l o n g , a little lacerate, not h o r n e d ; leaves cuspidate 18. E. schiioloba.

B.

1. E. prèsili Guss. L A R G E S P U R G E . Stems simple below or branched from the base, erect or ascending, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage glabrous or scantily pilose; leaves broadly oblong, slightly cordate at base, serrulate, often reddish, or red-spotted, 5 to 12 lines long; stipules triangular, entire or somewhat lacerate; flowers in a small terminal panicle of cymes; involucres redbrown; glands small, their margins white or red, entire; capsule glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds brown, obtusely angled, with 2 or 3 broken transverse ridges.—N. Sierra Nevada foothills from Placer Co. to Butte Co., infrequent; e. to Atlantic. (E. hypericifolia FI. W. Mid. Cai.; E. nutans Lag.) 2. E. serpyllifòlia Pers. T H Y M E - L E A F more or less angled, repeatedly branched, forming prostrate mats 1 to 3 ft. across; herbage glabrous and green; leaves oblong-elliptic or obovate-spatulate, more or less minutely serrate toward the apex, 2 to 3 lines long; stipules setaceous or lacerate; involucre % line long or less; glands transversely oblong and more or less cupped in the center, the wing white, narrow, crenately serrate or nearly entire; seeds clay-white, sharply quadrangular, smoothish, rugulose or rugose-pitted. •— Valleys and plains, 100 to 4000 ft., throughout Cai. Var. RUGULÒSA Engelm. Leaves more serrate on the larger side of the blade; seeds pitted.—San Bernardino.

SPURGE.

FIG.

592.

Stems round, or

3. E. glyptospérma Engelm. Similar to no. 2; leaves oblong-linear; seeds with 3 or 4 sharp transverse ridges.—Adventive in S. Cai.; Ariz, and e. 4. E. hirtula Engelm. Stems prostrate or slightly ascending, 2 to 9 in. long; herbage villous; leaves 592. Euphorbia serpyllifòlia P e r s . ; a, habit x 1< elliptic-oblong, to 3 lines long; involucrejc^ c, stamen x 1 2 ; glands red, with a narrow white toothed appendage; capsules very small, acutely angled; seeds brown, acutely angled, shortly wrinkle-pitted or slightly wrinkled.—Pine belt of the mts., 3500 to 5500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. s.; San Jacinto Mts.; Cuyamaca Mts.; s. to L. Cai. E. ÓCCIDENTALIS Drew. Herbage dull yellowish-green, puberulent; seeds coarsely sinuate-rugose.—Hy-am-pum, Humboldt Co.

600

EUPHORBIACEAE

5. E . m a c u l à t a L. SPOTTED SPURGE. Stems r a d i a t e l y b r a n c h i n g , p r o s t r a t e , 3 to 10 in. long; herbage t h i n l y s o f t - h a i r y ; leaves oblong-elliptic to oblonglinear, usually w i t h a red blotch in center, serrulate, subcordate a t b a s e ; stipules setaceous, sometimes l a c e r a t e or fimbriate; glands 4, cup-shaped, w i t h white entire m a r g i n s ; capsule acutely angled; seeds reddish or brown, t r a n s v e r s e l y r i d g e d . — I n t r o d . f r o m e. U. S.: M a r y s v i l l e ; B e r k e l e y ; l o n e ; P a s a d e n a ; San B e r n a r d i n o . 6. E . setiloba Engelm. Stems repeatedly dichotomous f r o m t h e base, prost r a t e , 2 to 6 in. long; h e r b a g e reddish, s o f t l y glandular-pubescent; leaves round-obovate to elliptic, entire, 1 to 3 lines long, on slender petioles; stipules minute, low t r i a n g u l a r ; involucres solitary in t h e axils and in small l e a f y clusters t e r m i n a t i n g t h e b r a n c h l e t s , narrowly t u r b i n a t e , t h e lobes ciliolate; glands erect, purple, t h e m a r g i n s w h i t e or rose-color, n a r r o w , fimb r i a t e ; capsules h a i r y , angled, % line long; seeds oblong, acutely 4-angled, slightly rugose t r a n s v e r s e l y . — S a n d y soil, Colorado E i v e r Valley f r o m Riverside M t . to F t . Yuma. 7. E . p é d i c u l i f e r a Engelm. Stems pubescent t h r o u g h o u t , slender, procumbent, much branched, 1 f t . long; herbage finely cinereous; leaves oblong to obovate, entire, moderately b u t distinctly unequal a t base, 3 to lines long, on slender petioles; stipules very small, t r i a n g u l a r ; involucres clustered on short axillary b r a n c h l e t s ; glands large, purple, t h e m a r g i n s conspicuous, white, s h o r t - f a n s h a p e d , c r e n u l a t e ; styles bifid almost to t h e base, divaric a t e ; capsule p u b e s c e n t ; seeds 4-angled w i t h 4 s t r a i g h t and deep t r a n s v e r s e grooves.—Colorado Desert (Carrizo M t . ) ; e. to Ariz., s. t o Mex. Apr.

8. E . ocellata D. & H. Stems many f r o m t h e base, p r o s t r a t e , 5 to 13 in. long; h e r b a g e glabrous; leaves deltoid to oblong-ovate, thickish, u n e q u a l a t base, o f t e n cordate at base, entire, 2 to 5 % lines long; stipules subulate, mostly e n t i r e ; involucres hemispheric, n e a r l y 1 line long, t h e lobes f r i n g e d ; glands 2 to 4, yellowish or purplish, short-stipitate, saucer-shaped, t h e appendages none or n a r r o w ; capsule 1 line long; seeds red-brown, round-ovate, smooth or slightly wrinkled.—Dry sandy valleys and f o o t h i l l s : inner South Coast R a n g e s ; G r e a t Valley; Sierra N e v a d a foothills; S. Cai.; e. to Nev. Var. ARENÌCOLA J e p s o n n. comb. Glands sessile; seeds clay-white.—Mohave Desert and n. ( E . arenicola P a r i s h . ) 9. E . erèmica Jepson n. sp. Stems f e w or several f r o m t h e base, p r o s t r a t e , slightly g l a n d u l a r , 4 to 8 in. long; herbage yellowish-green, glabrous; leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse, entire, 2 to 5 lines long; involucres turbinate-cylindric, t h e glands saucer-shaped w i t h t h e m a r g i n produced o u t w a r d s into 2 a c u t e lobes or horns; capsules obtusely angled, IV2 lines long; seeds claywhite, round on t h e back, flattish on t h e f a c e , v e r y smooth.—Conchilla Desert ( J e p s o n 6047, t y p e ) . 10. E . a l b o m à r g i n à t a T . & G. RATTLESNAKE W E E D . Stems numerous f r o m a woody base, p r o s t r a t e or decumbent, 2 to 12 in. long; h e r b a g e glabrous; leaves nearly orbicular to round-ovate, 2 to 4 lines long, margined w i t h a t h i n whitish edge, o f t e n r e t u s e ; stipules u n i t e d into a conspicuous membranous w h i t e t r i a n g u l a r scale, e n t i r e or slightly l a c e r a t e ; involucres mostly solitary, n e a r l y 1 line long; glands 4, orange or brownish, w i t h conspicuous white or rose-color a p p e n d a g e s ; capsule nearly 1 line long, t h e lobes angled on t h e b a c k ; seeds oblong, 4-angled.— P l a i n s and mesas, S. Cai.; e. t o Tex., s. to Mex. M a y - J u n e .

593. Euphorbia polycarpa Benth.; a, habit x % ; b, invol. x 3.

11. E . polycàrpa B e n t h . F i g . 593. Stems numerous, ascending or p r o s t r a t e f r o m a woody root-crown, 2 to 11 in. long; h e r b a g e glabrous or somewhat finely pubescent, leaves round-ovate or ovate to oblong, slightly cordate a t base ° r obtuse obtuse or acutish at apex 1 to 2% lines long; stipules minute,

601

SPURGE F A M I L Y

lanceolate to short-triangular, ciliate; involucres commonly solitary in t h e axils, turbinate-campanulate, % to % line long; glands transversely oblong, red-purple (sometimes yellow), the appendages varying from conspicuous (broad, white or rose-color and somewhat crenulate) to none; capsules % line long, puberulent, the lobes angled; seeds oblong, 4-angled, % line long. -—Dry mesas and rocky slopes: San Diego Co.; Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Tex. Var. VESTITA Wats. Hoary-pubescent.—Santa Monica; Glendora; Cahuenga P a s s ; Colorado Desert to Inyo Co. 12. E. misera Benth. Much branched straggling shrub 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent or glabrate; leaves round-obovate, obtuse or retuse, 2 to 5 lines long, exceeding the petioles; stipules present; involucres solitary, terminal on the short branchlets of the season, hemispheric, 1 line long, their lobes short, inflexed; glands purple, with a white crenulate appendage; capsules 2 to 2% lines long, with rounded lobes, somewhat w a r t y ; seeds round-ovate, reticulate-wrinkled or slightly pitted.—San Diego; s. to L. Cal. 13. E. eriantha Benth. Stems one or several f r o m t h e base, slender, 7 to 18 in. high; herbage glabrous or finely puberulent above; leaves distant, narrowly linear, a t t e n u a t e to a short petiole, 1 to 2*4 in. long, the uppermost forming a whorl subtending the flower-cluster and many times exceeding the flowers; involucres in close clusters of 1 to 4 at the end of each branch, hoary-pubescent, campanulate, their lobes incurved, fimbriate with densely pubescent teeth; glands thin, the broad appendage fimbriate; styles undivided; capsule obtusely lobed, finely pubescent, 2 to 2 l i n e s long; seeds brown, quadrate-oblong, with low w a r t y ridges; caruncle conspicuous.— Canons and mesas among rocks, Colorado Desert: Eagle Mts.; Chuekawalla Bench; Andreas Canon; Agua Caliente near Carrizo Creek; s. to L. Cal. and Mex., e. to Ariz. Apr. E. l a t h y r u s L. Caper Spurge. Stout annual or biennial 1 to 3 f t . high, very smooth and glaucous; stem-leaves linear or narrowly oblong, thick, in 4 vertical ranks, the floral oblong-ovate and cordate; umbels of 3 or 4 rays, once or twice f o r k e d ; glands of the involucre crescent-shaped.—Mediterranean species, occasionally a d v e n t i v e : M y e r ' s Ranch, South F o r k Eel River; Berkeley; Seven Oaks, San Antonio Mts. 14. E. dictyosperma F. & M. Fig. 594. Stems erect, 5 to 15 in. high, simple or branching f r o m the base, dichotomously branched above; herbage glabrous; lower leaves oblong- or obovatespatulate, serrulate, often retuse, % to 1% in. long; upper and floral leaves opposite, roundovate to oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; inflorescence umbelliform, the rays 2 or 3 times f o r k e d ; involucre and glands small; glands not horned; capsule with w a r t y lobes, 1 to 1% lines long.— Hill country, 100 to 3000 f t . , throughout cismontane Cal. b u t i n f r e q u e n t ; n. to Wash., e. to Neb. and Tex. 15. E. crenulata Engelm. Fig. 595. Stems several from the base, erect, rarely decumbent at base, 6 to 16 in. high, 2 or 3 times dichotomous above; leaves obovate to spatulate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, sessile or the lower shortly petioled, 4 to 15 lines long, t h e floral opposite or ternate, deltoid or broadly rhombic-ovate, sometimes cordate at base or connate, apiculate, 3 to 5 lines long; involucre turbinate, its transversely oblong lobes denticulate; glands large, crescent-shaped, t h e slender horns entire or c l e f t ; capsule smooth, 1% lines

involucre x 6.

602

CALLITRICHACEAE

broad; seeds ash-colored, darkpitted, 1 to 1% lines long, with a prominent caruncle. — Common in the hill country throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to Ore. 16.

E. p£plus L.

PETTY

SPURGE.

Stems simple or usually branched from the base, 4 to 7 in. high, umbellate above, t h e branches of the umbel dichotomous; herbage glabrous; leaves obovate or rotund, obtuse or retuse, 5 to 9 lines long, the slender petiole 2% lines long; leaves of the umbel oblong or ovate, sessile; involucre about % line long, the triangular-ovate lobes ciliate with short thick hairs; glands with long spreading horns; capsule depressed-globose, the lobes with 2 crests on t h e b a c k ; seeds white, pitted, the caruncle conical. —Garden weed f r o m E u r . : Berkeley; Monterey; San Bernardino. 17. E. palmeri Engelm. Stems several from the woody rootcrown, erect, % to 1 % f t . high, 595. Euphorbia crenulata Engelm.; a, fl. umbelliferous above with 4 or 5 branchlet x ; b, invol. x 3 ; c, stamen x 5. rays; herbage glabrous; leaves obovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, 4 to 12 lines long, those of the inflorescence very broadly rhombic-ovate to subreniform, very obtuse, mostly apiculate; involucres 1 line long, the lobes rounded, entire, ciliate; glands shortly stipitate, crenate, somewhat 2-horned; capsule ovate, 2 lines long; seeds ovate, rugose, 1% lines long.—Montane, 4000 to 6000 f t . , Mt. Pinos and San Bernardino Mts. to Cuyamaca Mts. 18. E. schizoloba Engelm. Stems erect or decumbent at base, several from the root-crown, 6 to 16 in. high, a t summit once to thrice dichotomous; herbage glabrous or slightly puberulent, somewhat glaucous; leaves ovate to obovate, cuspidate, 3 to 6 lines long, t h e floral ternate, round-ovate; involucre 1 line long, its lobes truncate, notched; glands stipitate, broad, irregularly toothed; styles united at base; capsule glabrous.—Desert ranges, 3000 to 4000 f t . : P a n a m i n t Mts.; Providence Mts.; e. to Nev. and Ariz. CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STARWORT F A M I L Y Herbs growing in shallow water or in t h e mud of drying vernal pools. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate, o f t e n crowded and forming a rosette a t the ends of the branches. Flowers monoecious, axillary and solitary, or 2 or 3 together in one axil, without calyx or corolla but o f t e n with two membranous bracts. Staminate flower consisting of 1 terminal stamen. Pistillate flower consisting of a 4-celled ovary with 2 filiform stigmas. F r u i t 4-lobed, splitting a t maturity into as many nutlets. 1. CAIiLiTRICHE L. The only genus. (Greek kallos, beautiful, and trichos, a hair, on account of the slender stems.) Fruit pediceled; flowers bractless; leaves not notched at apex; annual; mainly terrestrial. 1. C. marginata. Fruit sessile; submerged leaves notched at apex. Flowers 2-bracted; emersed leaves rosulate, round-obovate 2. C. palustris. Flowers bractless; leaves linear, all submerged 3. C. autumnalis.

1. C. margin&ta Torr. Stems 2 to 4 in. long, forming dense mats in former pool beds; leaves oblanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long; plants sometimes

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

603

submersed and t h e leaves linear or the upper floating ones s p a t u l a t e ; b r a c t s none; styles long, reflexed, soon deciduous; f r u i t r a t h e r broader t h a n long, notched both at apex and base, % to ty line long, t h e lobes sharply winged or margined by a t h i n edge; f r u i t i n g pedicels 2 to 5 lines long, sometimes 2 f r o m the same axil.—Coast Ranges f r o m Humboldt and Solano Cos. to Los Angeles Co. Y a r . L, c a p s u l e x % . mountains, 5000 to 7000 f t . The Coast Eange form is often small leaved and commonly blue-flowered. At lower altitudes and in S. Cal. mts. the leaves are often puberulent above ( = var. puberulus Abrams). Var. PEDUNCULABIS Jepson n. var. Panicles long and narrow, on peduncles nearly as long (3 to 4 in.).—Shasta and Trinity Cos. (Shasta Sprs., Jepson, t y p e ) . 14. C. spinosus N u t t . RED-HEART. Straggling shrub 5 to 10 f t . high, or forming a small tree up to 24 f t . ; branchlets flexible, often ridged, glabrous or nearly; bark of the branchlets greenish-yellow, spines (not always present) slender, rigid, leafy below the middle; leaves oblong to elliptic, obtuse or emarginate, entire or serrulate, nearly or quite glabrous, % to 1 or in. long, drying reddish-brown above, greenish below, obscurely pinnateveined; panicles simple or compound, long and narrow, sometimes pyramidal or loose, usually interrupted and l e a f y below, 1% to 41/£ in. long; flowers pale blue or white; capsules scarcely lobed, resinous, not crested, 2 to 2% lines broad.—Mountains near the south coast: San Luis Obispo; Santa Inez Mts.; Ojai Valley; Santa Monica Mts.; Santa Ana Mts., Orange Co. Var. PALMERI Jepson n. comb. Not divaricate nor spinose; glabrous throughout or very nearly; panicle compound, 2 to 6 in. long; flowers white; capsules narrowly ridged or crested.—Palomar Mt.; Cuyamaca Mts. (C. palmeri Trel.; not C. spinosus var. palmeri K . Bdg.) 15. C. divaricatus N u t t . Fig. 621. Shrub 5 to 14 f t . high, with white b a r k ; branchlets rigid, divaricate, subspinose, whitish or glaucous; leaves thickish, ovate, rounded at base, subacute a t apex, entire or glandularserrulate, y> to 1% in. long, short-petioled, glabrous or almost so above and commonly drying brownish, paler beneath and puberulent, especially along the veins, and often drying dull reddish; panicle simple, often long and narrow, often interrupted below, 1 to 2 in. long on much shorter naked or scarcely l e a f y peduncles, or a t times almost sessile; flowers white or blue; capsules little lobed, not crested or scarcely, but very glandular, 2 to 2% lines broad.—Foothills and mts., 900 to 5000 f t . : San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains; n. through Santa B a r b a r a Co. to the Mt. Hamilton Range, n. through the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co.; s. to L. Cal. An important member of the chaparral in its region. Var. LAETIFL6RDS Jepson n. var. Panicles sometimes compound and very large,

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

621

4 to 6 in. long.—Palomar Mt. (Pala Mission, Jepson 8494, type). Var. eglandul&sus Torr. Leaves small, entire, glabrous or nearly, glaucous ¡flowers white, sometimes blue. — San Gabriel Mts., 4000 to 6000 f t . Var. grosse-serrA.tds Torr. Leaves large, strongly serrate, acute.—San Gabriel Mts. 16. C. tomentosus Parry. Shrub 4 to 8 f t . high; branchlets long and very slender, with gray or reddish bark, the young shoots rusty-tomentose; leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, thiekish but brittle, mostly 6 to 10 lines long (varying from 3 to 14 lines), obtuse, glandular-serrate, above dark green and minutely pubescent, beneath bright white with a close tomentose covering, or velvety, or sometimes rusty, sometimes merely pubescent; petioles 1 to 2 lines long; panicles lateral or terminal, mostly cylindric, % to 1% (or 2) in. long, often interrupted below, borne on peduncles 5 to 10 lines long which often bear 1 or 2 small leaves at base; flowers azure-blue (sometimes nearly w h i t e ) ; capsules 3-lobed, 2 lines broad; crests thin.—Foothills, 300 to 2500 ft., Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Mariposa Co.; not common. Apparently hybridizes with C. integerrimus. Var. olivaceus Jepson n. var. Leaves olive-green beneath with a fine dense felt-like covering, the mar- 621. Ceanothus divaricatus N"utt.; a, fl. gin glandular-denticulate, rarely serbranchlet x 1; 6, capsule x 2 i 4 . rate.—San Bernardino Valley to San Diego. Co. (Clevinger Canon, Eamona, Jepson 8509, t y p e ) ; s. to L. Cal. 17. O. sorediatus H. & A. Jim Brush. Erect shrub 4 to 7 f t . high with rigid divaricate branchlets; branchlets sparingly villous, at length olivecolor or purplish; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, green above, paler or whitish and slightly pubescent beneath, glandular-denticulate, 3-nerved, 5 to 10 lines (or to 1% in.) long, on petioles a line or two long; panicles simple, terminal or subterminal, 1 or 2 (to 6) on each branchlet, ovate or broadly oblong, % to 1hi in. long; flowers blue or almost white; capsules lobed, crested, 2 to 2% lines broad.—N. and e. slopes of canon sides, 500 to 2500 ft., Monterey Co. to Mendocino and w. Solano Cos. I t often forms extensive thickets. 18. C. oliganthus Xutt. Shrub, often with tree-like trunk, 4 to 9 f t . high; branchlets densely short hispid or villous, sometimes glabrescent, sub-flexible; leaves ovate, obtuse or sub-acute, rounded at base or subcordate, denticulate, the teeth mostly glandular, % to 1% in. long, thinly or scantily pubescent above, drying brown or blackish, beneath pale green or chestnut brown and pubescent or hirsute, especially along the veins; panicles mostly simple, broad, more or less open, % to 1% in. long; flowers deep blue or purplish; capsules roughly resinous, rather strongly crested, slightly depressed, 2 to 2% lines broad.—Near the coast from San Luis Obispo Co. to Santa Barbara and the San Gabriel Mts. Var. orcTjttii Trel. Flowers paler blue; f r u i t strongly rugose and loosely villous.—Mountains of San Diego Co., 500 to 1500 f t . (C. orcuttii Parry.)

622

RHAMNACEAE

1 9 . C. cordulatus Kell. SNOW-BRUSH. L O W widely-spreading thorny shrub (1 to 4 f t . high and 3 to 9 f t . across), rigidly and intricately branched, its whitish somewhat crooked branches spreading horizontally or eventually recumbent, rather closely armed with stout spine-tipped leafy or flowerbearing branchlets; leaves elliptic or ovatish, obtuse, rarely roundish and subcordate at base, entire, or rarely denticulate, minutely puberulent, or almost glabrous, 3-nerved f r o m the base, % to % (or 1) in. long; flowers white; panicles simple or subsimple, small, but usually dense, broadly oblong or ovatish, % to in. long; capsules lobed, nearly 2 lines broad, ridged on the back of each cell.—Open or thinly forested slopes and ridges, 4000 to 7500 f t . : San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; Sierra N e v a d a ; Yollo Bolly Mts.; Mt. Shasta; n. to Ore. Closely related to C. divaricatus but growing at much higher altitudes and of different aspect.

20. C. incanus T. & G. "WHITE THORN." Shrub 4 to 8 f t . high, with white bark and very glaucous branchlets; branchlets thick, stout and short like bluntish apple tree spurs, or on vigorous shoots slender spinose; leaves ovate to elliptic or roundish, acute or obtuse, entire (rarely serrulate), rounded at base, to 2% in. long, strongly 3-ribbed from the base, above glabrous and green, often drying dark brown, whitish beneath with a very fine close indument; petioles 2 to 7 lines long; panicles compound, % to 1% in. long, their axes finely velvety; flowers white; capsules all over thickly w a r t y or wavy-ridged, sliallowly lobed a t top, 2% lines in diameter. •—Along stream banks or swales in the Coast Ranges: Santa Cruz Mts. to w. Lake Co. and sw. Humboldt Co. 21. C. verrucosus N u t t . Small shrub; leaves roundish-obcordate or deltoid-obovate, commonly retuse or truncate at apex, 4 to 9 lines long, entire or some of the leaves dentate or denticulate along the sides, green and glabrous above, pale beneath; stipules spreading horizontally, finally large and wart-like, roughening the stems; capsules 2 to 3 lines in diameter, commonly hornless, but variable, sometimes with unequal or with rudimentary horns.—Low hills, w. San Diego Co. 22. C. macrocarpus Nutt. Shrub 6 to 12 f t . high; branches very slender; leaves elliptic-obovate, sometimes varying to cuneate, Y> to 1 (or 1^4) in. long, thickisli, entire or rarely retuse or notched at apex, glabrous above, finely and closely tomentose beneath between the straightish parallel veins; flowers white; umbels 1 to several on each short branchlet, only 1 to 3 flowers in each umbel setting f r u i t ; capsules not lobed, 3 to 5 lines broad, provided with stout diverging lateral horns.—Mountains from j\ / 7 Santa Barbara Co. to Orange Co.; IJ/^y Santa B a r b a r a Isls. 3

_

„ „ , let x Yn • b fr x 3%

,

6 2 2 . C e a n o t h u s c u n e a t u s i s u t t . ; a, fl. b r a n c h -

23. C. greggii Gray. Very rigid and intricately branched shrub 2 to 4 f t . high, closely related to C. cuneatus; leaves grayish-green, oblong to elliptical, acute at both ends or obtuse a t apex, entire or sometimes denticulate, puberulent on both faces, 4 to 6 lines long; flowers white; horns of the cap' . sules small, often unequal or rudi-

BUCKTHORN

FAMILY

623

mentary, spreading from the middle.—Mountain slopes bordering the Mohave Desert and Death Valley region: San Bernardino Mts.; Tehachapi Mts.; s. Sierra N e v a d a (Tulare Co.); Panamint Range; e. to N . Mex., s. to Mex. Var. PERPLIXANS Jepson n. comb. Shrub 2 to 5 f t . high; leaves obovatish, v e r y thick, spinulose-dentate, yellowish-green, glabrous above but minutely papillate beneath with minute white-flocculent dots, 3 to 4 lines long; flowers white; capsules wth 3 small spreading horns borne on the middle of the lobes or sometimes none.—Summits and desert slopes: s. Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co.); e. San Bernardino Mts., s. along the San Jacinto Eange to the Cuyamaca Mts. (C. perplexans Trel.) 24. C. cuneatus ( H o o k . ) Nutt. BUCK-BRUSH. T i g . 622. R i g i d divaricately and densely branched shrub 4 to 14 f t . high, with gray bark; branchlets stout and short, often very unequal and interruptedly disposed; leaves oblong- or euneate-obovate to broadly obovate, entire, light green above, paler beneath with a microscopic tomentum and often obscurely quilted, 2 to 7 ( o r 10) lines long, on very short petioles; umbels % to 1 in. broad, borne on short spur-like branchlets; flowers white, with sweetish odor; capsules globose or slightly oblong, 2% to 3 lines long, with 3 short erect horns near the top.—Dry mountain slopes, ridges and semi-arid valleys, 300 to 4000 f t . : throughout the Coast Ranges, Sierra N e v a d a and mts. of S. Cal.; n. to Ore., s. to L . Cal. The most abundant and widely distributed species of the genus in Cal., it is commonly gregarious and forms extensive and impenetrable thickets on the driest or most rocky mountain sides. A constant species in the main parts of its range, it is somewhat variable on the margins of its distribution. The leaves on young crown-sprouts are regularly and coarsely dentate and commonly occur in threes. Cattlemen use f o r it the general term, chaparral. Var. RAMUL6SUS Greene. Possible hybrid with C. rigidus; branchlets more numerous; leaves somewhat floccose-tomentose beneath; flowers said to be scentless.—Napa Co. to Marin Co. 25. C. rigidus Nutt. Shrub 3 to 6 f t . high, rigidly and intricately branched with numerous often unequal branchlets; leaves rather crowded, euneateobovate, mostly retuse, of medium thickness but firm, soon nearly glabrous on both surfaces, the apical half finely dentate or quite entire, 2 to 5 lines long, nearly sessile; stipules conspicuously w a r t y ; flowers bright blue; capsules not lobed, 3 lines in diameter, provided with prominent horns.—Coast hills from Monterey to M t . Tamalpais. V e r y closely allied to C. cuneatus and probably no more than a dentateleaved blue-flowered state of it. Var. FRESN£NSIS Jepson n. comb. Leaves narrow-obovate, more or less toothed at the truncatish apex, thinly woolly above, below with a minute quilted f e l t ; capsules 2 lines long; horns slender. — Mountain ridges, Fresno Co., 4500 to 5200 f t . (C. fresnensis Dudley.) 26. C. pinetdrum Cov. Lowspreading or erect shrub, % to 1 or up to 4 f t . high; leaves orbicular to elliptic, pungently dentate all around, shining and glabrous above, minutely flocculent beneath, % to 1 in. long; flowers blue, sometimes 623. Ceanothus jepsonii Greene; a, fl. branchwhite, in dense umbellate clusters; lct x S ; i , 1 i 2; c, capsule x 2.

624

RHAMNACEAE

capsules 3 to 4 lines broad with prominent stout horns 1 to 1% lines long.-— Open pine woods, 7000 to 8800 f t . , s. Sierra Nevada in the upper Kern River basin. 27. C. jepsdnii Greene. MUSK-BUSH. Fig. 623. Rigid erect shrub 4 to 5 f t . high; branchlets short, rigid, with gray b a r k ; leaves elliptic, coriaceous, green and glabrous above, tomentulose-areolate beneath, spiny-toothed, undulate-margined, or somewhat infolded longitudinally, 4 to 10 lines long; w a r t y stipules small; flowers white or blue, exhaling a musky odor; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; capsule 2 to 2% or 3 lines broad, with horns 1% to 2 lines long.—Mountain slopes: Lake Co. to Marin Co. Var. PURPUREUS Jepson n. comb. Branchlets brownish or reddish; leaves thick, orbicular, 1 in. long or less, coarsely and pungently toothed all around; w a r t y stipules large; flowers large, purple; pedicels 5 to 7 lines long.—Southern N a p a Range. (C. purpureus Jepson.) 28. C. prostrittus Benth. MAHALA MAT. P r o s t r a t e plants, the branches thickly m a t t i n g the ground, often rooting and forming dense mats 2 to 10 f t . broad; branchlets o f t e n reddish, at first pubescent; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrous or finely fiocculent-pubescent beneath, thick and firm, cuneate-obovate, coarsely and pungently 3-toothed at the apex, and often with 1 or 2 similar teeth on each side mostly above the middle, 4 to 9 lines long (or even to 1% in. l o n g ) ; flowers blue; f r u i t globose, not lobed, 3 to 4 lines broad, with 3 large wrinkled horns and 3 intermediate crests.—Pine woods, 3000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Mt. Shasta; Cobb Mt. to Yollo Bolly Mts.; Siskiyou Mts.; n. to Wash. Also called Squaw Mat. Var. LAXUS Jepson n. var. Not so prostrate or so dense; branches ascending; leaves obovate, dentate, 9 to 10 lines long.—Hot Springs Valley near Lassen P e a k (Jepson 4099, t y p e ) . Var. DIVERGENS K. Bdg. Low scrambling shrub, the branches horizontally spreading or trailing; leaves strongly dentate-spinose; horns of capsule more lateral/—Mountain slopes: Mt. Konocti; Mt. St. Helena; Hoods P e a k Range; Mt. Tamalpais; Santa Cruz Mts. Var. GRANDIF6LIUS Jepson n. comb. Leaves % to 1% in. long. —Coastal: P t . Reyes peninsula to Sonoma Co. (C. rigidus var. grandifolius Torr.) 29. C. crassifolius Torr. Muchbranched shrub 3 to 11 f t . high; leaves thick and coriaceous, elliptic, V> to iy> in. long, shortly petioled, dentate with t h e margin strongly infolded between the small teeth, or the teeth quite concealed by the strongly revolute edge, rarely entire, the upper surface light green, minutely roughened, the lower surface densely white-tomentose, more or less concealing the straight lateral veins; flowers white; capsules not lobed, 3 lines broad, provided with stout or minute horn-like crests.— Hills and mts. of cismontane S. Cal., 1000 to 3000 f t . , from Santa B a r b a r a Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal.; common.

624. Adolphia californica Wats.; a, fl. branchlet x V2 ; b, fr. branchlet x Vz ; c, fl. x 6; d, fr. x 2.

Var.

PLANUS

Abrams.

Leaves glabrescent or comparatively so, entire, plane.—Mts. of Santa Barbara and V e n t u r a Cos.; Santa Cruz Isl.

VITACEAE

625

4. A D 6 L P H I A Meisn. Rigid oppositely branched shrubs with numerous t h o r n y branchlets obscurely jointed at base. Leaves opposite, petioled, stipulate, falling early. Flowers f e w in axillary clusters or only one. P e t a l s strongly hooded. Ovary 3-celled, f r e e f r o m the calyx; style o f t e n jointed a t or near t h e ovary, t h e portion above t h e joint deciduous; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, the lower one-third surrounded by b u t mostly f r e e f r o m t h e persistent cuplike calyx. (Adolphe T. Brongniart, 1801-1876, French botanist who monog r a p h e d the f a m i l y Rhamnaceae.) 1. A. calif ornica Wats. Fig. 624. Two t o 3 f t . high; branchlets short, thorn-like, divaricately spreading; younger p a r t s finely pubescent; leaves oblong or obovate, entire or nearly so, 1 to 3 lines long, shortly petioled; flowers 1 to 4 in a cluster, t h e pedicels 1 line long or in f r u i t 3 to 4 lines long; calyx greenish w h i t e ; petals minute, w h i t e ; disk dull green; capsule 2 to 3 lines b r o a d ; seeds smooth, 2 lines long.—San Diego Co.: P e n a s q u i t a s ; S w e e t w a t e r D a m ; Chollas Valley; s. to L. Cal. Apr. VITACEAE. V I N E F A M I L Y Woody plants, mostly climbing b y tendrils. Leaves in ours simple, altern a t e . Flowers small, regular, greenish or whitish, in a compound thyrse. Calyx minute, the limb mostly obsolete and t r u n c a t e . P e t a l s 5 (4 or 6), v a l v a t e , caducous or early deciduous, t h e stamens as many and opposite them. F r u i t a 2-celled berry. Seeds w i t h a thick and bony testa. Embryo minute, in a tough endosperm. 1. V i T I S L . GRAPE

L e a v e s opposite t h e t e n d r i l s or flower clusters. Tendrils a t least once branched. Calyx-tube filled w i t h t h e disk, which bears t h e stamens and petals. Ovules 2 in each cell. (Classical L a t i n name.) Y o u n g shoots and y o u n g leaves thinly arachnoid-tomentose or pubescent but mostly green; berries purple, very glaucous 1. Y. calif ornica. Y o u n g shoots and y o u n g leaves densely white-tomentose; berries black, only slightly glaucous 2. V. ffirdiana.

1. V. californica Benth. NIA W I L D GRAPE.

F i g . 625.

CALIFORStems 5

to 60 f t . long; leaves roundish, pubescent or t h i n l y arachnoid-tomentose, especially b e n e a t h , t h e toment u m in age flocculent, 2 t o 5 % in. broad, coarsely or minutely d e n t a t e , cordate a t base with open or closed sinus, slightly or not a t all lobed, or sometimes a 3 to 5-lobed leaf w i t h n a r r o w sinuses a t t h e n e x t node above or below an unlobed one; petals a n d stamens 5; f r u i t purple, with a bloom, 3 to 5 lines in diameter.—Along streams t h r o u g h o u t t h e Coast Ranges, Great "Valley and Sierra N e v a d a foothills. Climbing trees, especially oaks and cottonwoods, and f r e q u e n t l y killing such b y covering t h e m with its d r a p e r y of leaves. Very f r a g r a n t a t flowering time ( M a y - J u n e ) w i t h a pleasant sweet odor. 2. V. girdiana Munson. D E S E R T GRAPE. Stems 5 to 20 f t . long; leaves round-cordate, 2 to 5 in. wide, irregularly dentate, or more commonly promi-

626

MALVACEAE

nently lobed, the lobes typically contracted at base; upper side of leaves glabrate and green, under side arachnoid-pubescent; petals and stamens 6; berries black, slightly glaucous, 2 to 3 lines in diameter.—Coastal S. Cal., e. to the deserts, thence n. to Inyo Co. MALVACEAE. M A L L O W F A M I L Y Herbs or soft-woody shrubs with mucilaginous juice, tough fibrous inner bark, and usually stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, simple, palmately veined and commonly lobed, stipulate. Flowers commonly perfect, sometimes polygamous or dioecious, regular. Calyx with 5 lobes, valvate in the bud, often with an involucel of bractlets at base. Petals 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, monadelphous in a column or tube around the pistils, the petals inserted on the base of the tube. Pistil 1, composed of several to many carpels, the superior ovary commonly with as many cells as styles or stigmas. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or the carpels separating at maturity. Anthers scattered along the outside of the tube of filaments; carpels or cells of the ovary 5 to 8. Involucel consisting of 3 to many distinct slender bractlets; stigmas capitate; fruit 1. HIBISCUS. a loculicidal capsule Involucel broadly 2 to 3-lobed; styles stigmatic lengthwise; fruit a depressed whorl of smooth carpels 2. LAVATERA. Anthers borne in a cluster at the top of the tube of filaments; carpels several, crowded and united around a central axis, separating at maturity. Styles stigmatic lengthwise on the inside; herbs. Bractlets 3, distinct, inserted on the calyx 3. MAI.YA. Bractlets none or one and inserted on base of calyx 4. SIDALCEA. Styles with a terminal or capitate stigma. Bractlets slender or even filiform. Flowers cream-color; low decumbent herb 5. SIDA. Flowers roseate, rose-purple, yellow or w h i t e ; shrubs or herbs. Carpels with 2 ovules, the ovules separated by transverse partitions; herbs

6.

MODIOLA.

Carpels with 1 to 3 ovules, without transverse septa; shrubs or herbs. . Bractlets n o n e ; flowers salmon-color; woody plant

7.

SPHAERALCEA.

8. HORSFORDIA.

1. HIBiSCUS L. R O S E - M A L L O W Stout herbs. Flowers showy, in ours solitary. Involucel consisting of several to many slender bractlets. Stamen column with anthers scattered along the upper part but naked at the truncate 5-toothed summit. Ovary 5-celled with 2 to many ovules in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. (Greek name for the Marsh Mallow, used by Dioscorides.) Leaves cordate; peduncles subterminal, 2 to 3 in. long, jointed near the middle, united w i t h the petiole at base; calyx cleft to the middle; seeds globose, glabrous, minutely papillate 1. S. californicus. Leaves ovate; peduncles mostly axillary, 1 to 9 lines l o n g ; calyx cleft nearly to the base; seeds reniform, densely silky 2. S. denudatus.

1. H. californicus Kell. Stems pubescent, cane-like, 3 to 7 f t . high; leaves cordate, dentate, acuminate, 2% to 4 in. long; petioles to 2% in. long; calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle, conspicuously nerved at maturity and filled by the capsule; corolla white or roseate, with deep crimson center, 2% to 4 in. long; capsule 1 to in. long.—Swamps and deltas, lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. 2. H. denudatus Benth. P A L E F A C E . Stems slender, woody at base, somewhat flexuose above, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage densely and closely tomentose; leaves ovate, serrulate, % to 1 in. long, short-petioled; flowers short-peduncled in the axils and along the somewhat naked flexuose summit of the branches; calyx 5-parted, canescent-tomentose; bractlets 3 to 7, setaceous, commonly less than half as long as the calyx or almost obsolete; petals white or pale lavender, often deep purple at center, % to 1 in. long; capsule acute, dehiscent to the base, shorter than the calyx.—Mesas and canons, Colorado Desert; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. 2. LAVATERA L. Ours shrubs with ample maple-like leaves and small caducous stipules. Flowers showy, axillary, subtended by a 2 to 3-lobed involucel. Pedicels jointed above the middle. Petals reflexed a f t e r anthesis, truncate or retuse,

MALLOW

FAMILY

627

long-clawed. Styles 5 to 8. Fruit a depressed whorl of smooth carpels. (Two brothers Lavater, Swiss physicians and naturalists.) 1. L. assurgentiflora Kell. Shrub 4 to 10 ft. high; leaves palmately 5-lobed and dentately toothed; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla 1% to 2*4 in. broad, the petals rose-color with darker veins; claws bearded at base.—Santa Barbara Isls.; cult, on the mainland as a windbreak for gardens. 3 . MALVA L . MALLOW Ours annuals or biennials. Involucre of 3 distinct bractlets, inserted on the base of the calyx. Calyx cleft to the middle into 5 broad lobes. Petals whitish or rose-color, obcordate or emarginate. Style-branches 7 to 10, subulate. Fruit circular and flattish, splitting up when ripe into about 6 to 12 carpels or nutlets. Nutlets round-reniform, 1-seeded. (Greek malache, soft, on account of the emollient properties.) Petals much surpassing the calyx.

Carpels not reticulate, puberulent on back

1. M. rotundifolia.

Carpels glabrate at maturity, rugose-reticulate on back, the margin entire or obscurely denticulate; calyx-lobes mostly closed over the mature f r u i t . . 2 . M. iorealis. Petals slightly longer than the calyx; carpels rugose-reticulate on back, the margin winged and denticulate; calyx-lobes spreading or erect 3. M. parvifiora.

1. M . rotundifolia L . DWARF MALLOW. Sparsely hispidulous or hirsute; stems slender, procumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long, from a large deep root; leaves rounded, crenate, slightly or scarcely at all 5 to 7-lobed; corolla surpassing the calyx, pale blue; carpels 14 or 15, puberulent, not reticulated on the back or at least not obviously so.—Nat. from Eur.; waysides and old gardens. 2. M. borealis Wallm. B U L L MALLOW. Fig. 626. Erect; leaves like no. 1; pedicels tending to be reflexed in fruit; bractlets ovate or lanceolate; corolla pinkish, 5 to 6 lines long, surpassing the calyx; carpels 7 to 9, dorsally rugosereticulate or even somewhat favose, the margin entire or more or less denticulate. — Nat. from Eur.; weed about towns and cities. M. SYLVESTRIS L. High Mallow. Corolla mauve or reddish-purple, 1 to IV2 in. broad. — Garden plant from Eur., an occasional escape: Guerneville; Eedlands. 3. M. parvifldra L. CHEESE-WEED. Widely branching, 1 to 3 ft. high; petioles and ascending branches more or less stellate-hairy on the 6 2 6 ' Malva boreaUs Wallm. ¡ ^ o , ^ branchlet x upper side, glabrous below; leaves ' ' ' x ' c ' T' x roundish in outline, with a red spot at base of blade, shallowly 7-lobed, 5 in. broad or less, on petioles more than twice as long as the blade; flowers in rather close axillary clusters; bractlets linear; corolla pinkish with notched petals, 2!/i> lines long, slightly longer than the calyx; calyx commonly spreading under or about the mature fruit; carpels about 11, sharply rugose-reticulate and pubescent on the back, the margin winged and denticulate.—Nat. from Eur.; waste places, especially near dwellings. M. PusfLLA Sm. Similar to no. 3; calyx-lobes usually closed over the fruit; pedicels usually somewhat longer, tending to be reflexed in fruit; margins of carpels obscurely if at all denticulate, not at all winged.—Adventive from Eur.: Alton, Humboldt Co.; San Pedro.

628

MALVACEAE

4. SIDA1CEA Gray Herbs. Leaves rounded, either crenate, crenately incised, parted or divided, or palmately lobed. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, either perfect, gynodioecious (that is, with perfect and pistillate flowers on separate plants, the pistillate flowers being smaller and with sterile stamens) or dioecious. Corolla purple, rose-pink or white. Bractlets none, rarely 1. Petals emarginate or truncate. Stamen-tube with double series of terminal free filaments, the filaments of the outer series often distinctly below the filaments of the inner series; filaments more or less united into sets. Fruit consisting of 5 to 9 carpels, commonly beaked. (Sida, a genus of this family, and Alkea, ancient name for a mallow, alluding to the appearance and relationship of these plants.) A. Leaves

round in outline, at least some (usually the upper) pedately parted or divided; flowers usually rose-pink or purple.—Subgenus EUSIDALCEA. Annuals (except no. 5) with short roots; spring flowering; stamineal column conspicuously divided into outer and inner series. Carpels rugose-reticulate or somewhat favose on the back; annuals. Bracts conspicuous, foliaceous, palmately divided into filiform segments; plants hairy 1. S. diploscypha. Bracts inconspicuous, narrowly linear and entire. Herbage nearly glabrous to sparsely stellate-puberulent; carpels reniform, incurved at maturity; flowers sparse in short racemes; slender plants 2. S. hartwegii. Herbage more or less densely hirsute; carpels orbicular, not incurved at maturity; spike densely flowered; stout plants 3. S. hirsuta. Carpels longitudinally grooved or striately nerved on the back. Annual; stipules and bracts broadly to narrowly ovate, acuminate, 1 to 3 lines long 4. S. calycosa. Perennial; stipules and bracts broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, papery and purpletinged, 4 to 8 lines Jong 5. S. rhizomata. Strong-rooted perennials, mostly summer flowering; lobes of the outer stamen-tube closely approximating those of the inner. Stems usually hirsute; leaves, inflorescence and calyx hirsute to stellate-pubescent; carpels usually reticulate, incurved at maturity and beaked. Flowers in spikes. Plants as a whole very hirsute, even on the calyx. Spikes broad, very dense; plants coarse; coastal species. .6. S. eximia. Spikes narrow, often lax, sometimes interrupted; plants slender; mostly montane 7. S. spicata. Plants sparsely hirsute at base; inflorescence and calyx closely stellatepubescent 8. S. oregana. Flowers in racemes; plants hirsute to stellate-pubescent; mostly coastal 9. S. malvaefiora. Stems not hirsute, usually glabrous and often glaucous, sometimes stellate-puberulent; leaves lightly stellate-puberulent or almost glabrous; carpels lightly reticulate to almost smooth. Plants slender; racemes few-flowered; Sierra Nevada 10. S. glaucescens. Plants stout; racemes many-flowered; S. Cal XI. S. parviflora. B. Leaves

roundish

in outline,

none parted

perennials.—Subgenus

or divided;

carpels

HESPERALCEA.

smooth

(or nearly

so);

Flowers white, in oblong spikes; plants stout; leaves like those of a grape 12. S. malachroides. Flowers rose-purple, in elongate spicate racemes; plants more slender; leaves crenate, orbicular X3. S. hickmanii.

1. S. diploscypha (T. & G.) Gray. Stem erect and simple, or more robust and freely branching, to 2 ft. high; herbage pilose-hispid and also with a minute stellate pubescence; basal leaves more or less deeply crenate, the cauline parted and 2 or 3-cleft, the bracteal filiform-divided; flowers on short pedicels in umbellate clusters at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate; petals dark pink, with or without a dark purple center, minutely erose-denticulate, % to l 1 ^ in. long; filaments of the outer series united nearly to the summit into sets of 5 to 10; carpels nearly orbicular, dorsally reticulated; receptacle at separation of the achenes marked by as many obtuse longitudinal processes as there are carpels.—Open foothills or valleys, 20 to 2500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Santa Clara Co.; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills from Calaveras Co. to Tulare Co. 2. S. hartwegii Gray. Stem slender, sparingly branched, 7 to 12 in. high; herbage sparsely stellate-pubescent or almost glabrous below, but scarcely or not at all hispid; leaves pedately 5 to 7-divided into linear entire divisions

MALLOW FAMILY

629

or tlie lower with broader trifid divisions; flowers few in a short spike; filaments of the outer series closely approximating the inner, more or less united in pairs or sets as in the perennial species; corolla rose-purple, 6 to 8 lines long; carpels strongly incurved, favosely rugose-reticulate.—Dry hillsides: N a p a Co. to Lake Co.; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills from B u t t e Co. to Calaveras Co. May. 3. S. hirsiita Gray. Stem erect, stout, 1 to 2 f t . high, its branches ending in dense spikes; herbage more or less hirsute-pubescent; cauline leaves palmately or pedately divided into 7 to 9 narrowly linear and entire acute divisions; bracts mostly small and inconspicuous; calyx densely cinereous-pubescent and hirsute, the tube somewhat chartaceous, the lobes triangularlanceolate; corolla deep rose-color, % to 1 in. long; petals erect, induplicate; carpels more or less hirsute, orbicular, not incurved at maturity, reticulated on t h e back and tipped at the central apex with a bristly beak.—Low wet but soon desiccated spots: Sierra foothills f r o m Tuolumne Co. to Butte Co.; Sacramento Valley; w. to Mendocino Co. 4. S. calycdsa Jones. Stem slender, sparingly branched, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage glabrous or sparsely pubescent with scattered hairs; leaves roundish, erenate or crenately incised, % to l 1 /! in. wide, long-petioled, t h e upper divided into 6 or 7 linear divisions, stipules usually purple, the lower ones linear-acuminate, t h e upper becoming ovate, serrate and scarious; bracts stipular, parted into 2 ovate lobes, commonly glabrous; raceme spike-like, loose, few-flowered; calyx large, loose, often purple-tinged or scarious, thinly hirsute with long simple hairs, the lobes ovate, acuminate; corolla light purple, 8 to 12 lines long; carpels striate-ridged on the back, commonly reticulate on the sides, strongly incurved.—Valleys: Napa, Sonoma and Marin Cos.; Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Butte Co. to Mariposa Co. (S. sulcata Curran.) 5. S. rhizomata Jepson n. sp. Stems succulent, green or purplish, erect or ascending, f t . high, the decumbent or prostrate base rhizomatously rooting; herbage mostly glabrous below or sparingly hirsute above; basal leaves 1 to 4 in. broad, crenately but shallowly incised, long-petioled; cauline leaves divided into 8 or 11 broadly cuneate divisions; stipules 4 to 8 lines long, broadly ovate, acuminate, or obtuse and toothed, green or purple; bracts scarious to membranous, hairy, deeply 2-lobed (the lobes ovate, acuminate), 4 to 6 lines long; flowers in short spikes; spikes short, dense, % to 1^4 in. long; calyx densely hairy, the hairs straw-color, long, simple; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, scarious and purple-tipped, 3 to 6 lines long; corolla light purple, % to 1 in. long; carpels purple-tinged, strongly striate-grooved 011 the back and lightly reticulate on the sides, strongly incurved; beaks very slender, soon deciduous.—Marshes, P t . Eeyes peninsula (Eussell Ranch, Jepson 1174, t y p e ) . 6. S. eximia Greene. Stems stout, erect or decumbent at base, paniculately branched above, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage, especially the stems, markedly hirsute; lower leaves palmately cleft or divided (the divisions 3-lobed), 3 to 5 in. wide, on petioles 7 to 19 in. long; upper leaves divided into 5 to 9 linear or oblong segments 2% to 3 in. long, shortly petioled (the petioles 1 to 3% in. long); spikes very dense, % to 2% in. long; bracts linear, entire or deeply notched, purple-tinged, hairy, 2 to 4 lines long; calyx conspicuously hairy 011 short hairy pedicels, the lobes triangular-acuminate, 3 to 6 lines long; calyx in f r u i t papery, 5 to 6 lines long; carpels smooth, 1 to 2 lines long, slenderly beaked; seeds blackish.—Meadows, Humboldt Co., 30 to 3500 f t . 7. S. spicitta Greene. Stems slender, often paniculately branched above 1 to 4 f t . high; pubescence hirsute on the stem, petioles, and particularly on the calyx; leaves roundish in outline, crenately lobed or incised or parted, 1 to IV2 in. broad, almost glabrous to densely stellate-pubescent; upper leaves pedately p a r t e d ; spikes commonly dense, 1 to 4 in. long; flowers 4 to 7 lines long; calyx usually densely hirsute (sometimes not), the lobes ovate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long; petals narrow, notched at apex, 4 to 8

630

MALVACEAE

lines long; carpels small, 1 line long, more or less tomentose, not reticulate, slightly beaked, the beak hairy.—Meadows and along rivulets, montane, 4000 to 9000 f t . ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; Trinity Co. Var. R£PTANS Jepson n. comb. Stems at base creeping and rooting; spikes loose.—Sierra Nevada from Amador Co. to Tulare Co., 4000 to 6500 f t . (S. reptans Greene.) Yar. PEDATA Jepson n. comb. Leaves once or twice pedately divided into linear segments % to % line wide; spikes often loose.—San Bernardino Mts. (S. pedata Gray.) 8. S. oregana Gray. Stems few from a woody root-crown, nearly naked above and paniculately branched, 1 to 5 f t . high; plant more or less thinly hirsute below, the leaves and inflorescence finely stellate-pubescent; lower leaves round in outline, shallowly toothed or cleft (rarely deeply parted), 3 to 4 in. broad; cauline leaves incisely parted with the lobes toothed or cleft, or the uppermost pedately divided into 5 to 7 lanceolate, linear or 3lobed divisions; spikes many, dense, typically oblong, 1 to 2 in. long (much elongated in f r u i t ) , longpeduncled; bracts narrowly linear or subulate; calyx 1 to 3 lines long, its lobes ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla rose-pink, 5 to 6 lines long; carpels semiorbicular, slightly beaked, glabrous and smooth or sometimes slightly wrinkled on the sides near the dorsal angle, 1 line long.— Mountain meadows, 2500 to 4500 f t . ; Coast Eanges from Napa Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada Co.; n. to Ore. 9 . S. malvaeflora Gray. CHECKER BLOOM. Tig. 627. Stems several from a woody root-crown, simple or branched, erect or half decumbent at base, 1% to 2 f t . high, retrosely hispid below with scattered hairs, usually stellate-pubescent above; basal leaves crenate or crenately incised or cleft into cuneate-obovate 2 to 4-toothed lobes, 1 to 2 in. wide; upper leaves palmately twice cleft into linear or narrowly 6 2 7 . Sidalcea m a l v a e f l o r a G r a y ; a , base of oblong divisions; raceme rather p l a n t x Vz ; b, m a l e fls. x V2 ; c, f e m a l e loose, 3 to 12 in. long; bracts ovate, fls. x ^ ; d, achene x 3. herbaceous, often notched at apex or decidedly bifid; flowers of two sorts: one perfect with large corollas, the other pistillate with small corollas; corolla of perfect flowers V2 to iy± in. long, the outer series of filaments united for about half their length into sets of 4 and 2, the inner filaments mostly distinct; corolla of pistillate flowers 4 to 7 lines long, the filaments destitute of good anthers; carpels subglabrous, more or less rugulose-reticulate and beaked, the beaks often hairy at tip.— Open hills, 50 to 1500 ft., near the coast from Mendocino Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. and s. to coastal S. Cal. Var. CALIF6RNICA Jepson n. comb. Herbage mostly stellate-pubescent; calyx-lobes 3 to 5-nerved; carpels hispidulose. —Santa Inez Mts. (S. californica Gray.) Yar. ASPRELLA Jepson n. comb. Stems lightly scurfy-pubescent; leaves and inflorescence stellate-puberulent; leaves divided into 3 to 5 usually equal mostly entire divisions.—Sierra Nevada foothills, 1500 to 2500 f t . and sometimes to 5000 ft., from Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co., thence w. to Humboldt Co. (S. asprella Greene.)

MALLOW

FAMILY

631

10. S. glaucescens Greene. Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage minutely stellate-puberulent or glabrous, glaucous; leaves palmately cleft or divided, % to 2 in. wide, the divisions entire or few-toothed; pedicels and calyx somewhat stellate-puberulent; bracts bifid; corolla 5 to 7 lines long; carpels large, inflated, lightly reticulate and dorsally grooved; beaks small, erect or entirely absent.—Montane, 4000 to 7000 f t . : Shasta Co. to Kern Co. 11. S. parviflora Greene. Stems stout, iy> to 4 ft. high; herbage nearly glabrous throughout, or (especially the leaves) sparsely hirsute or somewhat stellate-pubescent; leaves palmately toothed, cleft, parted or divided, 1 to 2 in. wide; racemes long, slender; bracts slender, bifid; calyx slightly hirsute or sparsely stellate-pubescent, its segments acute, 3 to 5-nerved, 3 lines long; petals rose-color, erose at summit, 3 to 6 lines long; carpels glabrous, lightly reticulated when mature; beaks small, recurved.—Brackish marshes: San Bernardino Valley and Santa Monica to the Ojai and Antelope valleys; San Luis Obispo Co.; Mohave Desert. 12. S. malachroldes Gray. Stems stout, 2 to 4 ft. high, equably leafy to the summit, several from the base, simple below, ending above in a panicle of spikes; herbage stellate-hispidulous; leaves vitiform, palmately but shallowly lobed, unequally dentate, 1 to 6 (mostly 2 to 3) in. broad; spikes oblong, very dense, % to 2y 2 in. long; bracts linear or subulate; calyxlobes ovate, acuminate; petals white, broad, broadly notched, abruptly clawed; staminate flowers with the filaments of the outer series united for about y2 their length or less into pairs, or two such pairs slightly united by their bases making a set of 4; carpels sometimes present; pistillate flowers 3 to 3% lines long, the tube of filaments short, more or less truncate and without anthers; carpels 7 to 9, half dehiscent by a ventral suture.—Seaboard species, Santa Lucia Mts. to Del Norte Co. 13. S. hickmanii Greene. Stems several, erect, 2 to 3 ft. high, leafy throughout; herbage stellate-pubescent, sometimes densely so and almost tomentose, and even somewhat hirsute, especially on calyx; leaves roundish, serrate or shallowly incised, 1% to 2 in. wide, the lowest smaller than the middle ones; petioles usually longer than the blade; racemes many, 3 to 7 in. long, the pedicels 1 line long; bracts narrowly linear,villous; calyxlobes ovate, acuminate, thin, sandypubescent, 3 to 6 lines long; corolla rose-purple, 7 to 8 lines long; carpels mostly smooth.—Monterey and San Benito Cos. Yar. PARISHII Rob. Stems 1 to i y 2 ft. high; leaves y2 to 1 in. wide; corolla 4 lines long.—San Bernardino Mts., 6000 ft. (Malvastrum confertum Parish.) 5. SiDA L. Ours low whitish scurfy-tomentose perennial herbs. Pedicels articulated. Involucel of 1 to 3 slender deciduous bractlets. Flowers creamcolor. Carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent or splitting into 2 valves. Seeds pendulous. (Greek name used by Theophrastus for a species of Waterlily-) 1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) Torr. A L K A L I MALLOW. Fig. 6 2 8 . Stems decumbent, more or less branching, V2 to 1 ft. long; leaves round-reniform or ovate, dentate or serrate, %

6 2 8 . Sida hederacea T o r r . ; a, fl. branch x ; b, long. sect, of fl. x 1 ; c, calyx and fruit x 1 ; d, carpel x 2.

632

MALVACEAE

to 2 in. broad, on petioles % to 1 in. long; flowers pediceled, axillary, solitary or in small clusters; petals % in. long; carpels 6 to 10, triangular, attached by a straight edge to the slender axis.—Subsaline soils in valleys, almost throughout Cal.; n. to Wash., e. to Tex. It is often a troublesome weed in orchards and is sometimes called White-weed on account of its whitish herbage. May-Sept. 6. MODiOLA Moench Low herb. Leaves rounded, coarsely crenate, palmately lobed or incised. Flowers small, solitary on axillary peduncles, subtended by 2 or 3 narrow bractlets. Corolla dull red. Fruit a somewhat depressed circle of 15 to 30 carpels with 2 seeds in each. Carpels reniform, septate between the seeds, tardily 2-valved from the top, at length deciduous from the axis. (Latin modiolus, relating to the wheel-like fruit.) 1. M. caroliniana Don. Perennial; stems spreading, 6 to 18 in. long; leaves 1 to 1 Vz in. broad; petals 2 to 3 lines long; carpels hirsutulose.—Introd. from se. U. S.: Ferndale, Humboldt Co.; Auburn; Los Banos; Swift ranch, Madera Co.; Eiverside. 7. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil. Herbs or shrubs, ours mostly hoary-tomentose or canescent, with commonly roundish or angular leaves. Flowers commonly in racemes, the racemes often subpaniculate, sometimes corymbose, or often reduced to axillary fascicles. Bractlets present (in ours), slender or filiform. Carpels 5 or more, each 1 to 3-seeded, the fruit often dehiscent and 2-valved. Seeds (at least the lower) ascending. (Greek sphaera, a sphere, and alkea, mallow, the carpels commonly spherical.) M A L V A S T R U M Gray. A.

Carpels

one-ovuled,

one-seeded.—Subgenus

MALVASTRUM.

A n n u a l s ; leaves orbicular. P e t a l s r o s e - p u r p l e w i t h c r i m s o n b l o t c h at b a s e ; l e a v e s c r e n a t e 1. S . rotundifolia. P e t a l s w h i t e or v i o l e t - p u r p l e , w i t h o u t b l o t c h ; l e a v e s 5 to 7-lobed. F l o w e r s 2% to 4 l i n e s l o n g ; h e r b a g e s t e l l a t e - p u b e s c e n t 2.S.exilis. Flowers 6 to 12 lines l o n g ; herbage hirsute 3. S. parryi. Perennials. C a l y x h i r s u t e o r v i l l o u s ; flowers i n h e a d s . H e a d s terminal and usually solitary 4. S. palmeri. H e a d s n u m e r o u s , s e s s i l e a l o n g t h e n a k e d s u m m i t of b r a n c h e s . . . 5 . S. densifiora. C a l y x d e n s e l y s t e l l a t e - p u b e s c e n t , n o t h i r s u t e ; flowers i n s u b p a n i c u l a t e r a c e m e s . Herbage covered with a dense white tomentum. F l o w e r - b u d s h e a v i l y i n v e s t e d i n a d e n s e wool, the c a l y x - l o b e s c o n c e a l e d i n b u d ; corolla r o s e - p i n k ; l e a v e s p e n t a g o n a l o r r o u n d i s h , c o r d a t e at base, the lobes roundish 6. S . fremontii. F l o w e r - b u d s t o m e n t u l o s e , the c a l y x - l o b e s n o t c o n c e a l e d . Corolla rose-color, a g i n g y e l l o w ; flower-buds c o n t r a c t e d at a p e x i n t o a slender beak; leaves round-cordate 7. davidsonii. Corolla r o s e - c o l o r ; flower-buds s h o r t l y a c u t e , n o t b e a k e d ; l e a v e s o v a t e , rugose 8. H. arcuata. H e r b a g e finely s t e l l a t e - c a n e s c e n t . F l o w e r s i n r a t h e r close c l u s t e r s , t h e c l u s t e r s l o o s e l y d i s p o s e d i n a v i r g a t e r a c e m e ; corolla rose-pink; m a i n l a n d 9. S. faseiculata. F l o w e r s i n a close p a n i c l e ; corolla r o s e - p u r p l e ; i n s u l a r 1 0 . S. nesiotica. B.

Carpels

2 or 3-ovuled,

1 to 3-seeded;

ours

perennial.—Subgenus

EUSPHAERALCEA.

F r u i t depressed-globose; mature carpels usually one-seeded. U p p e r s t e r i l e p o r t i o n s of c a r p e l m i n u t e a n d i n c o n s p i c u o u s ; flowers small b u t n u m e r ous, r a c e m e s f r o m u p p e r axils, corolla V e r m i l l i o n ; p l a n t s l a r g e , r o b u s t ; l e a f lobes very rounded 1 1 . S. orcuttii. U p p e r sterile p o r t i o n of c a r p e l t h i n , s m o o t h a n d m o d e r a t e l y i n c u r v e d ; i n f l o r e s c e n c e racemose, s h o w y ; calyx large, w i t h long acuminate lobes; deserts. L e a v e s c r e n a t e or s h a l l o w l y lobed. F l o w e r s apricot-color. C a r p e l s r e t i c u l a t e - s c a r i o u s o n the s i d e s o p p o s i t e l o w e r seed, c a n e s c e n t o n b a c k ; s t e m s g l a b r a t e to t o m e n t o s e ; c o m m o n 1 2 . S. ambigua. Carpels entirely smooth on sides, densely woolly on b a c k ; stems covered w i t h a close w h i t e f e l t ; l o c a l 13. S. pulchella. F l o w e r s p i n k , d r y i n g v i o l e t - p u r p l e ; local 14. purpurea. L e a v e s p a l m a t e l y p a r t e d or d i v i d e d , w i t h c l e f t or t o o t h e d l o b e s ; r a r e 1 5 . S. erernicola.

MALLOW

FAMILY

633

Fruit little or not at all depressed; mature carpels 1 to 3-seeded; perennials. Carpels cancscent or glabrous on the back; leaves not maple-like, mostly rather small. Leaves thick or thickish, rugose, somewhat oblong to linear; flowers few in the leaf axils, lavender; Colorado Desert 10. S. anr/untifolia. Leaves usually thin; flowers numerous in an elongated thyrsoid panicle 17. S. fendleri. Carpels covered on the back with long bristles, thus forming a somewhat bur-like fruit; flowers large, rose-color, sparse. Calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate; leaves deeply 5-lobed, truncate or subcordate at 18. S. acerifolia. base, 2 Vz to 6 in. long Calyx-lobes round-ovate, abruptly acute; leaves typically cuneate-obovate, % to 1 in. long 19. S. bakeri.

J. S. rotundifolia Jepson n. comb. Stem erect, branching, 4 to 16 (or 24) in. high; herbage hirsute; leaves few, orbicular-cordate, crenate, % to 2 in. wide, the petioles 1 to 3 in. long; bractlets filiform; flowers in terminal corymbs or corymbose racemes; petals rose-pink with a large red-purple spot below middle of petal, 9 to 13 lines long; carpels 35 to 45, very flat, narrow on the back, black, rugose-reticulate.—Washes and sandy mesas: Mohave Desert, n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz, and Colo. (Malvastrum rotundifolium Gray.)

2. S. exilis Jepson n. comb. Stems several from the base, diffuse or decumbent, 4 to 18 in. long; herbage stellate-pubescent; leaves palmately 3 to 5-cleft with dentate or incisely-toothed lobes, 3 to 5 lines wide; bractlets 3, slender; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate; petals white or rose-color, obovate, 2y 2 to 4 lines long; anthers blue; carpels subreniform, transversely rugose.— Sandy washes and desert mesas: Colorado and Mohave deserts; spreading as a weed in the San Joaquin Valley and w. to the coast. (Malvastrum exile Gray.) 3. S. parryl Jepson n. comb. Similar to no. 2 but the flowers larger; herbage hirsute and often glandular; calyx-lobes ovate, the attenuate or subulate apex as long as the body; corolla rose-color or violet-purple, 6 to 12 lines long.—Upper San Joaquin Valley, its bordering foothills and w. to the Salinas Eiver, 500 to 3000 f t . : Poso Creek; Caliente Creek; Buena Vista Hills; Alcalde; Paso Eobles; Nacimiento Eiver. (Malvastrum parryi Greene.) 4. S. palmeri Jepson n. comb. Stems stout, herbaceous, markedly and equally leafy to the summit, 6 to 8 ft. high; leaves broadly or round-ovate, mostly 3-lobed, dentate, truncate or cordate at base, 1 to 2 % in. long; stipules lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long; flowers sessile in terminal clusters, subtended by conspicuous foliaceous bracts; bractlets linear, nearly equaling the calyx-lobes; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate; petals light rose-color, 7 to 10 lines long.—Foothills bordering the Salinas Valley, 200 to 1000 f t . (Malvastrum palmeri Wats. M. involueratum Eob.) 5. S. densifldra Jepson n. comb. Stems woody below, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage finely stellate-tomentose; leaves orbicular-cordate, dentate, not lobed or commonly obscurely or evidently 3-lobed, 1 to 1 % in. wide, the petioles 3 to 11 lines long; flowers in dense sessile heads (often appearing as i f in whorls), forming an interrupted naked or leafy spike; bractlets conspicuous, filiform, densely hispid; calyx hirsute-stellate, often papery-white in age, its lobes lanceolate, acuminate; petals rose-red, 6 to 8 lines long.—Valleys and canons, 1000 to 4100 ft., both e. and w. sides of the Cuyamaca and San J a c i n t o mountains, and n. to north slope of San Gabriel Mts.: E l Nido; Alpine; Eamona; Menifee; Palm Canon of San J a c i n t o ; Eock Creek; Eavenna. (Malvastrum densiflorum Wats.) 6. S. fremontii (Torr.) Jepson n. comb. Stems stout, woody at base, 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage densely white-tomentose; leaves very thick, orbicularovate, not lobed or shallowly 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, IV2 to 4 in. broad, on petioles to 1 in. long; flower-clusters somewhat head-like or close, sessile in the axils or short-peduncled and thus interrupted-spicate at summit of stem; calyx globose-ovate in bud, conspicuously and very densely and closely woolly, only the subulate tips of the lobes visible, almost equaled by the 3 linear-setaceous bractlets of the involucre; corolla pale pink or rose-color, aging white-scarious, 7 to 8 lines long; carpels smooth, promptly dehiscent. —Foothills surrounding the Great Valley, 800 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Nevada

634

MALVACEAE

foothills from Tulare Co. to Amador Co.; Mt. Hamilton Bange; Mt. Diablo; Yollo Bolly foothills. (Malvastrum fremontii Torr.) Var. CERC6PHORUM (Eob.) Jepson n. comb. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear, caudate-attenuate, nearly as long as the petals.—N. end of Mt. Hamilton Range. (Malvastrum fremontii var. eercophorum Rob.) 7. S. davidsonii Jepson n. comb. Stems erect, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage finely stellate-tomentulose; leaves round-cordate, dentate, somewhat shallowly or obscurely lobed, % to 2% in. long; flowers in short simple or forking racemes, the racemes peduncled or sessile in the leaf axils and thus forming an interrupted panicle; calyx-lobes ovate, attenuate into a subulate apex as long; petals rose-color, changing in age to yellow, 6 to 7 lines long; carpels glabrous on the back and sides, hairy-tufted and densely tomentulose at apex, 1-nerved on back.—San Gabriel Mts., 2000 to 3100 f t . (Malvastrum davidsonii Rob.) 8. S. arcuata (Greene) Arthur. Stems woody below, 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage covered with a dense or felt-like white tomentum; leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular, dentate, slightly or not at all lobed, truncate at base, more or less rugose, becoming green above, % to 2 in. long, on petioles J/± to 1% in. long; flowers in dense or head-like clusters sessile in the upper axils and at the ends of the branches, forming long interrupted spikes; bractlets linear-filiform, equaling the rusty tomentose calyx; petals rose-color, 7 to 9 lines long; carpels tomentulose on back, at length glabrate.—Foothills, e. slope Santa Cruz Mts. and w. slope Mt. Hamilton Range. (Malvastrum arcuatum Rob.) 9. S. fasciculata ( N u t t . ) Arthur. Stems 3 to 8 f t . high, woody below, with long slender wand-like branches; pubescence short and close; leaves round-ovate, dentate, not lobed or obscurely lobed or pentagonal, mostly truncate or subcordate at base, % to l 1 ^ (or 21/)) in. long; petioles 5 to 8 lines long; buds subacute; flowers in sessile or short-peduncled, often headlike, clusters, the clusters distant, or at least not crowded, but virgately racemose, the inflorescence often a little leafy below; calyx-lobes triangularovate, obtuse or with a very short point; petals rose-pink, unsymmetrical, 5 to 10 lines long; carpels smooth, promptly dehiscent.—Hill slopes, 500 to 5000 f t . : South Coast Ranges from Santa Lucia Mts. s.; coastal S. Cal. and e. to west side Colorado Desert. Var. LAXIFLORA Jepson n. comb. Clusters tending to lengthen or to be racemose, the inflorescence thus becoming more truly paniculate.—Santa Monica Mts.; San Bernardino Valley; Pacheco Pass. (Malvastrum thurberi var. laxiflorum Gray.) 10. S. nesiotica Jepson n. comb. Similar to no. 9; leaves round-ovate, cordate at base, 3-lobed, crenulate, green or greenish and sub-glabrous above, 1 to 1 V< in. long; buds obtuse; flowers in a fastigiate leafless panicle.—Santa Cruz Isl. (Malvastrum nesioticum Rob.) 11. S. orcutti Rose. Stems erect, 1 or several from the base, 1V± to 3 f t . high; herbage thinly stellate-puberulent or canescent; leaves % to 2 in. long, ovate in outline, truncatish at base, the lateral angles toward the base commonly enlarged so t h a t the blade is somewhat 3-lobed with flowing outline, the margin entire or nearly so; flowers in short racemes in the upper axils, the upper leaves mostly reduced and bracteate, t h e inflorescence thus interruptedly spicate; calyx 2 to 3 lines long; corolla bright terracotta or red, 3 to 4 lines long; carpels 1 line long, reniform in outline from the strong recurving of the empty scarious apex, thin-walled or subscarious, deeply reticulate on the sides, the areola o f t e n dark-colored; seed 1.—Colorado Desert: Carrizo Creek; Signal Mt.; Meloland. S. C6ULTERI Gray. Slender annual; flowers small, orange, clustered in t h e axils of the upper leaves.—Sw. Ariz.; to be looked for near F t . Yuma. 12. S. ambigua Gray. APRICOT M A L L O W . Stems several or many from the base, usually unbranched or simple above, erect or spreading, forming roundish clusters 1 to 4 f t . broad; herbage finely but densely stellate-puberulent; leaves 1 to 2 1 /. in. long, mostly as broad as long, cordate to round-ovate

MALLOW FAMILY

635

crenate, scarcely or not at all lobed to strongly 3-lobed or somewhat 5-lobed; calyx 3 to 4 lines long, usually shorter t h a n the f r u i t ; bractlets filiform, hardly longer t h a n calyx-tube; petals rose-red to brick-red, notched at apex, 5 to 10 lines long, the claws with a dense ciliate t u f t of hairs on each side at base; anthers purple; stigmas black or purple; sides of carpels glabrous, smooth-chartaceous opposite the upper seed, reticulate-scarious opposite the lower seed, canescent on the back.—Desert slopes and desert ranges, 2000 to 6000 f t . : Cuyamaca, San J a c i n t o and San Bernardino mountains; Colorado and Mohave deserts; n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz. 13. S. pulchella Jepson n. sp. Stems erect from a woody root-crown, making a bushy plant 2 to 3 f t . high, covered with a close white f e l t ; leaves roundish-cordate in outline, dentate, not lobed or somewhat 3 or 5-lobed, stellate-canescent, soon green above, % to 1 in. long, on petioles */•> to in. long; flowers in a loose narrow panicle; calyx rusty-puberulent, its tube 1% to 2 lines long (about as long as the carpels), the lobes ovate-laneeolate, 4 to 5 lines long; petals deep apricot-color, % to 1 in. long; ovary covered with a dense white f e l t ; carpels smooth on sides, densely woolly on back.— P a n a m i n t Bange, Inyo Co. (Hanaupah Canon, 4000 ft., Jepson 7064, t y p e ) . 14. S. purpurea Parish. Similar to no. 11; stems clothed with a close, fine whitish felt.—Sw. Colorado Desert: Mountain Spr., San Diego Co.; Coyote Well. (S. violacea M. & J . ) 15. S. eremicdla Jepson n. sp. Stems slender, erect or ascending, several f r o m the thick root-crown, 12 to 17 in. high, green and glabrous or nearly so; leaves roundish-cordate in outline, 4 to 11 lines long, 3 to 5-parted with the lobes again cleft and toothed, thinly stellate-puberulent, green; flowers f e w in a loose and narrow nearly naked panicle; calyx woolly, its tube 1% to 2 lines long, almost as long as t h e f r u i t , t h e lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long; bractlets filiform, about as long as the t u b e ; petals apricotcolor, 7 to 8 lines long; ovules 2; sides of carpels smooth.—Panamint Mts. (Emigrant Canon, 4200 f t . , Jepson 7120, t y p e ) . 16. S. angustifdlia Don var. cuspid&ta Gray. Stems many from the base, 3 to 4 f t . high; herbage finely puberulent, the older stems and upper side of leaves glabrate; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, sometimes with 1 more or less obscure lobe a t t h e base angle on each side, minutely crenulate, % to 3 in. long; flowers in few-flowered clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate; corolla saffron-red, 4 to 6 lines long; carpels glabrous on the sides, t h e sides smooth above, reticulate below.— Colorado Desert, r a r e ; e. to Ariz, and Col. 17. S. findlerl Gray var. calif6rnica Parish. Stems several from the base, woody below, forming an erect shrub 2 to 4 f t . high; herbage glabrate or minutely stellate-flocculent; leaves 1 to 3% in. long, 3-lobed, with sharply acute sinuses, t h e lateral lobes small, the central one ovate to oblong and 3 to 5 times as long as the lateral, the margin irregularly crenate; flowers in clusters in t h e axils of t h e reduced upper leaves, or the inflorescence becoming a somewhat spicate panicle; petals salmon-red, 3% to 5 lines long; carpels smooth on sides opposite upper seeds, finely reticulate opposite lower seed, finely puberulent or glabrate on back.—Mesas and washes, 25 to 1500 f t . : San Bernardino Valley; Conchilla Desert. 18. S. acerifdlia N u t t . Stems erect, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage green, finely puberulent; leaves maple-like, deeply 5-lobed (the lobes acute, irregularly serrate), truncate or subcordate a t base, 2 to 6% in. long; petioles V2 to 3*4 in. long; flower-clusters sessile or nearly so in the upper axils and thus interruptedly spicate at t h e summit of the branches; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, shorter t h a n the mature carpels; petals rose-color, % to 1 in. long; back of carpels densely puberulent and also conspicuously covered with long ascending bristles.—Canons, n. Humboldt Co. (Bald Mt.; Three Creeks); n. to Wash. 19. S. bakeri Jepson n. sp. Stems erect, several from the root-crown, 1 to 114 f t . high; herbage finely puberulent; leaves 3 to 12 lines long, the lower sub-orbicular, truncatish at base, crenately lobed and crenate, the upper

636

STEKC ULIACEAE

loaves often cuueate-obovate in outline, irregularly serrate on upper half or somewhat 3-lobed, % to 1 in. long; flowers mostly solitary in the upper axils, on peduncles 2 to 7 lines long; calyx-lobes round-ovate, abruptly acute; petals rose-pink, % in. long; carpels closely puberulent and also densely covered with long ascending dull-white bristles.—Lava beds on the boundary of Shasta and Modoc Cos. (Fall River Valley, M. S. Baker, t y p e ) . 8. HORSFÓRDIA Gray Woody plants, the herbage yellowish or greenish-yellow, covered with a dense felt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base, leathery, subentire or irregularly erosulate. Flowers 1 to 3 in the axils, peduncled. Bractlets none. Corolla salmon-color. Carpels 3-ovuled, 1 to 3-seeded, at maturity 2-valved above, the valves spreading, scarious and wing-like, 3 to 4 times as long as the lower seed-bearing portion which is firm and reticulate. (F. H. Horsford of Vermont, botanical collector.) 1. H. newbérryi (Wats.) Gray. Stems erect, 5 to 8 f t . high, with lateral branches on upper % ; stems and petioles yellow stellate-tomentose, the leaves with a somewhat paler or greenish-yellow but very dense and fine stellate-tomentum; leaves to 2% in. long, on petioles % to 1% in. long; petals orbicular, rotate, 3 lines long; stamen-tube with simple spreading non-glandular hairs; anthers yellow; stigmas yellow; f r u i t 4 lines long, the wings ovate.—Sw. Colorado Desert: Palm Cañón of San Isidro; Carrizo Mt.; Signal Mt.; e. to Ariz., s. to Mex. STERCULIÁCEAE. S T E R C U L I A F A M I L Y Shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and perfect regular or nearly regular 5-merous flowers. Stamens united below into a tube. Ovary superior, 5 (or 4)-celled. Style in ours one, stigmatic at apex. F r u i t a capsule. F l o w e r s yellow, s h o w y ; petals n o n e ; calyx-lobes w i t h a c o n s p i c u o u s g l a n d at b a s e ; o v a r y not stiped 1. FREJIONTIA. F l o w e r s b r o w n i s h , m i n u t e ; petal c l a w s filiform, e n d i n g i n a h o o d ; calyx g l a n d s n o n e ; o v a r y stipitate 2. AYENIA.

1. F R E M Ó N T I A Torr. Evergreen shrub with small o f t e n lobed leaves and stellate pubescence. Flowers showy, short-pediceled, solitary and axillary on the branchlets. Stipules caducous. Bractlets 3 to 5, small. Calyx yellow and corolla-like, deeply 5-cleft into round-ovate lobes or sepals; these imbricated in the bud, the 3 inner a little larger, all with a rounded and sharply defined glandular area at base. Corolla none. Stamens 5; filaments united to the middle. Capsule 4 or 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent. (General John C. Fremont, Pathfinder of the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada, and first United States Senator f r o m California, who discovered it.) 1. F . califórnica Torr. F L A N NEL BUSH.

Fig.

629.

Loosely

branching shrub 6 to 10 f t . high, sometimes a small tree up to 18 f t . high; branches tough and flexible, with many short leafand flower-bearing branchlets or spurs; leaves green above, covered beneath with a dense gray or whitish felt, % to 1 in. long, or on sterile shoots somewhat larger; petioles short; calyx somewhat flannel-like, to 2 in. broad, persistent, the lobes

HYPERICACEAE

637

commonly mucronate; gland h a i r y ; capsule ovate, covered with a dense brown felt and short bristly hairs, % to 1% in. long, persistent.—Mountain slopes, 1500 to 5300 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a (Tehama Co. foothills, rare; Mariposa Co. to K e r n Co., a b u n d a n t ) ; Coast Banges from Lake Co. to San Luis Obispo Co., rare or localized; S. Cal. (n. slope San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, common, and s. to San Diego Co., r a r e ) . Var. MEXICANA Jepson n. comb. Gland of the calyx -not hairy.—Sonoma Co. to Mt. Pinos and San Gabriel Mts.; s. to Mex. (Fremontodendron mexicanum Dav.) 2. A Y i i N I A Loefl. Small shrubby plants with small flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Petals with a long filamentous claw ending in a hood; hoods inflexed, adnate to the stamencolumn and covering t h e anthers. Fertile stamens 5, these alternate with 5 t r u n c a t e staminodia a t summit of stamen-tube; anthers with 3 parallel cells. Ovary on a stipe, 5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule globose, muricate, splitting septicidally into 5 one-seeded carpels which separate f r o m a central column; carpels loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds strongly rugose; endosperm none. (Named f o r the Due d'Ayen.) 1. A. calif6rnica Jepson n. sp. Stems several f r o m the base, minutely canescent, woody below, % to 1 f t . high; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, serrate, 3 to 6 lines long, the petioles Va to 3 lines long; flowers 1 to 1M lines long, brownish; capsule 1% lines long.—Mts. on w. side of Colorado Desert (Palm Canon of San Jacinto, Jepson 1407, t y p e ) . HYPERICACEAE. S T . J O H N ' S W O R T F A M I L Y Ours herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules and with pellucid dots or dark glands. Flowers perfect, Tegular and hypogynous. Sepals 5 (in ours) or 4, herbaceous, persistent. P e t a l s 5 (in ours) or 4, yellow (in ours). Stamens usually numerous, distinct or more or less united into 3 to 5 clusters. Ovary superior, 1 or 3-celled; styles in ours 3. F r u i t a septicidal capsule. Seed without endosperm. 1. HYPERICUM L . S T . J O H N ' S W O R T Leaves sessile. Flowers in terminal cymes, rarely solitary. P e t a l s deciduous or marcescent. (Ancient Greek name.) A n n u a l s ; sepals longer than the petals; styles short; capsule 1-celled. Erect from the base, more or less branching; stamens 6 to 12 1. E. mutilum. Procumbent, forming mats with ascending or erect branches; stamens 15 to 2 1 '¿. H. anaualloides. P e r e n n i a l s ; petals much longer than the sepals; styles long, divaricately spreading; capsule 3-celled; stamens very numerous. Stems tall, few, from rootstock; leaves not folded. Stems w i t h numerous short sterile shoots; sepals lanceolate; capsule not lobed. . 3. R. perforatum. Stems destitute of sterile shoots; sepals ovate; capsule 3-lobed. . 4 . B. formoeum. Stems low, numerous, from a woody c r o w n ; leaves commonly conduplicate; capsule 3-lobed 5. S . concinnum.

1. H. mutilum L. Stem mostly simple below and branching above, 10 to 17 in. high; leaves ovate, 5 to 10 lines long, 3 to 6 lines broad, 5-nerved a t base, sessile; flowers in l e a f y cymes at the ends of the branches; stamens 6 to 12; sepals linear to lanceolate, mostly shorter t h a n t h e capsule.—Shores of the lower Sacramento and lower San Joaquin rivers. Aug.-Sept. 2. H. anagalloldes C. & S. TINKERS PENNY. Fig. 630. Commonly forming dense mats 6 to 15 in. broad, with ascending or erect branches 2 to 5 (or 7) in. high; leaves lanceolate to ovate or orbicular, obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved a t base, 2 to 6 (or 9) lines long; flowers 1 to 1% lines long, borne 1 to 3 in a l e a f y cyme, or t h e cyme becoming paniculate; petals salmon-color; sepals ovate or linear-oblong, unequal, longer t h a n t h e capsule; stamens 15 to 21.— Springy places and streamlets in the hills and mountains, almost throughout Cal., 500 to 6000 f t . , common n o r t h w a r d ; very variable in size, branching and foliage.

638

ELiATINACEAE 3.

H . p e r f o r a t u m L.

KLAMATH WEED.

Stems simple but the main axis bearing many very leafy short sterile shoots and ending above in a densely flowered cyme, 2 (or 1) f t . high; leaves linear to oblong, soon revolute, % to 1 in. long, those of the sterile shoots about Ms in. long; flowers about 1 in. broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 4 times as long as broad; petals linearoblong, copiously black-dotted, twisting a f t e r anthesis.—European weed, becoming a pest in abandoned or poorly tilled fields in the hill country in n. Cal., 500 t o

2300 f t . :

Tuolumne

Mendocino Cos. to Siskiyou Co.

and

4. H. formosum H.B.K. var. sc6uleri Coulter. Stems f r o m running rootstocks, slender, simple or branching at summit, 1 to 3 f t . high; leaves ovate to oval or oblong, obtuse, black-dotted along t h e margins, sessile by a more or less clasping base, Va to 1% in. long; flowers Y* to % in. broad, in more or less panicled cymes; sepals and petals black-dotted; sepals ovate, mostly obtuse, sometimes acute, twice as long as 630. Hypericum anagalloides C. & S.; a, broad; petals obovate; stamens numerhabit x % ; b, fl. x 2; c, capsule x 3.

ous, i n 3 c l u s t e r s . — H i l l s a n d m o u n t a i n s ,

almost throughout Cal., 500 to 6000 f t . 5. H . concinnum Benth. GOLD-WIRE. Pig. 631. Stems wiry, numerous from the woody crown, forming a bushy plant 6 to 11 in. high; leaves thickish, linear to lanceolate, acute, inserted by a narrow base, usually folded, scantily black-dotted, % to 1% in. long; flowers % to 1% in. broad, in r a t h e r close clusters at summit of the stem; sepals ovate, somewhat abruptly short-pointed; petals obovate, black-dotted on the margin; stamens numerous, 4 of the filaments in each of t h e 3 clusters distinctly united at base, t h e others free. — Dry bushy mountain slopes and ridges, 500 to 3000 f t . : North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Butte Co. June-July. ELATINACEAE.

WATER-WORT FAMILY

Small annuals with opposit« leaves and membranous stipules between them. Flowers 2 to 5-merous, small, perfect, symmetrical, solitary in t h e axils. Sepals, petals and stamens all distinct and hypogynous. Ovary with as many cells as there are sepals; styles distinct. Capsule 2 to 5-celled, septicidal or t h e partitions more or less persisting with the axis; placentae central.

631. Hypericum concinnum Benth.; a, fl. stem x % ; b, pistil s 2 ä ; e, cross sect, of ovary x 6; d, capsule x 2.

FRANKENIACEAE

639

Flower-parts 2 to 4 ; sepals obtuse, without midrib . . . . . 1. ELATINE. Flower-parts 5 ; sepals pointed or acute, with thickened midrib and scarious m a r g i n s . . . . 2. B ERGI A. 1. E L À T I N E

L.

WATER-WORT

Glabrous dwarfs, somewhat succulent, growing in water or in wet places, rooting at the nodes. Leaves entire. Flowers 2 to 4-merous. Sepals submembranous, obtuse. Petals white or whitish. Capsule globose, thin-membranous, 2 to 4-celled, several- or many-seeded. Seeds striately and regularly reticulated. (Greek, etymology obscure.) Flowers sessile ; flower-parts 3 or 2 ; seeds straight or nearly so. Flower-parts mostly 2 ; petals equal Flower-parts mostly 3 ; petals unequal Flowers pediceled; flower-parts 4 : seeds strongly curved

1. E. americana. 2. E. brachysperma. 3. E. californica.

1. E. americana Arn. Stems % to IV2 in. long, o f t e n fistulous; leaves obovate, 1 to lines long; flowers mostly 2-merous; capsule valvate-dehiscent; seed with 9 or 10 rows of areoles, 20 to 30 areoles in a row.-—Shallow water, San Bernardino Mts., exceedingly r a r e ; Ore. and B. C. to Ont. and Tex. 2. E. brachysperma Gray. MUD PURSLANE. P l a n t s forming little mats (2 to 3 in. across) in wet places or late vernal beds of winter pools; leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, narrowed at base, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous; sepals commonly unequal, 3 (or 2 ) ; petals 3, pink, roundish obovate, commonly unequal; stamens 3 to 6; capsule valvate-dehiscent or bursting irregularly; seed with about 8 longitudinal rows of areoles, about 11 or 12 areoles in a row.—Mostly terrestrial, Coast Ranges and s. to S. Cai., mostly toward the coast; occasional. May. 3. E. califórnica Gray. Thickly branched, forming a dense mat % to 1% in. across; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the lower ones petioled; flowers on short pedicels; sepals 4, oblong, equal; petals 4, obovate, equal; stamens 8; seeds curved into a partial ring, with about 10 longitudinal rows of areoles and about 25 areoles in each row.—Montane: San Diego Co.; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to Wash.; rare. 2. BÉRGIA L. Stems glandular-pubescent. Flowers pediceled and often fascicled, 5merous. Sepals abruptly cuspidate, with strong midrib and scarious margins. Petals oblong. Capsule globose, with a coriaceous wall. (Dr. P. J . Bergius, Swedish naturalist of the 18th century.) 1. B. texana Seubert. Stems diffusely branched, 6 to 12 in. high; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base, serrulate at apex, y> to 1% in. long; sepals 2 lines long, denticulate on the midrib and serrulate on the margin towards the apex, equaling or exceeding the whitish obovoid petals; stamens 5 or 10.—Sacramento; Merced; Elsinore; rarely seen; e. to Tex. and Mo. FRANKENIÀCEAE. F R A N K E N I A F A M I L Y Low perennial herbs or dwarf bushes with opposite entire leaves. Flowers perfect. Ovary superior, l-celled, with parietal placentae. Seeds with a straight embryo. 1. F R A N K È N I A L. Leaves small, crowded and fascicled in the axils. Flowers sessile, solitary, or by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming somewhat cymose. Calyx tubular, furrowed or almost prismatic, 4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, appendaged at the very base of the blade, the appendage decurrent on the claw. Stamens in ours 4. to 7, hypogynous, exserted f r o m the calyx-tube. Style 2 or 3-cleft, included. Capsule linear, angled, included in the persistent calyx, 2 to 4-valved, the seeds attached by filiform funiculi to the side of the cell. (Johann Franke, 1590-1661, Professor at Upsala, the first author who treated of Swedish plants.) Style 3-cleft; ovules m a n y ; herbaceous or nearly so; common Style 2-cleft; ovules 2 or 3 ; dwarf b u s h ; San Diego

1. F. grandifolia. 2. F. palmeri.

640 1.

FOUQUIERIACEAE F . g r a n d i f o l i a C. & S.

ALKALI-

HEATH. Fig. 632. Erect or diffuse, often slightly woody at base, 6 to 13 in. high, glabrous or somewhat pubescent or short-hirsute, particularly at the nodes; leaves obovate to U linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 5 lines long, with revolute margins, sessile or short-petiolate, the opposite pair mostly united by a somewhat membranaceous sheathing base; calyx 3 lines long, narrow-cylindrical, with acute teeth; petals slightly irregular, pinkish, exserted 1*4 to 2 lines, with oblong or obovate blade erose at summit; stamens 4 to 7; seeds numerous. •— Common along the sea-shore and in salt-marshes: Marin Co. to San Diego and L. Cal. June-Oct. Also called Yerba Eeuma by SpanishCalifornians. Var. CAMP£STRIS Gray. T u f t e d , 4 to 20 in. high; leaves mostly linear-spatulate to oblanceolate, strongly revolute-margined, 2 to 4 lines long; petals less exserted ( % to 1 line). — Interior alkaline plains, Great Valley to S. Cal. and e. to Inyo Co. 632. Frankenia grandifolia C. & S . ; a, fl. 2. F. palmeri Wats. YERBA E E U M A . branchlet x 1 ; 6, petal i 4 ; c, pistil x 4. Dwarf spreading bush 5 to 7 in. high, t h e branchlets thickly clothed with leaves; leaves linear-oblong, thick and strongly revolute so as to be nearly terete, canescent, 1 to 2 (or 2%) lines long; calyx lines long; petals whitish, the blade oblong; stamens 4.— Coast at San Diego and s. to L. Cal. T AMABIC ACE AE. T A M A R I S K F A M I L Y Shrubs or low trees, inhabitants of alkaline soils, with long slender branches bearing numerous minute appressed leaves. Flowers minute, numerous, in long clusters a t the ends of the branches. Sepals 4 or 5. P e t a l s 4 or 5, these and stamens (as many or twice as many) borne on a fleshy disk. Ovary superior, 1-celled, t h e placenta basal; styles 3 to 5. F r u i t a capsule; seeds numerous, usually with a t u f t of hairs at one end. 1.

TAMARIX

L.

TAMARISK

Our only genus. (Tamaris, a river in Spain.) 1. T. g&llica L. F R E N C H TAMARISK. Densely branched shrub 3 to 8 f t . high and often twice as broad; leaves % to % line long; stamens 4 or 5.— Cult, f r o m Eur., an escape along summer beds of winter flood streams: Sulphur Creek, BW. Colusa Co.; White Sulphur Creek, Napa Valley; Cache Creek, Tehachapi P a s s ; Furnace Creek, Death Valley; Salton Sink. FOUQUIEBlACEAE.

CANDLEWOOD F A M I L Y

Heavily armed shrubs, leafless in the drought periods between the rains. P r i m a r y leaves of the season's shoots soon deciduous b u t developing their petioles into stout spines, the ordinary leaves borne on short spurs in t h e axils of the spines. Flowers showy, perfect, in terminal panicles. Sepals 5, unequal, imbricated. Corolla tubular, shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 10 to 17; filaments with a firm or red portion at base, this portion puberulent on back and developed a t apex into a tooth or short ligule on the inside. Ovary superior; placentae parietal, lamellate, intruded in cavity and partly united a t base so as to make an incompletely 3-celled ovary; ovules 4 to 6 on each placenta; styles 3, united to t h e middle. F r u i t a capsule.

641

CISTACEAE

1. F O U Q U I ^ R I A H B K . COACH-WHIP. The only genus. ( P . E. Fouquier, professor of medicine at Paris.) 1. F. splendens Engelm. OCOTILLO. Fig. 633. Stems mostly simple, 8 to 25 f t . high, in clusters from a common root-crown; bark whitish, deeply furrowed between the decurrent bases of the slender but rigid spreading thorns; leaves fleshy, obovate, rounded at apex, 5 to 10 lines long, forming axillary rosettes on old wood; panicles racemose, dense, 4 633. Fouquieria splendens Engelm.; a, fl. to 10 in. long; flowers scarlet, % to x 1; b, leaf rosette in axil of a thorn x 1. 1 in. long; sepals roundish, 2 to 3 lines broad; corolla-lobes recurving; stamens 15 to 17, exserted; capsule 8 lines long, 3-valved; seeds with a long fringe of hairs.—Desert mesas, Colorado Desert; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. CISTACEAE. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY L o w shrubs but ours herb-like or woody only at base. Flowers complete, regular, hypogynous. Sepals 5, persistent (2 smaller, wholly on the outside and bract-like). Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens indefinite. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; style one; ovules orthotropus on slender funiculi. Capsule 3-valved. 1. H E L I A N T H E M U M Pers. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Flowers yellow, opening but once. Stamens usually numerous, with filiform filaments and short anthers. Style very short or none; stigma capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 1-celled or nearly 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae. (Greek helios, sun, and anthemon, blossom.) Flowers in a panicle or raceme; herbage pubescent or glabrate 1. B. scoparium. Flowers corymbose; herbage woolly; Santa Cruz I si 2. H. greenei.

1. H. scoparium Nutt. RUSH-ROSE. Fig. 634. Stems numerous, tufted, erect, very leafy, 8 to 20 in. high, arising from a much-branched woody crown and ending above in a small l e a f y panicle or short raceme; herbage and calyx minutely stellate-pubescent or glabrate; leaves narrowly linear, % to 1% in. long, early deciduous; inner sepals 2 to 3 lines long, the two outer minute; corolla 5 to 7 lines broad; petals obovate; stamens 17 to 21; placentae partition-like; embryo slender and much coiled.— Along the coast, Mendocino Co. to Monterey Co. Apr.-May. Var. VULGARE Jepson n. var. Stems rush-like, the leaves sparse or early deciduous; calyx usually smaller; raceme or panicle naked. — Dry sunny slopes and ridges of the chaparral belt, H e Uanthemum scoparium Nutt.; a, fl. branchlet x % ; b, pistil x 7 % ; c, long.

sect, of pistil x 7%.

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Lake Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. and

642

VIOLACEAE

s. to San Diego Co.; Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. to Mariposa Co. (Coulterville, Jepson, type.) 2. H. greénei Rob. Stems from a woody base, branching, 6 to 10 in. high; young parts white-woolly; leaves linear, 1 to 1Vi lines broad; flowers on short (1 to 2 lines) pedicels in a somewhat condensed corymbose panicle; outer sepals linear or lanceolate, % to as long as the ovate acuminate inner ones.—Santa Cruz Isl. RESEDÀCEAE. M I G N O N E T T E F A M I L Y Herbs with simple alternate leaves. Flowers perfect, irregular, in racemes or spikes, ours inconspicuous. Sepals 4 to 7. Petals 2 to 6. Stamens 3 to 40, always more numerous than the petals, borne on one side of the flower. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentae, opening at the top before the seeds are full grown. Stigmas 2 to 6, sessile, minute. 1. OLIGOMÉRIS Cambess. Low branching somewhat succulent herb. Leaves linear, entire. Flowers white, in terminal spikes. Sepals 4. Petals (2) and stamens (in ours 3) inserted on the upper side of the flower. Capsule depressed, 4-lobed (each lobe sulcate on the back), opening at the summit. (Greek oligos, little, and meris, parts.) 1. O. linifòlia (Vahl) Mcbr. Erect, branching from the base, % to 2 ft. high; leaves Va to 1% in. long; flowers 1 line long; petals oblong, acute; capsules 1% lines broad.—Colorado Desert; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. Resèda L. MIGNONETTE. Annual herbs; flowers in racemes; sepals 4 to 8; petals 4 to 7, laciniate; stamens 8 to 40, inserted on a disk on one side of the flower; capsule 3 to 6-lobed, horned. 1. E. ODORITA L. Leaves mostly entire; petals deeply 5 to 8-cleft.—Garden escape in Marin Co. 2. R. LÙTEA L. Leaves divided; petals greenish-yellow, all cleft but 1 or 2.—Garden escape about Los Angeles. 3. R. ALBA L. Leaves pinnatifid; petals all 3-cleft at summit.—Occasional garden escape. VIOLÀCEA!!. V I O L E T F A M I L Y Perennial herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and complete flowers. Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla irregular, consisting of 5 somewhat unequal petals, 2 upper, 2 lateral and 1 lower, the lower spurred at base. Stamens 5, with short and broad filaments bearing the anthers on their inner face and connivent over the ovary. Ovary superior, 1-celled, maturing into a 3-valved capsule with valves placenta-bearing along the middle. Style and stigma one. Seeds rather large, with a hard coat and straight embryo in fleshy endosperm. 1. VIÒLA L. "VIOLET Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Stipules persistent. Sepals unequal, produced below the point of insertion into auricles, persistent. Stamens with broad connectives which are prolonged beyond the anthers, the two lower bearing wings which project into the spur of the corolla. The valves of the capsule bear the seeds along the middle, and after dehiscence fold together firmly lengthwise and eject the seeds with violence. (Old Latin name used by Virgil.) A. Leaves divided or parted (merely toothed in one var. of no. 5). Upper petals deep blue or purple; lateral petals with a bearded spot. Leaves puberulent (sometimes glabrous) ; lateral and lower petals bluish or white with yellowish base 1. V. becicwUhii. Leaves glabrous; lateral and lower petals yellow or cream-color 2. V. hallii. Petals all yellow or purplish or brownish externally or purple-veined ; lateral petals with or without beard. Leaves pinnately twice-parted into narrow segments; petals orange-yellow, the 3 lower purple-veined, the others brownish externally 3. V. douglaeii. Leaves palmately cleft or divided. Stems mostly below ground, the peduncles mostly basal or scape-like; petals pale yellow 4. V. sheltonii. Stems 4 to 14 in. high, naked below the leafy summit which bears the axillary peduncles; petals yellow, purple externally 5. V. lobata

VIOLET F A M I L Y B.

Leaves

643

undivided.

Flowers yellow (blue or purple in one var. of no. 7 ) . Stems prostrate, stolon-like; leaves round-cordate, rounded at apex; Redwood belt. . . 6. V. 8armento8a. Stems erect. Leaves mostly elongate. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, mostly abruptly cuneate at base; petioles not margined; herbage pubescent. Peduncles usually surpassing the leaves; capsule puberulent; leaves commonly dentate, mostly % to 1^4 in. long. .7. V. purpurea. Peduncles usually not surpassing the leaves; capsule glabrous; leaves entire or subentire, mostly IY2 to 3 in. long. . .8. V. nuttallii. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, attenuate at base into the petiole; petioles margined; herbage usually glabrous; capsule puberulent 9. V. praemorsa. Leaves not elongate. Peduncles IV2 in. long; corolla bright yellow, more or less purple-veined; leaves thin; wet woods 10. V. glabella. Peduncles 4 to 5 in. long; corolla golden yellow with brown-purple lines at base; leaves thickish; open hills 11. V. pedunculata. Flowers not yellow (or with some other color predominating). Stems erect, bearing leaves and peduncles, and arising from short or creeping rootstocks; (stems in no. 14 at first very short; compare also no. 1 6 ) . Lateral petals with a purple spot or blotch at base; stems mostly naked below, leafy above, 3 to 12 in. high; stipules entire. Leaves mostly cordate at base; stipules membranous 12. V. ocellata. Leaves mostly truncatish or subcuneate at base; stipules submembranous. . . 13. V. cuneata. Petals not spotted, blue or violet, rarely white. Stems (at least at first) very short (mostly % to 1 in. long) or almost none; herbage puberulent; stipules herbaceous, lacerate or toothed; common 14. V. adunca. Stems 5 to 8 in. high; herbage glabrous; stipules entire or almost entire; rare 15. V. howellii. Peduncles scape-like, these and the leaves arising directly from rootstocks or stolons; herbage glabrous. Leaves cordate. Petals blue or violet-purple; leaves commonly 1 to 2 in. wide; rare species in Cal. Rootstock thick. Rootstock sending off short leafy stolons above ground; lower petals with a bearded spot at base; north coastal 16. V. langsdorffii. Rootstocks thick and rather short, creeping underground, never sending off runners or stolons; lower petals hairy at base, the others more or less so; montane 17. V. nephrophylla. Rootstock filiform; petals pale violet or whitish, the lateral ones with a sparsely bearded spot or beardless; Del Norte Co 18. V. palustris. Petals white, commonly beardless; rootstock filiform; leaves Vfe to 1 in. wide; montane, common 19. V. blanda. Leaves narrow-ovate to rhomboid-elliptic, not cordate; rootstock thickish; petals white, the lateral with a bearded spot; Del Norte Co., rare 20. V. occidentalis. 1. V . b e c k w i t h i i T . & G. P l a n t s 2 t o 4 in. high, t h e c l u s t e r of slender stems m a i n l y below ground, a r i s i n g f r o m a short and usually deep r o o t s t o c k ; h e r b a g e puberulent or sometimes n e a r l y g l a b r o u s ; l e a v e s p a l m a t e l y a b o u t 3 t i m e s 3 - p a r t e d into linear o r s p a t u l a t e - l i n e a r segments, t h e s e g m e n t s m o s t l y obtuse or sometimes m u c r o n u l a t e ; p r i m a r y divisions more or less p e t i o l u l a t e ; peduncles scape-like; p e t a l s 4 to 7 lines long, t h e upper deep purple, t h e o t h e r s w h i t e or light blue and purple-veined, w i t h a yellowish b a s e ; spur s h o r t - s a c c a t e ; s t i g m a beakless, w i t h a t u f t o f s p r e a d i n g or reflexed bristles on each s i d e . — M o i s t g r a v e l l y soil, 3 0 0 0 t o 5 0 0 0 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m N e v a d a Co. to Siskiyou and M o d o c Cos.; N e v . to Ore. M a y - J u l y . 2. V . hallii G r a y . H a b i t of no. 1 ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; l e a v e s o v a t e or oblong a n d i r r e g u l a r in outline, subpinnately or p a l m a t e l y t w i c e p a r t e d i n t o l a n c e o l a t e or linear segments, the s e g m e n t s c a l l o u s - a p i c u l a t e ; p e t a l s 3 t o 6 lines long, s t r o n g l y 2-colored, t h e upper deep blue or d a r k purple, t h e others yellow or white, purple-veined a t b a s e , t h e l a t e r a l w i t h a b e a r d e d spot on c l a w ; s t i g m a beakless, b e a r d e d below i t s m a r g i n . — M o n t a n e , g r a v e l l y soil, 2 5 0 0 t o 6 6 0 0 f t . : Mendocino, H u m b o l d t and T r i n i t y Cos.; n. t o Ore. 3. V . dougl&sii Steud. P l a n t s 2 t o 5 in. high, t h e c l u s t e r of stems wholly or a l m o s t completely underground, a r i s i n g f r o m a deep short r o o t s t o c k ;

644

VIOLACEAE leaves bipinnatifid with long linear or oblong segments; stipules lanceolate, entire or incised; flowers usually large, on peduncles (2 to 3 in. long) equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals 6 to 8 lines long, orange-yellow, the two upper brownish-purple externally, the others purple-veined; capsule 3 to 4 lines long, acute.—Open hills, 100 to 4000 ft., Coast Ranges f r o m Siskiyou Co. to t h e Mt. Hamilton Range and s. to San Diego Co.; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills from B u t t e Co. to Tehachapi. Mar.-May. (V. chrysantha Hook.) 4. V. sheltonii Torr. Plants 3 to 6 in. high, the stems mostly below ground, arising f r o m a short rootstock; herbage glabrous; leaves orbicular in outline, % to 1% in. wide, palmately 3-divided, the cuneate-obovate d i v i s i o n s palmately 3-parted or again cleft into linear or oblong lobes, the lobes obtuse; peduncles scape-like; petals pale yellow, beardless, 4 to 6 lines long; style with a hairy t u f t on either side below the stigma. •—

Montane, rocky places or in woods, 3000 to 6300 f t . : Calaveras Co. to Plumas Co.; Lake and Colusa Cos. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. 5. V. lobata Benth. P I N E VIOLET. Fig. 635. Stem erect, naked below the l e a f y summit, 4 to 14 in. high; rootstock short, deep-seated; leaves 1 to 3 in. long, ovate or almost round in outline, cordate or truncate at base, palmately 3 to 7-cleft or -divided, the lobes entire or somewhat repandly toothed, and the lateral usually larger; inflorescence somewhat umbellate; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long; petals yellow, all dark-veined towards base, purple on the outside.—Woods, 2000 to 6000 f t . : Cuyamaca Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.; North Coast Ranges. Mar.-May. Yar. iNTEGRirdLiA Wats. Leaves crenate or with a few coarse teeth, but not at all lobed.—Cuyamaca Mts.; Howell Mt. to Mt. Shasta; s. Ore. June. 6. V. sarmentdsa. Dougl. WOOD VIOLET. Stems prostrate, stolon-like, sparsely l e a f y ; peduncles commonly longer t h a n the leaves, at first scapelike and arising from the cluster crowning the stipular-scaly rootstock;

6 3 6 . Viola purpurea Kell.; a, habit x V2 ; b, fl. from the back x V2 \ c, pistil x 5 ; d, cross sect, of ovary x 8.

VIOLET FAMILY

645

stipules brown-searious, ovate-aubulate; leaves round-cordate, deep green above, often rusty beneath, finely crenate, in age brown-punctate, % to 1% in. broad; petioles 1 to 7 in. long; petals uniform light yellow, a little purple-veined, 4 lines long; spurs very short and broad.—Woods near the coast, 100 to 500 ft., especially in t h e Eedwood belt, or montane up to 3500 f t . : Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. and Ida. (V. sempervirens Greene.) 7. V. purpurea Kell. M O U N T A I N VIOLET. Tig. 636. P l a n t s 2 to 6 in. high, the stems very short and densely t u f t e d , from a stout vertical root, the young herbage hirsutulose-canescent; leaves rhombic-ovate or oblong (1 or 2 frequently nearly round), dentate or crenate or sometimes nearly entire, % to 1% in- long, on petioles 1 to 3 in. long; peduncles surpassing the leaves, 2 to 4 in. long; petals yellow, brownish-purple on the outside, the lower brown-veined a t base.—Peaks and mountain ridges, 2500 to 8500 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; Coast Eanges from the San Carlos Range to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. Mar.-July. Var. PINETÒRUM Greene. Herbage more or less tomentose; leaves mostly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, deeply serrate to entire; flowers small, blue or purple on long filiform peduncles.—Montane, 5200 to 8500 f t . : s. Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. to Tehachapi Range; Mt. Pinos; mts. of S. Cai. Var. VENÓSA (Wats.) Brainerd. Leaves o f t e n purple-veined, the lower ones round-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long.—Plumas Co. to Shasta Co. 8. V. nuttallii Pursh. P l a n t s 2 to 5 (or 7) in. high, the stems l e a f y and peduncles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the leaves; herbage puberulent, sometimes canescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or ovate, entire or slightly denticulate or crenulate, 1 to 23/4 in. long, r a t h e r shortly attenuate at base into the long petiole; petals yellow, the lowest brown-veined, 2 to 4 lines long.—Meadows or dry pine woods, 2000 to 7000 f t . : Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence e. to Modoc Co., thence s. to Tuolumne Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Bocky Mts. Var. LINGULAEFÒLIA Jepson n. comb. Blades oblongovate to elliptic or ovate, ciliate, otherwise glabrous or subglabrous, or o f t e n hirsutulose on the nerves.—Montane valleys, Nevada Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. (V. lingulaefòlia N u t t . ) 9. V. praemórsa Dougl. P l a n t s 2% to 10 in. high, at first flowering from the ground, later producing ascending or erect l e a f y stems which arise f r o m erect or ascending rootstocks; herbage villous-pubescent to nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly repandcrenulate or barely denticulate, 1 to 3 in. long, more or less a t t e n u a t e into the long margined petiole; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; petals canary-yellow, more or less tinged with brown or purple, 5 to 6 lines long; stigma not beaked, bearded below its margin; capsule ovate, pubescent.— Swales in pine woods, 1700 to 7000 f t . , Siskiyou and Modoc Cos., thence s. to Mariposa Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Eocky Mts. 10. V. glabèlla N u t t . Stems erect, mostly weak, naked below or nearly so, 3 to 12 in. high; rootstock horizontal, thick, fleshy-scaly, often branching; herbage glabrous or puberulent, bright green; basal leaves reniform-eordate, i y 3 to 3% in. broad, on elongated (2 to 11 in.) petioles, t h e cauline similar or cordate, on petioles 4 to 5 lines long; stipules small and thin-membranous; peduncles about 1% in. long; petals bright yellow, the lateral and lower purple-veined, 3 to 6 lines long, the lateral ones bearded ; spur short and saccate; capsule oblong, 4 lines long, abruptly beaked.-—Wet places in woods: Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 7700 f t . , from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; Coast Eanges near the coast, 25 to 5000 ft., f r o m Monterey Co. to Marin Co. and n.; n. to Alas., e. to northern Eocky Mts. Mar.-May. 11. V . p e d u n c u l à t a T . & G. YELLOW PANSY. F i g . 637. P l a n t s 4 t o 13 in.

high; stems from a thick and short deeply seated rootstock, branching at the surface of the ground; leaves round-ovate, usually with a truncate base, coarsely crenate, % to 1% in. long, on petioles 1 to 2 in. long; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, uppermost often sparingly incised; peduncles erect, 4 to 5 in. long, much surpassing the leaves, bearing flowers

646

VIOLACEAE

637. Viola pedunculata T. & G.; a, habit x % ; b, fi. x 1 ; c, anther column x 3 ; d, capsule x 1 ; e, dehiscing capsule x 1.

% to lVs in. broad; petals golden-yellow, the upper ones dark brown on the outside, the others purple-veined within; lateral petals with a bearded spot; stigma bearded.—Low hills, 100 to 2000 f t . : Solano and Napa Cos. to Monterey Co.; s. to coastal S. Cal. 12. V. ocellata T. & G. W E S T E R N H E A R T ' S E A S E . Fig. 638. Stems erect, 5 to 12 in. high, from deep-seated rootstocks; leaves cordate- to triangularovate, crenate, acute or abruptly acuminate or somewhat pointed at apex, 1 to 2y 2 in. long, t h e basal long-, the cauline short-petioled; stipules small and searious; peduncles mostly shorter t h a n the leaves; petals 5 to 7 lines long; two upper petals white, violetpurple on the outside, the other petals white or yellow, the lateral with a deep purple spot at base, the lower one purple-veined a t base.—Shady woods, chiefly in the Redwood belt, Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. Mar.-June. 13. V. cuneata Wats. Stems leafy, ascending from a short thickish rootstock, 2 to 7 in. long; herbage glabrous; basal leaves deltoid- or roundovate, abruptly acute, truncatish or subcuneate a t base, serrulate or crenulate, % to 1 in. long, the petioles slender; the cauline leaves rhombic- to oblong-ovate; peduncles little exceeding the leaves; petals 4 to 6 lines long, the two upper deep purple (especially 638. Viola ocellata T. & G.; «, habit

x %; b, fl. x 1.

o n

or

the

baek), the

3 lower

ones

paler

whitish, the lateral with a purple

VIOLET FAMILY

647

blotch at base, the lower purple-veined at base, bordered or blotched with white; spur short, yellowish. — Montane, 2000 to 4000 f t . : n. Humboldt Co.; Trinity, Siskiyou and Del Norte Cos.; n. to southwestern Ore. 14.

V.

adunca

SM.

WESTERN

DOG

VIOLET. Fig. 639. Stems tufted, very short (3 to 6 lines long) or becoming 1 to 4 in. long, l e a f y ; leaves roundovate to elliptic-ovate, the lower inclining to be subcordate, obscurely crenate, % to 1 in. long; peduncles surpassing the leaves; petals violet, turning to red-purple, 4 to 6 lines long, the lateral strongly bearded on the upper side at base, the upper pair with a slight tuft in the middle at base; spur varying from much shorter to quite as long—Meadows,

3500 t o

9500 f t . :

San

Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada and n. to Siskiyou Co.; hilltops near the sea, 50 to 2000 ft., San Francisco to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Rocky Mts. G39. Viola adunca Sm.; a, habit x V2 ; ( V . canina var. adunca Gray.) Var. b, cross sect, of capsule x 2 V2. OXYCÈRAS Wats. Peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; spur narrow, acute, about as long as the petals.— Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co. 15. V. howéllii Gray. Similar to no. 14; l e a f y stems 5 to 8 in. high; leaves cordate-ovate, la/4 to 1% in. long; peduncles long and scape-like; petals blue, 6 to 8 lines long.—North coastal swamps, rare: P t . Eeyes, Marin Co., and Noyo, Mendocino Co. (ace. E. Brainerd) ; n. to Wash. 16. V . langsdórffii Fisch. Plants 3 to 8 in. high, the leaves and scape-like peduncles from creeping rootstocks or from short ascending stolons; leaves round-cordate, crenulate, 1 to 1%, in. long, petioles 1% to 8 in. long; stipules rather large; petals blue or violet (or white), 7 to 10 lines long; lateral petals usually bearded; spur saccate, as broad as long.—Along the coast, Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas. 17. V. nephrophylla Greene. Plants 3 to 8 in. high, the leaves and scapelike peduncles arising direct from a short thick rootstock; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate-reniform or -cordate, crenate, % to 21/4 in. long, long-petioled; peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; petals blue or violet, 5 to 7 lines long, the upper slightly and the lower and lateral strongly bearded, the spur saccate.—Montane, springy spots, 3000 to 6000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. n. to Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Ariz. Apr.-June. ( V . cuculiata Bot. Cai. V . palmata var. cuculiata Auth.)

N.R. IT- i t,

j

,„.„.

. .

,,

040. Viola blanda W i l l d . ; a, habit x % : It. c, side and rear views of flower x 1.

18. V. palustris L . Peduncles scapelike, these and the leaves arising directly from the slender or filiform root^ / „ A , • j stock, 3 to 4 in. high; leaves round-

648

LOASACEAE

cordate, 1 to 2 in. long; petals pale violet, sometimes white, 3 to 4 lines long. —Del Norte Co.; n. to B. C., thence e. to N. Eng. 19. V. blanda Willd. Fig. 640. Plants % to 3 in. high; peduncles scapelike, these and the leaves arising from underground filiform rootstocks; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate-cordate to round-reniform, crenulate, thin, to in. long, on slender marginless petioles; flowers faintly sweet-scented; sepals oblong- to broadly-lanceolate; petals white, 3 to 4 lines long, commonly beardless, the lowermost usually conspicuously dark-veined.—Montane, 6000 to 8800 ft.: San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. Var. MACL6SKEYI Jepson n. comb. Petals translucent.—Fresno Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to Ore. (V. macloskeyi Lloyd.) 20. V. occident&lis Howell. Peduncles scape-like, these and the leaves arising directly from the rootstock, 3 to 6 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate to rhomboid-ovate, % to 2 in. long, attenuate at base into a long petiole; petals white, the lower veined with purple, the lateral ones with a bearded spot.—Marshes, Del Norte Co. (M. S. Baker); n. to southwestern Ore. LOASACEAE.

LOASA FAMILY

Herbs or bushes with either rough or stinging hairs, and often with white deciduous bark. Leaves in ours alternate. Flowers regular, complete, white, yellow or reddish. Calyx limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens usually very numerous, sometimes few and definite, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx-tube. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style 1, entire or cleft. Fruit a capsule, crowned with the calyx-lobes (except in Petalonyx). Stamens many; seeds few to many. Stamens inserted below petals; style entire or 3-cleft; seeds on 3 parietal placentae. . . 1.

MENTZELIA.

Stamens adnate to the united bases of the petals; style 5-cleft; seeds on 5 parietal placentae

2 . EUCNIDE.

Stamens 5 ; style entire; seed solitary 1.

3. PETALONYX. MENTZISLIA

L.

Erect annuals or biennials. Leaves in age brittle, adhering very tightly to clothing by means of barbed hairs. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose, small or showy. Capsule dehiscent at the summit, few to many-seeded. Seeds prismatic, irregularly angled or flat; endosperm scanty. (C. Mentzel, a German botanist of the 17th century.) A. Petals % to 2% in. long (:/2 to 1 in. long in one var. of no. 4). Outer filaments dilated above and prolonged on either side of the anther as a shoulder or tooth. Flowers subtended and the ovary concealed by a pair of white scarious bracts with green laciniate margin; prolongation of filament equaling or exceeding the anther 1. M. involucrata. Flowers subtended by small foliaceous bracts not concealing the ovary; prolongation of filament not equaling the anther 2. M. tricuspis. Outer filaments not prolonged on either side of anther. Petals broadly oblanceolate, light yellow, 1% to 2 % in. long; 5 of the stamens with petaloid filaments 3. M. laevicavlis. Petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, golden-yellow, 1 to 1 H in. long; 15 of the stamens with dilated bases 4. M. lindleyi. B. Petals commonly 2 to 3 lines long, never exceeding 9 lines. Flowers subtended and partly hidden by floral leaves or bracts. Filaments all filiform; floral leaves white-membranous; petals 3 to 6 lines long 5. M. congesta. Five of the filaments petaloid; floral leaves green-herbaceous; petals Hi to 2 lines long 6. M. micrantha. Flowers not hidden by floral leaves or bracts. Seeds margined all around with broad white wing 7. M. multifiora. Seeds not wing-margined. Stamens about 10 to 2 5 ; seeds prismatic or 3-sided, mostly truncate at the ends, grooved on the angles, microscopically muricate or tuberculate, seemingly smooth. Petals 1 to 2 ^ lines long; leaves commonly entire (rarely toothed) 8. M. dispersa. Petals 2 M to 314 lines long; leaves usually deeply pinnatifid 9. M. affinis.

LOASA F A M I L Y

649

Stamens 25 or more (or 9 to 1 3 ) ; seeds irregularly angled, not grooved on the angles or rarely on one angle, minutely but obviously tuberculate or muriculate. Flowers in terminal cymes; capsules erect. Petals 1 to 2 lines long; stems very white; deserts. . . 1 0 . M. albicaulis. Petals 3 to 6 lines long; stems mostly green or greenish; mostly coastal. 11. M. gracilenta. Flowers solitary in the upper forks of the stem; capsules pendulous or deflexed on the pedicels which are recurved at apex 12. M. refiexa.

1. M. involucr&ta Wats. Stems branching, with very white bark, 3 to 16 in. high; herbage hispid with stiff hairs; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate, 2 to 6 % in. long, the lower attenuate into a petiole, the upper sessile and clasping; flowers solitary, terminal, closely subtended by a pair of broad white scarious bracts with deeply laciniate-toothed green margin; petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, pale cream-eolor with a tinge of crimson in center, ( % or) 1 to 2 % in. long; stamens numerous, slender, % as long as the petals, the outer dilated above and continued with a long cusp on each side of the anther; style 3-lobed; capsule 9 to 12 lines long, 3 lines broad at apex; seeds flattened, rugose, minutely tuberculate.—Gravelly washes and rocky canon sides, 250 to 2200 f t . : Colorado Desert and e. Mohave Desert. May. 2. M. tricuspis Gray. Stems branching from or near the base, 3 to 7 in. high; herbage hispidulous; leaves narrow-oblong to oblanceolate, saliently toothed or serrate to subentire, 1 to 1% in. long, attenuate at base into a short petiole; flowers terminal on short branches; calyxlobes filiform-subulate, becoming involute and caudiform-rotate after anthesis; petals straw-white, narrow-obovate, obtuse, sharply apiculate, 6 to 10 lines long; stamens in 4 or 5 rows, the 2 outer rows with dilated filaments, the anthers borne on a short filiform prolongation in the acutely notched apex; ovary oblong, hirsute, papillate-tesselated; style 3-cleft; capsule in age reflexed; seeds strongly rugose, the wrinkles between the rugae few and deep.— Stony hills: Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Nev. 3. M. laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G.

BLAZING

STAR.

Fig.

641.

Stout

branching biennial, 2 to 3 % ft. high, with shining white nearly smooth 641. Mentzelia laevicaulis T. & G.; a, fl. branchlet x % ; b, leaf x % ; c, d, stastems; leaves narrowly oblong or mens x 1 ; e, cross sect, of ovary x 4 ',3. lanceolate, sinuately toothed, 3 to 7 in. long; flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 at the ends of the branches, 3 to 4 in. broad, light yellow; calyx-segments lanceolate, 1 to 1% in. long; petals broadly oblanceolate, 1% to 2 % in. long, the numerous stamens almost as long; 5 stamens with petaloid filaments; capsule oblong, lVi in. long; seeds flat, with a broad thin margin or wing.—Gravelly summer beds of winter flood streams, 100 to 5000 ft., almost throughout Cal.; n. to Ore., e. to Wyo. 4. M. lindleyi T. & G. Fig. 642. Stem slender, simple or branching, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, pectinately pinnatifid with entire or toothed lobes, or coarsely toothed, 2 to 3 in. long; flowers axillary and terminal; calyx-lobes 5 to 9 lines long, broadly lanceolate, acuminate; petals obovate, abruptly acute, golden yellow with vermilion base

650

LOASACEAE

1 to lVì in. long; stamens numerous, about % as long as the petals; filaments very slender, about 15 of the outer ones with somewhat dilated bases; style entire; capsule linearelavate, 1 to 1% in. long; seeds irregularly angular, minutely tuberculate.—Rocky canon slopes, 500 to 2000 f t . : Mt. Hamilton Range; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to Tulare Co. Yar. EREMÓPHILA Jepson n. var. Petals rounded at apex or with a very slight acuminai ion, % to 1 in. long; stamens about Vs as long as petals.—Desert mesas: Big Pine, Inyo Co. (Hall & Chandler 6680, type) ; Randsburg.

~~

5. M. congèsta T. & G. Stems branching from near the base, 4 to 26 in. high; herbage hispidulous; leaves ovate to lanceolate, pinnatifid, coarsely few-toothed, 1 to 2% in. long, sessile or t h e lower sharply petioled; flowers clustered a t the ends of the branches, subtended by conspicuous bracts; bracts broad, toothed, 3 to 9 lines long, with a large circular white-membranous 642. Mentzelia lindleyi T. & G. ; i, basal leaf x Y< ; b, fl. b r a n c h l e t x c, seed x 3. center; petals golden-yellow, 3 to 6 lines long; filaments all filiform; capsule d a v a t e , 6 to 9 lines long; seeds irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate, % to % line long.—Washes, canons or montane valleys, 3500 to 8500 f t . : e. slope, e. summits or e. side of t h e Sierra Nevada f r o m Inyo Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Ore., e. to Nev. Var. DAVIDSONIÀNA Mcbr. Much less branched; leaves mostly entire; flower clusters smaller; bracts and calyx-lobes about half as large.-—San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; s. Sierra N e v a d a in Tulare Co. 6. M. micräntha T. & G.

òik1

6 4 3 . Mentzelia m i c r a n t h a T. & b, fl. x ; c, s t a m e n x 4;

Stems branched from the base, 1 to 3 f t . high, sometimes c o m p a c t l y dichotomous and forming low mounds 1 to 2 f t . broad; herbage rough-hispid, at least above; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or sinuatetoothed, 1 to 3% in. long, the basal to 9 in. long, the upperm o s t roundish, entire, 2 to 6 lines long; flowers congested in very compact clusters, very small, s h o r t e r t h a n or s c a r c e l y exceeding the short broad floral leaves; petals oval or obovate, 1% to 2 G. ; a, fl. b r a n c h l e t x % lines long, t w i c e d, petaloid s t a m e n x 4.

LOASA FAMILY

65]

longer t h a n the calyx-lobes; stamens 10 to 12, 5 of t h e filaments (opposite t h e sepals) petal-like, usually with emarginate apex; capsule linear, sharply triangular, 3 lines long; seeds prismatic with grooved angles, 1 line long, twice as long as broad.—Coast Range hills, 1000 to 3000 f t . , f r o m w. Colusa Co. and Lake Co. to Monterey Co., and s. to t h e San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts. and western Eiverside Co. May-June. 7. M. multiflòra Gray. Stem shining white, freely and often diffusely branched, 8 to 24 in. high; herbage harshly short-hispid; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, entire to sinuate-pinnatifid, 1 to 3 in. long, t h e upper sessile, the lower with winged petioles; flowers numerous, terminal on the branches in cymose clusters, subtended by a minute lanceolate b r a c t ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, 3% lines long, closely reflexed in flower; petals narrowobovate, 4 to 6 lines long; stamens numerous; about 10 filaments of outer stamens dilated or petaloid, the 5 alternate the petals with anthers, the others without anthers; capsule broadly oblong-obconic, 6 to 11 lines long, commonly naked a t summit in maturity, t h a t is without calyx-lobes; seeds white, flat, broadly wing-margined. —Desert washes, 300 to 5000 f t . : Colorado Desert and e. Mohave Desert ; Inyo Co.; e. to N. Mex. and Col., s. to L. Cai. Apr.-May. (M. pumila var. multiflora Urb. & Gilg.) 8. M. dispérsa Wats. Fig. 644. Stems usually branching, 8 to 18 in. high; herbage minutely pubescent; leaves oblong to ovate, lanceolate or linear, entire or sometimes toothed, % to 4 in. long; flowers approximate near t h e ends of the branches; petals yellow with a small orange spot at base, elliptic or obovate, 1 to 2 lines long; stamens 12 to 14; filaments not dilated; capsule linear, 6 to 9 lines long; seeds cubical.—Montane, 2500 to 7000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; Mt. Pinos; Sierra N e v a d a ; North Coast Ranges. "Var. PINETÒRUM Jepson n. comb. Stems slender, with f e w long branches, the branches nearly naked, t h a t is with few muchscattered leaves.—San Gabriel Mts.; Mt. Sanhedrin. (M. pinetorum Hel.) Var. OBTÙSA Jepson n. var. Upper leaves usually many, disposed to be

6ii

- Mentzelia dispem Wats. ; a, habit x

2 orbicular or round-ovate, often very ' ' obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long.—Montane, 4000 to 7000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts. (H. P. Chandler, type) ; San Gabriel Mts. (San Antonio and Icehouse canons).

9. M. affinis Greene. Stem stoutish, branched from the base or simple below, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage harsh-puberulent; leaves lanceolate or ovate in outline, deeply and often sharply pinnatifid, 1 to 2 (or 3%) in. long; flowers numerous but not congested; calyx-lobes subulate, 2 lines long; petals yellow, often f a d i n g whitish, 2% to 3 lines long; capsule linear, subterete, 9 to 11 lines long, hispid with short stiff white hairs; seeds very short-prismatic, somewhat irregularly or obliquely truncate at each end, with grooved angles. —Stony hillslopes or sandy valley levels, 100 to 2000 (or 4000) f t . : coastal S. Cai.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; n. to the San Joaquin Valley; inner South Coast Ranges. 10. M. albicaùlis Dougl. Stem slender, branched from the base, 3 to 12 (or 15) in. high; herbage rough-hispidulose, or the stems glabrous, commonly very

652

LOASACEAE

white; leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, sessile, 1 to 4% in. long, pinnatifid with numerous narrow subequal lobes, the upper broader and often lobed or toothed at base only, or rarely entire; flowers in terminal cymes; calvx-lobes a little shorter than the petals; petals yellow, spatulate or obovate, to 3 lines long; filaments all filiform; style shortly 3-eleft; capsule linear-clavate, 6 to 9 lines long; seeds irregularly angled with obtuse margins, microscopically but markedly muriculate, % line long.—Stony mesas and canon sides, 300 to 5700 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; n. on east side Sierra Nevada to eastern Wash., e. to N. Mex. 11. M. gracilènta T.&G. Stem mostly green or greenish, sparingly branched or o f t e n simple, % to IV2 f t . h i g h ; leaves narrowly oblong in outline, pinnatifid into broadly linear lobes or only coarsely sinuate-toothed; upper leaves sometimes disposed to be ovate or lanceolate, somewhat sharply cleft or entire; flowers clustered at the summit; petals lemon-yellow with orange base, obovate or oblanceolate, rounded or retuse at apex, 4 to 7 lines long; filaments dilated and somewhat united a t base; capsule d a v a t e to obconic, 6 to 9 lines long; seeds in 3 rows, prismatic, minutely tuberculate, % line long.— Valleys and hillslopes, 200 to 4000 f t . : Monterey Co. to V e n t u r a Co. and t h e San J a c i n t o Mts., thence e. to Inyo Co. and Nev., s. to L. Cai. Var. PECTINÀTA Jepson n. comb. Leaves mostly pectinately pinnatifid; petals golden yellow, broadly obovate.—Sierra N e v a d a foothills f r o m Tuolumne Co. to K e r n Co.; Marysville Buttes. (M. pectinata Kell.) Var. VEATCHIÀNA Jepson n. comb. Petals 2% to 3 lines long.—San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts.; Mohave Desert; e. to Nev. (M. veatchiana Kell.) 12. M. refléxa Cov. Stems stout, diffusely branching f r o m the base, 5 to 8 in. high; herbage hirsute; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, % to 1% in. long, shortly petioled or sessile; flowers solitary in the upper f o r k s ; calyxlobes subulate from a triangular base, 2 to 2V» lines long; petals oblongoblanceolate, equaling the calyx-lobes; stamens 9 to 13; filaments somewhat dilated; style cleft for % its length; capsule oblong, 3% to 4% lines long, its pedicel reflexed at apex; seeds angular, somewhat compressed, grooved on either face, muriculate.-—Desert ranges about Death Valley.

b

Q

645. Eucnide urens P a r r y ; a, fl. branchlet x V3 ; h, long. sect, of fl. x % ; c, cross sect, of ovary x 2.

2. E U C N Ì D E Zucc. Herbs or bushes armed with stinging hairs and barbed pubescence. Leaves alternate, ovate, petioled, coarsely toothed. Flowers yellow, pediceled, mostly in terminal bracted cymes. Calyx-limb 0lobed, persistent. Petals 5, united a t base and inserted on the t h r o a t of the calyx. Stamens numerous, the filaments filiform, inserted on the base of the petals in a broad band and deciduous with them in a ring. Placentae 5, prominently expanded, covered with ovules; style 5-cleft, the lobes often twisted. Capsule obovate, opening by 0 valves at the summit. Seeds minute, longitudinally striate. (Greek eu, true, and cnide, sea-nettle.) 1. E. urens P a r r y . Fig. 645. Low bush 1 to 2 f t . high, the stout stems erect-spreading, or often all decumbent and 2 to 5 f t . long; herbage finely puberulent and covered with 2 kinds of bristles, simple bristles and barbed bristles; bristles on upper surface of leaves with broad

653

DATXSCACEAE

disks a t base; leaves broadly ovate, 1 to 2% in. long; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 6 to 10 lines long; corolla lobes narrowly obovate, abruptly acuminate, IYJ in. long, united at the base into a tube 3 lines long; filaments equaling the calyx-lobes; style stout, cleft to the middle, the cleft portion twisted; capsule % in. long.—Shade of cliffs or in rocky places, desert ranges, 2000 to 3000 f t . : Inyo Co.; e. to Utah, thence s. to L. Cal. May. 3. P E T A L 6 N Y X Gray. Rough-pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate leaves and small whitish or yellowish flowers. Calyx-limb with 5 linear deciduous lobes as long as ovary. Petals 5, the long claws of the blades connivent, thus simulating a 5-lobed sympetalous corolla. Stamens 5, free, long-exserted. Ovary linear, densely short-hairy, 5-ribbed, 1-celled with one pendulous ovule; style 1, long, exserted; stigma 1. Capsule small, oblong, dehiscing irregularly. (Greek, petalon, leaf, petal, and onyx, claw.) Leaves sessile, dull or greenish-white Leaves petioled, shining

1. P. 2 .P.

thurberi. nitidus.

1. P. t h u r b e r i Gray. SANDPAPER PLANT. Fig. 646. Thickly branched bush, woody at base, 1 to 3 f t . high and 2 to 7 f t . broad; leaves sessile, narrowovate, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, mostly entire or some fewtoothed toward the base, 3 to 8 lines long; flowers greenish-white, in short spikes or heads, these corymbosely disposed; calyx-lobes short, woolly, 1 line long; petals 2 lines long, the blades obovate, obtuse, t h e claws hairy; stamens 1% times as long as the corolla; ovary subtended by 2 short bractlets; capsule 1 line long.— Desert plains and mesas, f r e q u e n t : Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz, and southern Nev. July. „

2. P. nitidus Wats. ,

Stems many '

646

- Petalonyx thurberi Gray; a, fl. branchlet x 1; o, n. x 6.

from the root-crown, erect or bushlike, 13 to 16 in. high; leaves broadly or round-ovate, coarsely few-dentate on each side, 7 to 12 lines long; inflorescence densely paniculate.—Desert slopes, 4000 to 7000 ft., r a r e : Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. DATISCACEAE.

DATISCA FAMILY

Perennial herbs with alternate and in ours divided leaves. Flowers dioecious or in ours the pistillate commonly with a few stamens. Calyx synsepalous. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; styles 3, bifid. F r u i t .a capsule, opening at the top between the styles. 1. DATISCA L. Stout glabrous herb. Leaves divided and more or less incised and sharply serrate. Flowers in clusters in the axils of the l e a f y branches. Calyx of staminate flower very short, with 4 to 9 unequal lobes; stamens in ours 8 to 12, mostly 10; filaments short. Calyx of pistillate flowers with ovoid tube, somewhat 3-angled, 3-toothed; stamens (when present) 2 to 4, alternate with the teeth. Seeds numerous, small, in 2 to several rows on the placentae. (Derivation unknown.)

654

CACTACEAE

1. D.

glomerata

(Presl.)

Baill.

DURANGO BOOT. F i g . 647. Stems com-

monly clustered, stoutish and somewhat fistulous, erect,branching above, 2 t o 5 (or 8) f t . high; leaves 5 to 6 in. long; staminate calyces less than 1 line long, the pistillate calyces 4 to 5 times as long.—Dry stream beds or washes, 150 to 5000 ft.: Coast Banges; Sierra Nevada; S. Cal.; s. to Mex. May-June. CACTACEAE.

CACTDS FAMILY

B y SAMUEL B . PARISH

647. Datisca glomerata B r e w . & W a t s . ; a, lower leaf x ; b, pistillate fl. branchlet x VL ; c, pistillate fl. x 2 ; d, staminate fl. x 2.

Succulent plants, the stems columnar, globose, terete or flattened, ours leafless or (in Opuntia) with small subulate early caducous leaves. Branches, spines, flowers and other parts developed from specialized organs called areoles. Flowers usually perfect, solitary and sessile. Sepals and petals numerous, commonly intergrading, imbricated in several rows, their bases coalescent, forming a tube or cup adherent to the ovary. Stamens numerous, the filaments inserted on the throat of the perianth. Style 1; stigmas 2 to many; ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules numerous, parietal. Seeds usually numerous.

Stems jointed, cylindrical or flattened; areoles containing numerous mimite barbed bristles ( g l o c h i d s ) ; leaves small, subulate, early deciduous; flowers and barbed spines produced from the same areoles 1. OI'L'XTIA. Stems continuous, leafless; areoles destitute of glochids; spines never barbed; spiniferous and floriferous areoles distinct. Stems globose, obovoid, cylindrical or columnar, ribbed; spines borne in bundles on the ribs. Flowers produced above mature spine-bundles below the summit of the r i b s . . . . 2. CERTIUS. Flowers produced above nascent spine-bundles at the summit of the ribs 3. ECIIINOCACTUS. Stems globose or obovoid; spines borne on tubercles and the small flowers produced between the tubercles 4. JIAMIIXARIA.

1. O P U N T I A Mill. PRICKLY PEAR Plants shrub-like, with jointed cylindrical and tuberculate or flattened stems. Areoles situated at the axils of the small leaves, and bearing numerous glochids and usually spines and wool. Flowers with rotate corollas. Sepals thick, green or partly colored, grading into the purple, yellow or reddish petals. Stamens shorter than the petals. Ovary bearing leaves and glochids, spiny or spineless; stigma-lobes short. Fruit succulent or dry, obovate-truncate; seeds large, meniscoidal or discoidal, often margined; cotyledons foliaceous; embryo curved. (Old Latin name.) A. Joints cylindrical, tuberculate.—Subgenus CYLINDROPUNTIA. Spines polished, covered with loose hyaline sheaths. Stems slender, the woody axis solid; tubercles flattened 1. O. ramosia.tima. Stems thick and fleshy, the woody axis a reticulated cylinder. Ultimate joints readily disarticulating; f r u i t proliferous, spineless, or nearly so. Tubercles nearly quadrangular; spines whitish, shining; deserts 2. O. bipelovii. Tubercles longer than w i d e ; spines dull, y e l l o w ; coastal. . . .3. 0. prolifcra. Joints firmly attached; tubercles prominent, elongated. Tubercles 2 to 3 times as long as wide. Fruit-spines stoutish, in bundles of 8 to 12; deserts.4. O. acanthocnrpa. Fruit-spines acicular, solitary or f e w ; interior 5. O. parryi

CACTUS

FAMILY

655

Tubercles less than twice as long as wide. Tubercles ovate; principal spines 3 or 4 ; deserts. . . .6. O. echinocarpa. serpentina. Tubercles flattish; principal spines 7 to 2 0 ; coastal. . .7. O. Spines rugulosly roughened, gray, sheathless; woody skeleton wanting, or rudimentary. . . 8. 0. clavata. B. Joints flattened, not tubercvXate.—Subgenus PLATYOPUNTIA. Fruit dry. Fruit spineless, or nearly so. Joints spineless 9. O. basilaris. Spines few, short and slender 10. 0. treleasii. Fruit spiny. Areoles approximate. Spines acicular, or a few bristle-like 11. 0. erinacea. Spines all bristle-like, elongated, copious 12. O. ursina. Areoles distant; spines subulate; usually unarmed below 13. O. rhodantha. Fruit fleshy or juicy. Arboreous, with definite trunk and upwardly-spreading branches; or sometimes large shrubs. Spines wanting or few, if present whitish or brown; joints large; introduced species. Fruit yellowish or reddish, fleshy; umbilicus flat 14. O. megacantha. Fruit purple throughout, soft; umbilicus depressed 15. O. ficus-indica. Spines present, yellow; fruit purple with green flesh; deserts. .16. O. chlorotica. Shrubby, much-branched from the base; spinose. Joints 6 to 12 in. long; flowers yellow. Stems erect or ascending; cismontane 17. O. occidentalis. Stems assurgent or prostrate; deserts 18. O. mojavensis. Joints 3 to 6 in. long, prostrate or assurgent; flowers yellow or purplish; cismontane 19. O. va&eyi.

1. O. ramosissima Engelm. Erect, f e w (rarely numerous) -stemmed, 2 to 4 f t . high; mature stems grayish, very woody; usually sparsely spinose above, sometimes spineless, rarely spiny throughout; tubercles tesselate, 4 to 6angled, the solitary spines f r o m an apical groove, 1 to l1/^ in. long, the yellow sheaths loose and shining; flowers in. long, purplish; f r u i t dry, 1 in. long, densely covered with slender t a w n y spines and abundant axillary wool.—Gravelly benches or washes, f r e q u e n t b u t solitary or distant : Colorado and e. Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; s. Nev. to Ariz, and Sonora. 2. O. bigelòvii Engelm. Erect, 2 to 4 f t . high, the usually solitary stem upwardly branched, above forming a close head; joints short, turgid, the ultimate readily detached, t h e primary strongly adherent, the lowest hanging dead and blackened about the t r u n k ; tubercles quadrangular, elevated, concealed by the abundant divergent spines, 1 to 1%, in. long, yellowish and glistening; flowers in clusters, greenish-yellow, in. high; f r u i t dry, spineless or nearly so, 1 in. high, few-seeded, usually sterile.—Hillsides or benches, usually gregarious, o f t e n extensively so: Colorado and Mohave deserts; s. Nev. to Ariz, and n. L. Cai. 3. 0 . prolifera Engelm. Stems several, stout, erect, 3 to 6 f t . high, with numerous spreading branches, the tumid ultimate joints 3 to 6 in. long, disarticulating; tubercles short, each with 6 to 12 spines V2 to 1 in. long, their loose sheaths rusty-yellow; flowers red; f r u i t subglobose, 1 in. long, spineless, or nearly so, usually sterile.—Arid hills near the coast, forming dense t h i c k e t s : San Pedro to San Diego; n. L. Cai. 4. O. acanthocàrpa Engelm. & Bigel. Erect, 4 to 6 f t . high, the stout stems few, with numerous alternate and acutely ascending branches; tubercles prominent, elongated and laterally flattened, each bearing 8 to 25 unequal yellow spines, 1 in. long or less, their sheaths whitish or yellow; flowers reddish; f r u i t dry, armed with bunches of 10 to 12 stoutish spines; seeds more or less angled, t h e margins channeled.—E. Mohave Desert (New York Mts.; Providence M t s . ) ; Nev. to s. Utah, Ariz, and Sonora; usually gregarious, but rare in Cai. 5. O. pàrryi Engelm. Stems few, erect, 2 to 4 f t . high, branches upwardly spreading; joints 6 to 12 in. long; tubercles prominent, % in. long; areoles oblong, % in. long, bearing abundant white wool and 1 to 3 unequal acicular yellow spines (these brown in age, % to 1 in. long, deflexed or porreet) and 4 to 7 shorter ones; flowers numerous, % in. long, clustered about the ends of older stems, yellowish, tinged with red; f r u i t broadly obovate, % to 1 in. long, with 3 or 4 rows of prominent tubercles, the upper ones each

656

CACTACEAE

bearing a single aeicular spine, % to % in. long; seeds 1 to several, their margins channeled.—Gravelly soil, interior arid valleys of cismontane S. Cal.: Riverside; San Bernardino; Banning; abundant b u t scattered and not forming close thickets. The f r u i t remains green and attached to the joint a t least a year, at last becoming dry and falling off. 6. O. echinocirpa Engelm. & Bigel. Erect, assurgent or declined, either 1 to few-stemmed and loosely few-branched, or with few ascending stems and numerous spreading branches forming a compact bush, 3 to 5 f t . high (var. robustior); joints 3 to 6 in. long; tubercles short, ovate, each armed with 3 to 4 stout yellowish spines, % to 1 in. long, and 8 to 10 shorter ones; flowers clustered, yellowish, tinged with red; f r u i t dry, the upper areoles bearing bundles of 8 to 12 spines % to % in. long, usually unarmed below the middle; seeds numerous, their margins strongly channeled.—Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Utah and Ariz., s. to L. Cal.; individuals common but solitary, not forming thickets. 7. O. serpentina Engelm. P r o s t r a t e or assurgent, with divaricately ascending branches; branches elongated-cylindrical, not tumid, 6 to 12 in. long; tubercles prominent, short and flattish, each bearing 7 to 20 yellowish spines; flowers greenish-yellow, tinged with red; f r u i t broadly ovoid, deeply umbilicate, very spiny.—Dry coastal hills, San Diego; s. to northern L. Cal. 8. O. clav&ta Engelm. Stems prostrate, rooting along the lower surface; branches approximate, simple or 1 to 2-branched, clavate, erect, 3 to 5 in. high; tubercles prominent, % to % in. high; areoles circular, filled with white wool and few glochids; spines in clusters of 3 or 4, stout, flattened, divergent, ashy gray, becoming brownish at the joint, transversely rugulose, the lowest dagger-like, 1 to 2 in. long, and 6 to 10 unequal and aeicular, all destitute of sheaths; flowers yellow; f r u i t becoming dry, ovate, 2 in. long, the deep umbilicus filled with the whithered floral remains, the large tubercles having cushions of white wool and margined with abundant radiate yellow glochids, y± in. long, with or without a few slender spines; seeds nearly in. wide.—Sandy soil, forming mats, the prostrate stems o f t e n buried in the sand: Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; e. to southern Nev., Col. and N. Mex. The spines and glochids appear to the touch, and even under a lens, to be destitute of barbs, but with the microscope a few weak barbs are seen near the points. 9. O. basilaris Engelm. Low and spreading, not over 1 f t . high, fewjointed; joints orbicular to obovate, mostly obtuse, 3 to 8 in. long, glaucous, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; areoles approximate, filled with abundant brown glochids, spineless; flowers 2 to 21/i> in. long, purple to rose-purple; f r u i t dry, spineless; seeds about in. wide, more or less angled, the raphe prominent.—Frequent in small clumps: Colorado and Mohave deserts and bordering mountain ranges, 3000 to 7000 f t ; n. to Inyo Co. 10. O. treleasii Coulter. Stems spreading at base, branches assurgent, of 2 to 4 obovate joints, somewhat glaucous; areoles elevated, filled with yellowbrown glochids and mostly solitary (1 to 3) acicular divergent spines Vi in. or less long; flowers " r e d to s c a r l e t " or " r o s e - c o l o r e d " ; f r u i t dry, subglobose, spineless or spiny; seeds nearly % in. wide.—Forming clumps on plains and hills, upper end of the San Joaquin Valley. 11. O. erinacea Engelm. Stems prostrate, the ascending or erect branches forming low clumps; joints ovate to oblong, 2 to 5 in. long; areoles approxim a t e ; spines white to brown, 1 to 3 in. long, acicular, or some bristle-like and longer; flowers nearly 2 in. long, " r e d " or yellow; f r u i t covered with slender spines.—Gravelly or stony slopes, Mohave Desert; e. to Nev., Utah and Ariz. 12. O . urslna Weber. GRIZZLY BEAR CACTUS. Several-stemmed, the ascending or erect branches forming clumps 8 to 12 in. high; joints obovate or oblong, 4 to 6 in. long; areoles approximate, bearing copious flexile bristle-like ashy-gray spines 3 to 8 in. long, which conceal the joints; flowers yellow, 1 to 2 in. high; ovary-areoles bearing wool and short slender spines; f r u i t dry and very spiny.—Gravelly slopes, e. Mohave Desert.

CACTUS

FAMILY

657

13. O. rhodántha Schuman. Stems prostrate; branches few-jointed, forming clumps; joints obovate to oblong, 1 to 4 in. long; areoles distant; spines 3 or 4, stout, % to 1 in. long, brownish, and 2 or 3 shorter, mostly confined to the uppermost areoles; flowers about % in. long, pink, or " r e d to salmonc o l o r " ; f r u i t dry and spiny; seeds small.—White Mts., ne. Inyo Co., 8000 to 11,100 f t . ; e. to Neb. 14. O. megacántha Salm-Dyck. Usually arboreous, with a distinct trunk, 8 to 12 f t . high, or a stout bush, with ascending branches, 4 to 6 f t . high; joints thick, oblong, 6 to 18 in. long; areoles 1 to 2 in. distant, glochids soon deciduous, spineless, or with few brown spines, mostly near the margins; flowers large, yellow; f r u i t ovoid, 3 to 5 in. long, the umbilicus broad and flat, flesh crisp, palatable; seeds brownish.—Valleys, coastal S. Cal. Formerly much cultivated at the missions and ranchos, about some of which remains yet persist, it is in places spontaneous, and occasional in ornamental cultivation. Both this species and the next were in cultivation as f r u i t trees long previous to the discovery of America, and exhibit a diversity of variation comparable with that of the common cultivated fruits. 15. O. ficus-indica Mill. Indian Fig. Like no. 14 in habit, size and articulation, but usually more spinose; spines 1 to 3, whitish, somewhat flattened, unequal, the longest 1 to 1% in. long; flowers yellow " o r r e d " ; f r u i t ovoid, 2 to 3 in. long, purple throughout, with a juicy flesh, edible; umbilicus deeply depressed.—Coastal S. Cal. (Santa Barbara; San Gabriel). 16. O. chlorótica Engelm. & Bigel. Arborescent in habit, 3 to 8 f t . high, with short and stout spiny trunk and ascending branches; joints 4 to 8 in. long, orbicular to ovoid or obovoid, light green; areoles approximate, prominent, each bearing 3 to 6 unequal slender yellow spines, mostly reflexed, about 1 in. long; flowers yellow; f r u i t 1% to 2 in. long, purple without, the flesh green, edible; seeds small.—Stony slopes or in canons, bases of the mountains; solitary or distant: Mohave and Colorado deserts; Nev. to Ariz., Sonora and n. L. Cal. 17. O. occidentális Engelm. & Bigel. Several-stemmed from the base, the stout assurgent branches 3 to 5 f t . long; joints elongated-obovate, 6 to 12 in. long; areoles remote, prominent, each bearing 1 to 4 stout brown spines % to 1 in. long; flowers yellow, 2 to 3 in. long; f r u i t obovoid, 2 in. long, spineless; seeds orbicular, prominently margined, Vi in. wide.— Common on sandy or gravelly mesas or dry washes, 1500 to 7000 f t . , often forming thickets, Santa Barbara to the San Bernardino Mts. Var. COvíllei Parish n. comb. More erect, with thinner joints and slenderer spines.—Interior valleys of coastal S. Cal.: Claremont; San Bernardino; Elsinore. (O. covillei Britt. & Bose.) Var. LITTORÁLIS Parish n. comb. Joints thick, orbicular to oblong; spines becoming flattened, yellow.—Near the coast, Santa Barbara to San Diego. (O. engelmannii var. littoralis Engelm.) These opuntias (no. 17), here regarded as forming a single variable species, are alike in flower and f r u i t , but differ considerably, but indefinitely in the size, shape and thickness of the joints, characters apparently having some relation to geographical distribution, but affording no satisfactory lines of specific, and hardly of varietal, distinction. 18. O. mojavéüsis Engelm. Stems declined, the stout branches assurgent; joints widely obovate, 9 to 12 in. in diameter; spines in clusters of 2 to 6, somewhat flattened, white, and at base reddish-brown, unequal, the longest 2 in. long; spicules prominent, as long as % in.; flowers yellow; f r u i t ovate, about 1 in. long, spineless.—Mts., e. Mohave Desert. 19. O. váseyi Britt. & Eose. Stems declined or prostrate, the spreading branches forming close often extensive mats 6 to 12 in. high; joints ovate, obovate or orbicular, 3 to 6 in. long; areoles large, each bearing 1 to 3 short brownish spines, or spineless; flowers clear to salmon-yellow; f r u i t spineless, ovate to globose, purple, juicy; seeds numerous, brown.—Abundant on gravelly mesas or in dry washes, inner valleys of cismontane S. Cal. Var. magénta Parish n. comb. Usually somewhat smaller and with smaller joints; flowers magenta.—With the species and completely intergrading with it. (O. magenta Griff.)

658

CACTACEAE 2.

CilRETJS Mill.

TORCH CACTUS

P l a n t s varying greatly in form and habit, ours columnar, oblong or cylindrie, with spine-bearing ribs. Floriferous areoles immediately above mature spiniferous areoles, flowers therefore lateral. Flowers funnelform, ours with short tube and spreading limb. Ovary bearing scales, which are with or without wool or spines in the axils. Seeds small, black, numerous. (Latin cereus, waxen, referring to the candle-like stem of some species.) Flowers yellow or white. Stems cylindric; flowers small, yellow; scales of the tube and ovary spiny in the axils; fruit s p i n y . — S u b g e n u s BERGEROCACTUS 1. C. emoryi. Stems stout, columnar, erect; flowers large, w h i t e ; scales of the tube and ovary sparsely woolly in the axils; fruit spineless or nearly s o . — S u b g e n u s CARNEQIEA 2. G. gigantea. Flowers purple or red; stems oblong to globose; scales of the tube and ovary spiny; fruit s p i n y . — S u b g e n u s ECHINOCEREUS. Stems few, in a loose cluster; flowers purple 3. C. engelmannii. Stems many, in dense masses; flowers scarlet 4. C. mojavensis.

1. C. femoryi Engelm. Branches numerous, 6 to IS in. long, densely spinose; ribs 20 to 25; areoles approximate; spines 10 to 30, yellow, in age browu, unequal, the central 1 to in. long, stout and exceeding the slender radials; flowers about % in. long; ovary and f r u i t globose.—Near the coast, Orange and San Diego Cos., San Clemente Isl.; n. L. Cal. 2. C. gigantea Engelm. G I A N T CACTUS. SUWARRO. Stems simple, or with one or f e w candelabriform branches, up to 36 f t . high; ribs about 20; spines in clusters of 10 to 25, the central up to 2 in. long, exceeding the radials; flowers borne near the summit of the stem; tube stout, green; limb widely spreading, at length reflexed; ovary oblong; stigma lobes 12 to 18; f r u i t oblong, red or purple, edible.—Rocky hillsides, in groups along Colorado E i v e r : Riverside Mts.; opposite mouth of Bill Williams River; above Yuma dam; e. to Ariz. 3. C. engelmannii P a r r y . Stems 5 to 20, stout, oblong, erect, 6 to 12 in. high; ribs 11 to 13; spines in clusters of 10 to 12, straight, or somewhat curved, white or yellowish, becoming brown, divergent, the central 3 or 4 stout, subulate, 1 to 1% in. long, and 8 to 15 unequal, short and acicular; flowers showy, purple, 2 to 3 in. long; f r u i t orbicular to obovate, clothed with clusters of acicular spines to % in. long; seeds puncticulose.—Stony or gravelly hills and dry washes, f r e q u e n t : Inyo Co., e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; e. to Utah and Ariz., s. to Sonora and L. Cal. 4. C. mojavensis Engelm. Stems 10 to 600, 4 to 8 in. long, compact in dense rounded clumps; ribs 10 to 12, strongly tuberculate; spines 3 to 8, whitish or gray, straight or curved, the 1 to 3 central slender and porrect, 1 to iy> in. long, the others similar b u t shorter, radiate and interlocking; flowers scarlet, 2 to 2% in. high; ovary and f r u i t bearing slender spines.— Crevices of cliffs or rocky slopes in the mts.: Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; e. to southern Nev. and to Ariz. 3.

ECHINOCACTUS Mill.

HEDGEHOG CACTUS

Stems cylindric, oblong or ovoid, ours all with spine-bearing ribs. Flowers short-tubular, borne on areoles above or near the young spiniferous areoles, therefore circular at the summit. Ovar}' scaly. F r u i t globose to oval, dry or fleshy. (Greek echinos, a hedgehog, and cactus, the stems beset with spines.) Some of our species afford a relief to thirsty desert travelers, who by slicing off the top of a stem and pounding the succulent tissue form a basin containing a considerable quantity of potable juice. Principal spines annulate. Scales of the ovary acicular, their axils copiously woolly Scales of the ovary scaly. Stems columnar, rarely obovoid; deserts Stems depressed-globose; coastal Spines never annulate. Principal spines flattened, l - r i d s e d above Spines all subulate, bulbous at base

1. E.

polycephalus.

2. E. 3. E.

cylindraceus. viridescens.

4. E. polyancistrus. 5. E. johnsonii

CACTUS

FAMILY

659

1. E . polyc6phalus Engelm. & Bigel. NIGGER-HEADS. Stems globose, 8 to 10 in. in diameter, forming compact rounded clumps of 10 to 60 heads; ribs 10 to 20, tuberculately interrupted; central spine 1, stout, 1 to 3 in. long, curving but not hooked, and 3 to 4 slender ones; radials 8 to 10, shorter and unequal, all ashy-gray and flattened; flowers yellow, 1% to 2 in. long, little surpassing the acicular scales of the ovary, and enveloped in the abundant wool of their axils; fruit dry, densely woolly; seeds angulate, minutely tuberculate.—Bocky places in the deserts: Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and Ariz. 2. E. cylindraceus Engelm. BARREL CACTUS. Stems simple, erect, stout, columnar, up to 8 ft. high, rarely elongated-obovoid and 2 to 3 ft. high; ribs 20 or more, interruptedly tuberculate; central spines 1 to 4, stout, compressed, erect or decurved, 2 to 6 in. long, one or more of them hooked; radials 5 to 7 stout and 3 to 7 slender, none of them hooked; flowers yellow, 1 to 2 in. long, the outer segments narrowly oblong, the inner linear; fruit elongated-obovoid, 1 to 1% in. long, greenish, at length dry; seeds smooth and shining.—Frequent on rocky hills or gravelly benches, Colorado and e. Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and Ariz., s. to northern L. Cal. Earely small globose branches are developed at the base or on the sides of the stems; the spines are usually more or less red, but sometimes yellow or white; they vary greatly in length and degree of curvature, and are frequently very long and much intertangled. 3. E. viridSscens Nutt. Simple (rarely 1 to few-branched at base), 10 to 15 in. high, and usually broader than high; ribs 10 to 20, tuberculately interrupted; central spines 4, stout, brown, compressed, cruciately divergent, 1 in. long, or less, the lowest longer and broader than the others; radials 10 to 20, acicular, unequal, less than % in. long; flowers yellowish, IVi in. high, the petals with a reddish midvein; fruit obovate to subglobose, greenish, the broadly subcordate scales distant and few; seeds minutely pitted.— Dry grassy hills about the bay of San Diego; much depressed, and often nearly hidden by the surrounding herbage. 4. E. polyancistrus Engelm. & Bigel. Stems simple, columnar to ellipsoidal, 8 to 12 in. high; ribs 12 to 16, tuberculately interrupted; central spine 1, stout, flattened and ribbed, 2 to 3 in. long; radials 5 to 7, brown, hooked, 2 in. long, and 15 to 20 slender, straight and unequal, less than in. long; flowers yellow, about 2 in. high; scales of the ovary few and small, hyalinemargined; fruit dry, pyriform, nearly naked; seeds tuberculate.—Occasional on gravelly mesas, Mohave Desert; e. to southern Nev. 5. E. johnsonii Parry. Simple, or few-branched from the base, erect, shortcylindrical, 4 to 9 in. high; ribs 10 to 20, tuberculately interrupted; principal spines 6 to 10, yellow, in age brown, straight or curved, nearly equal, about 1 in. long, radiate; radials 10 to 20, short, bristle-like, all bulbously enlarged at base; flowers " p i n k , " about 1 in. high and as wide; fruit densely covered with bristle-like spines.—Infrequent, Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. 4. MAMILLARIA Haw. Globose to oblong, simple or few-branched. Areoles naked or woolly, in our species all spiniferous, borne at the apex of mamilliform tubercles. Flowers campanulate or funnelform, produced from distinct areoles at the bases of the spiniferous areoles, mostly near the summit of the stems. Fruit clavate to globose, scarlet or greenish. Seeds black, smooth or punctate. (Latin mamilla, a nipple, the stem bearing tubercles.) Tubercles not grooved; one or more of the central spines hooked. Seeds with a spongy appendage; radial spines 30 to 60 1. M. tetrancistra. Seeds unappendaged; radial spines 10 to 20. Young areoles densely woolly; coastal 2. M. dioica. Areoles naked; deserts 3. M. grahami. Tubercles grooved; spines all straight. Central spines 3 or 4 ; flowers straw-color 4. M. deserti. Central spines 12 to 1 4 ; flowers purplish 5. M. alversonii. 1. M. tetrancistra Engelm. FISH-HOOK CACTUS. Simple, or rarely few-

branched at base, globose to oblong, 4 to 10 in. high; young tubercles woolly

660

CUCURBITACEAE

ill the axils, a t length n a k e d ; central spines 1 to 4, dark purple nearly to the base, about 1 in. long, one or all hooked; radials shorter, very numerous, bristle-like, white, radiately interlocked; flowers pinkish, about 1 in. long; f r u i t ovoid to obovoid, scarlet, % in. long; seeds black, tuberculately roughened, partially immersed in an ash-colored conical spongy appendage.— Gravelly plains and hillsides: Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. and Utah. 2. M. dioica K. Bdg. Simple or caespitosely few-branched, globose to obovoid, 2 to 10 in. high; central spines 1 to 4, brown, the lowest stouter, about % in. long; radials 10 to 20 white, about % in. long, interlocking; flowers less t h a n 1 in. long, yellowish-white, incompletely dioecious; f r u i t clavate to ovate.—Sandy soil, about San Diego; s. to L. Cal. 3. M. grähami Engelm. Simple or caespitosely few^branched, 2 to 3 in. high; lower central spine purple, hooked, 94 in. long, usually exceeding t h e 1 to 2 straight ones, or these w a n t i n g ; radials 12 to 15, white, nearly equal; flowers about % in. long, white with purple midvein; f r u i t obovate to clavate, % to 1 in. long, scarlet; seeds minutely punctate. — Arid hills, Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to Sonora. 4. M. deserti Engelm. Simple or 4 to 5-branched a t t h e base, globose to oblong, 3 to 8 in. high; central spines 3 to 4, % in. long, brown-tipped; radials 15 to 20, slender, radiate and interlocking, concealing the surface; flowers about 1 in. high, t h e outer segments fimbriate.—Mts., e. Mohave Desert; e. to southern Nev. 5. M. alversdnii Orcutt. Simple or 1 to few-branched a t or above the base, 3 to 8 in. high; spines dark purple above the white base, V2 to % in. long; radials numerous, white, slender, divergent, interlocked, concealing the surface; flowers light purple, the outer segments strongly ciliate; f r u i t clavate; seeds brown, tuberculate.—-Arid mountains dividing the Colorado and Mohave deserts. A larger plant t h a n M. deserti and with stouter spines, but perhaps no more t h a n a f o r m of i t ; both are insufficiently known. CUCURBITÄCEAE. G O U R D F A M I L Y Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and succulent, with simple palmatelv lobed leaves. Flowers unisexual. Corolla 5 to 7-lobed, inserted on the calyx. Calyx-lobes narrow or tooth-like. Calyx-tube in the pistillate flower adherent to the 1 to 6-celled ovary; stigmas 2 or 3; placentae parietal or projecting f r o m the axis. Staminate flower with 3 stamens, 2 of these with 2-celled anthers, the third one with a 1-celled anther. F r u i t gourd-like, or dry and dehiscent. Seeds large, anatropous, without endosperm. F l o w e r s large, y e l l o w or y e l l o w i s h , all s o l i t a r y ; f r u i t s m o o t h ,

fleshy,

3 to 5-celled 1.

CUCURBITA.

F l o w e r s small, w h i t e or w h i t i s h , t h e s t a m i n a t e in r a c e m e s ; f r u i t m o r e or less s p i n y or echinate, becoming dry. F r u i t 2 or 4-celled, 2 to m a n y - s e e d e d ; l e a v e s s c a b e r u l o u s or p u b e r u l e n t to g l a b r o u s ; mostly cismontane species 2 . ECHINOCYSTIS. F r u i t 1-celled, 1 - s e e d e d ; l e a v e s thickly s p r i n k l e d w i t h disk-like p u s t u l e s : d e s e r t species 3. BRANDEGEA.

1. CUCÜRBITA L. Ours perennial herbs with large roots. Stems prostrate, vine-like, scabrous. Flowers large, yellow, solitary. Filaments distinct. F r u i t a smooth globose gourd, 3 to 5-celled. ( L a t i n name of t h e gourd.) L e a v e s t r i a n g u l a r - o v a t e ; f r u i t 3-celled, its pedicel w i t h o u t t h i c k e n e d r i d g e s 1. C. foetidissima. L e a v e s p a l m a t e ; f r u i t 5-celled, i t s pedicel w i t h t h i c k e n e d r i d g e s at s u m m i t . . 2 . C. -palmata. 1. C. foetidissima H.B.K. CALABAZILI.A. Stems 5 to 15 f t . long; leaves

erect, triangular-ovate, cordate or subcordate at base, 4 to 10 in. long; calyx-tube of staminate flower 6 to 8 lines long; corolla 3 to 4 in. long; gourd 3 to 4 in. in diameter.—Sandy flats or plains, San Joaquin Valley to S. Cal. Also called Chili Coyote and used by Spanish-Californians, the root as a cleanser, the leaves medicinally. 2 . C. palmata AVats. COYOTE M E L O N . Stems trailing, several f t . long;

GOURD

FAMILY

661

leaves palmately 5-cleft, 3 to 4% in. broad; calyx-tube of staminate flower 10 to 12 lines long; corolla 1% to 2% in. long; gourd 3 in. in diameter; seeds thicker than in C. foetidissima.—Dry plains and mesas: coastal S. Cal. and n. to the San Joaquin Valley; Colorado Desert and n. to Inyo Co. 2. ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. BIG BOOT Trailing or climbing herbs with branched tendrils and ivy-like but thin leaves. Flowers small, greenish or white, monoecious, the staminate in axillary racemes or panicles, the pistillate pediceled and solitary in the same axils. Calyx-teeth very small or obsolete. Corolla rotate or campanulate with 5 to 7 lobes or lanceolate segments. Staminate flowers with the short filaments united and the anthers distinct or coherent. Pistillate flowers with staminodia or none; ovary globose or oblong, 2 to 4-celled, with 1 to 4 ovules in each cell; style very short; stigmas 2 or 3-parted or -lobed. Fruit prickly, somewhat fleshy or pulpy, at length dry and bursting irregularly on the sides or near the apex. Seeds ovoid or broadly oblong, more or less compressed, surrounded by a marginal line. (Greek echinos, a hedgehog, and kustis, a bladder, in reference to the spiny fruit.) Our species (subgenus Marah) are all perennial from exceedingly large, often deepseated, fusiform or globose roots, sometimes as large as and not unlike the shape of a m a n ' s body, whence the common n a m e , ' ' Old Man in the Ground.'' The germination of the seed is hypogeous. Corolla rotate or somewhat saucer-shaped; staminate racemes mostly with many to numerous flowers; spines more or less puberulent. Corolla dull or greenish w h i t e ; fruit globose; central Cal 1. E. fabacea. Corolla clear w h i t e ; fruit oblong; S. Cal. to Monterey Co 2. E. macrocarpa. Corollas campanulate; staminate racemes relatively few-flowered. Herbage green; pistillate flowers w i t h abortive s t a m e n s ; spines puberulent or sometimes glabrous. Fruit cylindric; s. Sierra Nevada foothills 3. E. horrida. Fruit ovate or globose-ovate, commonly long-beaked; Coast Ranges 4. E. oregana. Herbage glaucous; pistillate flowers without abortive stamens; prickles glabrous; n. Sierra foothills 5. E. watsonii.

1. E. fab&cea Naud.

ROOT.

F i g . 648.

COMMON M A N -

S t e m s 12 t o 30 f t .

long; herbage nearly glabrous or aim® rough-scabrous; leaves more or less j ^ ® h round-cordate in outline, 2 to 4 in. ' broad, shallowly or often rather deeply 5 to 7-lobed; staminate flowers MKUj^ many in slender simple or compound wmuM racemes 3% to 5 in. long, the pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; corolla 3 to 4 lines broad, dull or greenish-white; pistil" late flowers 5 to 6 lines broad, desti, Q tute of abortive stamens, the pedicels 5 to 9 lines long; ovary globose, 2celled, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell; stigma depressed, circular, almost ¿«^ sessile; f r u i t globose, 2 in. in diameter, lYv* very densely Bpinose; spines stout or A. >1 AT . /') more commonly slender, 3 to 4 (or 5) lines long, sparingly and mostly obscurely puberulent; seeds commonly 4, sometimes less, oblong-ovoid, 9 to 13 lines long, 6 lines broad, surrounded by a shallow groove or darker line.—Hillslopes or high sandy places in valleys: Coast Ranges from Sonoma Co. to Monterey Co.; Great "Valley; cent. Sierra Nevada foothills (Amador 648. Echinocystis fabacea Naud.; a, fl. branchlet fl x Co.) Var. AGRSSTIS Greene. Fruits * '

662

CUCURBITACEAE

smaller with few short spines.—E, Contra Costa Co. 2. E. macrocàrpa Greene. CHILICOTHE. Stems 10 to 20 f t . long; leaves usually deeply lobed, 3 to 8 in. broad; corolla saucer-shaped; f r u i t broadly oblong, densely spiny, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3 in. in diameter; spines stout, very unequal, not very rigid, Vi to 1 (or 1%) in. long; ovary 2 to 4-celled; style obvious line long), bearing 3 staminodial scales; seeds 12 to 14, oblong-cylindric, nearly terete at one end, flattened at the other, 6 to 8 (or 12) lines long, 5 to 6 lines broad.— Coastal S. Cai., n. along the coast to Monterey Co., s. to L. Cai. 649. Echinocystis horrida Cong.; a, pist. x % ; i>, ir, br&nchlet x %. 3. E. hórrida Congdon. Tig. 649. Similar to no. 2; corolla campanulate; f r u i t s 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. in diameter, strongly spinose; seeds 8 to 10, oblong, one end terete, the other flattened, 1 to 1% in. long, 7 to 8 lines broad.—S. Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to Tulare Co. The presumed differences between this and E. macrocarpa may disappear when tested f u r t h e r , especially with ample series of specimens of E. horrida. 4. E. oregàna Cogn. HIII, MAN-ROOT. Stems 4 to 25 f t . long, often climbing over trees and shrubs, mostly smooth; leaves muriculate-scabrous, especially on t h e upper surface, or almost smooth, reniform or round-eordate, 3 to 7 (or 9) in. broad, sliallowly or deeply 5 to 7-lobed; staminate racemes 6 to 10 in. long, the pedicels (3 or) 6 to 11 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines broad, clear white; pistillate flowers with abortive stamens (staminodia), the pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, or in f r u i t to 1% in. long; ovary ovate, 2 or 3-celled; ovules 1 to 4 in each cell, attached to the outer side; f r u i t ovate, 2 to 3% in. long, somewhat attenuate at each end, o f t e n markedly beaked at apex, nearly smooth or sparsely covered with short weak spines; spines 2 to 3 lines long, glabrous or puberulent; seeds 6, horizontally plaeed, nearly circular, markedly flattened, 10 to 11 lines long, 3 to 4 lines thick.—Hill country, Santa Clara Co. to Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Ore. (E. marah Cogn.) 5. E. watsònii Cogn. Stems slender, not succulent, 4 to 8 f t . long; herbage glaucous, especially on the under side of the leaves, smooth or only slightly scabrous, glabrous or nearly so; leaves orbicular-cordate or broadly reniform, 2 to 4% in. broad, r a t h e r broader t h a n long, deeply 5-parted, the lobes broader above and sinuately 3-lobed; staminate racemes slender, often fewflowered, t h e flowers small (1% to 2% lines in diameter), white; pistillate flowers 3 to 5 lines broad, without abortive stamens, on slender pedicels 1 to 2 in. long; ovary smooth or somewhat prickly, the prickles much dilated below the middle; f r u i t nearly globose, 1 to 1% in. in diameter, sparsely covered with weak glabrous prickles IY2 to 2*4 lines long or somewhat naked toward the summit, 2 to 4-eelled, 2 to 6-seeded; seeds subglobose, 7 to 9 lines long, 6 to 7 lines broad.—Sierra N e v a d a foothills f r o m Amador Co. to B u t t e Co.; inner North Coast Ranges. 3. BRANDÈGEA Cogn. Perennial herbs with large thick roots. Leaves 3 to 5-parted. Flowers small or minute. Corolla rotate, 5-parted almost to the base. Staminodia in the pistillate flower none. Ovary 1-celled, the filiform beak very oblique; ovule 1. F r u i t narrowly obovoid, indehiscent, smooth or sparsely echinate, thin-walled. (T. S. Brandegee, student of the Mexican flora.)

ELAEAGNACEAE

663

1. S. bigelóvii Cogn. Stems slender, trailing; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, almost as if palmately 3-lobed, the basal lobes mostly very small or obsolete, the upper surface densely sprinkled with disk-like pustules; corolla 1 line long; body of fruit 2 to 2% lines long, either smooth or with a few prickles above the middle or on the beak.—Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal. (B. parviflora Wats.) THYMELAEÁCEAE.

MEZEREUM F A M I L Y

Ours deciduous shrubs with simple entire alternate leaves. Flowers perfect, with corolla-like shallowly 4-cleft calyx. Stamens inserted upon the calyx, twice as many as its lobes. Corolla none. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. 1. D Í R C A L .

LEATHERWOOD

Flowers in fascicles from buds containing flowers and leaves. Scales of the bud yellowish or whitish, silky, forming an involucre to the flowers, soon falling. Calyx slightly oblique, tubular below, expanded into a short throat above. Stamens 8, exserted, inserted at the base of the throat. Style slender, exceeding the stamens. Fruit drupelike, reddish. (Greek name of a celebrated fountain in Boeotia, the plants growing in moist places.) 1. D . occidentális Gray. W E S T ERN LEATHERWOOD. Fig. 6 5 0 . Erect shrub 2 to 5 (or 11) f t . high, with soft pliable wood and leathery bark;1 leaves oval or obovatish, l1/? to 2 /4 in. long; flowers yellow, in clusters of 2 or 3 from lateral and terminal buds, turned downward at an angle; calyx 4 lines long, its lobes a little erosulate; stamens commonly 8, sometimes 9, rarely 10. —N. and e. slopes of hills surrounding San Francisco Bay (Santa Cruz Mts., Oakland and Berkeley hills, Marin Co. hills). Feb.-Mar. ELAEAGNÁCEAE. FAMILY

OLEASTER

6 5 0 . D i r c a occidentális G r a v ; a, fl. b r a n c h l e t x % ; i>, f r . b r a n c h l e t x % ; c, fl. x 2 ; d, f r . x 2.

Shrubs or small trees, the foliage scurfy with scarious scales. Flowers regular. Calyx herbaceous. none. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule 1; style 1, stigma 1.

Corolla

1. S H E P K É K D I A N u t t .

Shrub with silvery foliage. Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous. Flowers dioecious, nearly sessile in axillary clusters or the pistillate solitary. Staminate flower: calyx 4-parted, rotate; stamens 8, alternating with the processes of the thick disk. Pistillate flower: calyx urn-shaped, 4-cleft, the orifice closed by the teeth of the 8-lobed disk. Fruit berry-like, the membranous achene closely covered by the fleshy calyx-tube. (John Shepherd, one-time curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 1. S. argéntea Nutt. BUFFALO BERRY. Fig. 651. Stout spiny shrub or small tree 6 to 15 f t . high; thorns rigid, leafy at base; leaves silvery-scurfy below, greener above, mostly oblong, 1 to 1 % in. long, on petioles 2 to 4 lines long; berries red, oblong, 2% to 3% lines long, on pedicels y2 to 1 line

664

LYTHRACEAE

long.—Along streams or winter watercourses: Mt. Pinos region (Mono Creek in the San Rafael Mts., Ozena on the Cuyama River, San Emigdio Potrero); Mono and Alpine Cos.; e. to Rocky Mts. LYTHRACEAE. LOOSE-STRIFE F A M I L Y Glabrous herbs with entire simple leaves. Flowers perfect, axillary or whorled, in ours minute or inconspicuous. Calyx tubular, free from but enclosing the ovary, 4 to 6-toothed, sometimes with accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4 to 6, inserted with the stamens on the calyx. Stigmas in ours 4 to 8. Ovary and capsule in ours 2 to 4-celled; style 1; stigma capitate, 4-lobed. Seed without endosperm.

6 5 1 . Shepherdia argentea Nutt. ; a, staminate fl. branchlet x '2 ; b, long. sect, of staminate fl. x 3 ; c, pistillate 1 x 3 ; d. i r . x 2.

Flowers subsessile or pediceled, solitary in the axils; calyx cylindrical; leaves alternate 1. LYTHRUM. Flowers sessile in the axils, 2 to 4 in a whorl; calyx campanulate or globose; leaves opposite. Capsule bursting irregularly, its walls not striate; leaves sessile by an auricled base. . . 2 . AMMANNIA. Capsule septicidally dehiscent, its valves densely striate transversely; leaves tapering at base or shortly petioled. . . . 3 . ROTALA.

1. LYTKRUM L . LOOSE-STRIPE Slender herbs with 4 or 5-angled stems. Leaves sessile, in ours alternate. Flowers solitary in the axils, purple or whitish. Calyx cylindric or subcylindric, 8 to 12-ribbed, its 4 to 6 teeth thin, erect, smaller than the greenish accessory ones which are at first spreading and later erect. Petals 5 or 6, the stamens in ours as many. Capsule oblong or cylindrical, 2-celled. (Greek luthron, blood, applied either on account of the color of the flowers or the styptic properties of certain species.) Flowers distinctly pediceled; corolla 2 to 3 lines long, bright purple; perennial 1. L. calif ornicum. Flowers subsessile; corolla H to 1 line long, pale purple or almost white. Perennial, stoloniferous 2. JO. adsurgens. Annual, not stoloniferous 3. L. hyssopifolia. 1. L. calif6rnicum T. & G. COMMON LOOSE-STRIFE. Stems erect, panicu-

lately branching above, 2 to 3 or even 6 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest ovatish-oblong, % to % or in. long; flowers distinctly pediceled; calyx narrowly vase-shaped or in frpit clavate, 2 % to 3 % lines long, its teeth sharply acute; petals 2 to 3 lines long, bright purple.—Common in low valley and marshy lands and about springs in the foothills: Coast Ranges, Great Valley, Sierra Nevada foothills and coastal S. Cal. 2. L. adsurgens Greene. Stems several from the root-crown, decumbent or assurgent, 1 to 3 ft. long; herbage pallid, slightly succulent; calyx cylindric, 2 to 2 % lines long, 12-ribbed, the ribs in maturity widened and thickened below; accessory teeth minute, subulate; petals pale purple or almost white, minute ( % to % line long).—Low wet places in valley and mountain flats: Santa Clara Co. to the Sacramento Valley and Siskiyou Co. Perhaps a robust perennial variety of no. 3. 3. L. hyssopifdlia L . Fig. 652. GRASS P O L Y . Stems erect, slender and simple or with several branches from below the middle, 4 to 9 in. or even 2 ft. high; herbage pale, glabrous; leaves linear to oblong, 3 to 7 lines long; flowers subsessile in the axils; calyx 2 lines long; petals % to 1 line long,

665

ONAGEACEAE

pale purple or whitish.—Hillside hollows or beds of former pools in the valleys, throughout Cal.; all continents. May-Sept. 2. AMMANNIA L. Annuals with mostly 4-angled stems. Leaves opposite, sessile by an auricled base. Flowers purplish, 1 to 5 in each axil. Calyx campanulate (in f r u i t globose or nearly so), the tube 8-ribbed, 4-toothed and usually with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, purplish, small and deciduous, or wanting. Stamens in ours 4. Capsule globose, bursting irregularly. (Johann Ammann, a German botanist of the 18th century.) 1. A. coccinea Eottb. Erect, simple or branching below, 4 to 14 in. high; leaves horizontally spreading, broadly linear or somewhat narrowed towards the apex, 1 to 2 in. long, sessile by a broad auricled base; flowers in whorls of 2 to 5; petals purple, roundish, Y> to 1 line long, fugacious; calyx in flower narrowly eampanulate, strongly 8ribbed, in f r u i t globose-distended and the ribs less obvious; capsule 2 lines long.—Lowlands along rivers: Great Valley; S. Cal.; e. to N. J., s. to Brazil. 652. Lythrum hyssopifolia L.; a, 3. ROTALA L. habit x % ; b, fl. x 3 ; c, pistil x 6. Annuals similar to Ammannia. Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil. Petals in ours 4. Stamens 4. Capsule septicidal. (Latin rota, wheel, the leaves whorled in some species.) 1. K . ramdsior Koehne. TOOTH-CUP. Slender, 2 to 3 (or 7 ) in. high; leaves linear-oblanceolate, tapering at base and thus sometimes short-petioled, 4 to 7 lines long; flowers 1 to 3 in each axil; petal ovate, acuminate, % line long; stigma subsessile.—Wet lowlands, San Joaquin Valley; N. Am., S. Am.

ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE F A M I L Y Herbs. Leaves simple, entire, toothed, lobed or divided. Flowers mainly showy, borne in spikes or racemes, or solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the petals inserted at its summit, and the stamens twice as many or as many. Calyx-lobes 4 (sometimes 5 or 2). Petals 4 (sometimes 5 or 2). Pollen commonly cobwebby. Ovary 4 (sometimes 5 or 2)-celled; style 1; stigma capitate or discoid, or 4-lobed. Fruit a capsule, rarely bur-like or indehiscent. Seeds mostly small, naked or with a t u f t of hairs at apex (coma); endosperm none. A.. Calyx-limb

divided down to the ovary and persistent on the fruit after flowering; parts of the flowers in 4s or 5s; fruit a capsule (indehiscent in no. 1). Petals 5, 6 to 7 lines l o n g ; fruit at length reflexed 1. JUSSIAEA. 2. LUDWIGIA. Petals none or m i n u t e ; fruit erect B. Calyx-limb deciduous after flowering. P a r t s of the flowers in 4s. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent. Ovary 4-celled; calyx-tube produced above the ovary. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. Flowers large; corolla and calyx scarlet 3. ZAUSCHNERIA. Flowers small; corolla white, red or purplish 4. EPILOBIUM. Seeds naked. Anthers innate (attached at or near the base) ; flowers purple, rosecolor or white, never yellow. Calyx-lobes erect or ascending; petals small or minute 5.

BOISDUVALIA.

Calyx-lobes reflexed or the tips remaining united and turned to one side in anthesis. Petals distinctly clawed, often much lobed 6. CLARKIA

666

ONAGRACEAE

Petals sessile, not lobed (except in one species) ; stamens 8 . . 7 . GODETIA.

Anthers versatile (attached near the middle) ; flowers yellow or white. Calyx-tube 1 line to in. long; anthers all alike 8.

OENOTHERA.

Calyx-tube none or scarcely evident; alternate anthers of different shape

9.

EULOBUS.

Ovary 2-celled; calvx-limb divided down to the ovary; flowers white or pink

1 0 . GAYOPHYTUM.

Fruit indehiscent Parts of the flowers in 2 s ; fruit bur-like

11. GAURA. 12. CIRCAEA.

1. JUSSIAEA L. Glabrous perennial herbs, ours aquatic or of muddy shores. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, solitary in the axils, pediceled. Calyx-tube elongated, not produced beyond the ovary, its lobes 5. Petals 5. Stamens twice as many. F r u i t (in ours) 5-eelled. Seeds very numerous. (Bernard de Jussieu, who founded the natural system of classification.) 1. J. californica Jepson. Y E L L O W W A T E R - W E E D . Fig. 653. Stems 1 to 10 f t . long; leaves oblong to obovate, % to 2 in. long, the floating ones elliptic or orbicular and with longer petioles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, % in. long; petals broadly obovate, 6 to 7 lines long; f r u i t woody, cylindric, 10 lines long, indehiscent, a t length reflexed and t h e calyx-segments deciduous from the mature f r u i t ; f r u i t i n g pedicel V-2 to % in. long; seeds large f o r the order, with a very thick tough outer coat.—Rivers, streams and lakes, 5 to 1500 f t . : widely distributed in eismontane Cal. 2.

L U D W I G I A

L.

FALSE

LOOSE-STRIFE

Aquatic or marsh perennial herbs, with the aspect of Jussiaea, but the leaves (in ours) opposite, parts of the flower in 4s, and the petals often absent. Stamens as many as t h e petals and alternate with them. Ovary broad at apex and usually flattened, or crowned with a conical style-base. Capsule 4-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits or terminal pores. Seeds minute. (C. G. Ludwig, 1709-1773, Professor of 653. Jussiaea californica Jepson; a, fl. Botany at Leipsic.) stem x & ; b, and e, pods x 1. 1. L. palustris Ell. W A T E R P U R S LANE. Stem 6 to 12 in. long; herbage glabrous; leaves obovate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base into a rather long petiole, the whole leaf 8 to 13 lines long; petals none, or minute and reddish; capsule erect, broadly oblong, 1 % to 2 lines long, more or less 4-sided or -angled, a narrow longitudinal band of low tubercles on each side, yellowish, the persistent sepals green.—Muddy shores or low overflowed lands: Glen Ellen; Healdsburg; L a k e p o r t ; Oroville; Oro Fino, Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Co.; e. to the Atlantic, n. to Can.; Eur. 3. ZAUSCHNEKIA Presl Low perennials with alternate leaves (the lowest opposite) aud large scarlet Fuchsia-like flowers. Calyx above the ovary colored like the corolla, its tube f u n n e l f o r m with a globose base (nectar-bearing w i t h i n ) , and appendaged within at the most constricted portion with several erect and deflexed scales. Petals inserted on the t h r o a t of the calyx and rather shorter t h a n its erect lobes, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 8, exserted, colored like the corolla; anthers linear-oblong, attached by the middle. Style long and exserted; stigma 4-lobed. Capsule linear, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved and imperfectly 4-celled. Seeds oblong, with a t u f t of hairs at the apex. (M.

EVENING PRIMROSE

FAMILY

667

Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist, one time Professor of N a t u r a l History in the University of Prag.) Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, the lateral veins commonly not evident; calyx-tube not veiny or not markedly so. Petals exceeding calyx-lobes; leaves ( 1 or) 1V2 to 4 lines wide 1. Z. californica. Petals shorter than calyx-lobes; leaves ^ to 1 line wide 2. Z. cana. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 9 lines wide, the lateral veins usually obvious ; calyx-tube commonly with prominent longitudinal veins 3. Z. latifolia. 1. Z. califórnica Presi. MEXICAN BALSAMEA. Fig. 654. Stems decumbent

or suberect, % to 2% f t . high, usually simple and leafless below, but leafy and commonly with short opposite branches above; bark tending to exfoliate below; herbage green-pubescent, often a little glandular; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, entire or somewhat denticulate, lateral veins usually not evident, greenish or canescent, % to lV-i in- long; flowers 1 to in. long above ovary, disposed in few-flowered spikes. — Dry benches, rocky hillsides or cliffs, 50 to 4000 f t . : Coast Kanges from Mendocino and Lake Cos. to coastal S. Cai. (Z. eastwoodae Moxley.) Variable species, passing by intergrades into no. 3. Var. VILLÓSA Jepson n. comb. Herbage whitetomentose.—Coast Banges; S. Cai. (Z. villosa Greene.) 2. Z. càna Greene. Leaves fascicled in the axils, linear or linear-filiform, 3 to 10 lines long; herbage tomentose-canescent, not glandular.—Dry hills near the coast, 100 to 1800 f t . : San Luis Obispo to Los Angeles; S a n t a B a r b a r a Isls. (Z. californica var. microphylla Gray.) 3. Z. latifolia Greene. Stems 4 to 14 in. high; leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical, usually rounded at base, commonly denticulate, lateral veining usually evident, % to 1% in. long; herbage green, thinly villous, often viscid; flower above ovary 10 t o 16 l i n e s l o n g . — M o n t a n e , 5 0 0 0 t o 9 3 0 0 f t . :

654. Zauschneria californica P r e s i ;

e. Mendocino Co. to n. Humboldt Co.; Sierra «' fl- branchlet * %; b, long. sect. Nevada from Plumas Co. to Tulare Co.; s. to San Gabriel, San Jacinto and Santa Eosa mountains. (Z. glandulosa and hallii Moxley. Z. elegans, velutina and canescens Eastw.) Var. TOMENTÉLLA Jepson n. comb. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 8 to 15 lines long, 3 to 6 lines wide; herbage white-villous; flower above ovary 10 to 12 lines long.— Montane, 4000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Placer Co. to Mariposa Co. (Z. tomentella Greene.) Var. VISCÓSA Jepson n. comb. Herbage extremely viscid; leaves ovate, abruptly acute.—San Gabriel ,Mts. (Z. viscosa Moxley.) 4 . E P I L Ò B I U M L . WILLOW HERB Herbs; annual, perennial by creeping rootstocks, or propagating in t h e autumn by offsets. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers purple, rosecolor or white, borne in racemes. P e t a l s 4, o f t e n emarginate or bifid. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate shorter. Stigma oblong or 4-lobed. Ovary long and narrow, 4-celled. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds numerous, the summit bearing a t u f t of long hairs (coma). (Greek epi, upon, lobus, a pod, and ion, a violet.) A. Calyx-tube divided down to the ovary or essentially so; flowers large, the petals 5 to 9 lines Iona, entire. snreadinn : rttinma 4-^cit; rnftsnlps Innn-ripdirrled ; leaves alternate ; perennials with stout horizontal rootstocks.—Subgenus CHAMAENERION. Racemes many-flowered, elongate, not leafy ; petals purple ; leaves green above but pale and veiny below 1. E. angustifolium. Racemes few-flowered, short, very l e a f y ; petals rose-color; leaves pallid and veinless on both surfaces 2. E. latifolium.

668

ONAGRACEAE

B.

Calyx-tube

prolonged

a little

beyond the ovary; EUEPILOBIUM.

petals

ascending.—Subgenus

P e r e n n i a l s ; l e a v e s o p p o s i t e or m a i n l y so ( o f t e n m o r e or less a l t e r n a t e in n o . 9 ) . F l o w e r s l a r g e , the p e t a l s V2 to 1 in. l o n g ; s t i g m a w i t h oblong l o b e s ; l o w p l a n t s ; high montane 3. E. obcordatum. F l o w e r s small, the petals 1 to 6 l i n e s l o n g ; s t i g m a e n t i r e or r a r e l y lobed. L e a v e s t i p p e d w i t h a b r o w n subulate g l a n d ; stem a r i s i n g f r o m a short w o o d y caudex ; xerophilous 4. E. nivium. L e a v e s not gland-tipped. P l a n t s pallid, glabrous and glaucous 5. E. glaberrimum. P l a n t s g r e e n and n o t at all g l a u c o u s . R o o t s t o c k s n o t p r o d u c i n g fleshy-scaly b u d s . Stems 2 t o 12 in. high, simple, s t o l o n i f e r o u s ; h i g h m o n t a n e . Stems c u r v e d or a s c e n d i n g f r o m a c r e e p i n g b a s e ; leaves o v a t e o r e l l i p t i c - o b l o n g w i t h a short petiole, 2 to 4 lines w i d e ; flowers n o d d i n g i n b u d . 6. E. anagallidifolium. Stems erect, straight. L e a v e s elliptic or o b l o n g - o v a t e , thin, b r i g h t g r e e n , dist i n c t l y t h o u g h shortly petioled, 4 to 8 lines wide 7. E. alpinum. L e a v e s l i n e a r to o b l o n g or o v a t e - o b l o n g , t h i c k e r , d a r k g r e e n , sessile, % to 2 l i n e s w i d e 8. E. oreaonense. Stems 1 to 4 f t . h i g h , almost a l w a y s b r a n c h e d above, not stoloni f e r o u s ; foothills and lower valleys; hydrophilous. S t e m s r e d d i s h ; l e a v e s m a i n l y o p p o s i t e ; petals 3 to 5 lines l o n g ; coastal 9. E . watsonii. Stems g r e e n i s h or l i g h t - c o l o r e d ; l e a v e s opposite or the u p p e r m o s t l y a l t e r n a t e ; petals 1 to 2 lines l o n g ; mostly i n t e r i o r 10. E. californicum. Rootstocks producing flesliy-scaly globose w i n t e r b u d s ; plants simple' s t e m m e d ; h e r b a g e c o m m o n l y g l a b r o u s . . . . 1 1 . E. brevistylum. A n n u a l s ; stems w i t h s h r e d d y b a r k ; x e r o p h i l o u s p l a n t s . P l a n t s 2 i n . to lVz f t . h i g h , m o r e or less p u b e s c c n t ; stem s i m p l e or e q u a l l y b r a n c h e d t h r o u g h o u t ; c a l y x - t u b e less t h a n Vz l i n e l o n g ; l e a v e s opposite 12. E. minutum. P l a n t s IV2 t o 5 f t . h i g h , g l a b r o u s , at least b e l o w ; stem p a n i c u l a t e l y b r a n c h e d a b o v e ; calyx-tube 1 to 2 l i n e s l o n g 13. E. paniculatum.

1. E. angustifolium L . FIRE-WEED. Fig. 655. Stem erect, mostly simple, 2 to 6 f t . high, glabrous, or puberulent above; leaves lanceolate, nearly entire, lateral veins confluent in submarginal loops, 4 to 6 in. long, sessile or nearly so, or the lower short petioled; flowers large, in long racemes with small slender bracts; calyx cleft almost to the o v a r y ; corolla slightly irregular, lilac-purple; petals 5 to 8 lines long, entire or slightly emarginate; stamens purple, in a single row, with filaments dilated at base; style exceeding the stamens, hairy at base, at first recurved; capsule 2 to 3 in. long.—Moist or boggy ground, especially in fire-swept areas: Sierra Nevada and s. to the Cuyamaca Mts., 2000 to 6600 f t . ; North Coast Eanges, 50 to 3000 f t . ; n. N . Am.; Eur. 2. E. latifolium L . Stems f e w , stout, commonly branched, % to 2 f t . high, erect or ascending from a short caudex, puberulent above; leaves lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, rather coriaceous, glaucous and veinless on both surfaces, entire, sessile or nearly so, % to 2 in. long; racemes short, few-flowered, very l e a f y ; petals purple, 6 to 10 lines long; style much shorter than the stamens; stigma-lobes oblong; capsules 2 to 3 in. long.—Wet ground, subalpine (8000 to 9000 f t . ) , e. side Sierra Nevada in 655.

^ ., ,.

...

T

Epilobium angustifolium L . ; S t e m ; b, capsule x V2.

a,

j.

Mono Co.; Sonora Pass; Lundy; rare in fl. > j to as long; flowers in dense terminal spikes, t h e spikes nodding at apex; calyx-tube 3 to 4 lines long; petals yellow, aging a lively brick red, 3 lines long; capsules strictly erect or ascending, 1 to 1% in. long.—Desert cañons and gullies, 10 to 2000 f t . : P a n a m i n t Mts.; s. to the Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz. (Chylismia cardiophylla Small.) Var. longitùba Jepson n. var. Calyx-tube 9 lines long; petals 6 lines long.—Along Colorado River (Needles, J . Grinnell, t y p e ) .

668. Oenothera alysBoides var. decorticans Jepson; fr. branch x

23. O. scàpoìdea T. & G. Stems several from the base, erect, 9 to 14 in. high, with mostly basal leaves; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes ovate, denticulate, dentate or lyrately pinnatifid, with large terminal lobe and few small lateral ones, purple-veined, V¿

EVENING PRIMEOSE FAMILY

687

to 6 in. long, on petioles Y2 to nearly as long; flowers in a dense terminal spike coiled at tip, the inflorescence flowering unilaterally; calyx-tube 1 to 2 lines long; petals white (rarely yellow), 2 to 3 lines Jong; stigma greenish; capsules linearoblong, quadrangular, midnerve of the valves rounded, ridge-like, 4 to 10 lines long, on pedicels 2% to 7 (or 9) lines long. —Sandy desert mesas, stony slopes and plains, 300 to 4000 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; along e. side Sierra Nevada f r o m Inyo Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to eastern Ore. (Chylismia scapoidea Small.) Yar. aurantIaca Wats. Petals bright rose-color or orange; capsule often puberulent.—Mohave Desert. (O. clavaeformis Torr.) Var. pubpurXscens Wats. Petals white, changing to pinkish.—With the species in Cal. Var. t ö r t i l i s Jepson n. var. Capsules 1 to 1% in. long, straight or nearly straight b u t twisted. — P a n a m i n t Mts. (Wild Rose Canon, Jepson 7131, type). 24. O. brevipes Gray. Pig. 669. Similar to no. 23; stems coarser, 4 to 22 in. high; herbage on lower parts villous; leaves ovate to lanceolate, subentire or denticulate or lyrately pinnatifid with f e w and small lateral lobes, 1 to 3 in. long, on petioles % to about as long; flowers in spikes, the spikes nodding in the bud; calyx-tube 1 to 2 lines long; petals golden-yellow, somewhat quadratish, truncatish or retuse, 2 to 6 lines long; capsule 1 to 2% in. long, spreading or refracted, t h e pedicels commonly to 3 lines long.—Desert washes, 100 to 7000 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz, and southern Nev. (Chylismia brevipes Small.) Var. MULTijirGA Jepson n. comb. Stem nearly naked, widely branched above; leaves nearly all basal, pinnately divided into many subequal lobes.—Inyo Co.; e. to southern Utah. (O. multijuga Wats.) 9. EÜLOBUS N u t t . Glabrous or glabrate annual herb. Leaves few, alternate. Flowers sessile along the virgate branches. Calyx-tube none or scarcely any, its limb 4-parted, reflexed. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, light yellow, t u r n i n g pink. Stamens 8, those alternate the petals with oblong anthers, those opposite with smaller globose anthers. Ovary 4-celled; stigma capitate. Capsule linear, quadrangular, imperfectly 4-celled, strongly refracted. Seeds naked. (Greek eu, well, and lobos, lobe.) 1. E. califörnicus Nutt. Stem stout, simple or with few virgate ascending branches, 1% to 3 f t . high, the branches ending in few-flowered spikes; leaves lanceolate in outline, unequally dentate or pinnatifid, 1 to 3 in. long, mostly short-petioled, the cauline leaves very sparse and the upper much reduced, those of the basal rosette disappearing early; petals 3 to 5 lines long; capsules 2 to 3% in. long.—Foothills and valleys, 1000 to 3000 ft., common: coastal S. Cal. from Santa B a r b a r a to San Diego, e. through the Colorado Desert (but rare) to Ariz. 10. GAYÖPHYTUM Juss. Slender erect annual herbs. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite. Flowers borne in l e a f y racemes. Calyx 4-parted down to the ovary. Stamens 8, the alternate 4 short. Ovary 2-celled; stigma capitate. Capsule 4-valved, pediceled. Seeds numerous, in a single row in each cell, naked. (C. Gay, author of a Flora of Chile, and Greek phyton, plant.)

688

ONAGRACEAE Pedicels

to as long as the capsule ; branches with scattered leaves; capsule clavate or oblong, mostly torulose, obscurely if at all flattened; seeds erect or suberect. Style a little dilated upwards, truncate at apex, the stigma discoid; seeds glabrous, smooth or minutely roughened. Corolla 4 to 5 lines broad; petals white, aging pink 1. G. diffusum. Corolla to 1 % lines broad; petals white, aging brickr e d . .2. G. ramosissimum. Style ending in a globose stigma; seeds covered with short sub-appresssed hairs. Herbage glabrous or nearly BO; petals entire 3. G. lasiospermum. Herbage grayish-puberulent; petals erosulate. . . . 4. G. helleri. Pedicels almost none or very short; branches rather densely leafy; stigma capitate ; seeds glabrous. Capsule narrow-linear, more or less torulose ; seeds erect or suberect. . 5. G. caesium. Capsule oblong, strongly flattened, not at all torulose; seeds obliquely ascending 6. G. humile.

1. G. diffusum T. & G. Fig. 670. Stems profusely branched from or above the base, % to 2 ft. high, gla670. Gayophytum diffusum T. & G.; a, brous or with scattered spreading leafy sect, of stem x Vz ; b, fl. branchlet hairs, more or less purplish; bark bex Yz ; c, fl. x 2. coming papery and tending to exfoliate; leaves linear or the lower linear-oblanceolate, glabrous or sparsely strigose, 5 to 8 lines long or the lower 1 to 2 in. long; flowers loosely disposed along the branchlets, strongly heliotropic; calyx-lobes ultimately reflexed in pairs; petals white, turning pink or rose-color, 2 small yellow dots at base, rhomboidal-ovate, (1% or) 2 to 3 lines long; ovary canescent to glabrous; style a little dilated above the middle, truncate at apex, the stigma discoid; capsule at maturity more or less shrunken-constricted about the seeds and thus torulose, borne on a filiform pedicel 1 to 3 lines long.—Dry open ridges or flats, 4500 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Humboldt Co. 2. G. ramosissimum T. & G. Fig. 671. Similar in habit to no. 1; 6 to 20 in. high; herbage usually puberulent; flower-buds mostly apiculate; flowers tardily or weakly heliotropic; calyx-lobes reflexed-spreading, all distinct; petals sub-orbicular, white, obscurely greenish-yellow at base, in age turning brick-red, % to 1 line long; pedicels about % to as long as capsule.—Mountain flats or slopes, 5000 to 9000 f t . : mts. of S. Cal.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; thence s. to eastern Mendocino Co. Yar. OBTiJSUM Jepson

671. Gayophytum ramosissimum T. & G.; o, fl. branchlet x V2 ; b, fl. x 2.

EVENING PRIMROSE F A M I L Y

689

n. v a r . P l a n t s 5 to 12 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; u l t i m a t e b r a n c h l e t s filif o r m , sparsely l e a f y ; flower-buds minute, globose, o b t u s e ; p e t a l s white, t u r n ing red, % line long, s c a r c e l y e x c e e d i n g t h e c a l y x - l o b e s . — E . L a s s e n Co. ( B e c k w i t h P a s s , J e p s o n 2755, t y p e ) . V a r . PYGMAÈUM J e p s o n n. v a r . D w a r f in ail i t s p a r t s , 1 in. h i g h . — B u l l f r o g L a k e , F r e s n o Co., 11,000 f t . ( J e p s o n 850a, t y p e ) . 3. G. l à s i o s p é r m u m Greene. Similar to no. 1 ; p e t a l s rose-color, c h a n g i n g to purplish, y 2 t o % line l o n g . — M t s . o f S. Cai. a n d n. to t h e southern S i e r r a Nevada in Tulare Co. V a r . ERIOSPÉRMUM J e p s o n n. comb. P e t a l s 2 to 3 lines l o n g . — M o n t a n e : mts. o f S. C a i . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o S h a s t a Co. (G. eriospermum Co v . ) 4. G. hélleri R y d b . v a r . è r o s u l à t u m J e p s o n n. v a r . S t e m s diffusely b r a n c h ing f r o m t h e base, 6 to 8 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e g r a y i s h , especially t h e leaves, with a s o m e w h a t dense c o v e r of short s p r e a d i n g hairs, t h e y o u n g p a r t s c a n e s c e n t ; p e t a l s white, t u r n i n g deep red, elliptic, e r o s u l a t e all around, to V3 line l o n g ; capsules 2 % to 3 lines long, c o n t r a c t e d into a pedicel a b o u t h a l f as l o n g . — D r y s a n d y slopes, 4 0 0 0 to 9 7 0 0 f t . , e. side o f S i e r r a N e v a d a : L a s s e n Co. ( B e e k w i t h P a s s , J e p s o n 7754, t y p e ) ; W h i t e M t s . 5. G. c a è s i u m T. & G. S t e m subsimple or diffusely b r a n c h i n g , 6 to 9 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e s o f t - p u b e s c e n t or g l a b r o u s ; leaves linear to narrow-oblanceolate, V2 to % (or 1 1 / 4 ) in. l o n g ; flowers v e r y small ( % to line l o n g ) ; s t i g m a globose, l a r g e ; capsule p u b e s c e n t , 5 to 6 lines long, t h e pedicel v e r y short ( % to 1 line l o n g ) . — E . summits or e. side o f t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a , 4 0 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 f t . , f r o m L a s s e n Co. to M o d o c Co.; ne. H u m b o l d t Co.; n. t o Ore., e. t o Col. 6. G. hùmile J u s s . S t e m s e r e c t , simple or with commonly simple ascending b r a n c h e s , 2 to 10 in. high, purplish; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; upper l e a v e s numerous, crowded, usually r a t h e r s t r i c t , l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e t o oblanceolate, 6 t o 10 lines long, the lower ones sparse, 12 lines l o n g ; flowers in t h e upper a x i l s ; p e t a l s white, t u r n i n g pink, a b o u t % line long, not e x c e e d i n g the c a l y x lobes or s c a r c e l y ; capsule glabrous, s t r o n g l y flattened c o n t r a r y to t h e p a r t i tion, m a r k e d l y f u r r o w e d on each side, glabrous, 4 to 5 lines l o n g . — D r y slopes, coniferous forests, 3 0 0 0 to 8000 f t . : S a n J a c i n t o M t s . ; San B e r nardino M t s . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. to S h a s t a Co., t h e n c e sw. and s. to Humboldt Co. and n. L a k e Co.; n. t o W a s h , and I d a . ; Chile (G. puinilum W a t s . ) 11. G À T J E A L . H e r b s with a l t e r n a t e leaves. F l o w e r s w h i t e or pink, t u r n i n g red, borne in spikes or r a c e m e s . C a l y x - t u b e above o v a r y n a r r o w , t h e calyx-limb 4 - c l e f t , t h e whole c a l y x deciduous. P e t a l s 4, entire, with claws. S t a m e n s 8. O v a r y 4 - c e l l e d ; ovules 1 in each cell; style long. F r u i t nut-like, obovoid, indehisc e n t or s p l i t t i n g a t a p e x , 1 or 2-seeded. ( L a t i n gauros, superb, some o f t h e species with s o m e w h a t elegant flowers.) Anthers all perfect; filaments with a scale-like appendage at base: stigma 4-lobed. Anthers oval, attached at the middle; leaves 4 to 12 lines wide; fruit spindle-shaped, 4-ridged. glabrous 1 G. parviflora. Anthers linear, attached a little above the base ; leaves Vz to 2 lines wide ; fruit ovate, 4-angled, contracted to a cylindric base, pubescent 2. G. coccinea. Anthers attached at the base, those opposite the petals sterile; filaments without appendages; stigma entire 3. G. heterandra. 1. G. p a r v i f l ò r a Dougl. VELVET WEED. S t e m e r e c t with e r e c t b r a n c h e s , 2 to 3 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e h i r s u t e ; leaves o v a t e - l a n c e o l a t e , e n t i r e or obscurely d e n t i c u l a t e , 2 t o 3 in. long, sessile or n e a r l y so, t h e lower ones s p a t u l a t e o b o v a t e , 3 t o 4 in. long, g r a d u a l l y n a r r o w e d to a n a r r o w l y - w i n g e d petiole a b o u t % to % as l o n g ; flowers in a long s o m e w h a t dense leafless spike, 6 t o 12 in. l o n g ; p e t a l s reddish, a b o u t 1 line l o n g ; f r u i t s spindle-shaped, 4-ridged, 3 lines l o n g . — P r o v i d e n c e M t s . ( r a r e in C a i . ) ; N e v . t o W a s h . , N. Dak., L a . and Mex. 2. G. c o c c i n e a N u t t . S t e m s e r e c t , s e v e r a l or m a n y f r o m t h e base, f o r m i n g a bushy p l a n t 8 to 12 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e c a n e s c e n t ; l e a v e s linear, r e m o t e l y d e n t i c u l a t e or e n t i r e , sessile, Y> to 1 in. l o n g ; flowers in dense t e r m i n a l

690

HALORAGEAE

spikes; petals red, turning scarlet, 3 lines long; f r u i t s short-ovate, strongly 4-angled, abruptly contracted to a cylindric base, 2 lines long.—E. Mohave Desert: Providence Mts.; New York Mts.; e. to Tex., thence n. to Mont. 3. G. heterandra Torr. Stems erect, branching, 1 to 1 % f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 1 to 1 % in. long, on slender petioles; petals pink, i y 2 to 2 lines long; f r u i t IV2 lines long.—Montane, 3000 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Placer Co. to Kern Co.; s. to the San Bernardino Mts.; w. to F t . Tejon. 12.

CIRCA&A L.

E N C H A N T E R ' S NIGHTSHADE

Low slender perennials with thin opposite petioled leaves. Flowers small, white, in terminal and lateral racemes. Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the base nearly filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1 or 2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. F r u i t 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, pearshaped and bristly with hooked hairs. (Circe, sea-nymph, daughter of the Sun and of Perse.) 1. C. pacifica Asch. & Mag. Stem f r o m a short rootstock, usually simple, 6 to 14 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves orbicular to mostly ovate, obtuse to cordate at base, acuminate, obscurely repand-denticulate or almost entire, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles % to 1 in. long; racemes bractless; flowers V2 line long; calyx white, with a very short tube; f r u i t % to 1 line long.—Deep shade of woods: Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 7000 f t . , from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Coast Banges to Marin Co., descending to 200 f t . ; infrequent. July. HALORAGEAE.

WATER-MILFOIL F A M I L Y

Perennial aquatic herbs, the leaves (in ours) in whorls. Flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, perfect or unisexual. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb very short or obsolete. Petals small or none. Stamens 1, 4, or 8. Ovary 1 to 4-celled; stigmas 1 to 4. F r u i t a 1-seeded indehiscent nutlet, or 4-lobed and splitting into 4 nutlets. Leaves all entire; flowers perfect; stamen 1 ; ovary 1-celled 1. HIPPURIS. Immersed leaves capillary-dissected; flowers polygamous; stamens 4 or 8 ; ovary 4-celled. . . 2. MYBIOI'HYLLUM. 1. H I P P U R I S L .

M A R E ' S TAIL

Stems erect, unbranched. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers minute, usually perfect, sessile in the axils. Petals none. Calyx limb a narrow entire rim. Stamen 1, inserted on the anterior edge of the calyx. Style 1, filiform, stigmatie down one side. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 1-seeded nutlet. (Greek hippos, a horse, and oura, a tail.) 1. H. vulgaris L. Stem simple, 1 to 2 f t . long (commonly emersed 4 to 7 i n . ) ; herbage glabrous; leaves about 7 to 10 in a whorl, linear, acute, 6 to 9 lines long; f r u i t nearly 1 line long.—Shallow margins of ponds and about springs, high mts. and along the coast, 10 to 7000 ft., infrequent but widely distributed in Cal.; N. Am., Eur., Asia, Patagonia. May-July. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Emersed leaves entire or pectinate, those under water pinnately divided into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the opposite upper leaves or the whorls forming a terminal interrupted spike. Upper flowers generally staminate, the lowest pistillate, and the intermediate often perfect. Calyx of t h e pistillate flowers 4-toothed or the teeth none, of the staminate 4-lobed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, recurved and plumose. F r u i t splitting at m a t u r i t y into 4 bony 1-seeded nutlets. (Greek murios, a thousand, and phullon, a leaf.) Flowers in a terminal interrupted spike; petals fugacious; stamens 8. Bracts entire or toothed, shorter than the flowers 1. M. spicatum. Bracts pectinate, longer or shorter than the flowers 2. M. verticillatum. Flowers in the axils of the emersed linear leaves; petals subpersistent; stamens 4 3. M. hippurioidet

691

UMBELLIFERAE

1. M . spicatum L . var. exalbescens Jepson n. comb. AMERICAN M I L F O I L . Stems branching, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, dissected into capillary divisions; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted spike 1 to 4 in. long, the bracts ovate, entire or serrate and usually shorter than the flowers; nutlets 1 line long, fully as thick, rounded on the back.—Lakes and ponds, collected at only a few widely scattered stations in Cal.: Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts.; San Francisco; Camp Taylor, Marin Co.; Merrillville, Lassen Co.; n. to the arctic, e. to N. Eng. (M. exalbescens Fer.) 2. M. vSrticillatum L. MYRIAD-LEAF. Submersed leaves in crowded whorls of 30 and 40, the capillary divisions often finer than those of no. 1; floral leaves pectinate-pinnatifid; spike 2 to 6 in. long; petals of the staminate flower purplish; nutlets somewhat gibbous at base.—Clear Lake (rare in Cal.); Wash, to N. Y . ; Eur., Asia, n. Afr. 3. M. hippurioides Nutt. W E S T E R N M I L F O I L . Stems simple or branching, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5; emersed ones linear, about % line wide, conspicuously or obscurely serrate or the uppermost nearly entire, 3 to 5 lines long; submersed ones pinnately dissected into capillary divisions, V2 to IV2 in. long; flowers chiefly in the axils of the emersed leaves; petals white, obovate; nutlets less rounded than in no. 1. — Stockton; Mt. Hanna, Lake Co. (rare in Cal.); N. Am. AKALLACEAE.

ARALIA

FAMILY

Ours perennial herbs. Closely allied to Umbelliferae, but the stems solid, the petals not inflexed and the ovary 2 to 5-celled. Petals, stamens and styles 5. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, its limb a mere rim with 5 salient teeth. Fruit berry-like, containing as many 1seeded nuts as there are carpels. 1. A R A L I A L .

Leaves alternate, very large, compound. Flowers small, whitish, borne in panicled umbels, the pedicels pointed. Styles united to the middle. Embryo minute. (Derivation uncertain.) 1. A. californica Wats. ELK CLOVER. Fig. 672. Stems simple, stout, 6 to 10 ft. high, arising from a large rootstock with milky juice; herbage glabrous, subulate-scabrous on the main stem; leaves ternate, then pinnately 3 to 5-foliate, 1 to 5 ft. long; leaflets ovate, sometimes Aralia californica W a t s . ; a, leaf x V8 ; b, elliptic, serrate, acuminate, subcorbranchlet x % ; c, fl. x 3 d, fr. x 1 % . date at base, y2 to 1 ft. long; flowers IV2 lines long, on pedicels % in. long; panicle 1 to ft. long; ovary red, becoming a globular black berry 2 % lines in diameter.—Shaded canons in moist spots and along living mountain streams: Coast Ranges (except the inner ranges) from Humboldt and Trinity Co. s.; Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Mariposa Co.; s. to coastal S. Cal.; n. to southwestern Ore. July. TJMBELLIFEBAE.

PARSLEY

FAMILY

Herbs with commonly hollow stems and often dilated petioles. Leaves commonly alternate or basal, compound (sometimes simple), usually much incised or divided. Flowers small, in compound umbels, or the umbels some-

692

UMBELLJFERAE

times simple or capitate. Umbels when compound with the peduncle divided at summit into a number of rays, each ray bearing a secondary umbel termed an umbellet. Umbellets commonly subtended by bractlets (forming an involucel); rays commonly subtended by bracts (forming an involucre). Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary; calyx-teeth small, sometimes obsolete. Petals 5, usually with an inflexed tip. Stamens 5, inserted on an epigynous disk. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, one hanging ovule in each cell. Styles 2, united below and forming a swollen or cushion-like base (stylopodium). Fruit consisting of two carpels united by their faces (commissure), flattened laterally (i. e., flattened sidewise or contrary to the commissure), or flattened dorsally (i. e., each carpel flattened on the back or parallel with the commissure), or not flattened at all. Each carpel with 5 ribs or ridges, one down the back (dorsal r i b ) , 2 on the edge near the commissure (lateral ribs), and 2 between the dorsal and lateral ribs (intermediate ribs). Between the ribs are the spaces called intervals:—the dorsal intervals are those next to the dorsal rib; the lateral intervals are those next to the lateral ribs. Beneath the intervals (in the tissue of the pericarp), as also on the commissural side, are oil-tubes. Carpels 1-seeded, splitting apart at maturity, each borne on a filiform division of the receptacle (or carpophore) which is prolonged between them. The " s e e d - f a c e " is against the commissure. Embryo small; endosperm cartilaginous.—The inflorescence is frequently irregularly compound; in a few genera the fruit has no Tibs, and in others no oil-tubes. The number of oil-tubes in a given species is, generally speaking, a reliable character but it should be noted that there is here, also, more or less variation. The character of the ribs and oil-tubes should be ascertained by examination of perfectly mature fruit. Many of the species are poisonous or have poisonous parts, although many others, such as Parsley, Carrot and Parsnip, have edible organs and are classed as food plants.

A. Fruit bearing prickles, bristles, scales or tubercles. R i b s n o n e ; oil-tubes none e x c e p t in no. 2. F r u i t covered with hyaline s c a l e s ; flowers greenish-white or blue, in dense h e a d s ; prickly perennial herbs 1. ERYNGIUM. F r u i t bur-like, covered with hooked p r i c k l e s . F l o w e r s yellow or purple, mostly in head-like c l u s t e r s ; p e r e n n i a l s . . 2 . SANICULA. F l o w e r s white, in compound u m b e l s ; a n n u a l s 3 . ANTHRISCUS. R i b s p r e s e n t ; flowers white. Oil-tubes n o n e or o b s c u r e . F r u i t with an elongated b e a k several times longer t h a n the m u r i c u l a t e b o d y ; annuals 4 . SCANDIX. F r u i t not beaked or with a s h o r t b e a k several times shorter t h a n the smooth b o d y ; ribs bristly; perennials 5. OSMORRHIZA. Oil-tubes p r e s e n t , usually c o n s p i c u o u s . R i b s a r m e d with b r i s t l e s . F r u i t somewhat flattened d o r s a l l y ; spines b a r b e d ; calyx-teeth obsolete; umbel compound 6. DAUCUS. F r u i t flattened l a t e r a l l y ; bristles h o o k e d ; calyx-teeth obvious. Umbels s u b c a p i t a t e , opposite the l e a v e s ; f r u i t p r i c k l y on one c a r p e l , w a r t y on the other 7. TORILIS. U m b e l s compound, t e r m i n a l a n d l a t e r a l ; f r u i t p r i c k l y on both c a r p e l s . . R i b s not armed, i n c o n s p i c u o u s ; compound

fruit tuberculate-roughened;

8.

CAUCALIS.

umbels i r r e g u l a r l y 9- APIASTRUM.

B. Fruit not prickly or tuberculate nor scaly (sometimes hairy). I.

L E A V E S S I M P L E ; U M B E L S S I M P L E OR P R O L I F E R O U S .

L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e or in a basal t u f t ; c a r p e l s with filiform r i b s ; stems c r e e p i n g ; p e r e n n i a l s . Oil-tubes n o n e ; leaves o r b i c u l a r or peltate 1 0 . HYDROCOTYLE. Oil-tubes s o l i t a r y ; leaves c o n s i s t i n g of hollow c y l i n d r i c a l petioles 2 4 . LILAEOPSIS. L e a v e s o p p o s i t e ; c a r p e l s w i t h o u t r i b s ; stems slender, w e a k ; a n n u a l s 1 1 . BOWLESIA. 2.

L E A V E S P I N N A T E L Y OK T E R N A T E L Y COMPOUND OR D E C O M P O U N D ; U M B E I . S

a. Ribs of the fruit

not winged;

COMPOUND.

fruit not flattened dorsally, sometimes somewhat laterally flattened. F l o w e r s white, r a r e l y p i n k i s h , or a t l e a s t not yellow. Oil-tubes none. F r u i t l i n e a r or elongated ( % to 1 in. l o n g ) ; stems not d o t t e d . . . 5 . OSMORRHIZA. F r u i t ovate ( 1 % lines l o n g ) ; stem purple-dotted 1 2 . CONIUM. Oil-tubes p r e s e n t . Oil-tubes s o l i t a r y in the i n t e r v a l s (see also n o . 1 7 ) . P e t a l s conspicuously u n e q u a l ; lower leaves with b r o a d leaflets, the u p p e r dissected 13- CORI.»NDRUM.

693

PARSLEY FAMILY

Petals equal or essentially so. Umbels subsessile in the forks and terminal on the branches. 14. APIVM. Umbels terminal on the branches. B r a c t s 3-parted to the middle into filiform divisions, closely reflexed ; upper leaves ternately decompound and dissected. 15.

Bracts

AMMI.

entire or merely toothed, spreading or rarely reflexed; leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Leaflets entire; ribs filiform; plants of dry ground or moist meadows 16. CARUM. Leaflets serrate; plants of marshes or stream banks. Ribs corky but distinct. Styles short (about % or % as long as the f r u i t ; fruit broadly ovate or roundish 18. ClCl'TA. Styles long (about % as long as the fruit) ; fruit subcylindric 19. OEXAXTHE. Ribs confluent, forming a continuous corky covering. . . . 20.

BERULA.

Oil-tubes 2 or more, at least in some of the intervals. Ribs, or some of them, corky. Leaves simply pinnate; stems leafy; ribs all corky; marsh or aquatic plants 21. SIUM. Leaves once or twice ternate, all basal; lateral ribs corky-thickened, the others slender; slopes towards the arid interior 22.

OROGEXIA.

Ribs not corky-thickened. Pedicels of the flowers equal or nearly so; calyx-teeth not rigid. Leaves once to thrice ternate or pinnate; mostly tall plants. Leaflets linear, mostly entire; ribs filiform. . . 1 7 . EULOPHVS. Leaflets ovate, incised; ribs strong, acute. . . 2 3 . LIGUSTICUM. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, the divisions or leaflets oblong, entire; alpine dwarf 25. PODISTERA. Pedicels of the sterile flowers surpassing or equaling the fruit; sterile calyx-teeth rigid-subulate, very prominent. . . , 2 6 . OREOXAXA. Flowers yellow. Stems of medium height, the leaves mostly basal; leaflets broad 27. VELAEA. Stems very tall, leafy; leaves dissected into filiform segments 28. FOEXICULUM. b. Some or all the ribs of the fruit winged. Lateral ribs winged, the dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; fruit flattened dorsally. Corollas of marginal flowers of umbel radiately enlarged; oil-tubes reaching only half way to base of f r u i t ; tall coarse plants 29. HERACLEUM. Corollas all alike; oil-tubes as long as the fruit (except in no. 3 2 ) . Leaves and peduncles arising from the root-crown, or from only a very short proper stem. Lateral wings of fruit corky-thickened; flowers commonly yellow; tall plants with large leaves 30. LEPTOTAEXIA. Lateral wings thin; flowers yellow, white or purple; low plants with medium or small leaves 31. LOMATIUM. Stems tall, leafy. Dorsal and intermediate ribs 3 ; flowers yellow. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets ovate, toothed 32. PASTIXACA. Leaves ternately compound and dissected into filiform segments 33.

AXETHUM.

Dorsal and intermediate ribs apparently 5 ; leaves simply pinnate; flowers white 34. OXYPOLIS. Lateral, dorsal and intermediate ribs all winged or very prominent. Tall plants with leafy stems; flowers white. Umbellets not capitate. Ribs not corky-thickened; fruit flattened dorsally; petioles not inflated. Leaflets incised or deeply toothed; oil-tubes solitary in the i n t e r v a l s . . . 35.

COXIOSELINUM.

Leaflets not incised, merely serrate or toothed or entire; oil-tubes 1 to 36. ANGELICA. 3 in the intervals Ribs very thick and corky; fruit slightly flattened laterally if at all; petioles inflated 37. CQELOPLEURUM. Umbellets capitate; fruit cuneate-obovate, flattened dorsally, pubescent 38.

SPHEXOSCIADIUM.

Mostly low plants, the leaves and peduncles all basal; oil-tubes several in the intervals; flowers white, yellow or purple; fruit flattened dorsally or not at all 39.

1. E R ^ N G I U M L .

BUTTON SNAKEROOT

CYMOPTERUS.

P e r e n n i a l s with c l u s t e r e d coarse fibrous roots, o f t e n diehotomously b r a n c h ing stems, p r i c k l y involucres and o f t e n p r i c k l y leaves. L e a v e s opposite, or t h e upper sometimes a l t e r n a t e , commonly o b l a n c e o l a t e a n d spinulose-serrate or incised, or t h e basal, when g r o w i n g in w a t e r , with fistulous petioles a n d t h e blade more or less obsolete. F l o w e r s g r e e n i s h - w h i t e or bluish, condensed in h e a d s ; heads t e r m i n a l on t h e b r a n c h e s or on short peduncles in t h e f o r k s ;

694

UMBELLIFERAE

bracts spinose, conspicuous; bractlets usually spinose-tipped. Calyx-lobes (or sepals) persistent on the fruit. Fruit covered with whitish thin scales; ribs obsolete. Oil-tubes none or obscure. (Greek name used by Dioscorides.)

Sepals entire. Heads very blue 1. E. articulatum. Heads greenish, seldom blue. Blades of lower cauline leaves about 1 % in. long, the petioles several times as long 2. E. alismaefolium. Blades of lower cauline leaves little or not at all exceeded by the petioles. Bracts mostly entire (sometimes with a pair of spiny teeth or bristles). Styles in fruit little or not at all exserted beyond calyx-lobes; bracts and bractlets glabrous. Stem diffusely branched from base; leaves serrate or incised; bracts callous-margined 3. E. armatum. Stem erect, simple below; leaves twice pinnately parted; bracts scarious-winged at base 4. E. pinnatiaectum. Styles in fruit conspicuously exserted beyond calyx-lobes; bracts and bractlets puberulent 5. E. longistylum. Bracts more or less spiny-toothed or bristly. Plants prostrate or low-diffuse. Stems thickened, nearly simple, clustered at base; basal leaves pinnatifid 6. E. minimum. Stems slender, freely branched, not clustered at base; basal leaves oblanceolate, spinose-toothed 7. E. aristulatum. Plants erect. Bractlets not spinv-toothed 8. E. jepsonii. Bractlets spiny-toothed. Leaves merely spinose-toothed or somewhat incised; bracts and bractlets spiny-toothed only towards base 9. E. vaseyi. Leaves laciniately parted into remote spinulose-toothed segments ; bracts and bractlets spiny-toothed except towards tip 10. E. castrense. Sepals pinnately 3 to 5-cuspidate 11. E. globosum.

1. E . articulsttum Hook. BEE-THISTLE. Stem erect, dichotomously branched above, usually with a pedunculate liead in the forks, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage with a strong disagreeable odor; lower leaves fistulous, elongated, jointed, with or without a lanceolate or ovate nearly parallel-veined entire to spinulose-laciniate blade; upper leaves sometimes opposite, more or less laciniate; heads ovoid, 4 to 8 lines high, blue; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, cuspidate-tipped, more or less spinulose-serrate, 6 to 10 lines long, deflexed; bractlets lanceolate, entire, or somewhat spiny-toothed, more or less scarious-margined, surpassing the sepals; sepals lanceolate, lines long, tapering into a short spine, equaled or surpassed by the styles.—Kiver marshes and marshy meadows: lower San Joaquin E i v e r ; Sacramento Valley; n. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; Ore. to Ida. Var. BAKERI Jepson. Stem simple for more than half its length, then sparsely branched, 1 to l 1 ^ ft. high; leaf blades of basal leaves ovate, 1% to 2 in. long, the petiole much elongated; heads ovate to globose, bluish, on longish peduncles, 4 to 5 lines high; bracts linear-lanceolate, pinnately spinescent, longer than the heads, spreading or often deflexed; bractlets with a pair of spinose teeth above the middle, scarious-margined at base, equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals; sepals ovate, % line long, tapering rather abruptly into a short cusp, exceeded by the styles.—Modoc Co. This is an apparent intergrade to no. 2. 2. E . alismaefdlium Greene. Main stem 1 to 2 in. high, then parted into 3 to 5 diffuse dichotomous branches, at first much shorter than the leaves, later often exceeding them; basal leaves to 1*4 ft. long, consisting of elongated petioles with or without short ( l 1 / ! in. long) blades; petioles terete, jointed, passing above into flat spinose ones without joints; upper leaves similar but much smaller; heads usually pedunculate, nearly globose. 3 to 3 % lines high; bracts subulate-lanceolate, usually somewhat longer than the heads, 4 to 5 lines long, with or without a few spinose bristles, somewhat scarious-margined at base; bractlets subulate-lanceolate, a little exceeding the flowers, with conspicuous scarious margins below (broadening downward), with or without a few bristles; sepals ovate-oblong, scarious margined, V2 line long, tapering into a cuspidate-bristly tip; styles longer than the sepals.—Modoc Co. 3.

E . a r m i t u m C. & E .

COAST ERYXGO.

F i g . 673.

S t e m diffusely

branch-

ing, 3 to 5 or 10 in. long; leaves broadly oblanceolate, incised or merely

695

PARSLEY FAMILY

serrate, the teeth spinose; bracts a n d bractlets v e r y prominent, broadly lanceolate, strongly spinosetipped, with a callous margin, entire or with a pair of spinulose teeth below, sometimes scarious-winged at the very base, 3 to 7 lines long; sepals ovate, % line long, usually exceeding the styles, narrowed at apex into a sharp point or cusp less t h a n half as long. — Lowlands near t h e coast from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; often abundant. 4. E. pinnàtiséctum Jepson. Stem erect, branching above, 8 to 14 in. high; basal leaves 6 in. long, tapering into a flat winged petiole, pinnately parted into narrow rather remote segments, these spinulose-toothed or -parted; upper leaves similar or merely spinose-toothed, the petiole short or lacking; heads 3% to 4 lines high; bracts entire, 4 to 5 lines long, with wide scarious margin at base forming a lobe or tooth above; bractlets shorter, similar; sepals lanceolate, 1 line long, tapering into a spine about Yz as long; styles exceeded by sepals.—Sierra Nevada foothills in Tuolumne Co.

e, sect. carp, x 7.

5. E. longistylum C. & E. Stem low (4 to 8 in. high), branching throughout and spreading; basal leaves narrow, pinnately cut into distant almost spine-like segments; heads globose, about 1% lines high; bracts narrowly lanceolate, spreading, minutely puberulent, much longer t h a n the heads, 2% to 3% lines long, mostly entire, scarious-margined a t base; bractlets similar, b u t narrower, and with broader scarious margins at base; sepals lanceolate, scarious-margined, % line long, tapering above into a weak acuminate t i p ; styles very much longer t h a n the sepals.—W. San Luis Obispo Co. 6. E. minimum C. & E. Low, depressed-tufted, t h e stems several to many, nearly simple, thickened toward t h e base and markedly retrocurved, 1 to 4 in. long; leaves mostly basal, 2 to 6 in. long, merely cleft and toothed to pinnately divided with cleft or toothed ovatish-segments, the teeth and petioles more or less spinose; heads on very short peduncles, nearly globose, 2y 2 to 3% lines high; bracts broadly lanceolate, equaling or slightly exceeding the heads, the lower % with spinose bristles; bractlets broadly linearlanceolate, a little longer t h a n the flowers, with a conspicuous scarious margin below, at the top of which and just above are a few bristles; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, % line long, with an abruptly cuspidate-bristly tip about as long; styles exceeding the sepals.—N. Sierra Nevada (Nevada Co. to Plumas Co.) 7. E. arfstulàtum Jepson. Stems prostrate or low-diffuse, very slender, 10 to 15 in. long, basal leaves tapering into a long petiole, 4 in. long (including the petiole), the short blade spinose-toothed and with a f e w lanceolate segments; cauline leaves opposite, sessile, spinulose-serrate; heads very numerous, 2*4 to 3V2 lines long; bracts exceeding the head, about 4% lines long, densely spinescent at base; bractlets spinose, the body narrowly lanceolate, inversely sagittate-winged from the base upward, the lobes of the wings thus forming sinuses, in each of which are borne 1 to 3 awns surpassing the breadth of the wing; sepals ovate-lanceolate, hyaline-margined, 1 line long, tapering into a cuspidate-bristly tip, exceeded by the long styles. —Dry lake beds, Lake Co.

696

UMBELLIFERAE

6 7 4 . E r y n g i u m vaseyi C. & R . ; a, p l a n t x rA ; b, terete leaves x ; c, fr. b r a n c h x Vz ; d, f r . x 3 ; e, sect, carpel x 7 ; / , bractlet x 2 .

the base and diffusely branching, the heads about 2% lines high; bracts narrow and rigid, with a few spinose bristles and with or without a narrow scarious margin at base, 3V> to 8 lines long; bractlets similar but with a short broad scarious margin below, usually without bristles; sepals ovate, V2 line long, tapering above into a cuspidate-bristly tip.— Sandy ground, San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co. and L. Cal. (E. parishii C. & R.) 9 . E. vaseyi C . & R. COYOTETHISTLE. Fig. 674. Plants growing in shallow vernal pools and showing two vegetative stages: earliest leaves all terete, jointed, and basal, disappearing with the drying up of the pools and succeeded by leafy stems; stems stout, erect, more or less branching, commonly 8 to 13 in. (or sometimes 2 ft.) high; lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, spinulose, somewhat incised or bearing small lanceolate lobes below, 4 to 8 in. long, the upper much shorter; heads 3% (or 2% lines) high; bracts spinose, spinulose toward the base, 6 to 10 lines long, much surpassing the bractlets; bractlets similar, surpass-

8 . E . jepsonii C . & R . BUTTONTHISTLE. Plants growing in shallow vernal pools, the earliest leaves all basal and consisting of terete hollow jointed petioles, % to IV2 ft. long, these disappearing with the drying up of the pools, and leafy stems arising; stems slender, freely branching, to 1% ft. high; leaves oblanceolate, spinulose, sometimes incised, the lower narrowed at base to a slender spinulose petiole, the upper shortpetioled or sessile; heads 3 to Zx/J lines high, surpassed by the bracts; bracts rigid, 4 to 10 lines long, with few short bristles at base; bractlets lanceolate, with scarious margin at base, broader upwards, not spinulose; sepals oblong or lanceolate, 1 line long, narrowed abruptly into a spine less than half as long, exceeded by the long styles.—Low places in valley fields and flats in the hills, Napa Co. to Santa Clara Co. Var. PARISHII Jepson. Stems slender, erect or spreading, much branched at base, V3 to 1% f t . high; basal leaves laciniate-toothed or parted into remote spinose-toothed segments, tapering into a long somewhat spiny-toothed petiole; inflorescence beginning near

PARSLEY FAMILY

697

ing the flowers; fruit with abruptly cuspidate sepals longer than the short styles.—Low places in fields, Sacramento Valley, w. to Mendocino Co. and s. to Monterey Co. May-June. 10. E. castrènse Jepson. Fig. 675. Stem stout, very erect, simple below, branched above, l'/> to 1 % ft. high; eauline leaves laciniately divided into rather remote very narrow segments, these again cleft or toothed, the margin of the divisions and the ligulate rachis spinose; leaves at the upper forks bracteose-foliaceous, pinnately spinose-cleft, somewhat recurving, l 1 ^ to 1 % in. long; heads mostly sliort-peduncled, 4 to 5 lines high, twice exceeded by the bractlets; bracts moderately rigid, pinnately spiny-toothed except toward tip, at base more or less scarious margined and densely spinose dorsally, % to 1 in. long; bractlets similar but with broadly scarious margined base which encloses the fruit; sepals about 1 line long, tapering into a short spine.—Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to Butte Co. Var. VALLÍCOLA Jepson. Bracts and bractlets shorter and less markedly spineseent, in this character approaching no. 9.—Sierra Nevada foothills from Mariposa Co. to Butte Co. 11. E. globòsum Jepson. Stems 1 to several from base, branching above, 14 to 20 in. high; basal leaves pinnately divided into narrow distant segments, these more or less spinose-toothed or cleft, the petioles spinose-winged and at base somewhat clasping, the entire leaf 5 in. long; eauline leaves similar but smaller with short spinosely winged petiole, the uppermost more or less bracteose, very spiny at base; heads remarkably globose, mostly on short stout peduncles, 5 lines in diameter, not exceeded by the bractlets except the terminal ones; bracts rigid, spine-tipped and pinnately spinose, somewhat scarious at base, 4 to 5 % lines long; bractlets pinnately 2 or 3spinose, with broad scarious margin at base, the margin 1 or 2spinose above; lateral bractlets equaling the flowers, the terminal ones much longer, all falling with the fruit; sepals ovate, 1 line long, pinnately 3 to 5 spiny-toothed (rarely entire), the apical spine V-i line long; styles scarcely exserted; fruit 1% lines long.—Flats in and near the Sierra Nevada foothills in Tulare Co. Var. MÈDIUM Jepson. Bractlets conspicuously exserted from the heads, in this respect approaching no. 9.—Cathay foothills, Mariposa Co. 2.

SANÍCULA

L.

SNAKE-ROOT

Glabrous perennials with naked or few-leaved stems, usually much divided leaves, and irregularly compound, few-rayed umbels. Involucres of leaf-like toothed bracts. Involucels of small usually entire bractlets. Flowers greenish, yellow or purple, of two sorts, perfect (fertile) and staminate (sterile), both kinds in the same umbellet, the staminate often pediceled. Umbellets capitate and here called e, cross sect, of carpel x 5. " h e a d s . " Calyx-teeth s l i g h t l y foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, without ribs, densely covered with tubercles which often end in hooked prickles. Oil-tubes many and irregularly distributed. (Diminutive, derived from Latin sanare, to heal; certain species used in medicine.)

698

UMBELLIFERAE

A. Fruit

pedieeled or stipitate; leaves palmately lobed or divided; stem or stems from a stoutish taproot. Bractlets conspicuous, much exceeding the heads; plants prostrate or decumbent 1. arctopoides. Bractlets inconspicuous, not exceeding the heads; plants erect. Leaf divisions broad, not toothed to the very base; common 2. S. menziesii. Leaf divisions narrow, decurrent below into a conspicuously toothed rachis; r a r e . . . . 3. S. arguta. B. Fruit

neither

pediceled

nor

stipitate.

Stem or stems from the more or less thickened crown of a taproot. Flowers purple (yellow in the vars.) ; leaves bipinnatifid, the main divisions decurrent on the toothed rachis 4. S. bipinnatifida. Flowers yellow. Leaves entire or some 3-parted; S. F . B a y 5. S. maritima. Leaves not entire. Leaves palmately cleft or divided, the main divisions confluent below; coast species 6. lariniata. Leaves ternate, the main divisions on distinct petiolules; Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino Mts. Plants low, the spreading peduncles arising in a cluster from near the base 7. ncuadensis. Plants erect, the peduncles arising singly along the stem 8. septentrionalix. Stems from a tuberous root. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, of distinct small leaflets; fruit tuberculate, the tubercles tipped with hooked bristles; tuber vertically elongated. . 9 . ¿'. bi/jinnata. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, then pinnately dissected. Tuber globose; fruit tuberculate, not bristly; flowers yellow 10. 5 . tuberosa. Tuber elongated, fleshy, branched below; fruit with its upper tubercles tipped with hooked bristles; flowers salmon-color 11. saxatilis. 1.

S. a r c t o p o i d e s H . & A .

FOOTSTEPS-OF-SPRING.

Fig. 676.

P r o s t r a t e o r de-

cumbent, the plants 4 to 8 in. broad, conspicuous because of tlie yellowish foliage; main stem from a taproot, very short, bearing a t u f t of leaves and several divergent naked branches often longer than the leaves, each branch bearing an umbel of 1 to 4 rays; rays short or as much as 5 in. long; leaves 2 to 2 % in. broad, 2 to 4 % in. long, including the broadly margined petiole, palmately parted into 3 divisions which are again cleft, the whole margin laciniately cut into slender unequal teeth, almost as if fringed, or again, the lanceolate spreading segments subentire; bracts similar; heads 3 lines in diameter, surrounded by conspicuous involucels of 8 to 13 oblong entire bractlets 5 to 7 lines long, or 4 or 5 much shorter than the others; flowers yellow; fruit 1 to 1 % lines long, naked at base, with strong bristles above.—Open or brushy hills of the seaward Coast Ranges from Monterey to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. Also called Yellow Mats. 2.

S. menziesii

WEED. F i g . 677.

„„„ „

. ,

. . . „ „ ,

,

,

6 7 7 . Samcula menziesii H. & A . ; a, leaf x

a ; b, fr. branchlet x % ; c, fr. x 5 ; d, sect. carp, x 6.

H.

& A.

GAMBLE

S t e m 1 to 3M> f e e t

high, from a stoutish taproot, simple below, paniculately branching above; leaves round-cordate in outline, 1 to 3 in. broad, palmately and deeply 3 to 5-lobed, the broad segments sharply lobed or incised, with mucronate teeth; rays few, % to 2 in. long; bracts small, leaf-like; bractlets 6 to 8, small, entire; flowers yellow, the sterile ones short-pediceled or nearly sessile; fruit covered with strong bristles, 1V> lines long, distinctly stipitate, 4 to 9 in each v„„j

„1

1

„h,

j-

t

ov„j„

> a t „ l e n S t h divergent.—Shady woods of the foothills; coastal S.

head

PARSLEY

FAMILY

699

Cal.; Coast Eanges; Sierra Nevada; n. to B . C. Var. NUDiCAtJLls Jepson. Branches about 10, sub-basal, somewhat scapiform; leaves long-petioled, thinnish, less deeply parted, sinuses more nearly closed and the segments less lobed.—Coast Eanges; Amador Co. Var. PEDATA Jepson. Eobust, 3 to 5 f t . high; leaves thickish, dark green, pedately divided into euneate segments (especially the cauline), 3 to 4 in. broad, the teeth bristle-tipped.—Elk Mt., Lake Co.; Calistoga. Var.-FOLIACEA Jepson. Low but very leafy, the braeteal leaves very large.—San Francisco B a y ; Kelseyville, Lake Co. 3. S. arguta Greene. Stem sparingly branched, from the crown of a thickened taproot, 8 to 14 in. high; leaves mainly basal, 1 to 3 in. long, palmately 5- to 7-divided, the middle division largest and often distant, the lower pair of divisions smaller than the lateral pair, all more or less pinnately parted or cleft and toothed and each decurrent to the base, forming a broad toothed wing; ultimate segments 2 to 3 lines broad; midribs and upper side of petioles minutely glandular; petioles 2 to 5 in. long; cauline and braeteal leaves reduced or sometimes large; rays 3 to 5 in an umbel, 1 to 4 in. long; flowers yellow, the heads 2 or 3 lines broad; bractlets membranaceous, oblong, acute, not exceeding the heads; fruit prickly, 2 y 2 lines long, stipitate. —Coastal S. Cai. 4. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. PURPLE

SANICLE.

P i g . 678.

Plants y, to 1 ft.

high, the herbage disposed to be purplish; taproot deep-seated, its thickened multicipital crown bearing a cluster of leaves and several stems which are leafy mainly or wholly toward the base; leaves 2 % to 4 in. long, mostly triangular in outline, pinnately 3 to 7-parted, the divisions distant, decurrent on the rachis as a toothed wing, and cut into oblong or ovate unequally toothed or serrate lobes; flowers purple, the sterile pediceled, borne in dense heads 2 % to 4 lines in diameter; umbels irregular, with long or short rays, small leaf-like bracts and small lanceolate bractlets; fruit covered all over with bristles.—Grassy slopes in the hills: coastal S. Cal.; Coast Eanges; Sierra Nevada foothills; n. to B. C. MayJune. Var. FLAVA Jepson. Leaves mostly light green with broad primary division ( % to 1Y2 in. wide); 678. Sanícula bipinnatifida Dougl.; a, flowers yellow.—Butte Co.; Plumas cal leaf x Y2 ; b, early leaf x 3 ; c, infl. x (i, fr. x 3 ; e, sect. carp, x 6. Co. Var. NEMORALIS Jepson. Winged rachis entire or sparsely denticulate; flowers yellow.- - S i e r r a Nevada Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co. 5. S. maritima Kell. DOBIE SANICLE. Plants 10 to 12 in. high, the stout stem from a much-thickened root; basal leaves rather numerous, elliptical to orbicular, entire or slightly serrate, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles 4 to 6 in. long; cauline leaves few, 3-parted into obovate or roundish divisions (as are sometimes the basal leaves), with sub-entire or coarsely toothed margins; peduncles few, elongated; umbel with 1 to 4 rays 1 to 2% in. long; involucre of leaf-like bracts; involucel of many small lanceolate bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones short-pediceled; fruit bristly, somewhat naked below, 1 l i n e s long; seed-face concave with a very prominent median longitudinal ridge.—Local species of low and wet adobe lands in the vicinity of saltmarshes bordering San Francisco Bay.

700

UMBELLIFERAE

6. S. láciniáta H. & A. C O A S T S A N I C L E . P l a n t s 6 to 13 in. high; stem f r o m a medium taproot, the branches few and disposed to diverge; leaves mainly basal, roundish in outline, % to 1 in. long, palmately 3-cleft or parted, the divisions incisely lobed or laciniate with spreading teeth, their petioles 1 to 2 in. long; upper leaves and foliaceous involucres similar but reduced; umbel with 2 to 5 unequal rays ( % to 1% in. long) or 1 or 2 of the rays again umbellate; flowers yellow, subtended by an involucel of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bractlets 1 line long; sterile flowers long-pediceled; f r u i t prickly, somewhat naked below, l^A lines long.—Slopes of the coast hills from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. Apr. Var. S E R P E N T I N A Jepson. Leaves 1 to 1% in. long, palmately 3-parted, or divided, the lobes pinnately parted into often remote lanceolate segments, these entire or laciniately toothed.—Monterey Co. to Marin Co. 7. S. nevadénsis Wats. S I E R R A S A N I C L E . L O W plants, with several spreading peduncles 1 to 6 (or 9) in. long arising basally or from the very short stem; leaves about 1 in. long, on petioles as long or twice as long, ternate, the divisions with distinct petiolules, oblong-ovate to roundish in outline, 3 to 5-lobed with the segments again lobed or toothed; rays 3 to 10 in an umbel, 1 line to 1 in. long, the bracts pinnatifid, leaf-like; bractlets small, oblong, acute, more or less united; flowers yellow, the sterile on pedicels 1 to 1% lines long; f r u i t tuberculate, the tubercles ending in hooked bristles.— Middle altitudes in the mountains, 5000 to 6000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts. and n. through the Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos. May-June. Var. GLAÚCA Jepson. Leaves glaucous, very finely divided.—Eocky slopes, Tulare and K e r n Cos. 8. S. septéntrionális Greene. Plants erect, 6 to 12 in. high; peduncles few, divaricately spreading, scattered along the stem; leaves 1 to 2 in. long; f r u i t 2 lines long; otherwise like no. 7.—Montane, 5000 to 7000 f t . ; Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.); high North Coast Ranges; n. to B. C. 9 . S. bipinnáta H . & A . P O I S O N S A N I C L E . Fig. 6 7 9 . Stem from an elongated tuber-like root, erect, usually simple below, % to 2 f t . high; herbage with a strongly aromatic odor; l e a v e s chiefly basal, 2 to 4 in. long, twice or thrice pinnate, the ultimate divisions obovate or oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, not decurrent; umbel with 3 or 4 rays and leaf-like bracts; flowers yellow, the heads 2 lines in diameter and subtended by several small more or less united bractlets; f r u i t tuberculate, the tubercles tipped with stout hooked bristles.—Shady woods in the low hills, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Apr. 1 0 . S. tuberosa Torr. T U R K E Y P E A . Fig. 680. Stem from a globose tuber, 5 to 9 (or 14) in. high, simple or divided at or near the surface of the ground into 2 to 5 long peduncle-like often divergent branches, each irregularly di- or tri-chotomous, the divisions ending in 1 to 4-raved umbels and commonly with pedicellate heads in the forks; leaves once or twice ternate, then pinnatifid, usually very finely dissected into acutish segments; involucres of leaf-like bracts; involucels of small ovate or lanceolate partially united bractlets; heads 2 to 3 lines broad; flowers yellow, the sterile on pedicels 1 to lines long; f r u i t flattened laterally,

701

PARSLEY FAMILY

tuberculate but not at all bristly, 1 line long.—Rocky or gravelly slopes in the foothills, 500 to 2500 ft. and up to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; s. to San Diego Co. and L. Cal. 11. S. saxatilis Greene. Stems several, branching and widely spreading from the base, 4 to 7 in. long; root a very thick and fleshy tuber, more or less elongated or irregular; ultimate leaf segments broad, coarsely toothed; flowering branches repeatedly dichotomous; flowers straw color; upper tubercles on the fruit tipped with a reduced subulate and somewhat hooked bristle; otherwise like no. 10. — Rocky crests, Mt. Diablo. 3. ANTHRlSCUS Bernh. Annual herb. Leaves bipinnate with bipinnatifid leaflets, the upper leaves reduced. Flowers white. Umbels compound, lateral, shortly peduncled or sessile. Rays few. Involucre none. Involucel of few lanceolate bractlets. Fruit somewhat latertuberosa T o r r . ; a, habit x V2 ; ally compressed, ovate, shortly beaked, 6 8 0 . Sanicula b, fr. x 7 ; c, sect. carp, x 10. curved with short hooked bristles. Ribs and oil-tubes none or obscure. (Greek anthriscus, its etymology unknown.) 1. A. vulgaris (L.) Pers. BUR CHERVIL. Slender, to 3 ft. high; rays 3 to 6, % to 1 in. long; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; fruit 1% lines long. — Adventive European weed. 4. SCAJMDIXL. Annuals with dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white, polygamous, in compound umbels. Staminate flowers with stamens and green disk, and occasionally with short styles; pistillate flowers with long styles, purple disk and with or without stamens. Rays commonly 2, rarely 1 or 3. Involucre none or of one bract. Involucels of several bractlets. Petals unequal, the outer larger. Fruit linear, flattened laterally, muriculate, prolonged into a beak several times longer than the body. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes none or obscure. Seed-face sulcate. (The Greek name.) 1. S.

HERD'S

Scandix pecten-veneris L . ; a, fr. branchlet x V4 ; b, fr. x 34 ; c, carpel x % ; d, sect. carp, x 10.

pecten-veneris

NEEDLE.

Fig.

L.

681.

SHEP-

Erect,

simple or branching, 5 to 16 in. high, somewhat hispidulous; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnately dissected into linear acute segments less than %

702

UMBELLIFERAE

line wide; bractlets 2 or 3- toothed at apex or entire; rays % to 1 in. long; pedicels very short; body of f r u i t 4 lines long, bearing a straight flattish beak 1% in. long, its edges hispidulous.—San Francisco Bay region; nat. f r o m Eur. 5. O S M O R R H Ì Z A E a f .

S W E E T CICELY

Perennials with thick aromatic roots. Leaves mostly basal, 2 to 3 times ternately compound. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Calyx teeth obsolete. Involucre reduced or obsolete. Involucels present or none. Fruit linear or linear-oblong, rather prominently a t t e n u a t e a t base, glabrous and smooth or bristly along the ribs; carpels pentagonal in cross section, with equal ribs. Oil-tubes none in mature f r u i t . Seed-face concave to very deeply sulcate. (Greek osme, odor, and rhiza, root.) Fruit with bristly ribs; carpel long-attenuate at base (except no. 1 ) . Involucels of several bractlets 1.0. brachypoda. Involucels none. Fruit beaked or constricted at apex 2. O. nuda. Fruit obtuse at apex 3. O. obtusa. Fruit ribs not bristly; carpel not attenuate (mostly obtuse) at base. Fruiting rays usually erect, forming a compact cluster o f . f r u i t s ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate 4. O. ocoidentalis. Fruiting rays spreading, forming a loose umbel; leaflets ovate 5. 0. bolanderi.

1. O. brachypoda Torr. Erect, 1% to 1% f t . high, glabrous or strigoselv puberulent; leaflets coarsely laciniate-cleft and serrate, mucronulate, % to 2 in. long; umbel 1 to 5-rayed, the f r u i t i n g rays 2 to 4 in. long; pedicels 1 line long; involucre mostly absent; involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; f r u i t 7 to 9 lines long, the ribs armed with bristles pointed upward; seedface deeply concave or even involute.—Sierra Nevada, 3000 to 5000 ft., from Sierra Co. to Tulare Co.; South Coast Ranges f r o m Santa Clara Co. to Santa B a r b a r a Co.; cismontane S. Cai. 2. O. nuda Torr. Fig. 682. Stem glabrous, 1% to 2% f t . high or less; leaves 5 to 11 in. long, the cauline much reduced; petioles with short stiff spreading hairs, the leaflets more or less hispidulous; leaflets ovate or elliptical, 3-lobed or -cleft and serrate, often narrowly or broadly cuneate at the entire base, Va to 2% in. long; rays 3 or 4 (to 6), 2 to 4 in. long; pedicels 3 to 8 lines long; involucels none; f r u i t 5 to 8 lines long, attenuate into a slender base % to V> as long as the body, and at apex more or less contracted into a beak V> to 1 line long; a t t e n u a t e base of f r u i t very bristly, the body upwardly bristly on the ribs; seed-face sulcate.— Shady woods: cismontane S. Cai.; Coast Ranges mostlv near the coast, 100 to 2000 f t . ; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 6000 ft., f r o m Tulare Co. to Placer Co. The most common species of this genus. Var. BRÉVIPES Jepson. Leaflets puberulent or strigose; pedicels 1% to 3 lines long.— Tuolumne Co. to Siskivou Co. Var. DÌVARICÀTA Jepson. Nearly glabrous, but variable in this respect and scarcely of varietal rank.—Placer Co. to Tehama Co. and n. 682. Osmorrhiza nuda Torr.; a, leaf x Vi ; b, umbel x % ; c, fr. x 2 % ; d, sect. carp, x 18.

3. O. obtùsa Fer. Resembles no. 2, but more slender, 1 to 1% f t . high; herbage almost glabrous; rays

PARSLEY

FAMILY

703

widely spreading or the lateral deflexed; fruiting pedicels 2 to 4, divaricate, 6 to S lines long; f r u i t 5 to lines long, obtuse or slightly pointed at the tip, less bristly.—Sierra Co.; e. to Eocky Mts.; n. to B. C. 4. O. occidentals Torr. SIERRA S W E E T CICELY. Plants 2 to 3% f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaflets oblong-lanceolate (or rarely ovate), serrate or sparingly incised, 1 to 1% (or 2%) in. long, some of them obliquely lobed on one side by a deep incision toward the base; rays 5 to 12, in f r u i t erect (1 to 2% in. long) and forming a close or compact umbel; pedicels 1% to 4 lines long; bracts 1 or 2 or none; stylopodium conical, about equaling the style; f r u i t 6 to 7 lines long, acutish at apex or obscurely short-beaked, with prominent acute not bristly ribs; seed-face very concave.—Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8500 ft., from Madera Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Mendocino Co.; n. to Alb. 5. O. bolanderi (Gray) Jepson. Stems stout, 3 f t . high; herbage more or less puberulent, somewhat more pubescent at the nodes; leaflets broadly ovate, coarsely toothed, 1 to 2 in. long; f r u i t i n g rays spreading, 1% to 3 in. long; f r u i t 8 to 9% lines long, with a stout short beak; stylopodium flat, shorter than the style; seed-face deeply sulcate.—Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co. 6. DAUCUS L. Bristly or hispid annuals or biennials with dissected decompound leaves and white flowers. Umbels compound, concave, surrounded by cleft bracts and borne on long peduncles. Involucels of entire or toothed bractlets. Calyxteeth obsolete. F r u i t somewhat flattened dorsally. Primary ribs slender, bristly; secondary ribs with a single row of prominent barbed prickles. Oiltubes as in Caucalis. (Daukos, the Greek name.) Involucre divided into short linear or lanceolate segments; rays mostly 2 to 6 lines long. . . 1. D. picsillns. Involucre divided into elongated filiform segments; rays 1 to 2 Vz in. l o n g . . . . 2 . D. carota. 1 . D. pusillus Michx. KATTLESNAKE W E E D . Annual, 4 to 7 (or 2 2 ) in. high;

stems and peduncles retrorsely hispid; leaves finely dissected into linear segments; rays mostly 2 to 6 lines long, sometimes as much as 1 or 1% in. long, somewhat unequal; pedicels very unequal, commonly 1 or 2 lines long or almost wanting; f r u i t IV2 to 2 lines long.—Throughout cisniontane Cal. in the hill country; n. to B. C., e. to the Carolinas. Apr. The herbage is in rural repute as an antidote for the bite of the rattlesnake, whence " Y e r b a del V i b o r a " of the Spanish-Californians. 2. D. carota L . CARROT. Biennial; stems erect, branching, hispid, 2 to 3 f t . high; root fleshy, conical; leaves many times dissected into small linear or lanceolate segments; segments of the involucre linear-lanceolate or subulate; rays numerous, 1 to 2 in. long in f r u i t ; umbels in f r u i t concave and like a b i r d ' s nest; f r u i t 2 lines long.—European cultivated plant, an escape from gardens, locally naturalized in valley lands. 7. T6RILIS L. Erect slender annuals with hispidulose herbage, bipinnate leaves and white flowers in subcapitate umbels. Involucre and involucels of linear bracts. Fruit with the secondary ribs more prominent than the primary and bearing a row of bristles or tubercles; bristles rough, hooked at tip. Oil-tubes solitary, 2 on the commissure. (Derivation unknown.) 1. T. nodosa ( L . ) Gaertn. KNOTTED HEDGE PARSLEY. Erect, 7 to 13 in. high, the stems with few branches, retrorsely scabrous; leaves pinnate (lower 3 to 5 in. long including petiole, the upper successively shorter); leaflets bipinnately dissected; umbels scattered along the stems opposite the leaves, on very short peduncles (1 or 2 lines long), simple or with a supplementary short proliferous umbel; fruits to 2 lines long, those on the outside of the umbel with the exterior carpel densely covei:ed with hooked bristles, the inner carpels as well as the inner f r u i t s warty and without prickles.—• Xat. from Eur., now widely spread and locally common on openly wooded hills.

704

UMBELLIFERAE 8. CAUCAX.IS L . Annuals with decompound leaves dissected into small segments. Flowers white. Umbels more or less irregularly compound. Calyx-teeth prominent. F r u i t flattened laterally. P r i m a r y ribs 5, filiform, b r i s t l y ; secondary ribs 4, prominent, winged, bearing barbed or hooked prickles. Oil-tubes solitary in t h e intervals, i. e., under the secondary ribs, 2 on the f a c e . ( K a u k a l i s , the Greek name.)

683. Caucalis microcarpa H. & A.; a, leaf x 'A ; i>, umbel x 14 ; c, fr. i 6 ; d, sect. carp, x 7.

1. C. microcarpa H. & A. F i g . 683. E r e c t , slender, 6 to 12 in. high; leaves 2 or 3 times t e r n a t e and much dissected, slightly hispid; umbels unequally 3 to 5-rayed; rays 1 to 3 % in. long; pedicels 8 lines long or less; involucre of foliaceous dissected b r a c t s ; involucels of entire or somewhat divided b r a c t l e t s ; fruit oblong, 2 lines long, armed with rows of hooked prickles. — Coast E a n g e s , Sierra Nevada, coastal S. Cal., widely distributed but not common; s. to Mex., e. to Ariz., n. to Wash.

9. A P I A S T R U M Nutt. Small branching glabrous annual with dissected leaves. Flowers small, white, in irregularly compound umbels. R a y s and pedicels unequal. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth wanting. F r u i t somewhat laterally compressed, elliptic-cordate, more or less tuberculate. Oil-tubes solit a r y in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed-face narrowly concave. (Apium, celery, and aster, L a t i n suffix meaning wild.) 1. A. angustifdllum N u t t . Fig. 684. E r e c t , di- or tri-chotomously branched from t h e base, 4 to 8 (or 15) in. high; leaves opposite below, twice or thrice t e r n a t e l y dissected into linear segments % to 1 in. long; umbels sessile in the f o r k s or opposite t h e upper leaves, consisting of 2 or 3 umbellets borne on unequal rays ( 1 in. long or l e s s ) , and of 1 or 2 usually sessile or sometimes pediceled flowers in the c e n t e r ; umbellets 3 or 4-flowered, the pedicels unequal ( 4 % lines long or less) or 1 flower sessile; fruit cordate, broader than high, less than 1 line long, papillate-roughened all over; ribs inconspicuous. — D r y mountain slopes or sandy valleys: Coast E a n g e s ; Sierra Nevada; cismontane S. Cal.; L . Cal. A pr.-May.

PARSLEY

FAMILY

705

10. HYDROCOTYLE L. Perennial glabrous herbs, the peduncles and leaves from creeping stems or rootstocks. Leaves simple, round in outline, long-petioled. Flowers in a small simple umbel, or disposed in 2 or more umbels which are proliferous one above the other. F r u i t flattened laterally, suborbicular, the dorsal rib prominently margined and with one or 2 filiform ribs on each side. Oil-tubes none. (Greek hudor, water, and cotule, a low vessel, the peltate leaves of some species being saucer-shaped.) Leaves

not peltate, 5 or 6-cleft; umbels simple 1. H. ranunculoides. Leaves peltate, more or less crenate. Umbels simple, fruit notched at base and a p e x . . . 2. H. umbellata. Umbels proliferous, forming an interrupted spike. Fruit not notched at base, sessile or on very short pedicels 3. S. verticiilata. Fruit notched at base, the pedicels 1 Yz to 7 lines l o n e . . . . 4. H. prolifera. 1. H . ranunculoides L . f . W A T E R

PENNYWORT. Fig. 685. Stems float6 8 5 . Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f . ; a, ing or creeping in mud, rooting at habit x Yz ; b, fr. x 6 ; c, sect. carp, x 12. the nodes; leaves orbicular, ( % or) 1 to 1% in. broad, 5 or 6-cleft, the lobes crenulate; petioles 3 to 5 (or 9) in. long; peduncles % to 2% in. long, reflexed in f r u i t ; pedicels % line long; f r u i t ovoid, 1 line broad; ribs obscure.—Pools or muddy shores, often floating in rather deep w a t e r : South Coast Eanges to S. Cal.; thence e. to the Atlantic. 2. H. umbell&ta L. Petioles and peduncles subequal, 1% to 4 (or 6) in. high, arising f r o m slender creeping rootstocks with descending branches bearing round tubers; leaves orbicular-peltate, crenate, 4 to 7 (or 14) lines broad; umbels many-flowered, simple (rarely slightly proliferous); bracts of involucre short, ovate; pedicels 1% to 6 lines long; f r u i t % to 1 line long, strongly notched at base and apex; dorsal rib prominent but obtuse.—S. Cal.; s. to Mex., e. to the Atlantic. 3. H. verticillita Thunb. Similar in habit to no. 2; umbels forming an interrupted spike of 3 to 5 whorls; f r u i t shortly pediceled or sessile.—Sw. Colorado Desert; e. to the Atlantic. Var. CUNEATA Jepson. F r u i t s abruptly short-acute at base—Great Valley to S. Cal. 4. H. prolifera Kell. M A R S H P E N N Y W O R T . Peduncles and petioles subequal, 6 to 12 in. high; descending branches of the rootstock tuberous-enlarged; leaves orbicular-peltate, emarginate a t base, slightly crenate, IVi to 1% in. broad; umbels proliferous, one above the other in 2 to 4 whorls; pedicels IV2 to 7 lines long; mature f r u i t 1 line long and slightly broader, slightly notched at base and apex.—Marshes of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, thence w. to San Francisco and Sonoma Cos. 11. B 6 W L E S I A E. & P. Delicate annuals with stellate pubescence, opposite simple leaves and scarious lacerate stipules. Umbels simple, few-flowered, on short axillary peduncles. Flowers white, minute. Calyx-teeth prominent. F r u i t ovate, somewhat flattened laterally, with narrow commissure; carpels turgid, becoming depressed on the back. Ribs and oil-tubes none. (Wm. Bowles, 17051780, Irish naturalist and traveler.) 1. B. lobita E. & P. Stems mostly branching at the base, weak and trailing) % to 2 f t . long, flowering from the base; leaves thin, mostly 5-lobed,

706

UMBELLIFERAE

broader t h a n long, usually heartshaped at base, the lobes entire or some of them 1 or 2-toothed, % to 1 in. broad; petioles 1 to 3 in. long or the upper shorter; umbels 1 to 4-flowered; f r u i t 1 line long.— Shaded places in the hills: Coast Eanges; Sierra N e v a d a ; S. Cal.; e. xo Tex. 12. C O N t U M L. Tall branching biennial with dissected deeompound leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels small. Calyxteeth obsolete. F r u i t broadly ovate, somewhat laterally flattened. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes none. (Greek name of the Hemlock.) 1. 0 . macul&tum L. HEMLOCK. F i g . 6 8 6 . T a l l

POISON ( 4 t o 10

f t . high), the stem dotted with purple marks; herbage with a mouse-like odor; leaves 1 to 2 f t . long or more, the segments incised or pinnatifid; rays 10 to 16, % to lVi in. long; braetlets ovate-lanceolate, commonly 3; f r u i t 1% lines long, shorter t h a n the pedicels.— 686. Conium niaculatum L . ; a, leaf x Vi ; bf umbel x i ^ ; c, fr. x 6 ; d, N a t i v e of Eur., naturalized in sect. carp, x 10. shady or moist ground. Widely distributed. A poisonous plant, all parts toxic, although preparations f r o m t h e leaves are sometimes inert. 13. CORIANDRUM L. Slender glabrous strong-smelling annual with l e a f y stems. Lower leaves pinnate or bipinnate with broad leaflets; upper leaves finely dissected. Flowers white or rose-tinted, the petals conspicuously unequal. Umbels compound. Involucre none. Involucels of f e w narrow braetlets. F r u i t subglobose, not constricted at the commissure; calyx-teeth conspicuous; ribs filiform or acutish; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, a few on the commissure. (Ancient Latin name.) 1. C. sativum L. CORIANDER. One to 2*4 f t . high; leaflets of lower leaves roundish or ovate, cleft and toothed, % to 1% in. long; divisions of upper leaves linear, 2 to 4 lines long; f r u i t 1% lines long.—Garden plant f r o m s. Eur., occasionally escaped from cultivation. 14. A P I U M L. Ours erect glabrous biennials with fibrous roots and pinnate leaves. Stems tri- or di-chotomouslv branched, forming a paniculate inflorescence, the compound umbels opposite the leaves, terminal on the branches or subsessile in the forks. Involucre and involucels small or none, or t h e f o r m e r sometimes foliaceous. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth obsolete. F r u i t elliptic-ovate or broader than long. Ribs prominent, obtuse, equal. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed-face plane. (Old Latin name of Celery.) 1. A. graveolens L. COMMON CELERY. Stems 2 to 4 f t . high; lower leaves long-petioled, the leaflets 5 (or 7 or 9), 1 to 3 in. long and as broad or broader, coarsely toothed and 3-cleft or even 3-divided; upper leaves on short petioles or sessile, the leaflets 3; rays 4 to 12 lines long; f r u i t % to % line long.—Garden plant from Eur., nat. in marshes or along streams, Sacramento Valley to S. Cal. July-Aug.

PARSLEY FAMILY

707

15. AMMI L. Erect branching glabrous biennial with slightly fusiform roots and dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Bracts parted into filiform segments, reflexed. Bractlets lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid, very slightly flattened laterally. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the commissure. (Greek name of an umbelliferous plant.) Leaf segments spatulate, serrate or laciniate; fruiting rays spreading 1. A. ma?us. Leaf segments filiform or narrowly linear, entire; fruiting rays closely contracted 2. A. visnaga.

1. A. majus L. BISHOP'S WEED. Stem slender, branching above, lVi to 2% ft. high; basal and lower leaves simply pinnate with 7 or 5 (or 3) obovate to oblong serrate leaflets % to 3 in. long; upper leaves biternate or ternatc-pinnate, the divisions narrowly oblanceolate, acute, laciniate or serrulate, especially at apex, about % to 2 in. long; rays about 25 to 30, little unequal, % to 2 in. long; pedicels 1 to lines long; bracts linear below, parted above into 3 filiform divisions; bractlets lanceolate, acuminate, entire, scarious-margined at base; fruit less than 1 line long; carpels with concave face; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.— European weed, naturalized in Napa Valley; low places. 2. A. visnaga Lam. Stouter, % to 2% ft. high; leaves tri-temately dissected into filiform segments 3 to 6 lines long; fruiting umbels and umbellets contracted; fruit about 1 line long.—European plant, naturalized in the Santa Clara Valley. 16. CARUM L. Ours erect and slender glabrous biennials or perennials. Leaves simply pinnate with few linear entire leaflets. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involucre of entire bracts or none. Involucels of entire bractlets. Calyxteeth small. Stylopodium conical. Fruit ovate or oblong, somewhat laterally compressed, with filiform or salient ribs. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissure. (Karon, Greek name of the Caraway.) Leaflets linear; involucre none or of 1 or 2 small linear-setaceous b r a c t s ; ribs filiform. Stems clustered, arising from a fascicle of coarse roots: involucre inconspicuous, of 1 or 2 small bracts or none: styles short X. C. kelloggii. Stems solitary, arising from a tuber or cluster of tubers; styles long. F r u i t about 1 line long; Sierra Nevada and coastal; common. 2. G. gairdneri. Fruit 1V2 to 2 lines long; Siskiyou Co.; rare 3. C. oreganum. Leaflets ovate to oblong; stem solitary, from a tuber or a cluster of tubers; bracts of the involucre about 12 to 15, lanceolate, at length reflexed; ribs salient. . 4 . C. ho-wellii.

1. C. kelloggii Gray. Fig. 687. Stems several from a fascicle of coarse and hard fibrous roots, 3 to 5 ft. high; basal leaves 5 to 10 in. long, ternate, each division pinnate with narrowly linear divisions 3 to 4 in. long; cauline leaves similar but smaller; involucral bracts and involucel bractlets several, lanceolate or subulate; rays % to 1% in. long; stylopodium very large, with short stout styles; carpels frequently unequal or only one maturing.—Dry

6, root x % ; c, umbel x % ; d, fr. x 2 % ; e, sect. carp, x 7.

708

UMBELLIFERAE

open foothills, 100 to 500 f t . : Coaat Ranges ( S a n t a Clara Co. to Humboldt Co.); Sierra Nevada foothills (Tuolumne Co. to B u t t e Co.) 2. C. gairdneri Gray. SQUAW-ROOT. Fig. 688. Stem solitary, 1 to 3 % f t . high, from a tuberous root or a fascicle of such; leaves few, simply pinnate, the leaflets 3 to 7 (or 9 ) , linear, 2 to 4 in. long; upper leaves mostly simple; flowering rays 3 to 6 lines long, in fruit about twice as long; involucre of 1 or 2 linear acute bracts or none; involucels of few linear acuminate bractlets; fruit broadly oblong to elliptic or ovatish, 1 to (or 2) lines long; stylopodium low, with long slender styles. —Adobe flats or meadows or hills: Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to B u t t e Co., gregarious and often whitening moist meadows at 3000 to 7000 f t . 3. C. oreginum Wats. Resembling no. 2; leaves more divided with shorter leaflets; fruit 1 % to 2 lines long; seed sulcate beneath the oiltubes.—Siskiyou Co.; n. to B . C.

e, sect. carp, x 16. 4. C. howSllii C. & R . Fig. 689. Stem stoutish, 2 % to 4 % f t . high, arising from a heavy cluster of very stout very fibrous fusiform roots; leaves bipinnate, mostly lanceolate in outline; leaflets crowded, broadly oblong to ovate, acute, coarsely but sparingly serrate or sparingly incised, % to 1% in. long; rays 16 to 40, % to 2 % in. long in f r u i t ; pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; bracts several, narrowly lanceolate, reflexed, 8 to 12 lines long; bractlets similar, mostly reflexed, nearly as long as the pedicels, scarious-margined; fruit 2 lines long; ribs thick-based, acute.—Moist mountain meadows, 2000 to 3600 f t . : Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co.; Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. Rare. 17. ETTIiOPHUS Nutt. Glabrous erect perennials with deep-seated fascicled tubers, the leaves all basal or the cauline few and small. Leaves compound with the terminal segments or leaflets often differing markedly from the lateral ones; lateral leaflets linear and entire, rarely ovate or oblong and incised; terminal leaflets elongated, always entire and often caudate. Flowers white or pinkish. Umbels compound, long-peduncled. 6 8 9 C a r u m h o w e I l i i c & R . ,csf x Bracts of involucre and bractlets of b, umbel x % ; c, fr. x 3; d, sect. carp, x 8.

PARSLEY FAMILY

709

involucel similar, several, lanceolate to obovate, acuminate. Calyx-teeth prominent. F r u i t ovate to linear-oblong, flattened laterally. Eibs filiform, equal. Stvlopodium conical, with long strongly recurved or deflexed styles. Oil-tubes 1 to 5 in the intervals, 2 to 8 on the commissure. Seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge. (Greek eu, true, and lophus, crest, in reference to the salient terminal leaflet.) Terminal leaflet commonly much longer than the lateral ones. Rachis of the leaves not dilated. Oil-tubes ßolitary in the intervals; fruit 3 to 4 lines long 1. K. californicus. Oil-tubes more than one in the intervals (as also in nos. 3 to 5) ; fruit 2 lines long 2. E. bolanderi. Rachis of the leaves dilated, the segments few and mostly short 3. E. pringlei. Terminal leaflet similar to the lateral ones; leaflets 1 to 3 in. long. Bractlets narrowly lanceolate 4. E. parishix. Bractlets ovate, cuspidate 5. E. cuspidatus.

1. E. californicus (Torr.) C. & E. Fig. 690. Stems generally 1 to 3, 3 to 5 f t . high; leaves basal, twice or thrice ternate, then pinnate or pinnately divided, the segments or leaflets ovate, 3 to 7 lines long, incised or serrate, the t e r m i n a l leaflets linear-elongated, entire, Vz to 2 in. long; f r u i t i n g rays 1 to 2% in. long; f r u i t linear-oblong, 3 to 4 lines long; oil-tubes large, solitary in the intervals, sometimes an extra one in one of the intervals, 2 to 4 on commissure.—Along streams, Sierra Nevada foothills from Stanislaus Co. to Mariposa Co.; Mt. Hamilton Eange. Var. sanctörum Jepson. Lateral segments narrower, disposed to be unilaterally or unequally lobed. —S. Monterey Co. 2. E. bolanderi (Gray) C. & E. P l a n t s 1 to 2 f t . high; tubers 1 to 8, obfusiform or oblong; herbage glabrous; leaves once, twice or thrice ternate, the ultimate lateral ones linear, the divisions 2 to 12 lines long, the ultimate central division 1 to 3 in. long; f r u i t i n g rays 4 to 10 lines long; pedicels 1% to 2 lines long; bracts few, lanceolate, scarious, or none; bractlets several, narrowly to ovatelanceolate, abruptly acuminate, scarious, rather shorter or sometimes longer 6 9 0 - Eulophus californicus C. & R.; a, leaf x % than the pedicels; f r u i t oblong, 2 lines ' ^ u™etelCarp ; x c ' 9 f r ' x 5 ; long; oil-tubes minute, 2 to 5 in the ' intervals, 6 on the commissure.—Sierra Nevada and Yollo Bolly Mts., 6000 to 9000 f t . ; n. to Ida. 3. E. pringlei C. & E. Stem 1 to 1% f t . high; leaves pinnately compound with broad inflated midrib, the primary divisions once or twice pinnately divided into few linear-filiform or linear-subulate segments 1 to 6 lines long, the terminal segment 2 to 10 lines long; rays 5 to 10, x/-> to 1% in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; involucre of 1 or 2 very small bracts; involucels of several subscarious lanceolate bractlets 1 to 2 lines long; f r u i t oblong, 2 to 2% lines long; oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 8 on the commissure.— Inner South Coast Eanges from San Luis Obispo Co. to n. Los Angeles Co. 4. E. parishii C. & R. Stem usually very slender, % to 1% (or 2%) f t . high; tubers 1 to 3, f u s i f o r m ; leaves ternate, sometimes biternate; leaflets narrowly linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 3 or 4V> in. long, the terminal sometimes distant; uppermost leaves simple, bract-like; rays 5 to 22, 4 to 7 or 11 lines long in f r u i t ; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; involucre none or scanty; bractlets 2 to 6, narrowly lanceolate, 2 lines long; f r u i t oblong to ovate

710

UMBELLIFERAE

I to IV2 lines long; oil-tubes 2 to 5 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure.— Bogs and meadows, 6000 to 8000 f t . : mts. of S. Cal. (not uncommon); Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co. ( r a r e ) . 0. E . cuspidatus Jepson. Stem slender, 6 to 9 in. high, sparingly branched; leaves bipinnately divided into few linear divisions; rays 6 to 10, 2 to 5 lines long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; bracts 4 to 6, obovate, membraneous, erosulate at the truncatish or obtuse apex, 2 lines long, tipped by a bristle 1 to 1 % lines long; fruit (immature) ovate, obscurely short-beaked, 1 % lines long.—Calaveras Co. 18. C I C U T A L .

WATER HEMLOCK

Tall branching glabrous perennials growing in marshes or by stream banks. Eootstocks short and erect, or horizontal and branching. Leaves at least partially twice or thrice pinnate. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involuere present or none. Involucels of small bractlets. Calyx-teeth somewhat prominent. Styles somewhat short. Fruit flattened laterally, broadly ovate to roundish. Ribs corky, broad but low, the lateral in cross section larger than the intermediate and dorsal. Oil-tubes 2 on the commissure, solitary in the intervals. (Classical name of the Hemlock, which was given to criminals, and sometimes, when the Greeks had a superfluity, to philosophers, as a death-poison.) F r u i t with the intervals red-brown, contrasting with the corky ribs; intervals broad. Plants of living streams. Leaves simply pinnate or partially bipinnate below 1. C. californica. Leaves bi- to tri-pinnate 2. C. douglasii. Plants of salt-marshes 3. C. bolanderi. F r u i t with intervals of much the same color as the ribs; intervals very narrow 4. C. vaffctns.

1. C. californica Gray. CALIFORNIA WATER HEMLOCK. Stems about 3 f t . high; basal leaves pinnate or partly bipinnate below, 1 to 2 % ft. long, on long to IV2 f t . ) petioles; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, often deeply 1-lobed on one side towards the base so as t o make a supplementary leaflet; rays somewhat unequal, to 2 % in. long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; involucre none, or merely 1 narrow b r a c t ; bractlets several, ovate, acuminate; f r u i t 1 to 1% lines long with narrow not depressed oil-tubes, those on the f a c e approximate near the median line; ribs large and corky, rounded, yellowish, the intervals very narrow or lineate, dark red-brown. — Coast region from Mendocino and L a k e Cos. to Monterey Co. 2. C. douglasii

(DC.)

W E S T E R N WATER HEMLOCK.

6 9 1 . Cicuta douglasii C. & R . ; a, leaf x % ;

b, umbel x Vi ; c, fr. x 5; d, sect. carp, x 10.

C.

&

Fig.

R.

691.

Stems stout, glaucous, 3 to 4 f t . high; herbage often purplish; rootstocks short; leaves bipinnate; leaflets sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, 1 % to 4 in. long, coarsely incised-serrate to serrulate, sometimes falcate; involucre none or of a few lanceolate b r a c t s ; involucels consisting of 9 to 12 lanceolate-acuminate bractlets; rays iy> to 2 % in. long; pedicels 2 lines long; fruit sub-orbicular, 1 to 2 lines long; ribs very broad and low; intervals narrow, red-brown, sharply defined from the light-colored ribs; oil-tubes small; seed not channeled under the oil-tubes. •—• Mountain streams,

to Alas.

almost

throughout

Cal.;

n.

PARSLEY FAMILY

711

3. C. bolanderi Wats. Stem 5 to 10 f t . high, branched above, with nearly or quite vertical rootstock and large basal and cauline bipinnate leaves % to 2 f t . long; leaflets lanceolate, serrate, 1% to 3 in. long; bracts and bractlets lanceolate, the former often scarious-margined; rays 1 to 1% in. long, subequal, pedicels 2 lines long; f r u i t 1% to 2 lines long, prominently ribbed, the carpels when quite mature r a t h e r strongly concave on the commissure, thus appearing somewhat lunate; oil-tubes broad, depressed in the channeled seed.—Marshes about Suisun Bay. 4. C. vegans Greene. Habit and appearance of no. 2; corky ribs low and broad, brownish, the intervals of the same color and not revealing the oil-tubes.—E. side of the northern Sierra N e v a d a in Nevada Co.; n. to Ida. 19. OENANTHE L. Aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems f r o m thick rootstocks. Leaves pinnately compound. Flowers white, in compound umbels terminating the branches. Involucre d, sect. carp, x 8. present or none. Involucels present. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Styles slender, at length elongated. F r u i t in ours cylindric, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs broad, obtuse, corky; commissural face also corky. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure, the seed furrowed beneath them. (Ancient Greek name of some thorny plant.) 1. O. sarmentdsa Presl. Fig. 692. Stems 2 to 4 f t . high; leaves bipinnate, or the lowest ones elongated-pinnate (1 to 2 f t . long), or partially bipinnate towards the base; leaflets ovate, serrate, coarsely toothed or incised, % to 1% (or 2 % ) in. long; rays % to 1 in. long; bracts few or none; bractlets lanceolate, acuminate; f r u i t 1 to 2 lines long, the ribs very corky and somewhat turgid.—Slow streams or shallow ponds, often filling them with dense masses: S. Cal.; Coast Ranges; n. Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to B. C. 20. B f i R U L A Hoffm. Glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial. Leaves simply pinnate, t h e leaflets sharply and often somewhat saliently serrate. Involucre and involucels present, the bracts and bractlets branchlet x M ; c, f r . x 1 2 ; i , sect. carp, narrow. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit x 15.

712

UMBELLIFERAE

roundish, flattened laterally, obscurely notched at base. Carpels with very slender and inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp. Oil-tubes numerous, contiguous, surrounding the seed. (Latin name of the W a t e r Cress.) 1. B. ericta (Huds.) Cov. Fig. 693. Erect, corymbosely branching, % to 2 f t . high; leaflets 3 to 9 pairs, ovate to oblong, 1 to 2 i n . long; f r u i t i n g rays % to 1 in. long; pedicels to 2 lines long; f r u i t % line long.—Swamps and streams, coastal S. Cal.; n. through the deserts to Inyo Co. and along e. side of Sierra Nevada to Siskiyou Co.; N. Am., Eur., Asia. 21. S i U M L . WATER PARSNIP Glabrous perennial marsh or aquatic herbs with leafy stems. Leaves simply pinnate. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Bracts and bractlets several to many. Calyx-teeth minute. Styles short. Stylopodium depressed. F r u i t ovate or oblong, somewhat laterally compressed, with narrow commissure. Ribs corky, prominent or somewhat salient, with broad redbrown intervals. Oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, always 2 or 3 in at least one of the intervals, 2 to 6 on t h e commissure. (Sion, Greek name of some water plant.) 1. S. cicutaef&lium Gmel. Fig. 694. Stem stout, 2y 2 to 3% f t . high, from a cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves V> to 3% f t . long; leaflets 5 to 13, lanceolate, serrate, 2 to 4 in. long; bracts and bractlets ovate to lanceolate, the bracts reflexed, scarious-margined below; f r u i t ovoid, lines long, with acute ribs.—Sloughs and ponds from Siskiyou Co. to Lassen and Modoc Cos.; n. to B. C., e.

to Va.

V a r . HfiTEROPHfLLUM J e p s o n .

Lowest leaves simple, on long fistulous petioles, or few-pinnate. — Marshes in the Great Valley: Suisun Marshes; Stockton. 22. dROGENlA Wats. Dwarf glabrous perennial herbs with fleshy roots. Stem very short, mostly underground, sheathed by d, sect. carp, x 12. large scarious bracts. Leaves basal, ternate or biternate, with linear segments. Involucre none. Involucels of f e w linear bractlets. Flowers white, in partly compound umbels, the r a y s very unequal. F r u i t oblong, only slightly flattened laterally. Carpels flattened dorsally; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral ribs strongly corky thickened, extended towards the companion carpel so as to leave a large central cavity which is divided longitudinally by a thick corky ridge f r o m the middle of each face. Oil-tubes small, 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Greek oros, mountain, and genos, race, referring to t h e habitat.) 1. O. fusiformis Wats. P l a n t s 3 to 4 in. high, arising from a long fusiform root; leaf segments % to IV2 in. long; umbels 2 to 10-rayed; f r u i t about 3 lines long.—Wet sandy soil, n. Sierra Nevada f r o m Nevada Co. to Plumas Co.; n. to Ore. 23. L I G U S T I C U M L . LOVAGE

Perennial herbs with large aromatic roots. Herbage glabrous. Leaves bior tri-ternate in ours, with pinnate divisions. Flowers white or pinkish, in

713

PARSLEY FAMILY

many-rayed compound umbels. Involucre none. Involucels of narrow bractlets. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, a little flattened laterally. Ribs prominent, acute or slightly winged, equal. Oiltubes mostly 3 to 5 in the broad intervals, 6 to 10 on the commissure. (Name derived from Liguria, a province of Italy, where Lovage, Ligusticum levisticum L., is endemic.) Stem more or less leafy; rays and leafmargins scabrous; coastal 1. L. apiodorum. Stem not leafy or with 1 reduced leaf; rays and leaf-margins not scabrous; montane 2. L. grayi.

1. L. apiodorum (Gray.) C. & B. Fig. 695. Stems more or less leafy, 2 to 3 (or 6) ft. high; rays and the margins of the leaflets and commonly the peduncles and the nerves of the leaflets scabrous; leaves uni-, bi- or partly tri-ternate, then the divisions pinnate with 3 or 5 leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate in outline, laciniately pinnatifid, V2 to 2 in. long; fruiting rays % to 1 (or 1%) in. long; bractlets linear-setaceous, few or none; fruit broadly oblong, to 2 lines long, the ribs very sharp; oil-tubes

d, sect. carp, x 10.

4 or 5 in the dorsal intervals, 5 or 6 in the lateral ones, 6 to 8 on the commissure.—Eocky or brushy hills, San Francisco to Humboldt Co. June. 2. L. griyi C. & R. Fig. 696. Plants 1 to 2V2 ft. high, glabrous, the stems 1 or 2 from a stout fibrous-coated caudex, not leafy or with one much reduced leaf; leaves basal, once or twice ternate, then pinnate with 5 or 7 leaflets, the leaflets ovate in outline, incised, parted or divided, J/t to 1% in. long; flowers white; bractlets linear-setaceous, few or none; fruiting rays 1 to 2% in. long; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; fruits 2 lines long, the ribs very narrowly winged; oil-tubes 3 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissure.—Montane, 4000 to 10,200 ft.: Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.); inner North Coast Range (Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.).

696. Ligusticum grayi C. & R . ; a, leaf x % ; b, umbels x ; c, fr. x 5 ; d, sect. carp, x 9.

24. LII.AE6PSIS Greene Small glabrous perennials. Stems fistulous, creeping and rooting in the mud, only the leaves and short peduncles erect. Leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles jointed

714

UMBELLIFERAE

by transverse partitions. Flowers dull white or slightly tinged with pinkish brown, in a few-flowered simple umbel. Bracts of the involucre minute. Fruit subglobose. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral corky and thickened next to the commissure. Oil-tubes solitary rarely 2) in the intervals, 2, 4 or 6 on the commissure. (Named for its resemblance to Lilaea.) 1. L . lineata (Michx.) Greene var. occidentalis Jepson. Fig. 697. Leaves 1 to 8 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide; peduncles 1 in. long or less; fruiting pedicels 1 % to 3 lines long; petals plane; fruit 1 line long. — Salt marshes or brackish mud flats along the coast from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas. 25. P O D i S T E R A Wats. Dwarf perennial, the stems short and shortly branched, forming a matlike plant. Leaves once or twice pin697. Lilaeopsis lineata var. occidentalis Jep nately parted. Umbels compound but son; a, habit x Vz ; b, it. x 1 2 ; c, very much condensed. Involucre sect. carp, x 18. none. Involucels of 3 to 5-cleft green bractlets. Flowers white or pinkish. Calyx-teeth prominent. Styles ribbonlike. Fruit flattened laterally, elliptic-ovate. Eibs slender. Oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure. (Greek podos, foot, and stereos, solid, referring to the compactly involved pedicels and involucels.) Leaves pinnately parted Leaves bipinnately parted

. 1. P. nevadensis. . . . 2. P. albensis.

1. P . nevadensis (Gray) Wats. Peduncles arising from t h e short crowded branches, % to in. high; herbage obscurely puberulent; leaves pinnately parted, 4 to 9 lines long, the 5 to 7 segments narrowly oblong, acute, entire, 1 to 3 lines long, the petioles with membranous sheaths; flowers yellow; umbels very much condensed; fruit 1 to 1*4 lines long.— Alpine, 11,600 to 13,000 ft., on high peaks of the Sierra Nevada in Tuolumne and Mono Cos. 2. P. alb£nsis Jepson. Similar to no. 1; plants 1 to 2 % in. high; leaves bipinnatifld, the oblong segments 1 to 2 lines long.—Bocks, White Mts., Inyo Co., 7000 to 8000 f t .

26. OREONANA Jepson Low tufted grayish plants, the peduncles and leaves from the rootcrown of a stout taproot. Herbage woolly or roughish pubescent. Leaves ternately compound and finely dissected, the segments crowded, callousmargined and cuspidate. Flowers white, in compound umbels, the umbels much condensed or capitate. B a y s

698. Oreonana dementis Jepson; a, habit 1 ^ 1 1 ' Tsect carp x il.'

PARSLEY

715

FAMILY

about 10 to 15. Calyx-teeth present, often conspicuous. Involucre none. Involucels unilateral. F r u i t broadly elliptic or orbicular, somewhat laterally compressed, sessile. Eibs filiform. Sterile flowers on filament-like pedicels which are longer than the rays. Oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 3 or 4 or 6 on the commissure. (Greek oreos, mountain, and nannos, dwarf, these plants very small as compared with the Velaeas f r o m which they are separated.) Kays membranously winged and web-footed; sterile pedicels equaling or little exceeding the fruit; calyx-teeth of sterile flowers very conspicuous, star-like 1. O. dementis. Kays not winged; sterile pedicels greatly exceeding the fruit; calyx-teeth i n c o n s p i c u o u s . . . 2. O. vestita.

1. O. d e m e n t i s Jepson 11. comb.. Fig. Gi)8. P l a n t s 1 to 3 in. high; peduncles ascending, from the scaly winter-buds of the root-crown; blades, pedicels and f r u i t s with a short stiff spreading pubescence, the plant otherwise glabrous; peduncles equaling or little exceeding the leaves; umbel globose-capitate; involucels 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-acuminate; rays membranously winged and web-footed at base, very short (1 to 2 lines l o n g ) ; f r u i t densely whitepubescent when young, grayish in age, sessile, globose, t h e calyx-teeth evident; pedicels of sterile flowers equaling or only slightly exceeding the f r u i t ; oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 (or 3) on the commissure; calyxteeth of sterile flowers very conspicuous, star-like.—Upper K e r n River basin, 6000 to 12,000 f t . (Drudeophytum d e m e n t i s Jones.) 2. O. vestita Jepson. P l a n t s 2 to 4 in. high, clothed with a dense soft-silky pubescence; umbels condensed but still umbellate in form, equaling or mostly raised above the leaves; involucels of lanceolate 3 to 5-lobed bractlets; rays 6 to 10 lines long, not winged; sterile pedicels 4 to 6 lines long, greatly exceeding the f r u i t ; f r u i t sessile or nearly so, ovate-oblong, soft-pubescent, 2 lines long; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 3 on the commissure; calyxteeth of sterile flowers evident but not conspicuous.—San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, 6500 to 10,000 ft., rare. (Deweya vestita Wats.) 27. VELAfiA DC. Subglabrous perennials with thick yellow elongated odorous taproots. Leaves mostly basal, pinnately or ternately compound. Ours usually without involucre, the involucels in our species of few small lanceolate bracts. Flowers yellow, in compound umbels. F r u i t oblong or orbicular, somewhat laterally compressed, with acute or filiform equal ribs. Oil-tubes conspicuous, 3 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commissure. Seed-face strongly involute, inclosing a central cavity. (Sebastin Eugene Vela, student of the TJmbelliferae.) Leaves simply pinnate; ribs of carpel prominent.—Subgenus DEWEYA 1. V. arputa. Leaves ternate; ribs of carpel filiform, slender or inconspicuous. •— Subgenus DRUDEOPHYTUM. Ultimate leaf segments 1 to 2 in. long; bractlets conspicuous, often exceeding the umbellet; fruit 3 to 4 lines long 2. V. hartwegii. Ultimate leaf segments usually less than 1 in. long; bractlets inconspicuous, shorter than the umbellets. Calyx teeth obsolete; fruit nearly orbicular, 1 to 2 lines long, as broad or nearly as broad.3. V. kellogpii. Calyx teeth evident; fruit oblong, 2 to 3 lines long 4. V. parishii.

699.

V. argftta (Nutt.) C. & E. Fig. Plants 1 to 2y 2 ft. high, the

699

& R . ffl> l e a f x V t ; b , ; c, fr. x 3; d, sect. carp, x 8.

Velaea arguta c

umbel x

716

UMBELLIFERAE

l e a v e s s i m p l y p i n n a t e , 2 t o 5 in. l o n g , on p e t i o l e s a b o u t 1 Vii t i m e s as l o n g ; l e a f l e t s 5 t o 7, o v a t e , finely a n d s h a r p l y s e r r a t e , 1 t o 2 in. l o n g , t h e lowest o f t e n petiolulate; terminal and lowest leaflets o f t e n subeordate a n d o f t e n 3 - l o b e d ; r a y s J 2 t o 20, 1 % t o 3 ( o r 5 ) in. l o n g ; p e d i c e l s 1 t o 4 lines long; involucre mostly none; i n v o l u c e l s of f e w l i n e a r a c u m i n a t e b r a c t l e t s ; f r u i t oblong, 4 lines long; ribs acute, p r o m i n e n t ; oil-tubes 3 to 5 i n t h e i n t e r v a l s , 4 t o 6 on t h e comm i s s u r e . — - M o n t a n e : c o a s t a l S. C a i . ; L . Cai. 2. V . h a r t w é g i i ( G r a y ) C. & R. F i g . 700. P l a n t s m o s t l y t u f t e d , 1 t o 3 f t . high, the peduncles and leaves f r o m a s h o r t l y b r a n c h e d c a u d e x ; ped u n c l e s a n d p e t i o l e s s o m e w h a t scabr o u s ; l e a v e s b i t e r n a t e , or p a r t l y t r i t e r n a t e , t h e u l t i m a t e l a t e r a l divisions mostly 3-foliolate, t h e u l t i m a t e m i d d l e d i v i s i o n s m o s t l y 5 o r 7-foliol a t e ; leaflets ovate or oblong, sparingly incised, serrate, mucronate, % t o 2 in. l o n g , or t h e l e a f l e t s o f t e n m o r e or less c o n f l u e n t ; p e t i o l e s 2 t o 700. Velaea hartwégii C. & R.; o, leaf x 6 in. l o n g ; r a y s a b o u t 15, 2 t o 4 in. b, umbel X ; c, fr. x 3 ; d, sect. carp, x 6. l o n g i n f r u i t . b r a c t s n ( m e . b r a c t l e t s 3 t o 6, u n e q u a l , l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e l o n g - p o i n t e d , e x t e r i o r l y d i s p o s e d , m o s t l y surpassing the umbellets; f r u i t nearly orbicular, 3 to 4 lines long; ribs slender b u t r a t h e r p r o m i n e n t ; oil-tubes 3 (or 4 to 6) in dorsal i n t e r v a l s , 3 or 4 ( t o 6 ) in l a t e r a l s , 6 ( i n s e t s of 3 ) or 9 on t h e c o m m i s s u r e . — F o o t h i l l s : S i e r r a N e v a d a , 2000 t o 5000 f t . f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o B u t t e Co.; S o u t h C o a s t R a n g e s f r o m V e n t u r a Co. t o C o n t r a C o s t a Ce., m o s t l y 1000 t o 2000 f t . A p r . Widely d i s t r i b u t e d b u t s o m e w h a t r a r e locally. 3. V . k e l l ó g g i i ( G r a y ) C. & R . P l a n t s e r e c t , % t o 2 % f t . h i g h ; flowering s t e m s leafless or w i t h a s i n g l e leaf o n l y ; l e a v e s b a s a l , 1 t o 2 or 3 t i m e s t e r n a t e ; l e a f l e t s o v a t e or r o u n d i s h , s h a r p l y s e r r a t e a n d m o r e o r less i n c i s e d or l o b e d , m o s t l y % t o 1 in. l o n g ; f r u i t i n g r a y s 2 t o 4 i n . l o n g , or in f r u i t 3 to 4 in. l o n g ; p e d i c e l s 2 t o 4 l i n e s l o n g ; f r u i t n e a r l y o r b i c u l a r , 1 t o 2 l i n e s long, n e a r l y a s b r o a d a s l o n g or a l i t t l e b r o a d e r , s o m e w h a t n o t c h e d a t b a s e ; r i b s filiform; o i l - t u b e s 3 in t h e d o r s a l i n t e r v a l s , 5 t o 6 in t h e l a t e r a l s , 8 t o 10 on tlie c o m m i s s u r e . — C a n o n s in t h e f o o t h i l l s : C o a s t R a n g e s f r o m H u m b o l d t Co. t o C o n t r a C o s t a Co., 500 t o 1500 f t . ; n . S i e r r a N e v a d a f o o t h i l l s f r o m S a c r a m e n t o Co. t o B u t t e Co., 1000 t o 3500 f t . ; r a t h e r r a r e . 4. V . p a r i s h i i C. & R . P l a n t s e r e c t , s h o r t ( % t o 1V2 f t . h i g h ) , w i t h m o s t l y b a s a l l e a v e s : h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s t h r o u g h o u t ; l e a v e s % t o % a s l o n g a s flowering stems, thickish, bipinnate, the segments ovate, irregularly incised or c u s p i d a t e - t o o t h e d , 4 t o 7 l i n e s l o n g ; r a y s 14 t o 20, 1 t o 2 % in. l o n g ; p e d i c e l s 2 t o 3 l i n e s l o n g ; p e d i c e l s of s t e r i l e flowers o f t e n e q u a l i n g t h e f r u i t ; inv o l u c r e n o n e ; i n v o l u c e l s of a f e w s e t a c e o u s b r a c t l e t s ; c a l y x - t e e t h p r o m i n e n t ; f r u i t o b l o n g , 2 t o 3 l i n e s l o n g ; o i l - t u b e s 3 or 4 in t h e i n t e r v a l s , 4 or 5 o n t h e c o m m i s s u r e . — M t s . of S. Cai. a n d n. t o t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a of K e r n a n d T u l a r e Cos., 4000 t o 8000 f t . 28. F O E N f C U L U M H i l l . S t o u t g l a b r o u s p e r e n n i a l w i t h d a r k g r e e n a r o m a t i c h e r b a g e . L e a v e s decompound, dissected into numerous filiform segments. Flowers yellow, in l a r g e c o m p o u n d u m b e l s . I n v o l u c r e and i n v o l u c e l s n o n e . C a l y x - t e e t h o b s o l e t e . F r u i t o b l o n g , t h e r i b s p r o m i n e n t . O i l - t u b e s s o l i t a r y in t h e i n t e r v a l s , 2 on t h e

717

PARSLEY FAMILY

commissure. (Diminutive of Latin foenum, hay, from its odor.) 1. F. vulgáre (L.) Gaertn. SWEET FENNEL. Fig. 701. Stem striate, branching, 3 to 7 ft. high; herbage glaucous; rays % to 21i/> in. long; fruit \y-i to 2 lines long. — Nat. from Eur., frequenting waste places on old farms and by country lanes; flowering in summer.

'^•A

U«

29. HEBACLÉUM L. Tall perennials with stout stems from thick horizontal rootstocks. Leaves very large, ternately compound, w i t h b r o a d sheathing petioles. Flowers white, in a large many-rayed compound umbel. Involucre deciduous. Involucels of numerous bractlets. Petals obcordate, the marginal ones of the umbel much larger. Fruit almost round, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs with a thin wing; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform. Oiltubes 2 on the commissure, 1 in each interval, visible from the outside and reaching from the summit to about the middle of the carpels. „ „ , „ . . , „ , , „ „ i „ „ . i , „ -t ;„ 701. Foeniculum vulgare a, leaf x hi ; (Earned for TT„ Hercules, who, it is 6 u m b e l x % . c ¡ { r 6 x 5 . Gaertn.; d ¡ s e ¿ t ' carp _ x 1 0 ; said, first used it in medicine.) J. H. lanatum Michx. Cow PARSNIP. Fig. 702. Plants 4 to 5 ft. high; leaflets 3, petiolulate, ovate or orbicular, sharply serrate and lobed, 3 to 6 in. broad; umbels 6 to 10 in. broad; fruit 3% to 5 lines long. —Common in brushy canons or on north slopes: high mts. of S. Cal.; Coast Ranges near the sea; middle altitudes in the Sierra Nevada; n. to Alas., e. to the Atlantic. Keputed poisonous to cattle. 30. LEPTOTAÉNIA Nutt. Tall stoutish perennials, with thick fusiform roots and ternately or pinnately compound leaves. Flowers yellow or purple, in compound umbels. Involucre of few bracts or none. Involucels of several small bractlets or none. Fruit oblong to suborbicular, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs w i t h b r o a d corky-thickened w i n g s coherent until maturity. Dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform and approximate. Oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 10 on the commissure or obscure and apparently 702. Heracleum lanatum Michx.; a, leaf x % none. (Greek leptos, narrow, and b, umbel x % ; c, carp, x 2 ; d, sect. carp, x 3. tainia, vittae or oil-tubes.)

718

UMBELLIFERAE

Stems leafy below ; leaves large, the ultimate segments short. Leaves g l a b r o u s ; oil-tubes present 1. L. californica. Leaf m a r g i n s and veins puberulent b e n e a t h ; oil-tubes none 2. L. disserta. Peduncles a n d leaves f r o m the root-crown ; leaves smaller, glabrous, the segments linear, elongated or grass-like. B r a c t s obovate; wings thicker t h a n the body of the f r u i t 3. L. anomala. B r a c t s lanceolate, entire ; wings not so thick as the body of the f r u i t . . . . 4. L. humilis.

1. L. califórnlca Nutt. Fig. 703. Erect, 2 to 4 f t . high, glabrous, glaucous; leaves once or twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets 1 to 2 in. long or more, cuneate-orbicular or -obovate, 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted, serrate above; peduncles at summit abruptly widened into a disk-like dilation; rays subequal, 2 to 3 in. long; bracts none; f r u i t i n g pedicels 3 to 9 lines long; bractlets f e w or none; f r u i t elliptical, narrowly winged, 4 to 6 lines long; oil-tubes 6 to 10 on the commissure (the lateral frequently anastomosing), 3 or 4 in the intervals or sometimes obscure.—Coast Ranges, 500 to 3000 f t . , n. to Siskiyou Co-, and southern Ore., s. to Santa Barb a r a and Kern Cos. 2. L. dissécta Nutt. P l a n t s i y 2 to 2% f t . high, leafy at base; leaves broad, 2 or 3 times t e r n a t e and then once or twice pinnate, t h e segments incised-pinnatifid; ultimate segments linear-oblong, 1 to 2 lines long; peduncles 1 to 2 f t . long; f r u i t i n g rays 2 to 4% in. long; involucre of f e w bracts or none; involucels of several lanceolate bractlets; flowers yellow or purplish; f r u i t oblong, 5 to 9 lines long, sessile or on pedicels 1 line (rarely to 3 lines) long; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or sometimes obscure; oil-tubes none or very obscure.—Open wooded slopes: Coast Ranges f r o m Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co.; n. 703. Leptotaenia californica N u t t . ; l A ; b, umbel x % ; c, f r . x 1 ; sect, of carp, x 3.

to B. C. Apr.-June. Var. multìfida

Jepson. Leaves dissected into linear segments 2 to 4 lines long; f r u i t ing pedicels 3 to 7 lines long; f r u i t 5 to 7% lines long; seed face eoncave.— Montane, 3500 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m N e v a d a Co. to K e r n Co.; s. to S. Cai.; e. to N. Mex., n. to Mont. 3. L. anòmala C. & E. P l a n t s 10 to 12 in. high, glabrous throughout; leaves all basal, ternate, then pinnate, the divisions few, distant, very narrowly linear, % to 3 in. long; peduncles arising f r o m the root-crown, slender, 6 to 8 in. high; rays 3 to 6, unequal, 1% to 3 in. long in f r u i t ; pedicels about 1 line long, the umbellets in f r u i t forming a compact cluster; involucre none; involucels conspicuous, the bractlets prominent, obovate, scarious-margined, veiny, toothed near the apex, more or less united; f r u i t elliptic to oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, the lateral ribs corky-thickened (much thicker t h a n the body), the others filiform; oil-tubes none or inconspicuous.—Sierra Nevada foothills in Amador Co. (Carbondale). 4. L. hùmilis C. & R. Like no. 3; bractlets linear to lanceolate, entire; wings of the f r u i t corky-thickened but not as thick as t h e body.—Butte Co., plains near Little Chico Creek. This simulates Lomatium marginatum C. & R. Var. denticulàta Jepson. Wings of the f r u i t with denticulate margins; intervals commonly with about 3 longitudinal striae.—Blue Ravine, Eldorado Co.

PARSLEY

719

F A M I L Y

31. L O M A T I T J M R a f .

HOG-FENNEL

L o w perennials, mostly of dry ground, with thick roots. Stems usually several from the root-crown, n a k e d or few-leaved. L e a v e s decompound, o f t e n dissected, w h o l l y b a s a l or s o m e t i m e s p a r t l y sub-basal. F l o w e r s w h i t e or yellow, r a r e l y purple, in compound umbels. I n v o l u c r e none ( a f e w species sometimes with 1 to 3 b r a c t s ) . Involucels usually present. F r u i t roundish to broadly or n a r r o w l y oblong, much compressed. L a t e r a l ribs winged, the wings of the companion carpels coherent until maturity. Stylopodium wanti n g or n o t o b v i o u s in t h e f r u i t . Oil-tubes 1 t o 4 in t h e i n t e r v a l s , 2 t o 6 on the commissure. ( F r o m Greek loma, a border, referring to the winged fruit.) I.

Stems from a taproot.

A . P E D U N C L E S NOT E N L A R G E D AT

a. Fruit

notched more or less deeply are more or less distinct;

SUMMIT.

at each end, so that the wings on each side leaves with the leaflets more or less broad

in outline.—Subgenus

the

body

EUBYPTERA.

Leaves ternate, leaflets entire or merely toothed; coastal S. Cal 1 . L. lucidum. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets ovate in outline, but usually much incised; South Coast Ranges 2. L. parvifolium. so, the wings more or less joined above and below the body of the seed. Leaves decompound, dissected into numerous very small segments. Leaves ternate or quinate, broad or roundish in outline.—»Subgenus EULOMATIUM. Bractlets present. Bractlets broad, roundish, or obovate; leaves ternate, then pinnately dissected; flowers yellow; widely distributed species. Oil-tubes none in the intervals or indistinct; wings of fruit narrower than body, thickish 3. L. caruifolium. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; wings of fruit thin. Wings broader than body; body situated mostly above middle of fruit 4. L. vaseyi. Wings equaling the body in breadth or narrower than body; body situated about middle of fruit 5. L. utriculatum. Bractlets narrow, most often lanceolate. Bractlets not scarious-margined, often more or less united and unilateral. F r u i t glabrous; corolla glabrous; widely distributed species 6. L. macrocarpum. F r u i t pubescent; corolla with kinky white hairs. Pedicels mostly % in. or more long; wings of the fruit broad, membranous, thinly pubescent; Coast Ranges 7. L. dasycarpum. Pedicels mostly less than % in. long; wings of the fruit narrower, somewhat thickened, tomentose. F r u i t large ( 6 to 8 % lines long), elliptic, the wings about as broad as the body; body broadly ovate, densely tomentose; Great Valley and Sierra foothills 8. L. tomentosum. F r u i t smaller ( 3 to 4 % lines long), broadly elliptic to orbicular, the wings narrower than the body; body oblong-elliptic, the intervals very dark and the ribs white-hairy; interior deserts and bounding ranges 9. L. mohavense. Bractlets scarious margined. Herbage glabrous save the ciliolate leaf-margins. . 1 0 . L. ciliolatum. Herbage pubescent or puberulent; mostly summits and slopes towards the desert interior. Flowers white or pale yellow. Oil-tubes minute, 3 or more in the intervals; fruit ovate. 11. L. nevadense. Oil-tubes broad, 1 to 3 in the intervals; fruit oblong or oblong-ovate 12. L. plummerae. Flowers purple; fruit elliptic; oil-tubes broad, 1 or 2 in the intervals 13. L. austinae. Bractlets none (rarely 1 or 2 ) ; fruit wings somewhat narrower than the body; petioles dilated into narrow sheaths their whole length; s. Sierra Nevada. Leaves ternate-pinnate; flowers yellow; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; oil-tubes solitary 14. L. torreyi. Leaves quinate-pinnate; flowers whitish; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long; oil-tubes indistinct 15. L. congdonii. Leaves pinnate, linear-lanceolate in outline; desert ranges.—Subgenus CYNOMARATHFUM 16. L. parryi. Leaves with the divisions mostly few or at least not numerous, the leaflets narrow and much elongated.—Subgenus LONOHOPHYLLUM. F r u i t ZVz to 5 % lines long. b. Fruit

not notched

or scarcely

720

U M B E L L I F E R A E

Leaflets many, % to % line broad; n. Sierra foothills. Oil-tubes very minute, forming a continuous chain on the dorsal side; bractlets few 17. L. marginatum. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; bractlets none 18. L. alatum. Leaflets few, % to 1 ) 4 lines broad; oil-tubes very broad, solitary in the intervals; higher n. Sierra Nevada 19. L. triternatum. Fruit 9 lines long; Mendocino Co 20. L. giganteum. B.

PEDUNCLES

ENLARGED AT

SUMMIT.

Leaves with f e w divisions and broad leaflets; fruits very narrowly w i n g e d ; bractlets n o n e ; flowers yellow; n. Cal.—Subgenus CRASSIPEDUNCULATUM 21. L. nudicaule.

n . Stems from a globose tuber; leaflets elongated; bractlets present; oiltubes solitary in the intervals.—Subgenus Cous. Flowers yellow; fruit linear, the w i n g s l i to Mi as wide as the body; Modoc Co 22. L. ambiguum. as broad as body; Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co.. . 23. L. piperi.

Flowers w h i t e ; fruit elliptic, the w i n g s

1. L. lucidum (Nutt.) Jepson. Fig. 704. Plants % to 1% f t . high, glabrous, the stout peduncles from very short basal stems; leaves with 3 leaflets or the lowest ones ternate, each division with 3 leaflets; leaflets r o u n d i s h to ovate, mucronatetoothed, not lobed or often 3-lobed or -parted, % to in. long; rays 10 to 15, 1 to 3 in. long; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; involucels of lanceolate bractlets; flowers yellow; f r u i t nearly orbicular, emarginate at each end, glabrous, 4% to 7% lines long, with wings more than twice as broad as the narrowly oblong body, and prominent obtuse dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 2 to 4 on the commissure. —Coastal

S.

Cal.

Var.

REP6STUM

Jepson. Leaves ternate, each division with 3 leaflets, or the central division with 9; leaflets % to % in. long, finely toothed; body of carpel elliptic, the intervals often with secondary oil-tubes extending half the length.—Vaca Mts. 2. L. parvifolium (T. & G.) Jepson n. comb. Plants 7 to 12 (or 18) in. high, the peduncles arising from very short erect subterranean stems borne on the root-crown; leaves clustered near the base, bipinnate 704. Lomatinm lucidum Jepson; a, habit x (but the upper leaflets confluent), 2 Ve ; b, fr. x 1 % ; c, sect. fr. x 3. to 5 in. long; leaflets broad, irregularly incised and with broad strongly cuspidate teeth (3 or) 5 to 12 lines long; umbel 8 to 15-rayed, with involucels of linear or lanceolate acuminate bractlets; rays % to 1% in. long; pedicels 21/, to 3V> lines long; flowers yellow; f r u i t broadly elliptical to orbicular, 2% to 4 lines long, with wings broader than the body, and rather prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure.—Mountains, Santa Cruz Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. Var. PALLIDUM Jepson. Herbage very pale.—Santa Lucia Mts. 3. L. c&ruifolium ( T . & G.) C. & E . A L K A L I P A R S N I P . Fig. 705. Peduncles 3 or 4, erect, 8 to 14 in. high, arising from the crown of a stout taproot; herbage glabrous or nearly so, or the foliage minutely pubescent; leaves ternately decompound, dissected into linear segments barely % line wide and 1 to 4% lines long; bractlets distinct or nearly distinct, round-ovate to oblong, scarious-margined, entire or denticulate, usually acuminate, often shortly petiolate; fertile rays 6 to 11, 1 to IV2 in. long; pedicels in f r u i t 1%

PARSLEY FAMILY

721

to 3 lines long; f r u i t s glabrous, suborbicular or elliptic, 2% to 4% lines long, the wings % to almost as wide as the body; oil-tubes none on the commissure, none in the intervals or indistinct, but often with 2 or 3 obscure or superficial minor ridges.— Low wet ground: Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, South Coast Eanges, Sierra Nevada foothills. Var. DÉNTICULÀTUM Jepson. Stout, 13 to 16 in. high; leaf-segments broader; rays unequal, the fertile 2% to in. long; wing-margins roughened or denticulate. — Exeter, Tulare Co. Var. SOLANÉNSE Jepson. Eachises and leaf-segments scabridulouspuberulent.—Solano Co. plains. 4. L. vàseyi C. & E. Peduncles ascending, 6 to 12 in. high, arising f r o m the very short stems of the root-crown, naked or frequently with 1 or 2 leaves; foliage minutely puberulent, t h e plant otherwise mostly glabrous; leaves ternate-pinnate, t h e divisions pinnately cut into linear-oblong segments 1% to 3 lines long and % to 1 line broad; petioles inflated, % to 1 in. long; rays 5 to 14, the fertile V2 to 2 in. long; pedicarp, x 5. cels 1 to 2 lines long; bractlets cuneate-obovate, laciniate-toothed a t apex or abruptly acuminate; flowers yellow; f r u i t elliptic or slightly narrowed towards the base, 4 to 7 lines long, 3 to 4% lines wide, the body situated mostly above the middle, only about 1 line wide and half as long as the f r u i t but contracted at base into a stipe-like process, and at apex into a beak-like process, t h e whole with broad wings broader t h a n the body; dorsal and intermediate ribs obvious with broad solitary oil-tubes in the intervals, 4 on the commissure.—Dry mesas and mountain slopes, 1200 to 5500 f t . : San Diego Co.; San Bernardino Valley foothills; Inyo Co. ranges; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. n. to Siskiyou Co.; N a p a Eange. 5. L. ùtriculàtum (T. & G.) C. & E. P l a n t s 8 to 12 in. high, the peduncles f r o m short stems or from the root crown, usually glabrous except the minutely puberulent leaves; leaves ternate, then pinnately decompound and dissected into linear segments 1 to 3 lines long; petioles conspicuously inflated, membranaceous, 3 to 7 lines broad; umbellets in flower hemispherical or only a little more than a hemisphere; rays 3 to 15, very unequal, t h e f r u i t i n g ones % to 2 (or 3) in. long; f r u i t i n g pedicels 2 to 6 lines long; involucre none or occasionally with 1 often foliaceous bract; bractlets roundobovate to oblanceolate, entire, toothed or laciniate, usually acuminate, short-petiolate, equaling the yellow flowers; f r u i t s narrowly elliptic, 2% to 4 (or 5%) lines long; wings as broad as or narrower than body; oiltubes 4 to 6 on t h e commissure, 1 in each interval or with short accessory ones in the dorsal intervals.—Open grassy hills or plains, the most common species, f r e q u e n t f r o m S. Cai. n. through the Coast Eanges and Sierra Nevada foothills to Ore. 6. L. macrocàrpum ( N u t t . ) C. & E. Plants 10 to 17 in. high, the peduncles several from a short scaly caudex; herbage thinly short-pubescent; leaves in a basal or sub-basal t u f t , 2 to 5 in. long, or the earliest often as much as 1 f t . long, once or twice ternate, and twice pinnately divided, the segments linear, acute, % to 2% lines long, the ultimate divisions of the rachis winged; f r u i t i n g rays about equal, % to 4 in. long; pedicels 2% to 4% lines

722

UMBELLIFERA*:

long; involucel of many lanceolate bractlets mostly exceeding the umbelleta, sometimes united at base and unilateral; flowers dull white or pale yellow; corolla glabrous; ovary glabrous or nearly so; f r u i t oblong to ovate, mostly narrow, but sometimes very broad and somewhat quadrangular, 5% to 8 (or 10) lines long, 2 to lines wide, the ribs inconspicuous or almost obsolete; oil-tubes 1 to each interval, 2 to 6 on the commissure, the seed sharply channeled beneath those of the dorsal intervals; wings broader, sometimes narrower t h a n the body.—Open stony hills, 2000 to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges and Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to B. C. A common and widely distributed species. The farinaceous roots were used as food by the northern Indians. Var. DOUGLÀSII Jepson. Leaf-segments larger, as much as i 1 /* lines long and 1 line wide; umbel sometimes with a single bract.—Coast Kanges. Var. ELLÌPTICUM Jepson. Caudex bearing short leafy branches; leaf-segments oblong, cuspidate; f r u i t broadly elliptical, notched at base and apex, 9 1 « lines long and 41/-: lines broad, the wings twice as wide as the body; dorsal and intermediate ribs obscure or filiform. — F e a t h e r River near JIarysville; P i t t River. 7. L. dasycàrpum (T. & G.) C. & R. Fig. 706. P l a n t s 1 to IVi f t . high, the peduncles arising from the root crown or from very short stems; herbage puberulent or pubescent, peduncles and wings of carpels often purplish; leaves t e m a t e l v decompound and dissected into oblong or linear segments, these 1 to 2 or 3 lines long; umbels somewhat equally 6 to 15-rayed; rays 1 to 2 in. long; bractlets linear to ovate, more or less tomentose; pedicels in f r u i t about V'z in. long, usually longer t h a n the carpels; flowers white; f r u i t purplish or whitish, broadly elliptic to orbicular, with subcordate base, 3M> to 4 (or 7) lines long, the wings thin membranaceous, 2 to 3 times the width of the very narrow or somewhat spindle-shaped body; body commonly very woolly when 706. Lomatium dasycarpum C. & R.; a, habit young, more or less glabrate in age; X b, p m n ^ ° f J t e a f £ r x x \ ; IR- x 1%; o i i . t u b e s usually 1 in the intervals ( o f t e n a second one in the lateral intervals), 2 to 4 on the commissure.—Hill slopes, 200 to 4000 ft., San Diego Co. to Contra Costa Co. Var. MÈDIUM Jepson. Bractlets mostly broadly ovate; body of carpel broader, nearly equaling the wings in b r e a d t h ; oiltubes most commonly 2 or 3 in the intervals.—North Coast Ranges. Var. DECÒRUM Jepson. Procumbent peduncles with white flowers; erect peduncles with lilac-purple flowers.—San Carlos Range. 8. L. tomentòsum (Benth.) C. & R. P l a n t s 12 to 20 in. high, the peduncles arising from very short stems; herbage tomentulose; leaves ternately decompound into filiform segments; umbels 10 to 20-rayed, the rays to 2y 2 in. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the carpels; flowers white; bractlets ovate, acuminate; ovaries heavily clothed in white wool; f r u i t large, elliptic, 6 to 8% lines long, usually densely tomentose, the wings little if at all wider t h a n the broadly ovate body; oil-tubes usually 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 or 4 on the commissure.—Great Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills. 9. L. mohavénse C. & R. Fig. 707. Low plants (7 to 10 in. high), t h e stout peduncles ascending from the root crown, not much exceeding the pinnately decompound leaves, the segments crowded, obovate or oblong, the

PARSLEY

whole plant hoary with short pubescence; umbel somewhat unequally 6 to 12 (or more)-rayed; involucels inconspicuous, consisting of small linear-lanceolate acuminate bractlets; umbellets very numerous; f r u i t broadly elliptic to almost orbicular, 3 to 4% lines long, the wings not as broad as the body; oil-tubes usually 3 or 4 (sometimes 2 or 5) in the intervals with 4 to 8 on the commissure.—Colorado and Mohave deserts and their bordering ranges, n. to Inyo Co., 4000 to 11,000 f t . 10. L. ciliolatum Jepson. Peduncles and leaves f r o m the crown of the tap-root; peduncles spreading, IVJ to 4 in. long; whole plant glabrous except the margins of the leaves which are finely and regularly ciliolate; leaves ovatish in outline, % to 1 Vi in. long, simply pinnate, the leaflets % to % in. long, irregularly pinnatifid into ovatish segments; rays 3 to 5, unequal, % to 1% in. long; pedicels % to 1 line long; involucre none; involucels of several ovate bractlets with dark purple veins; f r u i t elliptic, 3% to 4 lines long; lateral ribs with narrow

FAMILY

723

707. L o m a t i u m mohavense C. & R . ; x Yt ; b, f r . x 2 ; c, sect. c a r p .

and intermediate ribs filiform, inconspicuous, the dorsal and lateral intervals with 3 or 4 striae; oil-tubes obscure, 4 or o in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.-—Yollo Bolly Mts. 11. L. nevad&ise (Wats.) C. & B. P l a n t s 4 to 7 in. high, the peduncles ascending from very short erect stems rising from the root-crown; herbage, rays and pedicels minutely pubescent; leaves decompound, the ultimate division pinnately divided into acute segments 1 to 2 lines long; umbel unequally 5 to 11-rayed, the rays % to 4 in. long; bractlets ovate to linear-lanceolate, scarious-margined, distinct or united a t base; pedicels 1% to 4 lines long; flowers white with pubescent ovaries; f r u i t ovate, acute, minutely pubescent, 3 to 5 lines long, the wings narrower or almost as broad as the body; ribs on the back very fine or somewhat obscure, sometimes with supplementary striae in the intervals; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissure.—E. side of the Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Modoc Co.; se. Ore. to Nev. Var. PARISHII Jones. Ultimate leaf segments 2 to 4 lines long, or often elongated linear and up to 12 lines long; involucel unilateral, deeply toothed; pedicels % to 3 lines long; ovaries and f r u i t glabrous; f r u i t round-ovate to narrowly or broadly elliptic, 3% to 5 lines long; wings usually narrower than the body; ribs filiform, often with 3 or 4 supplementary striae of the same size in the intervals; oil-tubes exceedingly small, several in the intervals.—Ranges in and bordering the Mohave Desert. Var. HOL6PTERUM Jepson. Similar to the var. parishii; more finely puberulent; lateral wings of f r u i t broader (1 to 1% lines broad, commonly almost as broad as the body), straw-color; intermediate and dorsal ribs filiform but more evident; oil-tubes showing markedly from the outside.—E. Mohave Desert; e. to southern Nev. 12. L. plummerae C. & R. Plants 8 to 12 in. high, the peduncles stoutish, widely spreading, arising from very short stems; herbage glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves ternately decompound, t h e numerous crowded ultimate segments very small, oblong, more or less confluent; umbel very unequally 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of numerous lanceolate acuminate

724

UMBELLIFERAE

bractlets; rays % to 1V2 in. long; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; flowers white; f r u i t oblong or oblong-ovate, usually acute a t apex, glabrous, 3% to 4 lines long, 1% to 2% lines broad, with wings half to as broad as the body, and indistinct dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes 1, 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissure.—N. Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co. to Shasta Co. Var. S 6 N N E I Jepson. Flowers yellow; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals.—E. Nevada Co.; thence to Washoe Co., Nev. 13. L. austinae C. & R. P l a n t s 9 in. high, the peduncles arising f r o m short stems; herbage puberulent; ultimate leaf segments pinnately divided into narrow divisions; flowers purplish; f r u i t glabrous, 3 lines long, 1% lines broad; oil-tubes very broad, solitary in the dorsal intervals, mostly 2 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure.—Sierra Nevada f r o m Plumas Co. to Siskiyou Co., 3000 to 5000 f t . Not well known. 14. L. t6rreyi C. & R. P l a n t s 3 to 10 in. high, the peduncles slender, arising from the root-crown and densely clothed a t base with old leaf-sheaths; herbage glabrous; leaves small, ternate-pinnate or -bipinnate, the ultimate segments linear, cuspidulate, 1 to 3 lines long; umbel unequally few-rayed, the rays % to 1% in. long; involucre none; bractlets none, or 1 or 2 and small; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; flowers yellow; calyx-teeth small or obsolete; f r u i t narrowly oblong to linear, truncatish at base, 4 to 5 lines long, with wings not half as broad as the body; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.— Clefts of granite rocks, Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co., 6000 to 7200 f t . 15. L. congdonii C. & R. P l a n t 6 to 9 in. high, the peduncles ascending from the basal t u f t of leaves; herbage glabrous; leaves first palmately quaternate or quinate (1 or 2 of the divisions small), then bi- or tri-pinnate, the rachises more or less scaberulous; ultimate segments linear, acute; sheaths whitish, narrow, extending the full length of the petiole; fertile rays 6 to 8, % to 2 in. long; involucels none; flowers apparently white; pedicels spreading, 3 to 4 lines long; f r u i t nearly elliptical, slightly broader above, 4 to 4y 2 lines long, the wings slightly narrower t h a n the body; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; oil-tubes very obscure, 1 or 2 (or perhaps more) in the intervals.—Mariposa Co., about 2000 f t . 16. L. parryi (Wats.) Jepson. P l a n t s 6 to 10 in. high, the peduncles erect, arising f r o m a caudex densely clothed with the fibrous sheaths of old leaves; herbage glabrous, foliage eventually grayish; leaves pinnate, linear-lanceolate in outline, 6 to 8 in. long, t h e pinnae distant, pinnately divided into linear cuspidate segments 1% to 3 lines long; f r u i t i n g rays 1 to 1% in. long, nearly equal; pedicels slender, 3 to 6 lines long; bractlets several, linear, acute, entire or cleft at apex, nearly equaling the pedicels in length; stylopodium more or less evident in f r u i t ; f r u i t oblong, 6 lines long; dorsal and intermediate wings sharp, t h e lateral wings about as broad as the body; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in t h e laterals, 4 to 7 on the commissure.—Rocky mountain slopes, 5000 to 8000 ft., e. Mohave Desert and Death Valley region; e. to U t a h . 17. L. marginatum C. & R. P l a n t s 12 to 20 in. high, the peduncles slender, erect, borne on very short stems (1 in. long) rising f r o m the root crown; herbage glabrous or the rays sometimes puberulent; leaves large, 2 to 3 times ternate, then pinnately divided into narrowly linear to filiform segments; flowers whitish or yellowish; f r u i t i n g rays few, slender, 1 y 2 to 3% in. long; pedicels slender, 2 to 3 lines long; bractlets few, narrowly linear, elongated, acuminate, or sometimes none; f r u i t (immature) elliptic-oblong, glabrous, 3% to 4 lines long, the wings as broad as the body; dorsal ribs fine or obscure.—Rocky slopes, n. Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Calaveras Co. to B u t t e Co., 1000 to 1500 f t . 18. L. alatum C. & R. Similar to no. 17; involucels none; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.—Sierra foothills in Sacramento Co. Var. PURPUREUM Jepson. Flowers purple.—Conn Valley, Napa Range. 19. L. t r i t e r n a t u m ( P u r s h ) C. & R. P l a n t s 1% to 2 f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent; peduncles arising from the root crown or borne on stems 3 or 4 in. long, the parts at base sheathed by scale-like petioles; leaves

PARSLEY FAMILY

725

twice or thrice ternate, then pinnate, the leaflets narrowly linear, acute, 1 to 4 in. long; flowers bright yellow; f r u i t i n g rays very unequal, 1 to 3'/•> in. long; bractlets setaceous; f r u i t i n g pedicels % to 2% lines long; f r u i t oblong, glabrous, 5 to 5% lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, the wings half the breadth of t h e body; oil-tubes large, broad, 1 in each interval, 2 on the commissure.—N. Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to northern Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. 20. L. giganteum C. & E. P l a n t s to 2% f t . high, finely pubescent throughout; leaves very large, ternately compound; leaflets linear-oblong, elongated, 3% to 4% in. in length, usually entire, very pale; rays about 11, very unequal, the longer ones 4 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; involuce! of linear bractlets; flowers yellow; ovary pubescent; f r u i t linear-oblong, 7 to 9 lines long, with wings much narrower than body, glabrous or nearly so. —Mendocino Co. 21. L . n u d i c a u l e ( P u r s h ) C. & E . PESTLE PARSNIP. F i g . 708. P l a n t s 8 t o 20

in. high, glabrous; leaves 3% to 5% in. long, once or twice ternate, then pinnate with 5 to 9 leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, entire or few-toothed at apex, % to 2% in. long; peduncles stoutish, arising from the base, conspicuously enlarged at summit (pestle-like) and bearing 6 to 18 very unequal rays, the outer sometimes 2 to 4 times the length of the inner; rays in f r u i t dilated at apex, 1 to 6% in. long; f r u i t i n g pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; bracts and bractlets none; flowers yellow; f r u i t oblong to elliptic, 5 to 7 lines long, 2 to 3 lines wide, the wings V? the breadth of the body; oil-tubes broad, solit a r y in the dorsal intervals, 1 or 2 in the laterals, 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Low open foothills or rolling plains: Coast Ranges from S a n t a Clara Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Amador Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Wash. Yar. PUBERULUM Jepson. Minutely pubescent.—Mendocino Co. 22. L. ambiguum ( N u t t . ) C. & R. var. leptocarpum Jepson. P l a n t s glabrous, 1 f t . high; peduncles ascending from the root-crown of the taproot which is tuberous below; leaves once or twice ternate, then pinnate, the ultimate segments d. Beet. carp, x 4. linear, 5 to 10 lines long; rays few, very unequal, 1 line to 3 in. long; bractlets small, linear; flowers yellow; f r u i t nearly sessile, forming a dense cluster, linear or somewhat lanceolate, 4 to 4% lines long, the wings very narrow ( % to % as wide as the b o d y ) ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.—Lassen and Modoc Cos.; n. to Ida., e. to Col. 23. L. piperi C. & E. INDIAN B I S C U I T . P l a n t s 1% to 5 in. high, the slender peduncles divaricate, borne on very short erect subterranean stems which rise from globose tubers 4 to 7 lines in diameter; herbage glabrous; leaves biternately divided into linear-lanceolate segments 4 to 12 lines long; umbel 2 to 4-rayed; flowers white; bractlets narrow-lanceolate; f r u i t i n g rays 3 to 10 lines long; f r u i t i n g pedicels % to 1 line long; f r u i t elliptic, 2 to 3 lines long, the wings % as broad as the body; oil-tubes minute, 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure.—Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash.

726

UMBELLIFERAE

32. PASTINACA L. Tall branching biennial with angular or fluted leafy stems from thick roots. Leaves large, simply pinnate. Flowers yellow, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels small or commonly none. Fruit oval, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs winged; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform. Oil-tubes not quite as long as fruit, solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Latin name of the Parsnip.) 1.

P . s a t i v a L . COMMON PARSNIP.

Fig. 709. Erect, 3 to 4 ft. high; leaflets ovate, serrate or somewhat incised, lobed or even more or less 3 to 5-divided, 3 to 4 in. long; rays 10 to 20, 1 to 2y 2 in. long; fruit 2V2 to 3 lines long; oil-tubes conspicuous. — Cultivated European species, escaped from gardens and now locally naturalized.

33. ANfJTHUM L. Slender annuals with leafy stems and finely dissected leaves. Flowers fr. umbel x hi c, carpel x 3 ; d, yellow, in compound umbels. Insect. carp, x 4. volucre and involucels none. Fruit elliptical, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs narrowly winged. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. (Ancient Greek name of the dill.) 1. A. gravfeolens L. DILL. Plant? usually branching, 1 to 3 ft. high.— Garden plant from Eur., locally naturalized in S. Cal. 34. OXYPOLIS Eaf. Glabrous erect aquatic herbs with fascicled tubers. Leaves ternate or (in ours) pinnate. Umbels compound. Involucre and involucels present. Flowers white. Calyxteeth evident. Fruit flattened dorsally, ovate to obovate; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral ribs broadly winged, the wings closely contiguous to those of the companion carpel and strongly nerved next to the body (thus giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs). Stylopodium short-conical. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissure. (Greek oxys, sharp, and polis, city, application uncertain, possibly referring to the many acute leaflets.) 710. Oxypolis occidentalis C. & R , ; a, leaf x % ; b, umbel x % ; c, f r . x 4 ; d, sect. carp, x 12.

1. O. occidentilis C. & R. Fig. 710. Plants 2 to 3% ft. high; fascicled roots fusiform-fleshy; leaves

PARSLEY FAMILY

727

simply pinnate, long petioled, the lower 12 to 20 in. long; leaflets 5 to 13, broadly ovate to linear-acuminate, serrate, to 4 in. long; f r u i t i n g rays 1 to 3 in. long; f r u i t s elliptic-obovate, 2% to 3 lines long.—Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 9000 ft., f r o m Tuolumne Co. to Tulare Co. 35. CONlOSELlNUM Hoffm. Tall branching perennials with leafy stems, glabrous herbage and ternately decompound leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involuere of f e w bracts. Involucels of many bractlets. F r u i t oblong to obovate, flattened dorsally, with rather prominent stylopodium. Eibs narrowly winged, the lateral usually broadest. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, or sometimes 2 in the lateral one, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Greek koneion, the hemlock, and selinon, parsley.) 1. C. pacíficum (Wats.) C. & R. Stems stout, 3 to 5 f t . high; leaves t é m a t e , then pinnate, the 5 or 7 divisions or leaflets ovate in outline, acute, deeply pinnatifid and more or less toothed, V2 to 1% in. long; umbels on stout peduncles; rays 15 to 26, 1 to IV2 in. long in f r u i t ; bracts 2 to 4; involucels of several narrowly linear bractlets; f r u i t i n g pedicels slender, 3 to 4 lines long; f r u i t oblong, 3 lines long; wings thickish and corky, rather narrow; oil-tubes conspicuous, 2 on t h e commissure, solitary in the intervals, sunk in the body of the seed, especially the dorsal ones. — Brushy flats, very r a r e : Long Valley, Mendocino Co.; Indianola, Humboldt Bay. 36. ANGÉLICA L. Stout perennials with leafy stems and ternately or pinnately compound leaves. Flowers white, in large terminal compound umbels. Involucre none or scanty. Involucels of few small bractlets or none. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. F r u i t strongly compressed, elliptic-oblong 711. Angelica hendersonii C. & R.; a, leaf x Vt; b, umbel x Vi \ c, fr. x 3 ; in outline. Ribs prominent, the d, sect. carp, x 4. lateral broadly winged, the others o f t e n narrowly winged. Oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Latin angelica, angelic, on account of its medicinal properties.) Maritime species; rays subequal; herbage more or less tomentose; ovary tomentose 1. A. hendersonii. Montane species; rays more or less unequal. Herbage puberulent or eventually glabrous; ovary tomentulose; Coast Ranges and coastal S. Cal 2. A. tomentosa. Herbage glabrous. Leaflets not linear. Ovary pubescent; leaflets narrow-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; central and n. Sierra Nevada 3. A. breweri. Ovary glabrous; leaflets ovate-lanceolate; Siskiyou Co 4. A. lyallii. Leaflets narrowly linear; s. Sierra Nevada 5. A. lineariloba.

1. A. hendersonii C. & R. Fig. 711. Very stout, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage more or less tomentose, especially on the inflorescence and under surface of the leaves; leaves quinate or ternate, then pinnate; leaflets tending to be crowded, thick, broadly ovate, 1% to 2% in. long, obtuse (or rarely acute), serrate; umbels rather condensed; rays in flower subequal; f r u i t i n g rays % to 2% in. long; umbellets dense, as if capitate; pedicels 1 line long or less;

728

UMBELLIFERAE

bractlets 1 or 2, linear-acuminate; f r u i t broadly oblong, slightly pubescent, 3 to 4 lines l o n g ; lateral w i n g s thick and corky, as broad as the b o d y ; oiltubes solitary in the intervals; seed deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.— A l o n g the coast, mostly on or near the sea-bluffs: San M a t e o Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash. 2. A . tomentosa W a t s . Stout, 2 to 5 f t . high, the stems and especially the leaves puberulent, or sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves bipinnate or ternate or quinate and then pinnate; leaflets ovate, acute, acutish or o f t e n longpointed, sometimes v a r y i n g to lanceolate or roundish, irregularly serrate, obliquely 2-lobed, or not lobed and merely oblique, to 3 ( o r 6 ) in. long; petioles strongly dilated at base; f r u i t i n g rays 1 to 5 in. long; f r u i t i n g pedicels 2 to 3 lines l o n g ; o v a r y tomentulose; f r u i t oblong or elliptic, glabrous, 3 to lines l o n g ; dorsal and intermediate ribs small and acutish; lateral w i n g s nearly equaling the body in breadth; oil-tubes 1 in the intervals, or sometimes 2 in the lateral intervals, mostly 2 on the commissure; seed somewhat sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.—Coastal S. Cal.; n. through the Coast Ranges t o Humboldt Co. Var. CALIFORNICA Jepson. K a y s v e r y unequal ( l 1 ^ to 5 % in. l o n g ) , scaberulous at the ends; oil-tubes 2 (or 3 ) in the intervals, mostly 4 in lateral pairs on the commissure. — Y a c a M t s . 3. A . b r e w e r i Gray. Stems 3 to 5 f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves ternate, or quinate, then pinnate; leaflets lanceolate to oblong or occasionally ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, to 4 in. l o n g ; rays many, to 2 % in. long in f r u i t ; pedicels 2 to 3 % lines long; rays and pedicels not " w e b - f o o t e d " or v e r y obscurely so; pedicels and ovaries wliitish-puberulent; f r u i t oblong or somewhat narrowed below, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 3 to 4 % lines l o n g ; dorsal and intermediate ribs more or less prominent; lateral w i n g s as w i d e as the b o d y ; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals.—Sierra N e v a d a , 4500 to 8000 f t . , f r o m Mariposa Co. to N e v a d a Co. 4. A . l y a l l i i Wats. P l a n t s 2 to 4 f t . h i g h ; herbage and inflorescence glabrous; leaves biternate, then pinnate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate, to 3 Vi> or 5 in. l o n g ; f r u i t i n g rays l1/* to 2 i n . long, the outer row somewhat coalescent at base so as to be w e b - f o o t e d ; outer row of pedicels similarly coalescent; f r u i t broadly oblong to obovate, 3 to SY> lines l o n g ; dorsal and intermediate ribs sharply salient, equal; lateral w i n g s about as broad as the b o d y ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.—Siskivou Co.; n. to A l b . 5. A . l m e a r i l o b a Gray. Stout, glabrous, 2 to 3 f t . high; leaves 2 or 3 times ternate, then pinnate w i t h about 5 (3 t o 9 ) leaflets; leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide, entire or o f t e n with a pair of coarse teeth towards the base, f r e q u e n t l y decurrent on the rachis; f r u i t i n g rays 1 to 2 or 3 % in. l o n g ; involucre and involucels none; f r u i t oval-oblong, glabrous, 4 to 6 lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral wings thickish, a l i t t l e narrower than the b o d y ; oil-tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals, in pairs in the laterals.—Montane, 6400 to 9500 f t . , Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. V a r . CULBERTS6NII Jepson n. var. Leaf-segments 4 to 4 % lines w i d e . — L i t t l e K e r n R i v e r (Culbertson 4276, t y p e ) . 37. C O E L O P L E U B U M Ledeb. V e r y stout perennial herb of the sea-coast w i t h glabrous herbage. L e a v e s uni-, bi- or tri-ternate, w i t h v e r y large inflated petioles. F l o w e r s greenishwhite, in many-rayed umbels. Involucre of f e w narrow bracts, sometimes foliaceous. Involucel of many linear-lanceolate bractlets. Fruit elliptieoblong, not flattened dorsally. Ribs v e r y thick and corky, becoming hollow, equal or the lateral ones a l i t t l e broader. Oil-tubes small, 1 in the intervals, 1 or 2 under each rib, 2 to 4 on the commissure. ( G r e e k koilos, hollow, and pleuron. rib, r e f e r r i n g to the c a v i t y made by the intruded ribs.) 1. C. maritimum C. & R. Stems corymboselv branched, 2 to 3 f t . high; leaflets roundish to ovate, crenate, IV4 to 4 in. long; rays 1 to 1% in. l o n g ; f r u i t s 21/. to 3 lines long, the lateral ribs t w i c e as broad as the others.— Central Humboldt Co. coast; n. to Wash.

PARSLEY FAMILY

729

38. SPHiiNOSClADITJM Gray Perennials with thick roots. Stems stout, tall, nearly simple, glabrous. Leaves once or twice pinnate with bladdery dilated petioles. Flowers white (or sometimes purplish), sessile on enlarged receptacles and forming compact heads, the heads borne 011 tomentose rays in a medium-sized umbel. Involucre none. Involucels of many linear-setaceous bractlets. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit euneate-obovate, flattened, subglabrous. Bibs prominent, winged above, the dorsal and intermediate ones narrow, the lateral broader. Oiltubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed face plane. (Greek sphenos, a wedge and seiadios, an umbrella, referring to the umbel.) 1. S. capitellatum Gray. Fig. 712. Stems very stout, 3 to 5 f t . high; leaves large, glabrous; leaflets or segments linear-lanceolate to oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate or coarsely and saliently few-toothed above, more or less entire below; rays 4 to 8 (or 14), subequal, 1 to 2 (or 4) in. long; flowers pubescent; involucels of a few deciduousbractlets; f r u i t euneate-obovate, 3 lines long. — Montane, 3500 to 10,000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Siskiyou Co. Yar. scabrum Jepson. Almost as tall as in the species; leaves scabrous, in shape similar to the species. — Sierra Nevada to the San Jacinto Mts., 8000 to 10,000 f t . Foliage often paler than in the species. Var. vAlidum Jepson n. comb. P l a n t markedly puberulent in all its parts with large leaves and ovate leaflets. — Mariposa Co., 3500 to 4500 f t . (S. validum Congdon.) Var. ERiNGUFbLiUM Jepson n. comb. More or less condensed plants; leaves more or less scabrous, finely dissected, the segments somewhat divaricate, about 1 line wide; 712. Sphenosciadium capitellatum Gray; a, f r u i t s 4 lines long, sparingly hairy. leaf x % ; b, umbel x ^ ; c, fr. x 3; d, sect, carp, x 5. —High montane, 8000 to 10,000 f t . , Mariposa Co. Foliage often paler than in the species. (S. eryngiifolium Greene.) 39. CYMOPTERUS E a f . Perennial herbs with basal leaves. Herbage glabrous (except in no. 6). Leaves usually ternate, then once to thrica pinnate and much dissected or incised. Involucre usually lacking. Involucels always present. Flowers yellow, white or purple, in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth usually evident. F r u i t oblong to orbicular, mostly dorsally flattened, the carpels 3 to 5winged. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes several in the intervals, 2 to many on the commissure. Seed flat to very slightly or not at all dorsally flattened. (Greek kuma, wave, and pteron, wing, the ribs in some species with undulate wings.) "Wings of carpels thin, undulate-crisped (except in the v a r . ) ; tall plants; Sierra Nevada 1. C. terebinthinua. and mts. of n. Cal Wings of carpels commonly thickened or corky at insertion, sometimes corky throughout. Small plants of the deserts and desert slopes of mountain ranges. Flowers in umbels; wings of carpels entire. Leaves light green, the ultimate segments lanceolate or oblong, 1 to 2 lines long; involucre none or of a few small bracts. .2. C. panamintensis.

730

UMBELLIFERAE Leaves grayish, the ultimate divisions ovate, 4 to 6 lines long, crenate oi incised; involucre very conspicuous 3. C. utahensis. Flowers in dense globose heads. Wings of carpels with shredded margins; foliage glabrous. .4. C. deserticola. Wings of carpels entire; foliage minutely pubescent 5. C. cinerarius. Low plants of sandy sea-shores; umbellets capitate 6. C. littordlis.

1. C. terebinthinus (Hook.) T . & G. F i g . 713. P l a n t s V2 to 1 % f t . high, the leaves all b a s a l ; peduncles about twice as long as the leaves, arising from the shortly branched caudex which is clothed with persistent leaf sheaths; leaves 2 to 6 in. long, on petioles about as long, usually ternate, then 1 to 3 times pinnate and pinnately dissected into short linear segments about 1 line long; umbels with unequal rays, no involucre and involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; flowers yellow; fruiting rays 1 to 3 in. long; f r u i t i n g pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; f r u i t broadly oblong to nearly orbicular, 4 to 6 lines long; carpels with 3 to 5 broad thin undulate crisped wings, or one carpel with broad wings (especially the lateral wings) and the companion carpel with wings narrow and much reduced; oil-tubes very small, 4 to 9 in the intervals, 8 to 16 (or 20) on the commissure side.—Montane, 5000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Wash. Var. CALIFÓRNICUS J e p s o n n. comb. Wings of carpels not undulatecrisped; leaves with ultimate divisions ovate to almost l i n e a r ; involucels of small linear b r a c t l e t s ; f r u i t 713. Cymopterus terebinthinus T. & (x.; a, oblong, 3 to 4 lines long; intermeleaf x % ; b, fr. umbel x Vz ; c, fr. x 3 ; diate and dorsal wings sometimes red, sect. carp, x 5. duced in b r e a d t h ; oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure.—N. Sierra Nevada, 1500 to 5000 ft., from Nevada Co. to Lassen Co., thence w. to Siskiyou Co. ( P t e r y x i a calif o r n i c a C. & E . ) 2. C. panaminténsis C. & B . P l a n t s low (3 to 10 in. h i g h ) ; peduncles purplish, arising from a short caudex sheathed with old leaf b a s e s ; leaves 2 to 2% in. long, on petioles about as long, t e r n a t e , then once or twice pinnate, the pinnae finely dissected; ultimate segments 1 to l 1 /^ lines long, tipped with a slender bristle-like apiculation; rays in f r u i t 1 to 1 % in- long; pedicels short; involucre none; involucels small, gamophyllous, somewhat one-sided, purplish, c l e f t into ovate acuminate segments; flowers greenishyellow; fruit 4 % lines long, glabrous, each carpel with 5 broad wings, t h e wings very t h i c k at insertion; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 or 5 on the commissure; seed f a c e deeply concave.—E. Mohave D e s e r t ; Death Valley region. 3. C. utahénsis J o n e s . P l a n t s 3 to 5 in. high, the peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves; leaves gray-pallid, ternate, then bipinnatifid; ultimate segments ovate in outline, 4 to 6 lines long, crenate or incised; umbels more or less compacted; involucres of conspicuous hyaline b r a c t s with prominent green or purplish nerves; involucels resembling the involucres; flowers purple; f r u i t orbicular, 4 to 6 lines long, its body oblong; ribs with broad membranous wings ( o f t e n corky-thickened n e x t the body of the c a r p e l ) ; carpels flattened with 5 broad thin wings; oil-tubes 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure.—E. Mohave D e s e r t ; e. to Utah and N. Mex.

GARRYACEAE

731

4. C. deserticola Bdg. Plants 4 to 6 in. high, the peduncles and leaves rising from among the old petioles of the root-crown, peduncles ascending, a little exceeding the leaves; leaves glabrous, triangular in outline, 2 in. long, bi- or tri-ternate, then pinnately parted; segments with acute bristletipped lobes; petioles 2% to 3% in. long; involucre with short linear bracts; flowers dark purple, crowded in a globose head % to % in. in diameter; f r u i t s 2 lines long, sessile; lateral wings thick, corky, narrow, pubescent, with the margins shredded; oil-tubes minute and numerous, forming a continuous chain.—Mohave Desert. 5. C. cinerarius Gray. Plants 2 in. high, the peduncles and leaves from a short more or less horizontal subterranean caudex; leaves (in outline) somewhat cordate, bipinnate, with pinnately divided segments, glaucous and cinereous with a very minute harsh pubescence; rays few, short or almost none; involucels of numerous united somewhat membranous longacuminate segments; flowers purplish; f r u i t 2% lines long, the 5 wings of each carpel rather narrow and thick at insertion; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, several on the commissure; seed face with narrow and deep concavity.— High e. slope of the Sierra Nevada in the Mono Lake region; also White Mts., Inyo Co. 6. C. littoralis Gray. Peduncles and leaves spreading or prostrate, arising from very short stems; leaves simply ternate, 4 to 9 in. long, longer than the peduncles, densely white-tomentose beneath; petioles 2 to 4 in. long; leaflets ovate or roundish in outline, 1 to 2% in. long, either the terminal or lateral or all 3 leaflets often 3-parted or -divided, their margins callous-serrate or -dentate; umbel compact, hemispherical, resting on the sand; rays % to 1% in. long; umbellets capitate; flowers white, bracts and bractlets subulate; f r u i t dorsally flattened, each carpel bearing 5 equal broad corky wings to 2 lines wide, the f r u i t therefore subglobose in outline, 4 to 5 lines in diameter; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure; seed face somewhat concave.—Sandy sea-beaches, Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Alas. GARRYACEAE.

SILK TASSEL FAMILY

Shrubs or small trees with quadrangular branchlets. Leaves simple, opposite, with short petioles. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, borne along a pendulous catkin-like axis, 1 (in case of the pistillate) or a cyme of 3 (in case of the staminate) in the axil of each of the decussately connate bracts. Staminate flower:—calyx 4-parted into linear valvate sepals; stamens 4; filaments distinct. Pistillate flower:—calyx with a shortly 2-lobed or obsolete limb; ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules; styles 2, stigmatic on the inner side, persistent. Fruit a berry; epicarp at maturity dry and brittle, free from the pulpy portion and dehiscing irregularly, or sometimes circumcissile. Seeds with thin t e s t a and horny endosperm, the minute embryo at one end. 1. GARRYA Dougl. The only genus. (Nicholas Garry, of the Hudson Bay Co., friend of David Douglas, botanical explorer of Pacific North America, 1825-1832.) Pubescence of tangled curly hairs forming a close felt on under surface of the leaves; leaves glabrous above. Leaves decidedly undulate-margined, more or less pubescent beneath; Coast Ranges. . . 1. G. elli-ptica. Leaves plane, felty-pubescent beneath; Sierra Nevada and S. Cal 2. G. veatchii. Pubescence of straight silky hairs or almost glabrous; leaves plane. Leaves bright green above, glabrous above and also below or nearly so; fruit glabrous or mostly so; North Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada 3. G. fremontii. Leaves glaucous-gray above, white-silky beneath; fruit silky-pubescent; Sierra Nevada and S. Cal 4. G. flavescens.

1. G. elliptica Dougl. SILK TASSEL BUSH. Fig. 714. Commonly a shrub 5 to 8, or rarely a small tree up to 20 f t . high; leaves elliptical or narrower, the margin undulate and more or less revolute, glabrous above, tomentose beneath with short curly or wavy hairs, 1% to 2% in. long; catkins solitary or clustered, the staminate 4 to 7 in. long, with truncate or acute silky bracts and the calyx-segments cohering at tip, the pistillate shorter, 2 to 4 in. long.

732

CORNACEAE

with acute or acuminate bracts; ovary sessile; f r u i t globose, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, densely whitetomentose, in extreme age glabrate; seed oval, 2 lines long. — Common, Coast Ranges, especially the seaward ranges, from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co., 100 to 2500 f t . Feb. Foliage suggestive of Quercus agrifolia. 2. G. vèatchii Kell. Shrub 6 to 8 f t . high; leaves oval, 1 to 2 in. long, slightly undulate, short-acuminate or almost aristate, short-petioled, smooth and shining above, densely tomentose below with short very fine closely curled hairs; f r u i t densely pubescent, 2% to 4 lines in diameter. —Dry slopes, 800 to 5000 f t . : coastal S. Cai.; n. to S a n t a Cruz Mts. and to Eldorado Co. 3. G. f r e m è n t i ! Torr. BEAR BRUSH. Shrub 5 to 7 (or 10) f t . high; leaves elliptical, varying to oblong, tapering to each end, glabrous and shining above, gray-puberulent or whitetomentose beneath, in age often very glabrous and yellow, particularly on 714. Garrya elliptica Dougl.; a, staminate branchlet x % ; b, pistillate catkin x Vz ; the under surface, not undulate, 1% to 2 Y j in. long, on petioles 6 lines c, staminate fl. x 2 ; d, pistillate fl. x 2 ; e, capsule x 1. long; catkins solitary or in clusters of 2 to 6, with acute somewhat silky bracts; staminate catkins 2 to 3 in. long; pistillate catkins about 1% in. long, the ovary and young f r u i t very silky; f r u i t i n g catkins 1% to 3Yo in. long; mature f r u i t purple to black, glabrous, 3 lines long, short-pedieeled; seeds subglobose or oval, 1% lines long.—Dry ridges and slopes, 2500 to 7000 f t . : North Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; coastal S. Cai. Mostly in the dry inner ranges and a member of the chaparral. Feb. I n t h e s. Sierra N e v a d a there are intergrades to no. 4. 4. G. flavéscens Wats. Large spreading shrub 6 to 12 f t . high; herbage more or less pubescent with closely appressed straight silky hairs and with a glaucous gray color over entire plant; leaves oval to elliptic, entire, acute at each end and recurved-mucronulate at apex, lower surface more or less densely pubescent, upper with scattered irregularly appressed hairs or glabrous, IV2 to 3 in. long; catkins solitary or clustered, t h e fertile short and thick; f r u i t globose, densely pubescent, almost sessile, 3 lines in diameter.—• Arid mts., 4750 to 7000 f t . : coastal S. Cai., n. to San Benito Co. and to Tulare Co.; e. to Utah. (G. pallida Eastw.) "Var. BUXIFÒLIA Jepson n. comb. Low shrub 2 to 5 f t . high; leaves small, elliptic-ovate, 1 to IV2 in. long, glossy or green and glabrous above, silky-tomentose beneath.—Lake and Mendocino Cos. to Del Norte Co.; sw. Ore. (G. buxifolia Gray.) Var. VENÓSA Jepson n. var. Leaves elliptic, acute, 1 to 3 in. long, very white-silky beneath, green and strigose above, purple-veined, tipped with a cuspidate point V2 line long.—Foothills of t h e Yollo Bolly Mts., w. Tehama Co. (Jepson 178f, t y p e ) .

CORBrÀCEAE.

DOGWOOD F A M I L Y

Deciduous trees or shrubs, or some species low and merely suffrutescent. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers perfect, regular, in cymes or heads. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, its limb represented by 4 small teeth at t h e summit or none. Petals 4, epigynous, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals. Ovary 2-celled with a single pendulous ovule in each

733

DOGWOOD F A M I L Y

cell; style 1, filiform; stigma simple. F r u i t a drupe, the stone 2-celled with 1 seed in each cell. Embryo minute. 1. CÓRNUS L. CORNEL. DOGWOÓD Flowers greenish or white. (Latin cornu, a horn, on account of the hardness of t h e wood.) Flowers appearing after the leaves, borne in cymes, the cymes not involúcrate. Leaves lighter color beneath, minutely puberulent; style glabrous; drupe commonly white 1. 0. californica. Leaves green, alike on both faces, nearly glabrous; style slightly pubescent; drupe bluish or pale 2. C. glabrata. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves, the inflorescence involúcrate. Flowers yellowish, in sessile umbels with an involucre of 4 small caducous bracts; drupe black. 3. C. sessilis. Flowers greenish, in heads, with a conspicuous involucre of 4 to 6 white petal-like bracts; drupe red. nuttallii. Tree or shrub 4. C. Herb-like with creeping rootstock. 5. C. canadensis. 1. C . c a l i f o r n i c a C . A . M e y . CREEK DOGWOOD. F i g . 7 1 5 . S h r u b 5 t o 1 5 f t .

715. Cornus californica C. A. Mey.; o, fl. branchlet x % ; b, fl. x 2 ; c, fr. cluster x Vi.

high with smooth purplish branches and branchlets; leaves commonly ovate, varying to elliptical, acute, thinly puberulent, 2 to 4 in. long; cymes 1% to 2 in. broad; petals oblong, acute, 2 lines long; styles glabrous; drupe white, subglobose, 3 lines in diameter; stone mostly oblique, somewhat flattened, with furrowed edges, each side with 4 less obvious or shallower channels. — Stream banks in canons and along rivers in the valleys, 10 to 6000 f t . : coastal S. Cal. ( r a r e ) ; Coast Ranges; Great Valley; Sierra N e v a d a foothills (C. pubeseens var. californ i c a C. & E . ) . V a r . P U B E S C E N S (Nutt.) Mcbr. Inflorescence shaggypubescent.— Tulare Co.; Mendocino Co.; n. to Ore. (C. pubescens N u t t . ) . Var.

NEVAD£NSIS J e p s o n

n. var.

In-

florescence s c a n t i l y puberulent; drupe blue.—Sierra Nevada, 3000 to 4000 f t . (Rich Pt., Middle Fork F e a t h e r River, Jepson 10,629, t y p e ) .

7 1 6 . Cornus glabrata B e n t h . ; a, fl. branchlet; b, fr. branchlet. x Y2•

2. C. glabrata Benth. Fig. 716. Shrub 5 to 12 (or 18) f t . high, with n e a r l y or quite glabrous twigs; leaves ovate or oblong, acute at each end or shortly pointed at apex, 1% to 2 in. long, green on both faces, obscurely pubescent with short scattered appressed hairs; petioles 3 lines long or less; flowers dull white, many in small cymes; style slightly pubescent; drupe globose, the flesh whitish or bluish; stone little compressed and not at all or obscurely furrowed. —Common along the bases of low

734

LENNOACEAE

hills, often forming thickets, and also along streams or borders of swamps from Mendocino Co. and Tulare Co. s. to San Diego Co. 3. C. sessilis Torr. Clumpy shrubs or small trees, 5 to 9 (or 13) ft. high leaves obovatish, acute, 2 to 3V2 in. long, shortly petioled; flowers yellowish in small sessile umbellate clusters subtended by 4 small caducous bracts pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; drupe oblong, at first greenish-white, then yellow then red, maturing purple-black, shining, 5 to 6 lines long, on a pedicel as long. — Foothills, commonly forming stream-bank thickets, 1800 to 3500 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Amador Co. to Tehama Co., thence to Trinity and Humboldt Cos. 4.

C. n u t t a l l i i A u d .

MOUNTAIN DOG-

WOOD. F i g . 717. Tree 10 to 30 (or 4 5 )

ft. high; leaves narrow- or elliptico b o v a t e or even orbicular, with rounded or shortly acute apex 3 to 5 in. long, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; flowers crowded in a head on a thick convex receptacle and surrounded by a conspicuous petal-like involucre; bracts of the involucre commonly 6, white, sometimes tinged with red, obovate to oblong, 1% to 3 in. long, abruptly acute or acuminate; heads % to 1 in. broad, very dense, borne on peduncles 1 to 1% in. long; drupe 5 to 6 lines long, scarlet.—Mountain woods, 1500 to 5100 ft.: cismontane Cal.; n. to B. C. 5 . O. canadensis L . BUNCH-BEERY. Herb-like; stem 3 to 9 in. high with a whorl of 4 to 6 leaves at summit and 717. Cornus nuttallii Aud.; a, fl. brancha pair of leaves about the middle; inlet x % ; b, fl. x 3 ; c, fr. cluster x H. volucre petal-like, its bracts broadly ovate, 5 to 8 lines long.—Swamps, Mendocino Co.; Ore. to Alas, and N. Eng.

SYMPETALAE

Calyx usually present. Petals more or less united below, commonly tubular. Stamens inserted on corolla. Pistil 1 and compound (except Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae). LENNOACEAE. LENNOA F A M I L Y Eoot-parasitic brown herbs with fleshy stems and scale-like leaves. Flowers perfect, in spikes or heads. Calyx parted into linear nearly distinct segments. Corolla tubular, the border 5 to 7-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the throat. Ovary fleshy, 6 to 14-celled, each 2 cells representing one true cell divided by a false partition; style 1; stigma crenulate or obscurely lobed. Fruit concealed in the persistent calyx and corolla, finally splitting into 12 to 28 1-seeded nutlets. Flowers in a spike; calyx glabrous Flowers in a saucer-shaped head; calyx hairy

1. PHOLISMA. 2 . AMMOBROMA.

1. PHOLiSMA Nutt. Stem simple, ending in a simple or compactly branched dense spike. Sepals 5, 6 or 7, naked. Corolla border undulate-plicate, spreading, shallowly 5, 6 or 7-lobed, each lobe emarginate. (Greek pholis, a scale, referring to the scaly stem.) 1. P . arenarium Nutt. Plant 6 to 10 in. high; spikes oblong, rarely capitate, 1 to 5 in. long; corolla purplish with white border, 2 lines broad.—Sandy soil, Mohave and Colorado deserts and w. to the coast: Barstow; Coyote Holes; Borrego Sprs.; Santa Monica; Manhattan Beach; San Diego.

735

ERICACEAE

On roots of Hymenoclea salsola, Ericameria ericoides, Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. graveolens, Eriodictyon tomentosum, Abronia umbellata and Eriogonum parvifolium. 2.

A M M O B R 6 M A

Torr.

SAND FOOD

Stem simple, ending above in a saucer-shaped head thickly clothed with flowers. Sepals 6 to 10, filiform, plumosely hairy, as long as the corolla or somewhat longer. Corolla purple, tubular, 6-lobed, the lobes very short, emarginate. (Greek ammos, sand, and broma, food.) 1. A. sondrae Torr. SAND FOOD. Plant 4 to 16 in. long, buried in the sand up to the very woolly head.—Sand hills: Colorado Desert (Ogilby near Hedges Mine); s. to Sonora, Mex. The stems and tubers are boiled or roasted by the Gulf Indians and taste like sweet potatoes. ERICACEAE.

HEATH

FAMILY

Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, alternate in all our genera except three, mostly evergreen and stiff and coriaceous. Flowers white or red, regular and symmetrical, with the parts in 5s, rarely in 4s. Stamens free from the corolla, as many or commonly twice as many as its lobes or petals and distinct from them; anthers 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore or sometimes longitudinally, frequently bearing two awn-like appendages. Ovary superior or inferior, 4 to 10 (rarely 1, 2 or 3)-celled, with usually axile placentae bearing numerous ovules. Style 1; stigma 1, entire or merely lobed. Corolla in most cases sympetalous but sometimes choripetalous. Rhododendron has a slightly irregular corolla. Calyx persistent. Flowers often pendulous. Leaves opposite in Chimaphila, Kalmia and Cassiope. A. Serbs Plants

or herb-like plants; corolla choripetalous (except nos. 7 to 9); anthers without awns (except no. 7) ; ovary superior. with evergreen leaves (one species leafless) ; corolla choripetalous.—Subfamily PLROLACEAE.

Stems leafy; flowers corymbose or umbellate; filaments with a roundish dilation at the middle; style short 1. CHIMAPHILA. Stems leafy at base only; filaments not dilated: style commonly elongated. Flowers solitary; stigma with 5 radiating lobes 2. MONESES. Flowers racemose; stigma 5-lobed or -toothed 3. PIROLA. Humus plants or saprophytes without green leaves.—Subfamily MONOTROPACEAE. Ovary 4 to 7-celled. Corolla none; stems streaked red and white 4. ALLOTROPA. Corolla present. Corolla choripetalous; ovary seated on an 8 to 12-toothed disk, the teeth deflexed. Stems 1-flowered 5. MONOTROPA. Stems several-flowered 6. HYPOPITYS. Corolla sympetalous; disk none. Anthers awned; corolla 2Vz lines long 7. PTEROSPORA. Anthers not awned; corolla 6 to 9 lines long 8. SARCODES. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla sympetalous; filaments hairy 9. NEWBERRYA. Corolla with distinct petals; filaments glabrous 10. PLEURICOSPORA. B. Shrubs or trees (often small or diminutive shrubs) ; corolla sympetalous (except no. 11). Ovary wholly superior.—Subfamily ERICINEAE. Fruit a dry capsule. Anthers awnless; capsule septicidal. Corolla with distinct petals; leaves resin-dotted beneath XI. LEDUM Corolla sympetalous (as in all the following). Large shrubs with broad leaves; leaf-buds scaly. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed; calyx not ciliate.12. RHODODENDRON Corolla cylindric-urnshaped, 4-lobed; calyx bristly-ciliate 13.

MENZIESIA.

Diminutive alpine shrubs with narrow small leaves; no scaly leaf-buds. Corolla saucer-shaped with 10 pockets holding the anthers 14.

KALMIA

Corolla open-campanulate, without pockets 15. PHYLLODOCE Anthers awned or mucronate; capsule loculicidal. Corolla cup-shaped; anthers awned; leaves scale-like, imbricated, s e s s i l e . . . . _

16.

CASSIOPE.

Corolla ovate with narrow orifice; anthers not awned, merely mucronate; leaves broad, petioled 17. LEUCOTHOK.

736

ERICACEAE

Fruit a berry or drupe. Calyx tubular, becoming fleshy in fruit and enclosing the capsule; anthers awned or awnless; flowers in a raceme 18. GAULTHKRIA. Calyx with distinct sepals, dry, persistent in fruit but insignificant; anthers awned; fruit a berry or berry-like. Surface of fruit granular. Flowers in a panicle; calyx glabrous 19. ARBUTUS. Flowers in a raceme; calyx tonientose 20. COMAROSTAI'HYLIS. Surface of fruit smooth or merely glandular; flowers in a panicle, rarely in

a raceme

Ovary wholly inferior.—Subfamily VACCINIACEAE

21.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.

22. VACCINIUM.

1. C H I M A P H I L A Pursh. PIPSISSEWA Low perennial evergreen suffrutescent plants. Leaves alternate or in irregular whorls, serrulate. Flowers white, waxy, in a terminal naked corymb. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, choripetalous; petals 5, orbicular, concave. Stamens 10; filaments dilated and hairy in the middle. Stigma orbicularpeltate, crowning the very short style which is concealed in the umbilicate summit of the ovary. Capsule 5-celled, dehiscent from above downwards. (Greek cheima, winter, and phileo, to love, the plants evergreen.) Leaves oblanceolate, m a n y ; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered Leaves ovate, few; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered

1. C. 2. C.

umbellata. menziesii.

1. C. umbellata Nutt. PRINCE'S PINE. Stem often simple, 6 to 10 or 12 in. high, bearing several clusters or whorls of leaves and 3 to 6-flowered peduncles; leaves oblanceolate, varying to oblong, sharply serrate from near the base, 1 % to 2 % in. long; flowers 3 lines broad, pinkish or flesh-color; filaments with a roundish dilation at base which is hairy on the margin only. —Pine woods, 1000 to 6000 ft., rather common: San J a c i n t o and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada; Coast Eanges; N. Am.; Eur., Asia. 2. O. menzi&sii Spreng. More or less branched from the base, 3 to 6 in. high; leaves ovate, mostly acute, serrulate or entire, % to IV2 in. long; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered; filaments with a roundish dilation at the middle which is covered with short hairs.—Pine woode, 3500 to 6500 ft., infrequent: Cuyamaca, San J a c i n t o , San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; Sierra Nevada; North Coast Eanges; n. to B . C. 2. MONfcSES Salisb. Perennial herbs with a solitary white or pink flower drooping at the summit of a slender scape. Leaves thin, opposite or whorled. clustered at the ascending ends of underground shoots. Calyx 5- (or 4)-parted. Petals 5 (or 4 ) , rotate, distinct. Stamens 10 or 8. Stigma peltate, with 5 narrow radiating lobes. Capsule 4 or 5-celled, loculicidal from the summit, its valves not cobwebby. (Greek monos, single, and esis delight, the plant oneflowered.) 1. M . uniflora Gray. Scape 2 to 5 in. high; leaves roundish-ovate, serratedentate, reticulately veined, 4 to 8 lines broad; flower fragrant, 6 to 8 lines broad.-—Cool forests, Siskiyou Co., very rare with us; Ore. to Alas., e. to Lab.; Eur., Asia. 3. P i R O L A L. WlNTERGREEN Perennial herbs with slender rootstocks, basal evergreen leaves (rarely leafless), and leafless scapes. Flowers 5-merous, in a terminal raceme. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, distinct, concave or incurved, more or less converging. Stamens 10; filaments subulate, naked. Stigma 5-lobed or -toothed, on an elongated style. Capsule 5-celled, depressed-globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward; edges of the valves cobwebby when opening, persistent on the axis. Embryo minute. (Diminutive of Pirus, classical name of the P e a r Tree, on account of resemblance in the leaves of one species.) Stigma peltate, without ring or collar, Obviously 5-lobed; style included Obscurely 5-lobed; style exserted a little Stigma 5-lobed, subtended by a distinct ring or collar. Stigma close to ring. Stigma deeply lobed. Stigma with narrow erect or spoke-like lobes

1. P. minor. 2. P. secunda.

3. P.

picta.

HEATH

FAMILY

Stigma short-oblong, sometimes much reduced Stigma shallowly lobed Stigma lifted high above ring

737 4. P. dentata. 5 .P. aphylla. 6. P. asarifolia.

1. P. minor L. Scapes 5 to 8 in. high; leaves roundish, 8 to 11 (or 15) lines long, the margined petiole mostly shorter t h a n the blade; flowers white or rose-color, crowded; corolla globose.—High montane, 8000 to 10,000 ft., rare in Cal.: San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; N. Am.; Eur., Asia. 2. P. secunda L. Scapes 4 to 7 in. high; leaves ovate, serrulate, thin and greenish, % to 1% in. long; flowers white, in a one-sided dense raceme; petals with two tubercles at base inside.—Montane, 4500 to 7800 f t . : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada f r o m Fresno Co. to Modoc Co.; Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N. Eng.; Eur., Asia. 3. P. picta Sm. WHITE-VEINED S H I N - L E A F . Fig. 718. Scapes 8 to 15 in. high; leaves ovate to elliptic, very coriaceous, mottled or veined with white, entire or serrulate, 1 to 2*/4 in. long, the petiole narrowly winged; calyxlobes broadly ovate, usually acute; corolla greenish-white or brownish fleshcolor.—Pine forests, 4000 to 6000 f t . : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada; Mendocino Co. to Mt. Shasta; n. to B. C., e. to Wyo. 4. P. d e n t a t a Sm. Similar to no. 3; leaves obovatish, serrulate, 1 to 1% in. long; petals cream-color; style sometimes nearly straight. — Mendocino coast; n. to B. C. Yar. INTEGRA Gray. Leaves ovate, entire, glaucous, not white-veined.—Montane, 5000 to 7000 f t . : San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Siskiyou and Humboldt Cos.; n. to Wash. (P. pallida Greene.) 5. P . aphylla Sm. Leafless parasite; scapes red, often many and clustered, from a scaly-bracted rootstock, 6 to 9 (or 16) in. high; calyx red, its lobes triangular-ovate, V± the length of the obovate or elliptic whitish or flesh-colored petals; capsule 3 lines broad, its sutures somewhat cobwebby in dehiscence—Wooded mts.,. 1500 to 6000 ft., Pirola picta Sm. ; a, habit x throughout Cal., widely dispersed but 718. b, s t a m e n x 2 % ; c, pistil x 2. i n f r e q u e n t ; n. to B. C. June-July. 6. P. asarifolia Michx. var. incarnata Fer. Scapes 9 to 18 in. high, a single scaly bract borne at the middle; leaves thin, cordate to rounded at base, rounded at apex or rarely subacute, 1 to 3*4 in. long, the petioles as long; flowers nodding in a loose scaly-bracted raceme; corolla white or nearly so, drying rose-purple.—Pine woods: San Bernardino Mts. (8000 f t . ) ; Sierra N e v a d a (4000 to 8000 f t . ) : North Coast Ranges (1000 to 4000 f t . ) 4. ALXiOTROPA T. & G. Saprophytic herb. Stems bright red with longitudinal white stripes in sharp contrast, densely clothed with scales at base and with scattered scales above. Flowers brownish-red in a dense spike-like raceme. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10, or at summit of spike 8; anthers short and thick, somewhat 2-lobed, apiculate at apex, turned inward and downward on the apex of the filament and thus pendulous, each cell opening by a chink on back which reaches from the base to the middle. Ovary globose, 5-celled; style short;

738

ERICACEAE

stigma peltate-capitate, shallowly 5-lobed. (Greek alios, different, and tropos, turned, the raceme not nodding as in Monotropa.) 1. A. virg&ta T. & G. SUGAR S T I C K . P l a n t s 7 to 13 (or 18) in. high; raceme virgate, mostly 6 to 9 in. long; scales of the stem often bluish white; flowers 2YJ to 3 lines long, on pedicels 1 line long; sepals rhomboidal or ovate, thin, whitish, shorter t h a n the purple-black stamens; ovary dark red or purple-black, the style white.—Montane, under pines or firs, 6000 to 8000 f t . , i n f r e q u e n t : Sierra N e v a d a ; North Coast Eanges; n. to Wash. 5. MONOTROPA L. Glabrous waxy-white herbs which turn black on drying. Stems scape-like, scaly, springing in a cluster from a ball of matted roots and ending in a solitary nodding flower. Sepals 2 to 4, scale-like or bract-like, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6, oblong, dilated a little at apex, erect, tardily deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the petals; anthers somewhat reniform, opening at first by two transverse chinks, a t length 2-valved, the valves almost equal and spreading. Ovary 10-grooved, 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma funnelform, naked, obscurely crenate. Seeds innumerable, minute. (Greek mono, one, and tropos, turned, the flower drooping.) 1. M. uniflora L. INDIAN P I P E . Stem 4 to 7 in. high; petals saccate at base. —Dark damp woods, very rare in Cal.: Del Norte Co.; N. Am., Asia. 6. HYPOPITYS Hill White, yellowish or reddish saprophytic herbs with scaly simple stems arising f r o m a ball-like cluster of matted fibrous roots. Raceme several to many-flowered, at first nodding, soon erect. Flowers yellowish-white or red, mostly 3 or 4-merous, the terminal usually 5-merous. Sepals 2 to 4. Petals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, bearing a gibbous nectary on each side. Stamens 6 to 10; filaments hairy; anthers reniform, t h e cells confluent, opening b y 2 valves. Ovary 4 to 7-celled; style columnar, expanding at summit into an umbilicate stigma. Capsule ovate-globose, the placentae covered with innumerable minute seeds. (Greek hypo, beneath, and pitus, fir, on account of t h e habitat.) Bracts and sepals mostly entire Bracts and sepals mostly

1. H. 2. H.

fimbriate

lanuginosa. fimbriata.

1. H. lanuginosa N u t t . PINE-SAP. Stem fleshy white or yellowish red, minutely pubescent, 4 to 10 in. high; scales and bracts ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly erose, imbricated below, scattered above; raceme rather dense; calyx and corolla hairy inside; style hairy; ovary 4 or 5-celled.— Forests, Siskiyou Co.; Ore. to B. C. and around t h e northern hemisphere. 2. H. fimbriata Howell. Stem white-fleshy, turning reddisli-brown, 3 to 11 in. high; bracts ovate or obovate-cuneate, these and the spatulate sepals with laciniate-fimbriate margins or merely erose; flowers white; sepals 2 and lateral or with a third one in f r o n t , or a fourth behind, all except the lateral hairy; petals 3 to 5, spatulate-oblong; ovary 6 to 7-celled, perhaps also 4 or 5-celled.—Coniferous or oak woods: Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. June-July. Perhaps better understood as a var. of no. 1. 7. PTEROSPORA N u t t .

PINE

DROPS

Reddish brown saprophytic herb with a single tall scape arising f r o m a thick ball of matted fibrous roots and ending above in a many-flowered raceme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent, about % as long as the corolla. Corolla white, globular-urnshaped, with 5 short recurved lobes, witheringpersistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-awned on the back near the base, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed. Seeds innumerable, broadly winged f r o m the apex. (Greek pteron, a wing, and spora, a seed.) 1. P . andrfimedea N u t t . Fig. 719. Stems stout, fleshy, 1 to 3 (or 4) f t . high, glandular-pubescent throughout, bearing numerous lanceolate or linear scales; raceme virgate, dense at first; pedicels slender, spreading, soon

HEATH

FAMILY

739

recurved; corolla white, 2% to 3V2 lines long. —Eich humus beneath pines, 4000 to 7500 f t . , common: San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; Sierra Nevada; North Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Pa. The plant dies a f t e r flowering. 8. SABCÒDES Torr. Bright red or crimson saprophytic herb with a single fleshy scaly stem arising from a thick ball of brittle roots and ending in a raceme of fleshy crimson flowers. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, nearly equaling the corolla, glandular. Corolla red, campanulate, 5-lobed, glabrous. Stamens 10; anthers muticous but not awned, opening by terminal pores. Ovary low-conical, 5-celled, 10-lobed; style rather long; stigma capitate, somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule depressed, many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla, the cells loculieidally dehiscent f r o m top to bottom, the slit widest below and permitting the seed to fall out at the bottom. (Greek sarx, flesh, and oeides, resembling.) 1.

S.

sanguinea

Torr.

SNOW

PLANT.

Fig.

720. Stems 6 to 15 in. high; scales ovate, the upper strap-shaped; corolla 6 to 9 lines long. 719. Pterospora andromedea Nutt. ; —Pine woods, 4000 to 8000 f t . , common: a, fl. stem x % ; b, fl. x 2; c, staTrinity and Siskiyou Cos.; Sierra Nevada m e n x ^ d> cros® s e c t : o v a r y x 5; capsule x 1/4 from Lassen Co. to Tulare Co.; San Gabriel, ' San Bernardino, San Jacinto and S a n t a Rosa mountains; L. Cai.; w. Nev.; s. Ore. June-July.

a 720. Sarcodes sanguinea Torr.; a, habit x % ; b, long. sect, of fl. x 1 ^ ; c, cross sect, of ovary x 2.

9. NEWBÉRRYA Torr. Saprophytic herb. Stem white, scaly, short and often subterranean. Inflorescence flesh-pink, capitate, dense, composed of short 2 to 5-flowered cymose spikelets. Sepals bract-like, 2 in the lateral flowers, mostly 4 in the terminal ones, hairy within, less so externally. Corolla tubular-campanulate (or slightly urn-shaped), very white-hairy within, slightly so outside, deeply 4-lobed in the lateral flowers, mostly 5 or 6-lobed on the terminal ones, withering-persistent. Stamens 6 to 11, mostly 8 or 10; filaments longhairy at and above the middle; anthercells 2, opening lengthwise. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, h a i r y ; style short, long-hairy,, the hairs appearing as a sort of collar beneath the stigma; stigma strongly annular-umbilicate; placentae 4 to 10, sometimes with a placenta 2-lamellate. (Dr. J . S. Newberry, botanist of one of the Pacific Railroad surveys in 1855, and author of a memoir on the forest trees of northern California and Oregon.) 1. N. congèsta Torr. Corolla 4 to 7

740

ERICACEAE

lines long, the linear or oblanceolate sepals as long or longer; stigma conspicuous, forming a yellow eye to the flower.—Very rarely seen, Redwood B e l t : Monterey Co. to Mendocino and Humboldt Cos.; n. to Wash. (N. subterránea Eastw. Hemitomes congestum Gray. H. pumilum Greene.)

UU

I

10. PLEURICÓSPORA Gray Whitish or light brown saprophytic herb with imbricated scales. Stems simple, arising in clusters from a thick ball of fibres and terminating in a dense spike. Flower parts all glabrous. Sepals 4 or 5 (or 6 ) , scale-like, the margins remotely fimbriate. Petals 4 or 5 (or to 8 ) , distinct. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary ovate, 1-celled, the 4 to 7 parietal placentae large, or 1 or 2 of them small. Style columnar; stigma umbilicatecapitate. Fruit a watery berry. (Greek pleuricos, at the side, and spora, seed, the placentae parietal.)

1. P . fímbrioláta Gray. Fig. 721. Stems 2 to 8 in. high; corolla whitish, 5 to 8 lines long; sepals involute, the petals nearly plane; stamens in 2 equal sets, the sta7 2 1 . Pleuricospora fimbriolata G r a y ; a, fl. stem x Vz ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, pistil mens of each set more approximate on one side than on the other; fruit whitish or at x 2 ; d, cross sect, of ovary x 4. length blue-black. — Deep forest humus: Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8300 ft., from Tulare Co. to Butte Co.; Santa Cruz Mts. to Siskiyou Co., 1500 to 4000 f t .

a

11. L E D U M L .

LABRADOR TEA

Evergreen shrubs with fragrant herbage. Leaves alternate, entire, the margin disposed to be revolute. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like corymbs from large scaly buds. Pedicels slender. Sepals 5, almost distinct, very small. Petals 5, distinct, obovate, spreading. Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule 5-celled, dehiscing from the base upward, manyseeded; placentae borne on the summit of the axis of the fruit. (Greek Ledon, ancient name of the Cistus.) 1. L. glandulosum Nutt. Fig. 722. Low, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves thickly clothing the stems, oblong, acute at each end, mucronate at apex, 1 to 2 y2 in. long, green and glabrous on both sides, or lightcolored beneath with a gland-dotted f e l t ; petals elliptic-ovate, 2 % to 3 lines long; stamens 10; filaments ciliate toward the 7 2 2 . Ledum glandulosum Nutt.; fl. base; capsule oval, 2 lines long.—Colonizbranchlet x 1. ing borders of wet meadows or marshy places: Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 10,000 f t . ; along the coast, 20 to 500 ft., from the Santa Cruz Mts. to P t . Eeyes and F t . Bragg; n. to Ore. and thence e. to the Eocky Mts. Poisonous to sheep. 12. RHODODENDRON L. Ours shrubs with alternate entire leaves crowded on the flowering branches. Flowers in umbels or corymbs, from terminal buds with thin deciduous scales. Calyx very small. Corolla funnelform to campanulate, cleft, often somewhat

HEATH

741

FAMILY

irregular. Stamens 5 or 10. Style filiform; stigma capitate or somewhat lobed. Fruit a septicidal 5celled capsule, the valves separating from the columella. (Greek rhodos, rose, and dendron, a tree.)

Deciduous; flowers commonly white; stamens 5 1. R. occidentale. Evergreen; flowers rose-purple; stamens 10. 2. R. californicum.

1. R. occidentale Gray. WESTERN AZALEA. Fig. 723. Loosely or widely branching shrub 3 to 8 or 14 ft. high; leaves thin, narrowly or broadly obovate, 1 to 4 in. long, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous; calyx 5-parted, its lobes ovate or oval, 1 line long; corolla white or sometimes pink, 1 y2 to 1% in. long, 5-cleft, slightly irregular, the upper lobe with a large yellow splotch, the tube funnelform, glandular-viscid outside; stamens 5, exserted; ovary densely pubescent with whitish gland-tipped hairs. — Stream banks or moist flats, rarely on open slopes, rather common: Coast Ranges (ex- „„„ it,„

4* __„ V L .

, ,

,

.,

. ,

„

.

723. Rhododendron occidentale Gray; a, fl.

cepting the inner ranges) from the branchlet x %; 6, capsule x %. Santa Cruz Mts. to Marin, Sonoma and Shasta Cos., 50 to 3500 ft.; Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 7500 ft.; San Jacinto, Palomar and Cuyamaca mountains, 5000 to 6000 ft. May-July. Feared by sheepmen as poisonous. Yar. PALUD&SUM Jepson n. var. Flowers pink to white and yellow; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, 4 to 5 lines long.—Sedgy bogs, Humboldt coast (Fortuna, Jepson 1916, type.) 2. R. californicum Hook. CALIFORNIA EOSE BAY. Fig. 724. Eather closely erect shrub 4 to 8 ft. high, or in the northern Bedwoods a small tree up to 26 ft. high; leaves coriaceous and evergreen, oblong or elliptic, shortly acute, green above, rusty or lighter beneath, 2 ^ to 5 % in. long; calyx 5-lobed, its lobes low, obtuse, % line long; corolla turbinate-campanulate, rose-purple, 1% in. long, its broad lobes undulate, the upper lobe greenish-dotted within; stamens 10, not exserted; ovary densely red-silky.— Along the coast: Malpaso Creek; Waddell Creek; Pescadero; Mt. Tamalpais; abundant on the Mendocino and Humboldt coasts; w. Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. Eeported poisonous to sheep. 13. MENZIESIA SM. Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves. Flowers greenish-purple, developed with the leaves from strigosechaffy terminal buds and borne in 724. Rhododendron californicum Hook.; a, c ' u s t e r s on nodding pedicels. Calyx d°cBvau?e fl. branchlet x % ; b, fl. % ' small, flattish, bristly-ciliate, usually

742

ERICACEAE

4-lobed, rarely 5-lobed. Corolla cylindric-urnshaped, 4-toothed or -lobed. Stamens 8. Anthers opening by a terminal pore or chink. Style filiform; stigma 4-lobed. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds slender. (Archibald Menzies, surgeon and botanist of the Vancouver Expedition.) 1. M. ferruginea Sm. RUSTYLEAF. Slender shrub 6 to 15 f t . high; leaves thin, obovate, acutish, serrulate, strigose above with scattered rusty hairs on the upper side, 2 to 3 in. long, shortly petioled; pedicels glandular-pubescent, 10 to 13 lines long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long; capsules 3 % lines long, on erect pedicels.—Humboldt Co. (Freshwater Creek and head of Prairie C r e e k ) ; n. to Alas. June.

14. KALMIA L.

AMERICAN LAUREL

Ours low subalpine or diminutive alpine shrubs with glabrous herbage. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, evergreen. Flowers in umbels terminating the branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla saucer-shaped, 5 lobed, with 10 pouches below the lobes and sinuses. Stamens 10, each pouch of the corolla holding an anther. Ovary 5-celled, the placentae borne at the summit of the cells. Capsule septicidally 5-valved from above.—The expansion of the corolla curves the filaments outward and backward, so that irritation or jostling of the stamens or corolla, as by an insect, causes the elastic filaments to release the anthers with considerable violence, thus scattering the pollen. (Peter Kalm, early North American explorer, Knight of the Order of Vasa and a pupil of Linnaeus.) 1. K . polifolia Wang. PALE LAUREL. Erect, 1 to 2 f t . high; leaves elliptic-oblong to oblong, shining green above, glaucous or whitish beneath, revolute-margined, V2 to 1 in. long; sepals ovate; corolla bright pink or rose-purple, 6 to 9 lines broad; valves of the capsule pouch-shaped, splitting half-way down the back but closed in front below, the opening above corresponding to a placenta; placentae persisting on the summit of the axis.—Modoc Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Newf. Var. MICROPHILLA Kehd. Alpine Laurel. Fig. 725. Two to 3 7 2 5 . Kalmia polifolia var. microphylla in. high; leaves often seemingly linear on account of R e h d e r ; fl. branchlet the strongly revolute edges, 3 to 7 lines long; corolla x 1. 5 to 7 lines broad.—Edges of wet meadows or swamps, 7000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co., and n. to Mt. Shasta, thence w. to Trinity Summit; n. to B. C., e. to Col. 15. P H Y L L 6 D O C E Maxim. Diminutive alpine heath-like shrubs. Leaves evergreen, alternate, crowded, linear, with revolute margins, articulated with the stem and leaving behind a raised scar when falling away. Flowers in ours rose-color, racemosecrowded at the summit of the branches and therefore appearing umbellate. Pedicels glandular, each with 2 bracts at base. Sepals commonly 5. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 7 to 10; anthers opening by an oblique terminal chink. Capsule globose, septicidally 5-valved from the summit. (Greek Phullodoce, a sea nymph mentioned by Virgil.) Stamens exserted; corolla 5-cleft to the middle Stamens included; corolla merely 5-lobed

2. P.

1. P. breweri. empetriformis.

1. P . breweri (Gray) Hel. BED HEATHER. Stems rigid, 4 to 12 in. high: leaves 3 to 7 lines long, smooth; sepals mostly glabrous; corolla deeply saucershaped or bowl-shaped, 4 to 6 lines broad, 5-cleft nearly or quite to the middle, the lobes recurving from the tip; stamens exserted; style exserted.— Alpine, 7000 to 12,000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tularp Co. to Lassen Co., thcnce w. to Mt. Shasta and Marble Mt. July-Aug. (Bryanthus breweri Gray.)

HEATH

FAMILY

743

2. P . émpetrifórmis (Sm.) Don. Stems 6 to 10 in. high; leaves roughish on the edges; sepals mostly ciliolate; corolla campanulate, 2 t.o 3 lines long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; stamens included; style included or exserted.—High mts. of our northern borders, 7500 to 9000 f t . : Marble Mt.; Mt. Shasta; n. to Alas., e. to Wyo. 16.

CASSÍOPE Don

Diminutive alpine shrubs with heath-like stems. Leaves evergreen, opposite (in ours), densely imbricated, small, entire. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender naked peduncles. Sepals 4 or 5, ovate. Corolla broadly campanulate, in ours 5-lobed. Stamens 10 or 8; filaments subulate; anthers tipped with a pair of recurved awns. Capsule globose, 4 or 5-celled, loculicidal, the valves soon 2-cleft. (Cassiope, wife of Cepheus and mother of Andromeda.) 1. C. merténsiána Don. Fig. 726. Tufted, 2 to 12 in. high, the stems covered throughout with thick leaves crowded in 4 ranks; leaves ovate, keeled on the back, 1 line long; peduncles lateral; corolla white, 3 lines long.—Granite rocks and clefts, high montane, 8000 to 10,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Placer Co.; n. to Alas.

7 2 6 . Cassiope mertensiana D o n ; fl. branchlet x 1.

17. LEUCÓTHOE Don Shrubs with coriaceous alternate leaves. Flowers white, in terminal or subterminal racemes, thus forming a naked panicle. Bracts and bractlets in ours small, scarious or whitish. Sepals distinct. Corolla ovate, with a narrow opening. Stamens 10; anthers oblong, obtuse, awnless but with each cell 2-mucronate. Ovary 5-celled; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule somewhat depressed, loculicidal; placentae borne on the upper part of the central axis or columella. (Leucothoe, daughter of Orchamur, K i n g of Babylon, and Eurynome.) 1. L. davisiae Torr. Two to 5 f t . high; leaves evergreen, oblong, obscurely serrulate or entire, 1 to 3 in. long; racemes erect, 2 to 4 in. long; flowers pendulous, 3 to 3 % lines long.—Springy ground, montane, 6000 to 8000 f t . : Poison Mdw., Sievel Mt., Madera Co.; Wawona road summit from Mariposa; Merced Grove; Frog Lake, Nevada Co.; Eureka, Nevada Co.; Brush Creek, Butte Co.; Whiskey Butte, Siskiyou Co.; Coffee Creek, Salmon Mts., Trinity Co. 18. G A U L T H É R I A L. Shrubs or fruticulose plants. Leaves broad, evergreen, shining above. Flowers white or pink. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-toothed or -lobed. Stamens 10; filaments dilated at base. Ovary depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, seated on a thin narrow undulate-toothed disk; stigma entire. Calyx becoming fleshy and at length enclosing the pod, forming a berry-like fruit. (Dr. Gaultier, Canadian physician and botanist.) F l o w e r s in r a c e m e s ; filaments h a i r y on b a c k ; a n t h e r s with a p a i r of spreading awns from the summit of each cell 1. G. shallon. F i o w e r s s o l i t a r y ; filaments g l a b r o u s ; a n t h e r s not awned 2. G. humifusa.

1. G. shállon Pursh. SALAL. Fig. 727. Slender shrub with erect or spreading stems 1 to 6 f t . high; leaves ovate or orbicular, slightly cordate at base, finely serrate, 2 to 4 in. long; petioles 1 to 2 lines long; racemes axillary or terminal, 3 to 6 in. long, pubescent (as also calyx and corolla) with short glandular hairs; bracts scaly, ovate, concave, often reddish; pedicels declined, bearing 2 bractlets below the middle; calyx reddish; corolla white or pinkish, oval-urnshaped, 5-toothed at the narrow orifice, 4 to 5 lines long; fruit globose, black.—Woods along the coast, especially in the Redwood b e l t : Santa Inez Mts.; Santa Lucia Mts.; Santa Cruz Mts. to Del Norte Co.; n. to B. C. Mar.-May. In Mendocino and Humboldt Cos. commonly abundant and covering thickly the forest floor.

744

ERICACEAE 2. G. humifüsa ( G r a h a m ) Rydb. Stems procumbent, 2 to 8 in. long, forming a loose m a t ; leaves orbicular or oval, 3 to 11 lines long; stems, pedicels and calyx sparingly pilose; flowers solitary and axillary, on short pedicels with 3 to 5 b r a c t l e t s ; corolla white, depressed-campanulate, 5-parted; anthers not awned, obscurely 4-pointed at apex; f r u i t scarlet.—High montane foresta, Tare in Cal.: Granite B a s i n , K i n g s R i v e r ; Scales Diggings, Sierra Co.; head of Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co.; Kelsey t r a i l near Preston P e a k ; n. to B . C., e. to R o c k y Mts. (G. myrsinites Hook.) 19.

ÁBBUTUS

L.

ARBUTE

TREE

E v e r g r e e n trees or shrubs with glossy leathery leaves. Flowers in a terminal panicle of dense racemes. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla globular or ovate, 5-lobed at apex. Stamens twice as many as the corolla727. Gaultheria shallon Pursh; a, fl. branch- lobes, included; filaments soft-hairy; let Xx b,; d. long. sect, of of fl. ovary x 2; c,x stamen „antnersI T,. hendersonii. 1. D. alpinum Greene. A L P I N E SHOOTING STAR. Fig. 734. Scapes slender,

3 to 13 in. high; leaves narrowly spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 4 (or 5) in. long; flowers mostly 4-merous; petals purple, the base whitish with a yellow zone edged beneath by a purple b a n d ; anthers 3 to 4 lines long; capsule exceeding the calyx, valvate from t h e very apex.-—High montane, 700T) to 10,000 f t . ; San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; Sierra N e v a d a ; high North Coast Ranges from n. Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. July. 2. D. jeffreyi Moore. SIERRA SHOOTING STAR. Scapes 12 to 21 in. high; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, gradually narrowed below to a winged petiole, mostly 4 or 6 to 15 in. long; peduncles, pedicels and calyx short-pubescent and somewhat viscid-glandular; flowers mostly 4-merous; corolla 8 to 12 lines long, the petals pink-crimson, a yellow zone at base edged below by a purple b a n d ; anthers 4 lines long; capsule broadly oblong; shorter than, rarely exceeding the calyx, valvate-dehiscent from very apex, or from a

754

PRIMULACEAE

circle just below the enlarged base of the s t y l e . — H i g h montane, 8000 to 10,000 f t . : San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; Sierra N e v a d a ; W h i t e M t s . ; N o r t h Coast Ranges f r o m the Y o l l o B o l l y Mts. to Siskiyou Co. The leaves are somewhat sugg e s t i v e of those of Rumex occidentalis. V a r . TETRANDRUM Jepson n. comb. H a b i t of the species but all the parts glabrous; flowers 4 ( o r 5 ) merous.—Salmon M t s . ; Lassen Creek, Modoc Co.; n. to Wash. ( D . tetrandrum Suksdorf.) V a r . R£DOLENS Hall. H e r b a g e odorous; flowers mostly 5merous; corolla not so closely reflexed, covering the base of the anthers, purple band at base absent. — San Jacinto M t s . ; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co.; w. N e v . 3. D. glastifolium Greene. Scapes 6 to 13 in. high; leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute; umbels 1 to 3-flowered, v e r y long-pediceled; corolla lilac-purple; stamens 4, distinct; capsule eylindric, 6 to 8 lines long, valvate below the circumscissile 734. Dodeeatheon alpinum Greene; a, base s t y l a r b a s e s o m e t i m e s p l i t t i n g u p t o of plant X % ; b, fl. stem x tt ; c, stamen a n d t h r o u g h t h e l o w e r p a r t o t t h e circle with exserted style x 2; d, long. sect, s t y l e . — M o d o c Co. M o w e r s n o t k n o w n of ovary x 2. t o ug_

4. D. conjugens Greene. Scapes 4 to 7 in. high; leaves oblong or o f t e n widest at the middle and tapering to each end, 1 to IV2 in. l o n g ; flowers 5-merous; corolla white or rose-purple, 6 to 7 lines long; anthers distinct, the connective rugulose.— M o d o c Co.; Ore. to Mont. T o o little known. 5. D. clevelandii Greene. Scapes 1 to 2 f t . high; root-crown not producing rice-grain bulblets at flowering t i m e ; scapes, pedicels and calyces minutely glandular; leaves obovate, irregularly and sometimes saliently erose-dentate or entire, i y > to 214 in. long, shortly petioled; flowers 5-merous; corolla bright purple to white, 6 to 11 lines l o n g ; connective of the anthers transversely much f o l d e d ; capsule 4 to 5 lines long, t w i c e as long as the calyx, dehiscent in a circle beneath the enlarged base of the style, then valvate-dehiscent below this; seeds reddish b r o w n . — D r y hills and mesas, coastal S. Cal. 6. D. patulum Greene. LOWLAND SHOOTING STAR. F i g . 735. Scapes only 3 to 5 in. h i g h ; leaves obovate, obtuse, % to 1% in. long, gradually narrowed to a broad petiole about % as l o n g ; corolla white, pale cream-color or rarely pinkish; anthers short and broad ( 1 line l o n g ) , truncate or obscurely retuse at apex; filaments purple, the connective usually w i t h a y e l l o w or w h i t e spot above the purple base; capsule short-oblong or subglobose, circumscissile near the summit. — Slightly alkaline areas, Sacramento, San Joaquin and the South Coast R a n g e v a l l e y s and their bordering foothills, mostly t o w a r d the interior. M a r . V a r .

735

D o d e c a t heon patulum Greene; habit x %.

PRIMROSE

FAMILY

755

LAÉTIFLÓRUM Jepson n. comb. Scapes 6 to 10 in. high; flowers white.—Hills bordering or near the Santa Clara Valley. (D. laetiflorum Greene.) 7. D. hendersónii Gray. MOSQUITO B I L L S . SAILOR CAPS. Scapes red or reddish, 9 to 14 in. high, f r o m a strong cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves roundish obovate to elliptic, the margin more or less crisped, 1 to 2% in. long, on petioles % to 2 times as long; umbels 3 to 13-flowered, the pedicels % to 31/-) in. long; flowers 5- or sometimes 4-merous; calyx cleft into ovatelanceolate lobes; corolla-lobes oblong, 6 to 7 lines long, % to (or 2) lines wide, purple with a transverse yellow zone at base, which is edged above by white and bounded below by a black-purple b a n d ; filaments blackpurple; anthers linear or clavate, 2 lines long; capsule oblong or shortcylindric, circumscissile well below the summit, then valvate.—Low slopes to high ridges in the foothills, the most common species: Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra N e v a d a foothills to Tulare Co. Feb.-Apr. Yar. BERNALIÁNUM Jepson n. comb. Petals rosepurple with a white zone below, this bordering the dark purple band of the united base of the corolla-segments; anthers oblong, 1% lines long, retuse.—• Open ridges, San Mateo Co. and San Francisco Co. The corolla-tube is closely reflexed, whereas in the species and in D. patulum its base is slightly folded over the base of the anthers. (D. patulum var. bernalianum Greene.) Var. GRÁCILE Jepson n. comb. Corolla white; petals twisted (ex char.).— Santa Cruz Mts. (D. patulum var. gracile Greene.)

2. PRÍMULA L. Perennial herbs with basal leaves and scape-like stems bearing involúcrate umbels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 5, included, the filaments short. Capsule 5-valved a t the top, many-seeded. ( L a t i n primus, first, because of the early flowering.) 1. P. suffrutéscens Gray. SIERRA PRIMROSE. Scape 2 to 4 in. long, bearing an umbel of several flowers; leaves thickly crowded on creeping stems, cuneate-spatulate, toothed a t apex, % to in. long; corolla red, its tube surpassing the calyx, its limb % in. broad with spreading lobes.—Crevices of rocks, alpine, 8000 to 12,800 f t . , Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Tulare Co. July. 3. ANDRÓSACE L. Ours small annual herbs, with rosulate basal leaves and few to several scapes bearing an involúcrate umbel of small white or pink-tinted flowers. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla somewhat salverform, its lobes 5 (or 4), its tube shorter than the calyx, its throat constricted; stamens short and inserted low down upon the tube. Style mostly short. Capsule subglobose, dehiscent by valves. (Androsakes, Greek name of a now unknown sea-plant.) Bracts linear, acute; scapes numerous; pedicels ascending, shorter than the scapes; alpine. 1. A. septentrionalia. B r a c t s ovate-lanceolate, the tip attenuate-caudate; scapes about 2 or 3 ; pedicels stiffly ascending or divergent, often longer than the scapes; foothills. . 2 . A. occidentalis.

1. A. septéntrionális L. var. subumbelláta A. Neis. P l a n t s very much condensed, YJ to 1 in. high, t h e pedicels many from the dense t u f t of basal leaves; leaves linear, obtuse, sometimes remotely denticulate, 2 to 6 lines long; umbels 3 to 7-flowered, the pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, shorter t h a n the scapes; corolla very slightly exceeding calyx-lobes.—Alpine, 11,400 to 12,700 f t . : Mt. San Gorgonio; White Mts.; Mt. D a n a ; Siskiyou Co. 2. A. occidentalis Pursh var. acüta Jepson n. comb. P l a n t s % to 2 in. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, 3 to 5 lines long; scapes spreading, Ms to 1% in. long; umbels 3 to 7-flowered, the pedicels very unequal, some o f t e n longer t h a n the scape, to 1% in. long; calyx-lobes mostly shorter t h a n the tube; corolla white, 1 line long, scarcely exserted from calyx-tube.—Hilltops, 1500 to 2000 f t . : S. Cal. (Warners Hot Sprs., San B e r n a r d i n o ) ; South Coast Eanges (mostly towards t h e interior, Alcalde, Mt. Diablo, Berkeley Hills). (A. acuta Greene.)

756

PRIMULACEAE

4. t r i e n t A l i s l . Low and glabrous perennials. Kootstocks tuberous, sometimes stoloniferous. Stem simple, bearing scales or small leaves below and a whorl of large leaves above, from the center of which the filiform peduncles arise. Flowers commonly 6 (5 or 7)-merous. Corolla rotate, deeply parted. Filaments long and filiform, united at base into a very short ring. Style filiform. Capsule valves 5, revolute. ( L a t i n trientalis, containing one-third of a foot, in allusion to the height of the plants.) 1. T. europaéa L. var. latifólia Torr. STAR-FLOWER.

F i g . 736.

S t e m s 4 to 6 in.

high, from tubers % to nearly 1 in. long; leaves of the involucra! whorl 3 to 6, 1 to 2 in. long, broadly obovate, abruptly acute, drawn down to a very short petiole; peduncles % to 2 in. long; corolla white or rose-red, 4 to 8 lines broad, its divisions abruptly acu7 3 6 . Trientalis europaea var. latifolia minate and prolonged into a slender Torr.; a, habit x ü ; ( , H . j l , point; calyx-lobes narrowly linearlanceolate, mucronate, exceeding the capsule.—Woods, 100 to 4000 f t . : Coast Ranges (mostly in the seaward and middle ranges) from Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to B. C. 5. GLAÚX L. Somewhat succulent perennial with opposite leaves, distinguished f r o m all other genera of the order by the absence of a corolla. Calyx purplish or white, campanulate, 5-lobed, assuming the appearance of a corolla, the stamens alternating with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved at apex. Seedá few, immersed in the tissue of the placenta. (Greek glaukos, sea-green.) 1. G. marítima L. SEA MILKWORT. Stems 8 to 11 in. high, erect or ascending, simple or eventually branching, arising from slender running rootstocks; leaves oblong, 4 to 9 lines long; flowers 2 lines long, solitary in the axils, almost sessile; calyx-segments elliptic; capsule globose, a little over 1 line long.—Marshy shores of b a y s : San Francisco Bay to Humboldt Bay; sea-coasts of north temperate and arctic lands. 6 . ANAGÁIiLIS L . P I M P E R N E L Low annuals with opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves. Flowers axillary, on slender pedicels. Calyx deeply 5-cleft into narrow segments. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 5; filaments hirsute or pubescent. Capsule circumscissile. (Greek, meaning delightful.) 1. A . a r v é n s i s L . WEATHER-GLASS. F i g .

POOR MAN'S 737. S t e m s 1

f t . long, procumbent or ascending; leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, sessile, 4 lines long, shorter t h a n the pedicels; flowers opening only under a clear sky; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined toward the base, nearly distinct; corolla vermilion, 4 to 5 lines broad, the petals lightly joined at base, minutely glandular-ciliate at apex;

737. Anagallis arvensis L . ; a, habit x Vz ; b, fl. x l ^ á ; c, stamen x 2 % ; d, capsule x 1%.

PLUMBAGINACEAE

757

capsules on recurved pedicels; seeds % line long, triangular, the surface pitted.—Weed, nat. f r o m Eur., mostly near the coast. Var. coERtjLEA Ledeb. Corolla blue.—Mt. Diablo. 7. CENTUNCULUS L. Very small annuals with alternate entire leaves and minute solitary flowers in their axils. Calyx 4 (or 5)-parted, the narrow lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla 4 (or 5)-cleft, the tube subglobular and lobes acute. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Capsule globose, circumscissile. Seeds many. (Meaning of name obscure.) 1.

C.

minimus

L.

CHAFFWEED.

Fig.

738.

Slender, glabrous, 1 to 5 in. high; leaves obovate, sessile or short-petioled, 1 to 2 (or 3) lines long; flowers sessile or very nearly so, shorter t h a n the leaves, mostly 4-merous; filaments much dilated a t base.—Moist ground: San Diego; Ramona; Upland; Berkeley Hills; Antioch; Burson, Calaveras Co.; Suisun; Alton, Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash., e. to 111. and Fla. May. 8.

SAMOLUS

L.

BROOKWEED

Glabrous perennial herbs with alternate 73S. Centunculus minimus L.; a, leaves. Flowers small, white, 5-merous, in ^ V o p V n ^ 8; d, U p ' s u ™ ? " ' terminal racemes. Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary, campanulate. Corolla nearly campanulate. Stamens 5, borne on the tube of the corolla, their filaments short; a second series of stamens represented by 5 sterile filaments or staminodia inserted in the sinuses of the corolla and alternating with the anther-bearing stamens. Capsule opening a t the apex by 5 valves. (Celtic name.) 1. S. floribundus H.B.K. W A T E R P I M P E R N E L . Stem commonly solitary, erect, simple or branching above into 2 or 3 racemes, or paniculate, 6 to 10 in. high; basal leaves rosette-like, round-obovate to oblong-spatulate, obtuse or almost truncate, narrowed toward the base into a broad short petiole, in. long; cauline leaves similar, the uppermost varying to elliptic, 3 lines long or more; pedicels slender, bractless, but bearing minute bractlets a t their middle; calyx-teeth short, broadly triangular; corolla very small, white.— Brooks and marshes, rare: Suisun Marshes; Antioch; San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Riverside; Eamona; e. to the Atlantic, n. to B. C.; S. Am. PLUMBAGINACEAE.

THRIFT FAMILY

Maritime perennial herbs with hard or coriaceous scapes and basal leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, 5-merous throughout. Calyx tubular or funnelform, plaited. Petals with long claws barely united into a ring at base. Stamens opposite the petals, adnate to the base of the claw. Ovary superior, 5-angled a t summit, containing a single ovule which hangs f r o m an elongated funiculus arising from the base of the cell. Styles 5. F r u i t a utricle or achene, borne in the base of the persistent calyx. Seed with endosperm; embryo straight. L e a v e s n a r r o w l y l i n e a r ; inflorescence head-like L e a v e s b r o a d ; inflorescence p a n i c u l a t e 1.

STATICE

. . 1 . STATICE. 2. LIMONIUM. L.

THRIFT

Scape naked, terminating in a globose head of flowers. Leaves narrowly tinear, sedge-like, in a close t u f t . Heads composed of numerous crowded clusters, each cluster subtended by a scarious bract, the outer bracts form-

758

STYRACACEAE

ing an involucre, the two outermost united and forming a reversed sheath to the summit of the seape. Flowers pediceled or subsessile, subtended by bractlets. Calyx scarious, funnelform. Corolla of 5 apparently distinct long-clawed petals, each with a stamen on its base. Styles filiform, united at the very base. (Greek statike, astringent.) 1. S. arctica Blake var. californica Blake. SEA-PINK. Scapes few or solitary, 7 to 20 in. high; leaves involute-channeled, % to 1 line wide, bluntish at tip, (1% or) 4 to 8 in. long; flowers dull pink or flesh-color; calyx-tube 10-nerved, the nerves densely hispid; calyx-limb more or less erose.-—Seabeaches or sandy fields along t h e ocean, Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co. Apr.-June. (Armeria vulgaris Fl. W. Mid. Cal.) 2. LIMdNITJM Hill. M A R S H ROSEMARY Leaves broad, fleshy, in a basal t u f t . Flowers secund, in short spikes or clusters terminating the many branclilets of a branching scape. Calyx hairy on the angles below. Styles wholly distinct. (Greek name of the wild beet.) 1. L. commune S. F. Gray var. calif6rnicum (Gray) Greene. Scapes % to IV2 (or 2) f t . high, loosely paniculate, the root % to 1 in. thick, reddish, woody; leaves obovate- to oblong-spatulate, obtuse or sometimes retuse, tapering below into a rather long petiole, 4 to 9 in. long; calyx-lobes membranous a t t i p ; corolla violet-purple; petals oblong, narrowed towards the base, 2 to 2V2 lines long.—Salt marshes and sea-beaches along the coast, Los Angeles Co. to Humboldt Co. July-Dec. (L. californicum Hel. Statice limonium var. californica Gray.)

STYRACACEAE. STORAX FAMILY Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. Flowers regular and perfeet, the calyx in ours slightly adherent to the base of the ovary; petals 4 to 8, united or connivent at base into a short tube; stamens at least twice the number of petals. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; style 1. 1. S T Y K A X L .

STORAX

Corolla white, seated in a campanulate calyx whose truncate border is denticulate, irregularly toothed or split down one side. Stamens 10 to 16, their filaments united f o r nearly their whole length into a tube, the lower portion of which is adherent to the base of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled through imperfect partitions but 3-celled at base. Style slender. F r u i t globose, 1-celled, commonly splitting into 3 valves, with a single large nutlike or bony seed. (Ancient Greek name, used by Theophrastus, f o r t h e species which produces storax.) 1. S. officinalis L . var. califdrnica M . & J . SNOW-DROP B U S H . Fig. 7 3 9 . Deciduous shrub 5 to 10 f t . high; leaves orbicular to ovate (or somewhat rhomboidal). entire, minutely stellate or rusty-pubescent beneath, or in age glabrate, 1 to 2% in. long, on tomentose petioles 2 to 4 lines long; flowers a little resembling orange blossoms, 2 or 3 (to 5) in a terminal corymbose raceme, the cluster borne on a very short peduncle; pedicels somewhat clavate; petals commonly 6 and stamens 12; petals oblong or somewhat narrowed towards the base, 6 to 7 lines long; stamen-tube pubescent with short soft hairs within; seeds 6 lines in diameter.— Dry slopes in the foothills, 500 to 2300 f t . : Lake Co. to Tehama Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co.; San Bernardino Mts.; Santa Ana Mts. Also called 739. Styrax officinalis L. var. californica M. Bitter Nut. Apr.-July. In Santa & J . ; a, branchlet x 1: 6, fr. x %.

OLEACEAE

759

Barbara Co. replaced by the var. FULVESCENS (Eastw.) M. & J . Petioles rusty-tomentose; leaves often cordate at base; calyx-border more strongly denticulate.—Painted Cave Ranch, Santa Inez Mts. OLEACEAE. ASH FAMILY Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate. Flowers small, commonly in compact panicles or clusters, mostly unisexual, sometimes perfect. Corolla sympetalous, choripetalous or none. Stamens few (1 to 4). Ovary superior, 2-celled; style 1. Fruit a samara, capsule or drupe.—This family includes Forsythia, Lilac, Olive and Privet of the gardens. Leaves compound, opposite; fruit a samara Leaves simple; fruit not a samara. F r u i t a d r u p e ; leaves opposite F r u i t a circumscissile capsule; leaves mostly alternate, entire

1. FRAXINUS. 2. FORESTIERA. 3. MENODORA.

1. F R A X I N U S L. ASH Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, pinnately compound. Flowers dioecious, perfect or polygamous, borne in small crowded panicles, appearing just before the leaves and from separate buds. Calyx small, truncate, with toothed border. Corolla with 2 equal petals or none. Stamens 2 (rarely 1 or 3). Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, with terminal wing. (The Latin name of the ash.) T r e e s ; corolla none; style conspicuously 2-lobed. Flowers dioecious; leaves p i n n a t e ; leaflets 2 in. long or more; branchlets terete. Leaflets oblong to oval, the lateral commonly sessile; mostly cismontane 1. F . oregona. Leaflets lanceolate, the lateral on petioles % to ^ in. long; desert ranges 2. F. velutina. Flowers polygamous; leaves simple, rarely with 2 or 3 leaflets; branchlets of the season 4-sided; desert area 3. F. anomala. S h r u b ; corolla p r e s e n t ; flowers p e r f e c t ; style obscurely lobed; leaflets mostly stalked, less than 2 in. l o n g ; branchlets of the season 4-sided; cismontane 4. F. dipetala.

1. F . oregona Nutt. OREGON ASH. Fig. 740. Tree 30 to 80 ft. high; leaves 6 to 12 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong to oval, or often broadest toward the apex and a b r u p t l y short-pointed, usually sessile except the terminal one, entire or toothed above the middle, 2 to 5 % in. long; stamens 2 (sometimes 1 or 3 ) ; samara oblong-lanceolate, V/+ to 2 in. long, including the wing, the body clavate and % to % in. long.— Along streams or in valley or lake bottoms, 10 to 4000 f t . : throughout cismontane Cal.; n. base San Bernardino Mts.; Modoc Co.; Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. 2. F . velutina Torr. ARIZONA ASH. Tree 15 to 30 ft. high; leaflets 5, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, acute or less commonly attenuate, 2 to 4 in. long; samaras 1 in. long, the wing 1% to 2 lines wide. — Along desert streams or borders of lakes or springs: Owens Lake; Panamint Range; sw. base Mt. San Jacinto; between Campo and 7 4 0 . F r a x i n u s oregona N u t t . ; x Vi ; i>, fr. x 1. Jacumba; e. to Tex. Yar. CORIACEA Rehd. Leather-leaf Ash. Leaflets narrowly or broadly ovate, more or less abruptly acute or attenuate.—Same range in Cal.; e. to Utah. 3. F . anomala Wats. DWARF ASH. Tree 15 to 20 ft. high, or a low spreading shrub; leaves simple, roundish or broadly ovate, i y 2 to 2 in. long, or compound with 2 or 3 similar leaflets; flowers perfect and pistillate; samaras 8 to 9 lines long, with a rounded wing which surrounds the body and is 4 to 5 lines broad.—Desert ranges, Panamint and Providence mountains; e. to Col. and Tex. 4. F . dipitala H. & A. FOOTHILL ASH. Shrub 5 to 15 f t . high; leaves 2 to 6 in. long; leaflets 3 to 9, serrate above the middle, % to 1% in. long;

760

OLEACEAE

petals 2, white, about 3 lines long; samaras 1 to 1% in. long, the wing frequently notched at tip.—Canons or mountain slopes, 600 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Nevada; Coast Eanges; coastal S. Cal. Also called Mountain Ash and Flowering Ash.

741. Forestiera neo-mexicana Gray; fr. branchlet X %.

2. FORESTIÈRA Poir. Shrubs with opposite simple leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, dioecious or polygamous, few in a small panicle. Calyx minute or obsolete. Corolla none, or rarely 1 or 2 small petals. Stamens 2 to 4. Ovules 2 in each cell; style slender. Drupe 1-seeded. (M. Forestier, a French physician.) 1. F . nèo-mexicàna Gray. Fig. 741. Glabrous shrub with spiny branchlets, 5 to 10 ft. high; bark smooth, light gray or yellowish; leaves often fascicled, obovate, acute, serrulate above the cuneate base or entire, % to in. long including the Bhort petiole; flowers in sessile clusters; drupe blue-black, ovoid, 3 to 4 lines long.—Valley flats or mountain canons, 500 to 5500 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; Mohave Desert and bordering mountain slopes; n. to the Salinas Eiver and Gabilan Range; Owens Valley; e. to Col. and Tex.

3. MENODÒRA H. & B. Low desert shrubs with simple leaves, the upper alternate, the lower often opposite. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply cleft into 5 to 10 linear or subulate lobes. Corolla 5 (or 6)-lobed. Stamens 2. Ovules 4 in each cell; style slender. Fruit deeply 2-parted, each lobe splitting around the middle horizontally (the upper part falling as a lid) or sometimes splitting irregularly; seeds usually 2 in each cell. (Greek menos, force, and doron, g i f t . ) Corolla-lobes % or % as long as the tube; flowers shortly peduncled or subsessile, solitary or somewhat fascicled on the short branchlets 1. M. spineacens. Corolla-lobes longer than the tube; flowers few in a terminal corymb. Herbage glabrous 2. J f . scoparla. Herbage minutely scabrous-puberulent 3. M. scabra.

1. M. s p i n é s c e n s Gray. Fig. 742. Shrub with very divaricate branches and short stout spiny branchlets, to 2, rarely 3 ft. high; branches minutely puberulent; leaves alternate, linear to spatulate - oblong, 3 to 6 lines long on the flowering branchlets, fascicled and often reduced to mere scales on the main stems; flowers s o l i t a r y or clustered, on peduncles 1 to 6 lines long; c a l y x - l o b e s 5 and equal (or 6 or 7 and more or less unequal) ; corolla white, brownpurple tinged outside, funnelform, 3 to 7 lines long, the limb 3 to 4 lines broad and with short broad lobes

742

. Menodora spinescens Gray; o, fl. branchlet x %; 6, long, sect. fl. x 1%.

761

GENTIAN ACEAE

V2 to Vi as long as the t u b e ; capsule yellowish, its lobes globose, 3 lines in diameter, diverging and, indeed, almost separate.—E. Mohave Desert (Ord Mts., Calico Mts., Providence Mts.), and n. to Inyo Co.; s. Nev. 2. M. scopária Engelm. Branches of the season slender, elongated, erect, more or less clustered, f r o m a woody base, 10 to 15 in. high, not spinescent, sparsely l e a f y except at base; leaves linear or lanceolate, or the lower obov a t e ; calyx-lobes 7 or 8; corolla yellow, almost rotate, 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes ovate, exceeding the tube; lobes of the capsule globose, not diverging. —Colorado Desert ( J a c u m b a ) ; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. 3. M. scábra Gray. Near no. 2; stems erect, numerous from a woody base or crown, 5 to 12 in. high; leaves oblong to linear, 4 to 7 lines long; calyxlobes 10; corolla bright yellow, 4 to 5 lines long.—Providence Mts.; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. GENTIANÁCEAE. G E N T I A N F A M I L Y Glabrous herbs with a colorless b i t t e r juice. Leaves opposite, simple, sessile and entire (3-foliolate and basal in Menyanthes). Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx persistent, 4 or 5-toothed or -parted. Corolla four or fivelobed OT -parted, usually withering-persistent, its lobes commonly convolute in the bud. Stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as its lobes. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; style 1 or none; stigmas 2. F r u i t a 2-valved septicidal capsule, the incurved edges bearing the seeds.—Eustoma is rarely 6-merous. Leaves simple, entire, sessile except some basal ones. Corolla w i t h o u t g l a n d s . Corolla s a l v e r f o r m ; a n n u a l s . Flowers yellow; anthers unchanged after anthesis 1. MICROCALA. F l o w e r s red or p i n k ; anthers t w i s t i n g spirally after shedding pollen 2.

CENTAURIUM.

Corolla c a m p a u u l a t e t o f u n n e l f o r m , b l u e o r w h i t e . S t y l e filiform; s t a m e n s i n s e r t e d i n t h e corolla t h r o a t 3 . EUSTOMA. S t y l e s t o u t , s h o r t o r n o n e ; s t a m e n s i n s e r t e d i n t h e corolla t u b e . 4 . GENTIANA. Corolla-lobes w i t h c o n s p i c u o u s f r i n g e d g l a n d s 5 . SWERTIA. L e a v e s 3 - f o l i o l a t e ; corolla-lobes b e a r d e d w i t h w h i t e filaments 6 . MENYANTHES.

1. MICRÓCAI1A Hoffmgg. & Link Almost minute annual. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches termin a t i n g in a 4-merous yellow flower. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salverform, the 4 short stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers cordate-ovate. Stigma of 2 fan-shaped lobes which at length separate. (Greek mikros, small, and kalos, beautiful.) 1. M. quadránguláris (Lam.) Griseb. Stem commonly 1 to 2 in. high, with 1 to 3 pairs of oval or oblong leaves below, these IV2 to 3 lines long; peduncle naked, quadrangular; calyx short, strongly quadrangular, and seeming as if truncate at base and apex, especially in f r u i t , when it is 2 to 2% lines long; corolla deep yellow, the lower half membranous, twice as long as the calyx, open under a sunny sky, closing in afternoon.—Level or moist country in the neighborhood of low hills, or in open woods, mostly of the outer Coast Ranges: Shasta and Mendocino Cos. to Alameda Co. and San Francisco. 2 . CENTAÚRIUM Hill. C A N C H A L A G U A Low erect leafy annuals. Flowers red or pink, 5 or sometimes 4-merous, in cymes. Calyx deeply parted, its lobes narrow, carinate. Corolla salverform. Stamens commonly 5 (or 4); filaments slender, inserted on the corolla t h r o a t ; anthers oblong or linear, twisting spirally a f t e r shedding their pollen and commonly exserted. Style filiform, deciduous; stigmas oblong to fan-shaped. Capsule oblong-ovate to fusiform, 1-celled, but the seed-bearing edges of the valves more or less approximate in the center. Seeds oblong or spherical, reticulate-pitted. ( L a t i n centum, a hundred, and aurium, gold piece, certain species valued medicinally.) E R Y T H R A E A L. C. Rich. A n t h e r s o b l o n g ; flowers s m a l l ; corolla-lobes y 3 t o 1 4 a s l o n g as t h e t u b e . F l o w e r s all o n s l e n d e r p e d i c e l s 1. C. exaltatum. F l o w e r s i n the f o r k s s e s s i l e or s u b s e s s i l e , t h e o t h e r s s e s s i l e or s h o r t l y p e d i c e l e d 2 . C. muhlenbergii

762

GENTIANACEAE

Anthers linear; flowers large; corolla-lobes % to nearly as long as the tube; flowers pediceled to subsessile. 3. C. venustum. Stigmas spatulate-fanshaped; S. Cal. and Sierra Nevada Stigmas short, not spatulate; Coast Ranges 4. C. trichanthum.

1. C. exaltatum (Griseb.) Wight. Stem very slender, very strict, (3 or) 8 to 14 in. high; flowers on elongated to 2*4 in. long) pedicels in a loose cyme; corolla pale pink, its lobes 2 to 2% lines long, % as long as the tube.—S. Cal. and n. through the desert region east of the Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to Wash., e. to Utah. Var. dAvyi Jepson n. var. P l a n t s smaller, 2 to 6 in. high, with usually simpler stems, larger corolla lobes, and fanshaped or almost kidney-shaped stigmas.—Coast Ranges f r o m San Luis Obispo Co. to Mendocino Co. (West Berkeley, Davy 596, t y p e ) . 2. C. muhlenbergii (Griseb.) Wight. Stem much branched f r o m the base to nearly simple, 2 to 9 in. (rarely 1 to 2 f t . ) high; leaves narrowly oblong to ovate-lanceolate; flowers sessile or nearly so, in the forks, the lateral ones shortly pediceled or subsessile; corolla-lobes oval to oblong or ovatelanceolate, obtuse or retuse, to 2 y 2 lines long, % as long as the tube; anthers oblong.—Santa Clara Co. e. to Tuolumne Co., n. to Siskiyou Co.; f a r n. to Wash. 3. C. venustum (Gray) Eob. Fig. 743. Stem 4 to 8 in. high, almost simple and with f e w flowers to corymbosely branched with numerous flowers; calyx-lobes reaching to or nearly to corolla t h r o a t ; corolla vermilion or rose-color, the throat white, marked with 5 red spots or crescents; corolla-lobes elliptic to oblong, obtusish or acute, often denticulate a t apex, 5 lines long, nearly as long as the tube; anthers linear; stigmas spatulate fan-shaped or spoon-shaped.—Common in S. Cal.; n. through the Sierra Nevada to B u t t e Co. 4. C. trichanthum (Griseb.) Bob. Very near to no. 3; stem corymbosely and rather densely branched with numerous flowers; corolla-lobes oblong, acute, % as long as the t u b e ; flowers sessile in the forks, and sessile along the branches or shortly 743. Centaurium venustum Rob.; a, habit x pediceled; stigmas short, trans% ; b long sect of corolla x l %; c pistil v e r s e l y oblong without a stalk-like * ' - • d> cross sect, of ovary x 8.

,

-

N

»

base. — Dry often alkaline ground, Santa Cruz Mts. to Napa Co., thence n. to the Yollo Bolly Mts. and Siskiyou Co. 3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Ours a glaucous perennial herb. Flowers blue or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, 5 or 6-merous. Calyx-lobes long-acuminate, keeled. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes more or less erose-denticulate. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers straight or recurving in age. Style filiform. Capsule oval or oblong. (Greek eu, good, and stoma, mouth, the corolla throat large.) 1. E. silenifdlium Salisb. Erect, 1 to 2 1 /, f t . high; leaves broadly oblong, i y 2 to 3 in. long, thickish, subcordately clasping; corolla-lobes obovate or oblong, 9 to 10 lines long, twice length of tube.—Valleys, 500 to 1500 f t . , S. Cal.: Santa Ana Cafion near Olive; Riverside; San Bernardino; Palm Sprs. of Mt. San J a c i n t o ; s. to L. Cal., e. to Fla. Aug.

GENTIAN

763

FAMILY

4 . GENTIÁNA L . GENTIAN Herbs with opposite sessile leaves and showy usually blue flowers. Calyx 4 or 5-eleft. Corolla campanulate or funnelform, the lobes 4 or 5 and often with teeth or plaited folds in their sinuses. Stamens inserted on the tube of t h e corolla, included. Style short and persistent, or none; stigmas 2. Capsule oblong, enclosed in the withering-persistent corolla; seeds small, very numerous with a loose cellular or winged coat. (Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered t h e tonic properties of these herbs.) A n n u a l s ; calyx-tube without an inner membrane; anthers versatile. Corolla without teeth or lobes in the sinuses; leaves not white-margined. Flowers solitary; corolla-lobes without a crown at base. Stems several from the base; flowers long-peduncled 1. G. holopetala. Stems simple; flowers short-peduncled 2. G. simplex. Flowers clustered; corolla-lobes with a fimbriate crown at base. . . 3 . G. amarella. Corolla with toothed lobes in the s i n u s e s ; flowers solitary; leaves white-margined. . . . 4. G. humilis. P e r e n n i a l s ; calyx-tube with an inner membrane which projects slightly above the insertion of the lobes; anthers erect; leaves (at least the lower cauline) with connate sheaths at base 1 to 3 lines long. Alpine dwarf, to 2 in. high 5. G. newberryi. Stems y 2 to 2 ft. high, leafy. Uppermost pair of leaves forming an involucre about the terminal 1 to 5-flowered cluster; sinus appendages lacerate. Involúcrate leaves united below; corolla-lobes apiculate; North Coast Ranges. 6. G. setigera. Involúcrate leaves scarcely u n i t e d ; corolla-lobes obtuse; Sierra N e v a d a . . . . 7. G. calycosa. Uppermost pair of leaves often approximating the flowers but quite distinct. Sinuses of the corolla with teeth or lobes. Calyx-lobes oblong to ovate-lanceolate, subequal 8. G. oregana. Calyx-lobes linear to narrow-lanceolate, unequal 9. G. n(finis. Sinuses of the corolla without lobes or appendages 10. G. sceptrum.

1. G. holopétala Holm. Fig. 744. Stems several from the base, 4 to 14 in. high, leafy below and ending above in a long naked, 1-flowered peduncle; basal leaves obovate, the cauline linearoblanceolate, acute, y> to in. long; calyx y 2 to % as long as the corolla, cleft to the middle or below into lanceolate-subulate lobes; corolla l 1 /» (or 2) in. long, its lobes broad and short (obov a t i s h ) , entire or erose-denticulate; seeds scaly-roughened.—Montane, 6000 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co.; San Bernardino Mts. July. (G. serrata var. holopetala Gray.) 2. G. simplex Gray. Pig. 745. Stems always simple, 3 to 12 in. high, bearing 2 to 4 (or 5) pairs of leaves and ending in a single peduncled flower; leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long; calyx % to % as long as the corolla, cleft to the middle or below, its lobes lanceolate but not subulatetipped; corolla 1 to l J /4 in. long, its lobes obovatish, rounded, finely toothed all around or subentire; capsule stipitate; seeds striate longitudinally, roughened a t each end.—-Wet meadows, 4000 to 9500 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to southern Ore.

Gentian» holopetala H o l m ; x

habit

3. G. amarélla L. var. acüta Herder. Fig. 746. Stem slender, strictly and sparingly branched, 1 to 1% f t . high; flowers 1 to 3 in the axils or terminal, on pedicels 3 to 11 lines long; calyx about half as long as the corolla, deeply lobed; corolla tubular, 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes about J,4 as long as the

764

GENTIANACEAE

tube, bearing below the middle inside a series of slender fimbriae. — Montane, 6200 to 8000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada; Trinity Mts.; n. to Alas., e. to N. Mex. and Lab. 4. G. hiimilis Stev. Stems erect, simple or several from the base, IV2 to 3 in. high, leafy throughout and bearing a single terminal flower; herbage yellowish-green; leaves white-margined, 2 to 3 lines long, the basal round-ovate, the cauline oblong, connate at base; calyx-lobes short; corolla tubular, " s a l v e r f o r m in a n t h e s i s , " dull white, 4 to 5 lines long, its tube little exceeding the c a l y x ; s i n u s appendages toothed; capsule protruded at maturity, when open becoming trumpet-shaped, 2 lines wide, its valves remaining somewhat united below.—Boggy meadows, San Bernardino Mts.; Eocky Mts.; Asia. (G. fremontii Torr. G. viridula Parish.) 5. G. newberryi Gray. Fig. 747. Alpine dwarf, the one-flowered stems % to 2 (or 4) in. long; leaves mostly round-obovoid to oblanceolate; calyxtube turbinate, its lobes linear or lanceolate, equaling or longer than the tube; corolla blue, white inside and greenish-dotted, 1 to 1 % in. long, commonly twice as long as the calyx, its lobes erect, ovate, acute, very short, with a longitudinal slate-brown band outside; sinus appendages broad, with 1 or 2 teeth.—High montane, 6600 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mt. 745. Gentiana simWhitney to Lassen P e a k ; n. to south- P l e x Gr »s r £ fl- s t e m ern Ore. 6. G. setigera Gray. Stems several from the root-crown, ascending, 10 to 12 in. long, bearing terminally one or several flowers; leaves roundish to ovate, obtusish, 1 to 1 % in. long, the uppermost pairs covering the bases of the flowers; calyx-lobes ovate, about as long as the tube; corolla subcampanulate, 1V2 to 1 % in. long, the lobes erosulate, apiculate, nearly as broad as long, the sinus appendages produced 746. Gentiana into 2 to 6 capillary bristles amareila L. var. acuta Herder; infl. nearly as long as the lobes; x 1. seeds winged. •— Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co. 7. G. calycosa Griseb. Fig. 748. Stems several from a stoutish root-crown, 6 to 12 in. high; leaves ovate, acute, % to 1 % in. long; flowers one and terminal or commonly few and shortly pediceled in the uppermost axils, thus forming a close terminal cluster, rarely with one or few supplementary flowers on long pedicels from the axils below; calyx-tube membranous, broadly oblong, 2 to 3 lines long its 7 4 7 G e n t i a n a n e w b e r r y i G r a y ; lobes ovate, contracted at base, unequal, about habit x %.

GENTIAN

FAMILY

765

as long as the tube and inserted just below its truncate border; corolla lVi to IV2 in. long, its lobes short and roundish, obtuse, yellowish-dotted, V4, as long as the tube; sinus appendages triangular-subulate, prominent; corolla-tube with 2 greenish-dotted elongated areas beneath each lobe; seeds wingless.—Montane, 6000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. and Mont. 8. G. oreg^na Engelm. Stems erect, several f r o m a stout taproot, 1 to 2 f t . high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, % to in. long; flowers few to several at summit; calyx-lobes oblong to ovatelanceolate, as long as t u b e ; corolla broadly funnelform, IVi to 1% in. long, its border light blue, the spreading lobes roundish-ovate, not narrowed a t base; sinus appendages conspicuous, subulate or toothed; capsule more or less stipitate; seeds winged. — Near the coast, open grassy or sandy lands, Marin Co. to Humboldt Co., thence e. to Shasta Co.; n. to B. C. Very close to no. 7. 9. G. afflnls Griseb. Stems several f r o m a rootcrown, % to f t . high; leaves " l a n c e o l a t e o b l o n g " to ovate, % to in. long; bracts rather narrow; flowers several, congested on short pedicels in t h e upper axils; calyx-tube with obsolete inner rim, its lobes linear to subulate, very un748. Oentiana calycosa equal, the 3 longest 2 to 3 lines long (sometimes Griseb.; fl. stem x %. nearly equaling the t u b e ) , t h e other 2 much shorter, or reduced to mere teeth, or obsolete; corolla purple, its lobes short, rounded but with a short point; sinus appendages acute, sparingly toothed, or sometimes sparingly laciniate; seeds obliquely elliptic in outline, winged all around.-—Warner Mts., Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Minn, and N. Mex. 10. G. s c l p t r u m Griseb. Stems very upright, % to 2 f t . high, several from a cluster of cord-like roots, mostly simple, l e a f y to the top, bearing 1 to several flowers; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, % to IV2 in. long, thinner t h a n in no. 8; calyx % to % as long as the corolla, lobed about to the middle; corolla broadly funnelform, 1% to 1% in. long, its throat and border clear deep blue, commonly greenish-dotted, its lobes short, roundish, 3 to i lines broad; sinus membrane truncate and entire or obscurely toothed, not prolonged into appendages; seeds narrow-oblong, wingless. — Boggy spots, or sphagnum swamps, Mendocino and Humboldt Cos.; n. to B. C. 5 . S W i R T I A L . FRASERA Ours perennial herbs with erect stems f r o m a thick b i t t e r root. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers borne in a panicle. Corolla dull white, bluishtinged or yellowish, commonly with dark dots, rotate, deeply 4 or 5-parted, each lobe bearing 1 or 2 fringed glands. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style persistent. Capsule coriaceous, more or less flattened, surrounded by the persistent dry corolla. (Emanuel Sweert, Dutch botanist, 16th century.) B'lowers 5-merous, X or 2 in an axil 1. S. perennis. Flowers 4-merous. Stem leaves in opposite p a i r s ; glands single. Flowers in a narrow spike-like interrupted panicle; glands not lobed. Giands linear or oblong; leaves white-margined. Herbage glabrous; scales between filaments entire or laciniate 2. S. nitida. Herbage finely pubescent; scales between filaments setiform-dissected. . 3. S. albicaulis. Glands quadrate; leaves not white-margined 4. neglecta. Flowers in a broad branching panicle. Glands elongated-oblong, forked at summit; leaves with silvery-white margins 5. S. albomarginata

766

G E N T I A N ACEAE Glands like ail inverted yoke or horse-shoe; leaves not white-margined 6. S. parryi. Stem leaves in whorls of 3 to 7; flowers in a wand-like panicle. Glands one to each corolla-lobe, covered by an elongated 2-lobed tube; leaves white-margined 7. S. tubulosa. Glands a pair to each corolla-lobe, not covered by a tube; leaves not whitemargined. . 8. radiata.

1. S. per6nnis L. var. obt&sa Griseb. Pig. 749. Stems solitary, arising f r o m short root-stoeks, 5 to 18 in. high; basal leaves obovate or elliptic, 1 to 2% in. long, contracted to a ligulate petiole to IV2 times as long; stem leaves few and mostly smaller; flowers solitary or in 2s in the axils of the reduced upper leaves or bracts, on pedicels % to 1 in. long; corolla greenishwhite, veined or suffused with bluish-purple, its lobes oblongovate, 4 to 5 lines long; glands 2 on the base of each lobe, elliptic, fringed all around; capsule elliptic, flattened, 5 lines long.—High montane, 8500 to 10,300 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada in Fresno and Tulare Cos.; Ore. to Col. and Alas.; Asia, Eur. (S. covillei Greene.) 2. S. nitida Jepson n. comb. Fig. 750. Stems slender, 10 to 18 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 7 or 9 in. long; flowers in dense cymes in the axils of the reduced upper leaves or bracts, thus forming a very narrow interrupted thyrpus; cymes sessile or the lower peduncled; 749. S. perencorolla pale bluish, purple-dotted inside, 3% lines long; nis var. obtusa cor.corolla-lobes ovate, shortly and often abruptly acute, each Griseb.; lob. x 4. with a single greenish gland; gland linear or oblong, nearly naked above; scales between the filaments thin, obovate, acuminate, entire or laciniate, rather longer t h a n the ovary; capsule elliptic, flattened, 4 to 6 lines long.-—Gravelly soil, often on brushy slopes, 800 to 5500 f t . : Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Plumas Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Ore. (Frasera nitida Benth.) 3. S. albicaulis Dougl. Similar to no. 2; herbage minutely pruinose-puberulent; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; scales between the filaments setiform-dissected. — Interior plateau region: Modoc Co.; n. to eastern Wash, and western Mont. (Frasera albicaulis Griseb.) 4. S. neglecta Jepson n. comb. Stems slender, several from the branching crown of a taproot, 1 to IV2 f t . high; leaves narrowly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 3 to 5 or 8 in. long; flowers in dense whorllike cymes forming an interrupted spike-like panicle, thB cymes sessile or t h e lower peduncled; corolla greenish-white with purple veins, its lobes obovate, abruptly acute, 4 to 5 lines long; gland quadrate, p a r t l y covered a t base and on the sides, fringed all around, produced downward as a tube within the tissue of the petal.—Desert slopes of the San Bernardino, San Gabriel and San Emigdio ranges, 5900 to 7600 f t . (Frasera neglecta Hall.) 5. S. albomarginata (Wats.) Ktze. Fig. 751. Stems solitary from a perennial taproot, 8 to 15 in. high; herbage 750. Swertia nitida Jepson; a, b, habit x c, cor.-lob. x 2Vz ; d, e, scales x 2M.

glabrous or minutely pubescent; l e a v e s s p a t u l a t e or o b l a n c e o l a t e , dis-

GENTIAN

767

FAMILY

posed to be conduplicate, to 3 in. long, ornamented with a bright-silvery margin; flowers in a rather broad branching panicle; corolla-lobes greenish-white, darkdotted, 4 to 5 lines long; gland single, elongated-oblong, produced below into the basal tissue of the petal and thus hooded at base, the dilated summit obcordate and fringed-margined, the sides with a f r e e laciniate border. —Gravelly or stony places: e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. through the southern desert region of the Great Basin to Utah. (Frasera albomarginata Wats.) Var. PURPfjsn Jepson n. var. Gland small, elliptic, not obcordate at summit.—Cottonwood Creek Cañón, Inyo Co. (Purpus 3065, t y p e ) . 751. Swertia albomargmata Ktze^corolla-

6. s. párryí (Torr.) Ktze. 752_

S t e m

s i n g l e j

s t o u t j

arising f r o m the crown of a taproot, 2% f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves white-margined, the basal oblanceolate and drawn down to a narrow base, 4 to 8 in. long, the stem leaves lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, 2 to 6 in. long; panicle broad, 6 to 12 in. long, its flowers on pedicels % to 1 in. long; corolla greenish-white, black-dotted about gland, 6 to 8 lines long, its lobes ovate; glands yoke- or horseshoe-shaped, fringed all around; capsule terete-lanceolate, 7 to 8 lines long—Coastal S. Cal., 2000 to 5500 f t . (Frasera p a r r y i Torr.) 7. S. tubulosa Jepson n. comb. 752. Swertia parryi Ktze.; Fig. 753. S t e m s stout, erect, corolla-lobe x 4. glaucous, arising f r o m a d e e p seated taproot, 1 to 2% f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves mainly basal, spatulate, white-margined, tending to be conduplicate, IV2 to 3 in. long; inflorescence a virgate or spikelike panicle, very dense, or interrupted below; corolla pale white with bluish veins, 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes oblongobovate, acuminate, each bearing at base a gland covered by an elongated tube which is deeply 2-lobed with the lobes f r i n g e d or laciniate; capsule elliptic, flattened, 4 lines long. — Montane, 8500 to 9300 f t . , s. Sierra Nevada from Kearsage Pass to Olancha P e a k . (Frasera tubulosa Cov.) 753. Swertia tubulosa Jepson; corollalobe x 4.

8. S . r a d i á t a (Kell.) Ktze. DEER'S TONGUE. Fig. 754. Stem very stout, erect, simple below the panicle, 2 to 5 f t . high, f r o m a stout t a p r o o t ; herbage very minutely puberulent; leaves oblong-oblanceolate (or narrowly oblong or obovate), acute, 9 to 13-nerved, 5 to 11 (or 15) in. long; panicle narrow, 1 to 2 f t . high; flowers on pedicels 1 to 2% in. long; corolla greenish-white, purple-dotted, its lobes ovate, acute, each with fringed or laciniate appendages at base; glands 2 to each lobe, narrowly oblong, long-fringed all around, the crown at the base of the lobes cut into setaceous segments which reach to the middle or summit of the glands; capsule 8 to 9 lines long, ovate, flattened contrary to the valves, which are boat-shaped.—Open coniferous woods, 7000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to northern Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash., e. to the Rocky Mts. I t is widely distributed but the individuals are mostly solitary. (Frasera speciosa Dougl.)

754

g

radiata

Ktze

cor.-lob. x 4.

768

APOCYNACEAE

6. MENYÀUTHES Tourn. Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks. Leaves all basal and the inflorescence raised on a naked scape. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or pink, short-funnelform, 5-cleft, the lobes spreading, copiously white-bearded on t h e inside. Stamens 5. Capsule inclined to burst irregularly. (Greek men, month, and anthos, flower, blooming about t h a t long.) 1. M. trìfoliàta L. BOCKBEAN, Glabrous plant 8 to 15 in. high; leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oval or obovate, 1 to 3% in. long; flowers in a raceme; corolla white, 5 to 6 lines long.—Bogs and shallow lake shores, 6600 to 9500 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Fresno Co. to Lassen P e a k ; n. to Alas, and all northern regions round t h e earth. APOCYNÀCEAE.

DOGBANE F A M I L Y

Ours perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves simple, entire and opposite. Flowers complete, regular, 5-merous except the pistils which are 2. Calyx f r e e or nearly f r e e f r o m the ovaries, imbricated in the bud and persistent. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens borne on the corolla alternate with its lobes; anthers produced at base into a sterile appendage, connivent around the stigma. Ovaries 2 and distinct (though their styles and stigmas are united into one), developing into follicles. Embryo large, straight, in scanty albumen. A family closely allied to the milkweeds. Stamens borne on the summit of the corolla-tube ; anthers free from the stigma ; buds Binistrorsely convolute; seeds not comose. Leaves alternate; flowers without glands 1. AMSONIA. Leaves opposite; flowers with 2 glands alternate with the carpels 2. VINCA. Stamens borne on the base of the corolla-tube ; anther-cells produced at base into sterile appendages connivent around the stigma and adnate to it by a point at the base of the fertile portion; follicles not torulose; seeds comose. Style very short, not appendaged ; corolla-tube w i t h 5 small appendages alternate with the stamens; buds dextrorsely convolute 3. APOCYNUM. Style filiform, bearing a conspicuous annular membrane; corolla-tube with a minute appendage behind each s t a m e n ; buds not convolute 4. CYCLADENIA.

1. AMSÒNIA Walt. Leaves numerous. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Corolla in ours dilated upwards, constricted a t t h e mouth; tube within below the stamens beset with reflexed hairs. Anthers f r e e from the stigma. Stigmas subtended by a globose thickening (in ours). Follicles slender, torulose. (Charles Amson of South Carolina.) 1. A. brevifòlìa Gray. Stems many f r o m the crown of a stout taproot, 8 to 10 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, nearly sessile, 1 to 2 in. long; corolla-tube slender below, dilated above and constricted a t t h e throat, its lanceolate lobes primly reflexed, half as long as the tube; follicles inclined to break into one-seeded joints.—Desert flats and canons: n. side Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. Var. TOMENTÓSA Jepson n. comb. Stems 10 to 15 in. high; herbage cineroustomentose.—Sandy plains: n. side Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; e. to Utah. (A. tomentosa Torr. & Frem.) 2. VÌNCA L. Flowers solitary and axillary. Corolla with a callous constriction at the throat, its lobes broad. Stigma annular, bordered below by a reflexed membranous wing or cup, and above by a truncate upper portion. Follicles narrow, terete. (Ancient Latin name.) 1. V. màjor L. Sterile stems trailing, the flowering ones erect; corolla blue, 1 to l M in. broad.—Native of Eur., escaped f r o m gardens into protected areas along water-courses in canons about San Francisco Bay. 3 . APÓCYNUM L . I N D I A N H E M P Flowers small, in terminal cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, its tube by means of a disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens. Stamens borne a t base of corolla; filaments short and broad; anthers sagittate, acute. Style very short or hardly any; stigma ovoid, Jepson, Manual, pp. 3 8 5 - 7 6 8 , April 14, 1 9 2 5 .

ASCLEPIADACEAE

769

obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles 2 to 7 in. long, slender, pointed, terete. Seeds numerous, flattish. (Greek apo, from, and kuon, dog, ancient name of the Dogbane.) Low herb ; leaves greenish above ; corolla rose-purple to white 1. A. androsaemifolium. Tall herb; leaves yellowish; corolla greenish 2. A. cannabinum.

1. A. androsaémifòlium L. var. pùmilum Gray. MOUNTAIN H E M P . Fig. 755. Diffusely branched, 5 to 8 (or 14) in. high, glabrous to finely pubescent; leaves roundish to oblong-ovate, or some lowermost orbicular, varying from obtuse to cordate at base, usually mucronate, dark green above, pale beneath, % to l 1 /! ( 2 % ) in. long, on short petioles; flowers in short cymose clusters at the ends of the branches, or a few solitary in the upper axils; corolla red-purple or pink to nearly white, subcylindric, 2 to 3 lines long, its lobes broadly oblong, its tube much exceeding the ovate or lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Mostly loamy slopes in the mts., 4000 to 9000 ft., towards 755. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. pumilum Gray; a, fl. branchlet x Vi ; b, fl. the coast descending to 300 f t . Junex 1 Vz ; c, long. sect, of fl. x 4Vz. July. Var. NEVADÉNSE Jepson n. var. Flowers pink with deeper pink longitudinal lines.—Tuolumne to Fresno and Mono Cos. ( H u n t i n g t o n Lake, A. L. Grant 1124, t y p e ) . 2. A. cannabinum L . INDIAN H E M P . Stems erect, rather strict, simple below, 2 to 4 f t . high; herbage of a light almost yellowish green, glabrous; leaves oval to oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 2% to 4 in. long; sessile or shortpetioled; corolla greenish, 1% lines long or less, its segments not surpassing the calyx-lobes.—Stream and river-banks, widely distributed in Cai., more common toward the interior; f a r e. and n. Poisonous to cattle. May-July.

4. CYCLADÈNIA Benth. Stems simple, one to many from a large fleshy root, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of leaves and 2 or 3 axillary peduncles with 2 or 3 rose-purple flowers on slender pedicels. Calyx parted into 5 slender lobes. Corolla funnelform with 5 broadly oblong or roundish lobes and 5 minute appendages alternate with the lobes, one behind each stamen. Stamens borne on the tube towards t h e base. Style long and filiform, with a conspicuous membranous reflexed collar under the stigma. Disk an entire cup surrounding the base of the ovaries. (Greek kuklos, a ring, and aden, a gland, r e f e r r i n g to t h e disk.) 1. C. hùmilis Benth. Stems ascending or diffuse, 3 to 6 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves thickish, ovate or roundish, obtuse to cordate at base, 1Vi to 2y 2 in. long, on petioles a/4 to 1 in. long; corolla 7 to 10 lines long, bearing a narrow band of reflexed hairs at the insertion of the stamens, the filaments also clothed with similar hairs; pedicels 7 to 10 lines long; follicles 3 in. long.—Montane or gravelly ridges, 5800 to 8500 f t . : Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; San Gabriel Mts. Var. TOMENTÓSA Gray. Herbage densely tomentose-pubescent; calyx hirsute.—Plumas Co. to Siskiyou Co. (C. tomentosa Gray.) ASCLÈPIADÀCEAE. M I L K W E E D F A M I L Y Perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed. Pistils 2, with distinct superior ovaries; styles distinct below but united above into a short-cylindric stylai

770

ASCLEPIADACEAE

disk. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla and united into a tube which is blended above with the stylar column, the united filaments (filament-column) and united anthers (anther-column) being here called the stamen-column and commonly bearing hoods (or appendages). Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane inflexed on the summit of the stylar disk; between the anthers, on the sides of the stylar organ, are cloven glands or elevated ridges slit longitudinally. Pollen grains in each anther-cell united into waxy pear-shaped masses which are stalked and suspended in pairs from the summit of the cloven glands, each pair of stalks deriving its pollen-masses, not from the cells of one anther, but from contiguous anthercells of different anthers. Pollination entomophilous; the foot of the insect is caught in the cloven gland or slit, and when drawn upward, drags out and bears away the pollen-masses; in walking over other flowers, the insect's foot is again drawn through a slit, and the pollen-masses are left behind on the stigma, which is concealed beneath the cloven structure. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds with a silky tuft of hairs at the micropyle. Stems t w i n i n g . Stamen-column w i t h o u t a p p e n d a g e s ; corolla-lobes cucullate 1. ASTEPHANUS. Stamen-column w i t h a p p e n d a g e s ; corolla-lobes p l a n e . A p p e n d a g e s of the stamen-column attached at base, scale-like. . . . 2 . P H I L I B E R T I A . A p p e n d a g e s plate-like, u n i t i n g the stamen-column w i t h a corolla-like c r o w n 3. GONOLOBUS. Stems n e v e r t w i n i n g ; stamen-column w i t h a p p e n d a g e s . Corolla-lobes r e f l e x e d ; hoods distinct, adnate to the stamen-column above the base. Stems s t r o n g l y flattened, p r o s t r a t e 4. SOLANOA. Stems terete, commonly strictly erect, r a r e l y d e c u m b e n t 5. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla-lobes r o t a t e ; hoods i n s e r t e d at base of stamen-column, j o i n e d to each other by a lobed disk 6. ASCLEPIADOKA.

1. A S T i P H A N U S E. Br. Stems in ours slender, twining. Flowers small, in axillary umbels. Corolla short-campanulate, shortly 5-cleft, glabrous. Appendages of the corolla or stamen-column none. (Greek astephanos, crownless.) 1. A. utahensis Engelm. Fig. 756. Stems many from the crown of a taproot, diffuse or ascending, 9 to 15 in. long; herbage nearly glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, % to in. . ... long, spreading or often reflexed; umbels 7 to 16\ flowered, the pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; flowers ochre-colored, 1 to 1JA lines broad; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate; corolla glabrous, subcampanulate, shallowly cleft, its short lobes cucullate with the points inflexed, so that the 756 - A - "¿ahxcni|s E n g e l m ' ; throat is almost closed; stamen appendages none. —Gravelly valleys, Colorado Desert: Coyote Holes; San Felipe; e. to Ariz, and Utah. 2. P H I L I B f i R T I A H.B.K. Stems in ours twining. Flowers small, dull purplish or yellowish, borne in axillary umbels. Calyx and corolla 5-parted or -cleft. Corolla deeply lobed, with a membranous ring adnate to it at base, pubescent on the outside. Stamen-column short, with 5 scales at base. (J. C. Philibert, editor of a French dictionary of botany, 1804.) S t a m e n a p p e n d a g e s globose-ovate, b r o a d e r than l o n g , f r e e f r o m the c o r o l l a - c r o w n ; corolla purplish 1. P. heterophylla. S t a m e n a p p e n d a g e s o v a t e or oblong, l o n g e r than b r o a d , c o n t r a c t e d b e l o w i n t o a sort of pedicel w h i c h is j o i n e d to a n a r r o w w i n g - l i k e disk or c r o w n on the base of the corolla-lobes; corolla g r e e n i s h - y e l l o w 2. P. hirtella.

1. P. heterophylla Jepson n. comb. Fig. 757. Stems 2 to 4 or 8 ft. long, climbing freely; herbage green, thinly puberulent or glabrous; leaves commonly linear (1 line wide), varying to lanceolate (5 lines wide), obtuse, acute or auriculately lobed at base, 1 to 2 in. long, shortly petioled; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; flowers 4 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, very acute; corolla purplish, its lobes elliptic-ovate, purple-veined, 2 lines long; base of corolla bearing a narrow but distinct wing-like crown; stamen

MILKWEED

FAMILY

771

appendages roundish-ovate, as broad or broader than long.—Interior valleys of coastal S. Cal.; e. to the Colorado Desert and Ariz. (Sarcostemina heterophyllum Engelm. Philibertia linearis var. heterophylla Gray.) 2. P . hirtélla Parish. Fig. 758. Stems running widely over the ground, often twining a little, 3 to 10 f t . long; herbage canescently puberulent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish a t both ends, 1 to 3 in. long, 1 to 3 lines wide, shortly petioled; flowers greenish-yellow, 2% lines broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla-lobes ovate, 1 to V/± 757. Philibertia heterophylla lines long; stamen appendages oblong to Jepson; fl. seen from above x 3. narrow-ovate, obtuse, longer t h a n broad, abruptly contracted into a pedicel-like structure which is joined to a narrow wing-like disk on the base of the stamens.—Desert washes: Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz, and southern Nev. (Philibertia linearis var. hirtella Gray.) 3. GONÓLOBUS Michx. Ours twining herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers similar to Philibertia, in axillary umbels or in ours commonly solitary. Base of corolla (in ours) bearing a cup-like crown attached to the stamen-column by thin plates. Anthers (in ours) with thin scarious appendages infiexed over the summit of the stylar disk. (Greek gonia, angle, and lobos, pod, one of the early species with angled fruits.)

758. Philibertia hirtella P a r i s h ; fl. x 6.

1. G. califórnicus Jepson n. sp. Stems much branched, freely twining, 8 to 14 in. long; herbage puberulent; leaves cordate-sagittate, tapering-acuminate, 3 to 5 lines long, on petioles Y¿ to % as long; flowers 1 or rarely 2 in the axils, on pedicels to line long; peduncles none; flowers dull greenish, 2 lines long; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, obtusish; corolla subrotate, deeply parted into oblong or short-lanceolate lobes, pubescent on the inside; sinuses of t h e corolla with short b u t distinct processes downwardly produced; corolla-tube bearing at base a 5lobed corolla-like crown which is united to the stamen-column by 5 thin vertical lamellae, the crown thus, as it were, 5-celled and nearly equaling the stamen-column.—Sw. Colorado Desert (Ironwood Well, T. Brandegee, t y p e ) . Apr. Possibly the lobes of the organ here called corolla-crown can be interpreted as hoods but the structure, in any case, is as described. 4. SOLÁJNOA Greene Stems strongly flattened. Umbels small, terminal, globose, densely manyflowered, the peduncles longer than the pedicels. Flowers purplish-red outside, flesh-color within. Hoods cleft dorsally from top to bottom, the ventral side adnate to the stamen-column. Horns none. (The Indian chief, Solano, of the Suisunes.) 1. S. purpuráscens (Gray) Greene. Stems 2 or 3 f r o m a stout taproot, about 1 f t . long, prostrate, flexuous, purplish and purple-dotted; herbage canescently-puberulent; leaves thick, the lowermost elliptic-ovate, the upper broadly cordate-ovate, 1 to 2 in. long; umbels 2; flowers purplish-red outside, flesh-color within, about 2 lines long; follicles 2 in. long, about 5 lines in diameter a t the widest part.—Montane dry or rocky slopes: North Coast Ranges from t h e Mayacamas Range to the Yollo Bolly Mts. (Gomphocarpus purpuráscens Gray.) 5.

A S C L É P I A S L.

MILKWEED

Herbs with stems commonly erect, arising from thick deep-seated roots. Bracts of the involucre usually subulate. Calyx and corolla divisions re-

772

ASCLEPIADACEAE

flexed, those of the former small, persistent, those of the latter deciduous. Filament-column bearing a circle of 5 hoods, each containing an incurved horn, or hornless. Anther wings (forming the sides of the cloven gland) widened towards the truncatish base. Follicles ovate or lanceolate, one often abortive, erect or ascending, or pendulous or descending in A. subulata. Seeds anatropus, flat, margined, imbricated on the large placenta. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin endosperm. (Greek name of the European swallow-woit, a plant of this family.) H o r n s present. Hoods equaling or shorter t h a n the anther-column; stems erect. Leaves b r o a d ; filament-column very short or almost n o n e ; follicles erect or ascending, on deflexed pedicels. Lateral umbels sessile, the terminal one p e d u n c l e d ; hoods truncatish, a p a i r of slender teeth inserted between them on the stamen-column; h o r n s wing-like, attached by their whole length to the dorsal side of the hoods within, not exserted 1. A. vestita. Umbels peduncled; herbage woolly; hoods more or less truncate, sometimes obliquely so, no teeth-like processes between them. Umbels on peduncles longer t h a n the pedicels; h o r n s crest-like, attached dorsally all the way to the summit of the hood, the acute or sickle-shaped apex barely projecting or included; a n t h e r s sessile or nearly so 2. A. eriocarpa. Umbels on peduncles shorter t h a n the pedicels; h o r n s attached below the middle of the hood, well exserted. H o r n s attached below middle of hood, strongly exserted f r o m the hood, c u r v i n g over the disk of the stigma; filamentcolumn obvious 3. A. erosa. H o r n s attached at base of hoods, only a little exserted f r o m the hood, e n d i n g in a subulate p o i n t ; filament-column very short 4. A. fremontii. Leaves n a r r o w ; follicles erect, on erect pedicels. Stems very l e a f y ; herbage glabrous; hoods r o u n d e d at apex, the horns m u c h exserted; filament-column about as long as the a n t h e r - c o l u m n . . . . 5. A. mexicana. Stems naked at flowering time, the leaves early deciduous; hoods t r u n c a t e at apex, the h o r n s scarcely exserted; filament-column shorter t h a n the anther-column 6. A. albicans. Hoods twice or thrice as long as the anther-column; filament-column very short or n o n e ; pedicels deflexed in f r u i t . Hoods open, long-lanceolate above the broad base, very conspicuous 7. A. epeciosa. Hoods with the sides closely appressed, the h o r n a wing-like crest attached t o w a r d s the apex. Leaves b r o a d ; stems decumbent 8. A. nyctaginifolia. Leaves n a r r o w or n o n e ; stems erect, rush-like 9. A. subulata. No h o r n s to the hoods; pedicels deflexed in f r u i t . Hoods rounded, cleft half-way down the back, shorter t h a n the anther-column; filament-column long; herbage white-tomentose 10. A. caXifornica. Hoods conical, open down the f r o n t , a little exceeding the anther-column; filamentcolumn s h o r t ; herbage glabrous 11. A. cordifolia.

1. A. vestita H. & A. Fig. 759. Stems ascending, 2M> to 3 ft. high; herbage white-woolly, the wool at length largely deciduous; leaves opposite, ovate or mostly oblong-lanceolate, often subcordate at base, 2 to 6 in. long, the upper more acuminate, all short-petioled or the upper sessile; umbels 1 to 4, the lateral sessile, the terminal '•*©> peduncled; corolla yellowish white or purplish, tomentose on the outside, its lobes 3 lines long; hoods truncate at summit ^ and entire, auriculate-lobed or acute at the inner angle and open down the front, not exceeding the stamen-column: cloven glands with a pair of linear teeth inserted beneath them on the stamen-column; horn or crest blunt, not exserted, attached to the back of the hood from the base to the summit, produced upward and forward into a short blunt point.—Dry valleys: Mohave Desert; n. to Inyo, San Joaquin and Monterey Cos. ii Var. PARismi Jepson n. var. Leaves narrower, very acuminate !.;' glabrate; corolla purple; teeth beneath the cloven glands much reduced.—Desert side of the San Bernardino Mts. (Cajon Pass, Jepson 6116, type; Rabbit Sprs., S. B. Parish).

£

|S

2. A. 6riocarpa Benth. Stem 1% to 3 ft. high, more or less sharply angled below; herbage hoary-tomentose, in age more •vesHt£fH & A * e s s deciduous; some of the leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, all fl. x 1V4>. ' broadly oblong with truncate or subcordate base, rounded or 1

> S

or

MILKWEED FAMILY

773

acute at apex, 4 to 7 (or 9) in. long, very short-petioled; umbels few or several, mostly corymbose-clustered toward the summit, on peduncles equaling or rather longer t h a n the pedicels; flowers 3y 2 lines long; corolla creamy-white; hoods pink or purplish tinged, shorter t h a n the stamencolumn, roundish, truncatish at top, as if closed, b u t with a narrow slit which often extends a short distance down the b a c k ; horn broad-based, attached behind by its entire base to t h e hood, at apex acute or sickleshaped, projecting forward but little protruded f r o m between the acute teeth of the hood.—Dry barren valleys, 100 to 2000 f t . , or up to 5500 f t . southward: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada foothills; s. to coastal S. Cai. and L. Cai. July-Aug. I t is said to poison sheep. 3. A. eròsa Torr. D E S I ;RT M I L K W E E D . Stems 2 to f t . high; herbage finely white-woolly, eventually more or less glabrate; leaves in opposite 1 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 7 in. long; pedicels 1 to l ^ in. long, exceeding the peduncles; flowers very pale cream-color or greenish; hoods when outspread orbicular-obovate with rounded entire or truncatish summit, scarcely exceeding the stamen-column; horns broadly falcate, attached below the middle, exserted from the hood and incurving over t h e central disk.—Dry hills: Kern and Inyo Cos. through the Mohave Desert and s. to San Diego Co.; e. to Utah. Horns shaped much like an inverted Lupine keel. 4. A. fremóntii Torr. KOTOLO. Stems % to 2 f t . high; herbage woolly with a felt-like tomentum, more or less glabrate; umbels 1 or 2 to several, all peduncled; peduncles not longer t h a n the pedicels; corolla whitish or pink-tinged; hoods yellowish, nearly erect, equaling the stamen-column, evenly truncate, or somewhat obliquely t r u n c a t e (and thus making a notch behind), open down the f r o n t ; horn or crest broad, with the inner angle produced into a subulate apex, attached to the hood below the middle, obviously exserted.—Marysville B u t t e s ; Lake Co. I t is too little known. 5. A. mexìcàna Cav. NARROW-LEAP MILKWEED. Fig. 760. Stem slender, 2 (sometimes to 5) f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, in whorls of 3 to 6, or the lower and uppermost opposite, to 6 in. long, 2 to 6 lines broad, short-petioled; umbels many, often in whorls or corymbose, densely many-flowered, on peduncles longer t h a n the pedicels; flowers small, greenish-white or tinged with purple; corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long; hoods about equaling the stamencolumn; horns slender, subulate, exserted and incurved over the summit of the disk; follicles 3 to 4 in. long, about 4 lines thick at the widest p a r t ; seeds 3% lines long. — Forming colonies in dry ground, valleys and foothills almost throughout Cai., but not on the immediate coast n.; Ore. to Nev., Ariz, and Mex. 6. A. albicans Wats. Stems 3 to 6 f t . 760. Asclepias mexicana Cav.; a, fl. high; herbage glabrate the pedicels S ^ W pubescent; leaves in 3s, narrowly linear, early deciduous; peduncles YJ to 1 in. long; pedicels 6 to 7 lines long; corolla greenish-brown; hoods yellowish, shorter t h a n the anthers, truncate, acutish at the inner angle, the subulate upcurved horn scarcely exserted; pedicels and follicles erect, the latter 4 in. long.—Colorado Desert: Pinto Mts.; Agua Caliente, e. San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cai. 7. A. speciósa Torr. Stem stout, 2 to f t . high, l e a f y to the top; herbage soft-tomentose, or rarely glabrate in age; leaves opposite, oval to ovate or oblong, transversely veined, acute or obtuse. 4 to 6 in. long; petioles

774

ASCLEPIADACEAE

3 to 5 lines long; peduncle longer t h a n the woolly pedicels; lower umbels with 6 to 10 flowers, the upper with 18 to 55; corolla pink or reddish-purple; hoods yellowish with a broad involute base, above this abruptly contracted into a nearly flat lanceolate portion, the whole fully twice as long as the stamen-column; horns much exserted, incurved over the central disk; follicles soft-spiny, at least toward the apex.—Valley flats and along streams, 150 to 4500 f t . : Coast Eanges f r o m Alameda Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Fresno Co. to Plumas Co.; Inyo Co.; e. to Ark., n. to Wash. 8. A. nyctaginifolia Gray. Stems several f r o m the base, decumbent or ascending, 6 to 8 in. long; herbage green, finely puberulent; leaves ovate, acute, 2 to 4 in. long on petioles Vti to 1 in. long; umbels subsessile; corolla thinnish, greenish; hoods narrowly oblong, over twice as long as the stamencolumn, the sides closely appressed; horn wing-like, attached towards the apex and produced into a subulate exserted point; follicles narrowly ovate, attenuate, 2 to 2% in. long.—E. Mohave Desert (Providence and New York mountains) ; e. to Ariz. 9. A. subulata Dec. Stems in clusters, erect, straight, rush-like, leafless or with a few filiform leaves, 3 to 5 f t . high; herbage glabrous; flowers dull yellowish-white; hoods elongated, twice the length of the stamencolumn, the 2 sides pressed together like a lupine keel and somewhat scimitar-shaped in outline; horn a thin wing, borne above the middle, its short sharp point scarcely exserted from the folded hood; follicles slender, long-acuminate, 2 to 5% in. long.—Desert washes or low depressions: e. Mohave Desert; n. Colorado Desert (especially along Colorado R i v e r ) ; s. to L. Cal., n. to southern Nev. 10. A. californica Greene. Vegetative aspect of no. 1; stems 12 to 22 in. high, the stems persistently white-tomentose, the tomentum on the leaves largely deciduous; leaves opposite, oval to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, 1% to 3 in., the lower to 6 in. long; umbels nearly sessile, about 6 to 9-flowered; corolla purplish; hoods dark maroon, semiorbicular, laterally compressed, centrally attached and reaching nearly to the middle of the anthers, 2cleft half-way down the back and destitute of horn. —South Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co.; s. to San Diego Co.; L. Cal. (Gomphocarpus tomentosus Gray.) 11. A. cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson. PURPLE MILKWEED. Fig. 761. Stems i y 2 to 2% f t . high; herbage green and more or less purplish, perfectly glabrous; leaves mostly opposite, rarely in 3s, ovate-lanceolate, with the lower round or elliptic-ovate, the upper ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all with cordate-clasping base, 2 to 4 in. long; umbels loosely many-flowered, 761. Asclepias cordifolia the filiform pedicels equaling or shorter t h a n the Jepson; fl. x 2. peduncles; corolla dark red-purple, its lobes 3 to 4 lines long; hood purplish, oblong, the summit obliquely truncate dorsally and produced at the ventral margins into an ascending cusp, the fissure down the f r o n t narrow; follicles glabrous, 2 to 5 in. long, o f t e n long-attenuate.— Open slopes, from the foothills (500 f t . ) up to 5000 f t . : North Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a as f a r s. as Mariposa Co.; w. Nev. (Gomphocarpus cordifolius Gray.) 6. A S C L E P I A D d R A Gray Stems low and stout. Leaves alternate. Corolla rotate, the ovate lobes greenish, rotate-spreading. Hoods inserted at base of the stamen-column, narrow and elongated, the sides involute-approximate so as to form a sort of tubular process which is incurved at apex and somewhat hooded, the apical cavity bearing a deltoid crest or wing ending in a short acute point; bases of hoods joined to each other by a disk or ring of undulate lobes opposite the glandular slits. Anther wings widest at t h e middle. (Greek Asklepios, and doron, gift, the g i f t of Aesculapius.)

CONVOLVULACEAE

775

1. A. decumbens Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending; herbage green, scabrous-puberulent; leaves elongated linear-lanceolate, (3 or) 4 to 6 in. long, short-petioled; corolla 5 lines broad; hoods purplish, overtopping the stamen-column.—Providence Mts., e. Mohave Desert; e. to Ark. CONVOLVULACEAE.

MORNING-GLORY FAMILY

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs. Leaves alternate, or the plants leafless parasites. Flowers complete and perfect. Sepals 5, distinct or nearly so, imbricated, persistent, often unequal. Corolla regular, usually showy, more or less campanulate, mostly shallowly 5-lobed, commonly folded longitudinally and twisted in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, included. Pistil 1; ovary superior, 2 (rarely 1) -celled, with 2 ovules (rarely 1) in each cell. Styles 1 or 2. Fruit most frequently a capsule, 1 to 4 (or 6) -seeded. Embryo with folded cotyledons. The embryo of Cuscuta is filamentous and sometimes destitute of cotyledons. Ovary deeply 2-parted; styles 2, distinct or united at base only; creeping herbs; corollalobes imbricate in the bud 1. DICHONDRA Ovary entire. Style 1, entire or cleft at the apex only; corolla plicate and twisted in the bud; pros trate or twining herbs, one species woody. Stigma filiform or ovate 2. CONVOLVULUS Stigma capitate 3. IPOMOEA Styles 2, distinct; corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud. Erect non-twining leafy herb 4. CRESSA Leafless twining parasites 5. CUSCUTA.

1. DICHONDRA Forst. Perennial herbs with slender creeping stems and very small obscure flowers near the surface of the ground. Leaves reniform, entire, with very short l-flowered peduncles in the axils. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens short. Ovary deeply 2-lobed, separating when ripe into 2 one-seeded utricles which sometimes break open irregularly. Styles 2, in ours distinctly united at base. (Greek, di, double, and chondra, grain, on account of the deeply parted and twin fruit.) 1. D. rep ens Forst. Stems whitish-pubescent, rooting freely; leaves green and mostly glabrous, % to 1 Vs in. wide, on long peduncles with 2 small bracts at base; calyx thinnish, 1 to lines long; corolla purple, edged with white, or about the same length; ovary densely wliite-hairy; styles united at base.—Nat. from the tropics and found in scattered localities: Eldorado Co. foothills; San Francisco; Del Mar; San Diego. 2. C O N V O L V U L U S L .

BINDWEED. MORNING-GLORY

Twining or prostrate herbs, ours perennial except one. Corolla funnelform to campanulate. Style entire, or cleft at the apex only. Stigmas ovate to linear. Capsule globose with 4 seeds in 2 cells (or by abortion 1-celled), mostly 2 to 4-valved. (Latin convolvo, to entwine.) Flov.-ers showy, ( % or) 1 to 2 H in. long; leaves commonly sagittate except in no. 1; perennial. Calyx subtended by a pair of bracts; bracts large, ovate to orbicular, embracing and commonly enclosing the calyx. Flowers pink, purple or lavender, 1% to in. long. Leaves broadly reniform, % to 2 in. broad; slightly succulent seaside herbs. 1. C. soldanella. Leaves long triangular-sagittate, 2 ^ to 3 % in. long; minutely puberulent climber of swampy or boggy places 2. C. xcjnum. Flowers white or cream color (sometimes pink or purple in no. 4 ) . Leaves usually triangular-hastate to ovate-lanceolate; herbage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves as broad or broader than long, broadly triangular; corolla m to 2 in. long; coastal islands 3. C. macrostegius. Leaves longer than broad, almost lanceolate-sagittate; corolla Vfc to 1V2 in. long; along the south coast 4. C. occidentals. Leaves ovoid-deltoid, sagittate to almost truncate at base. Herbage glabrous; corolla IV2 in. long; low herbaceous plant; n. Cal.. . 5. C. atriplicifolius. Herbage more or less pubescent. Leaves thin, slightly hairy; corolla 1 % to 2 in. long; low tufted plants, the leaves and peduncles basal; cent. Coast Ranges 6. C. subacaulis.

776

CONVOLVULACEAE

Leaves thick, almost felty, covered w i t h a dense villous to almost tomentose pubescence; corolla small, 1 to in. long. Low trailing plants of Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills; leaves small, triangular-deltoid, % to 1 in. long ; bracts white-tomentose 7. G. villosus. Coarse climbing plants of the Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes; leaves large, orbicular-deltoid; bracts t a w n y . 8. C. chartaceus. Calyx with the bracts more or less distant. Bracts sagittate (like the leaves), inserted about % to % in. below the calyx; corolla 1 to in. long, w h i t e ; slender erect plants, slightly pubescent throughout 9. C. fulcratus. Bracts narrowly ovate to lanceolate (without basal lobes as in the l e a v e s ) . Bracts inserted less than their length below the calyx. Low herbaceous plants ; herbage minutely puberulent ; leaves % to 1 in. 10. O. polymorphus. long; corolla yellowish, 1 in. long Large woody climbers ; herbage glabrous or nearly so ; leaves 1 to 3 in. long; corolla white or purple, 1 to 2 in. long.. . 1 1 . C. luteolus. Bracts distant twice or at least more t h a n their length below the calyx; leaves ^ to 2 in. long. Stems erect and feebly t w i n i n g ; leaves linear-hastate; corolla white, 1 in. long 12. C. longipes. Stems prostrate; leaves elliptic or oblong-sagittate, very obtuse; corolla purplish, 8 to 10 lines long 13. C. arvensis. Flowers small, 3 lines long ; leaves linear- to oblong-oblanceolate, not sagittate ; a n n u a l . . . . 14. C. pentapetaloides. 1. C. soldanèlla L. SHORE MORNING-GLORY. Stems prostrate, V2 to i y 2 f t .

long; herbage glabrous and. slightly succulent; leaves thick, decidedly reniform, deep green and shining, % to 1 or 2 in. broad, mostly broader t h a n long, the petioles stout, as long to twice as long; calyx enclosed in broad membranous bracts 4 to 6 lines long, and about as broad as long; corolla broadly funnelform, 1% to 2 y¡¿ in. broad and about half as long as broad, pinkish or pale purple.—Sandy sea-beaches along the coast of Cal. and most Pacific shores. 2 . O. sépium L . HEDGE BINDWEED. Stems f r o m a slender horizontal rootstock, often several f t . long, climbing on herbaceous plants or trailing; herbage densely soft-puberulent; leaves large, 2% to in. long, ovatelanceolate, acuminate at apex, hastate at base, on slender petioles shorter than the blade; peduncles often longer t h a n the leaves, 1-flowered; bracts Y2 to % in. long, ovate, acuminate at apex, cordate at base, completely enclosing the calyx; corolla pink, 2 to 2% in. long.—Native of Europe, introduced in swampy land at Los Angeles and San Bernardino; rarely collected. 3. C. macrostègius Greene. Suffrutescent with long trailing stems 6 to 15 f t . long; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves broadly triangular, hastate, 1 to 2 or 3 in. long, r a t h e r longer t h a n or about equaling the petioles; peduncles 3 to 8 in. long, 1 to 7-flowered; buds enclosed in a pair of large membranous bracts % to % in. long, the lateral flowers each similarly bracted within the outer bracts; corolla pale yellow, to 2 in. long.— S a n t a Cruz, San Clemente and Guadalupe Isis. 4. C. occidentàlis Gray. Stems freely twining, often several feet long; herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaves very variable in shape, % to 1% in. long, the blade about twice as long as the slender petiole, usually triangularovate, acuminate at apex and cordate-sagittate to hastate at base, the basal lobes often 1 or 2-toothed; peduncles elongated, 2 to 3 or 4 in. long, greatly surpassing the leaves, 1 or o f t e n 2 or 3-flowered; involucral bracts longovate, acuminate, % to % in. long; corolla white or pinkish, % to 1% in. long and about as broad.—Dry hills, 20 to 2000 ft., coastal S. Cal. Var. T E N U Í S S I M U S Gray. Leaves very narrow, lanceolate-sagittate; peduncles 1 or 2-flowered; bracts 4 to 6 lines long, barely if at all exceeding the calyx.— Coastal S. Cal. "Var. crcLOSTÉGlUS Jepson n. comb. Bracts orbicular, mucronulate, purplish.—Coast form, San Francisco Bay region to San Diego Co. (C. cyclostegius House.) 5. C. atriplicifòlius House. Low, herbaceous, the stems 1 f t . or less long, arising f r o m a fleshy slender rhizome; herbage glabrous; leaves broadly triangular-hastate, 1 to in. long and about as broad, abruptly acute at apex and with an abruptly diverging hastate lobe on either side of t h e cuneately tapering base; flowers few, in the axils of the lower leaves;

MORNING-GLORY

FAMILY

777

peduncles % to IV2 in. long, about equaling the petioles; involucral b r a c t s oval, obtuse or almost truncate, about 6 lines long, slightly exceeding or equaling the obtuse and mucronate sepals; corolla in. long, white or pinkish.—Lake Co.; B u t t e Co.; n. to Wash. 6. C. subacaulis Greene. Fig. 762. Stems 1 to 15 in. long, when short, erect, when longer, trailing, or frequently acaulescent; leaves thin, more or less hairy with somew h a t appressed hairs, ovoid or roundish-deltoid, t r u n c a t e or sometimes slightly cuneate or subeordate a t base and either with or without divergent hastate lobes at the angles, mostly %, to 1V> in. long; petioles elongated, mostly 2 to 3 times as long as the leaves; peduncles 1-flowered, % to 1 in. long; bracts ovate, obtuse, % to V-i in. long, embracing but not enclosing the calyx; corolla campanulate-funnelform, a n g u l a r l y 5lobed, 1% to 2% in. long, white or cream-color with a purplish exter i o r — D r y hills, 100 to 1500 ft., San x tt; b, d, stamens x 1; c, pistil x 1. Luis Obispo Co. to Solano Co. Var. DOLdsus Jepson n. var. Fig. 762d. In h a b i t and in flower like the species in every way save t h a t the filaments bear a pair of teetli near the middle; filaments sparingly glandular short-hairv at base.—Berkeley Hills (Jepson 9719a, t y p e ) . 7. C.

villosus

Morning-glory.

Gray.

Fig. 763.

Woolly

Stems

herbaceous, ascending or trailing, 3 in. to 1 f t . long, f r o m fleshy but slender rootstocks; herbage very hoary with a dense velvety or plushy pubescence; leaves triangular-hast a t e , y-2 to 1 in. long and as broad as long; petioles, except basal ones, usually but not always shorter t h a n the leaves; peduncles 1-flowered, short on the trailing branches, long ones at base, often flexuous or curved, especially in age; involucral bracts enclosing the calyx, triangular-ovate, 6 lines long; corolla funnelform, 1 to 1% in. long, creamcolor.— Dry slopes and ridges, 1000 to 5500 f t . : Coast Eanges; Sierra Nevada. (C. malacophyllus Greene.) Var. piiDICELLatus Jepson n. var. Trailing; leaves more narrowly acuminate; flowers long-pediceled.— S a n t a Lucia Mts.; S a n t a P a u l a (Cobb 138, t y p e ) . 8. C. c h a r t i c e u s Jepson n. sp. Stems coarsely herbaceous, ascending or trailing, 1 to l 1 /* f t . long;

778

CONVOLVULACEAE

herbage hoary throughout with a dense velvety or plush-like pubescence; leaves large, orbicular-deltoid, to broadly reniform, obtuse or slightly mucronate at the broad apex, 1 to 2 in. long and twice as broad, little or not at all lobed at base; lower petioles elongated, often twice as long as the leaves, upper ones usually shorter t h a n the leaves; axils of the middle and lower leaves bearing a flexuous or recurved one-flowered peduncle; involucral bracts large, papery and conspicuous, tawny or straw-color in age, entirely enclosing the calyx, triangular-ovate to almost orbicular, 8 to 9 lines long and 4 to 6 lines broad; sepals narrowly ovate-acuminate, 3 to 6 lines long; corolla creamy white to pale yellow, 1 to 1 % in. long, broadly funnelform. •—Middle altitudes, 4500 to 6500 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from Nevada Co. to Tulare Co. (Toll House to Hazel Green, Mariposa Co., Jepson, type.) 9. C. fulcratus Greene. Slender plants with fibrous roots; stems 10 to 18 in. high, not twining except feebly at the sterile leafy summit above the flowers; herbage minutely puberulent to almost villous throughout; leaves % to 1 in. long, triangular-sagittate, the moderately divergent lobes often more t h a n half as large as the main blade, the slender petioles % to % in. long; axils of the middle leaves each bearing an elongated filiform 1flowered peduncle 1% to 2% in. long, this with a single pair of sagittate leaves (like the ordinary ones b u t smaller) about % to % in. below t h e calyx; sepals unequal, broad, truncate, obtuse or mucronate, pubescent; corolla 1 to 1% in. long, white or cream-color.—Sierra N e v a d a foothills, 1000 to 2000 f t . , from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co.; s. to San Diego Co. Var. DELTOIDEUS Jepson n. comb. Leaves short and sharply deltoid, 3 to 6 lines long, about twice as broad as long, densely villous throughout.—Tehachapi and San Emigdio ranges. (C. deltoideus Greene.) Var. B£RRYI Jepson n. comb. P l a n t s coarser throughout; leaves large, triangular-sagittate, 1 to 2 in. long, much broader than in the species, as broad as long, densely villous, the basal lobes often scarcely at all developed.—Marble Fork, Kaweah River. (C. berryi Eastw.) 10. C. polymdrphus Greene. Stems slender, erect or trailing, 1 to 2 f t . high, usually wholly herbaceous; sometimes feebly twining f r o m t h e sterile leafy tips; herbage pale and puberulent throughout; leaves reniformhastate to narrowly subsagittate, mucronate, % to 1 in. long; axils of the middle leaves bearing short peduncles; peduncles 1-flowered, equaling or somewhat exceeding t h e leaves; calyx subtended by a pair of narrowly elliptic bracts at a short distance below it, their tips enclosing the bases of the sepals; sepals very unequal, the outer often broadly ovate and t r u n c a t e ; corolla 1 to 1% in. long, white.—Siskiyou Co., e. to Modoc Co., s. to Lake Co.; n. to southern Ore. 11. C. lutfeolus Gray. Pig. 764. Stems woody below, 2 or 5 to 20 f t . high, climbing over trees and shrubs; leaves glabrous and glaucous, or soft-pubescent beneath, 1 to 2 or 3 in. long, sagittate at base, the upper portion or terminal lobe varying from triangular to narrowly lanceolate; basal lobes large, very variable, sometimes nearly as large as the terminal lobe, angular, shallowly 2-lobed, or somewhat saliently and acutely lobed; petioles usually about the length of the leaves; axils of the

MORNING-GLORY FAMILY

779

middle leaves bearing the peduncles, these filiform, .1 to 2 or 5 in. long, commonly 1 to 3 (or sometimes 5)-flowered; bracts subulate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, 2 to 5 lines long, distant their length to % their length f r o m the calyx; sepals obtuse, unequal, coriaceous, the two outer ones short; corolla open-funnelform, usually white, exposed portion of the folds purplish, 1 to (or 2) in. long; limb not lobed, scarcely angular.—Along wooded streams or brushy slopes, 10 to 3500 f t . : Coast Ranges f r o m Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra N e v a d a foothills f r o m Tulare Co. to Shasta Co. Var. SAXÍCOLA Jepson n. comb. Leaves reniform-orbicular; pedicels usually short. — Coast f o r m at Bodega. (C. saxicola Eastw.) Var. PURPURATUS Greene. Corolla purple.—San Francisco Bay region. 12. C. lóngipes Wats. Stems erect, much branched, feebly twining, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves small, linear-hastate, % to 1% in. long and 1 to 2 lines wide, lower leaves with well developed h a s t a t e lobes, upper leaves gradually reduced to linear bractlets, these occuring as bracts on the peduncle about % to % in. below the flower; peduncles elongated, mostly 1-flowered sepals ovate, obtuse, o f t e n mucronate, the outer two shorter, giving the appearance of b r a c t s ; corolla 1 in. long, broadly f u n nelform, white or cream-color.—Arid or desert slopes, San Diego Co. to San Luis Obispo Co., thence e. to the southern Sierra N e v a d a ; s. Nev. 13. C. arvénsis L . BINDWEED. ORCHARD MORNING-GLORY. Fig. 765. Stems prostrate, 1 to 3 or more f t . long, f r o m perennial roots which descend to g r e a t depth; herbage minutely villous-pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves elliptic to oblong-sagitt a t e , very obtuse, rarely acutish, % to 1 (or sometimes 2) in. long on petioles half as long; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long, commonly 1 (sometimes 2 or 3)-flowered, with a pair of subulate or narrowly spatulate bracts (1 to 2 lines long) near the middle; corolla white, purplish outside (8 or) 9 to 10 lines long, open-funnelform and neither lobed nor angled. — The most troublesome orchard and garden weed yet naturalized in Cal., especially obnoxious in the richest lands and moistest alluvial 765. Convolvulus arvensis L . ; a, fl. loams. Native of E u r . May-Oct. stem x V2 ; b, another leaf form x 14. O. pentapétaloldes L. Diffusely Vi ; c, long. sect, of fl. x 1; d, long, sect, of ovary x 5. branching annual, the branches 6 to 18 in. long; herbage minutely puberulent to almost h a i r y ; leaves linear- or oblongoblanceolate, obtuse at apex, narrowed to a petiole below, % to 1% (or 3Ví>) in. long; peduncles shorter t h a n the leaves, % to % in. long, 1-flowered, with a pair of small spatulate or subulate bracts 1 to 2 lines below the flower, retrocurved in f r u i t ; sepals more or less hairy with subscarious margin; corolla purplish, 3 lines long, deeply 5-cleft.—Grainfields, lower San Joaquin Valley to San Diego Co.; nat. f r o m E u r . 3. I P O M O É A L .

MORNING-GLORY

Twining or trailing herbs similar to Convolvulus. Calyx not subtended by b r a c t s but the outer sepals commonly larger. Style entire; stigma capitate. (Greek ip, bindweed, says Linnaeus, and omoios, similar.) 1. I . hirsütula J a c q . Annual; stems t w i n i n g or trailing; herbage pubescent; leaves broadly ovate-cordate, 1% to 3 in. long; peduncles 1 to 5-flowered; sepals narrow-oblong, acute, hirsute on lower h a l f ; corolla blue, purple or whitish, l J /4 to 21/i in. long; ovary 3- rarely 2-celled.—Garden plant from trop. Am., nat. in coastal S. Cal.: Los Angeles; Kiverside; San Diego.

780

CONVOLVULACEAE

4. CBiJSSA L . Low canescent perennial herb with erect or diffuse non-twining stems. Corolla white, its tube oblong-eampanulate, equaling the sepals; limb 5parted. Filaments subulate, exserted irom the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2, distinct; stigmas capitate. Capsule by abortion often 1-seeded. (Greek Kressa, a Cretan woman.) 1. C. cretica L. ALKALI WEED. Commonly densely branched from the base, forming low tufted plants 3 to 10 in. high; leaves oblong-ovate, 2 to 4 or 5 lines long, almost sessile; flowers short-pediceled in the axils; sepals oblongovate, acute, 2 lines long; corolla 3 lines long, its lobes obong-ovate, about 1 line long, hairy outside; summit of ovary long-hairy.—Alkaline lands, Sacramento Valley to S. Cal.; e. to Ariz.; especially common in the San Joaquin Valley, often covering thousands of acres; sometimes broad areas of it do not flower or rarely. Distributed around the earth in warm regions. 5.

CUSCUTA L.

DODDER

Annual leafless parasites, destitute of green color, with twining filiform stems. Flowers small, in lateral heads or clusters. Calyx colored like the corolla, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate or somewhat urn-shaped to shorttubular, with 5 lobes imbricated in the bud, and as many small scales or appendages inserted in the tube below the stamens, or none. Ovary globular, 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2, in ours distinct, persistent; stigma globose. Capsule 1 to 4-seeded, ours indehiscent. Embryo devoid of cotyledons. The germinating seed produces a twining stem; this becomes parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark of the host. (Derivation doubtful.) Capsule pointed or conical; scales present. Scales dentate; flowers less than 1 line long; stems very fine or capillary; dry desert areas 1. C. denticuluta. Scales deeply fringed; flowers 1 to 2 (or 3 ) lines long; stems usually coarse, sometimes slender. Corolla-lobes about half as long as the cylindrical tube; flowers to 3 lines long; common in dense thickets; Coast Ranges and Sierra N e v a d a . . . . 2. C. subinclusa. Corolla-lobes about as long as or longer than the tube. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, as long the corolla-tube; flowers to 2 lines long; abundant in saline marshes 3. C. salina. Calyx-lobes shorter than the corolla-tube; alfalfa fields. Corolla 1 line long, broadly campanulate; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate. 4. C. indecora. Corolla 1 % to 2 lines long, narrow campanulate; calyx-lobes broadly ovate 5. C. racemosa. Capsule depressed-globose. Scales present, deeply fringed; flowers usually less than 1 line long, merely enclosing the base of the conspicuous globose capsule; moist or wet places 6. C. arvensis. Scales absent; flowers usually to 2 lines long (except in var.) and entirely enclosing the mature capsule; dry sandy ridges 7. C. californica.

1. C. d£nticulata Engelm. Stems hairlike; flowers small, less than a line long, short-pediceled in small umbel-like clusters; tube of the short campanulate almost urn-shaped corolla included in the rounded denticulate lobes of the calyx; anthers oval, on very short filaments; scales narrow, reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip; capsule pointed, covered by the withered corolla, 1 or 2-seeded.—Mohave Desert and neighboring ranges; desert regions e. of the Sierra Nevada; e. to Utah. 2. C. subinclusa D. & H. Stems commonly stout; flowers 2y 2 to 3 lines long, sessile or short-pediceled, at length in large dense clusters % to 1 % in. thick; calyx-lobes overlapping, ovate-lanceolate, about % the length of the cylindrical corolla-tube; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, scarcely more than % the length of the tube; anthers oblong or oval, nearly sessile; scales narrow, fimbriate, opposite the stamens but reaching only to the middle of the tube; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; ovary capped by the withered corolla.—Common almost throughout Cal. on species of Rhus and other plants, including Aesculus californica, Sambucus glauca, Eriogonum nudum. 3. C. sallna Engelm. MARSH DODDER. Stems slender; flowers lines long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, as long as the shallow-campanulate tube of the

POLEMONIACEAE

781

corolla and as the corolla-lobes; these ovate, denticulate, overlapping; filaments about as long as the oval anthers; scales iringed, mostly shorter t h a n the tube, sometimes much reduced and on the base of the tube; styles equaling or shorter t h a n the ovary; capsule surrounded by the withered corolla, mostly 1-seeded.—Very abundant on Salicornia and other saline herbs, entangling them with its webs of thread-like stems, which in spring color the salt marshes with small patches of gold: coastal S. Cai. to the Sacramento Yalley and Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Ariz, and Utah. 4. C. Indécora Choisy. Stems rather stout, turning dark in age; flowers 1 line long or less, pediceled in loose cymes, more or less papillose; calyxlobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly shorter t h a n the broadly campanulate corolla-tube; corolla-lobes triangular, minutely crenulate, spreading, about as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales ovate, erect, f r i n g e d ; stamens slightly exserted, anthers and stigma often purple; capsule oblong, acute, enveloped by the withering corolla; seeds 2 to 4.—Low moist places; on Leguminosae and Compositae. 5. C. racemósa Martius var. chiliàna Engelm. Stems slender, straw-color; flowers of thin texture, 1% to 2 lines long, borne in loose racemose panicles; calyx very short, forming a shallowly lobed cup at base of corolla, the lobes broadly triangular-ovate, more or less acute; tube of corolla gradually widening upwards, deeply campanulate, lobes short, shorter t h a n t h e tube, erect or slightly spreading, with inflexed acute tips; scales large, f r i n g e d ; stamens always included; anthers not purple; capsule ovate or obovate, thickened at the apex and somewhat pointed.—Introduced in early days with seed of Medicago sativa, thus becoming a local pest in a l f a l f a fields; native of Chile. 6. C. arvénsis Beyrich. Stems pale; flowers small, sessile or nearly so in dense globose clusters % in. thick; calyx-lobes obtuse, broad, about equaling tube of the corolla; corolla 1 line long, with acuminate lobes and short broad tube, in age remaining at base of capsule; scales often exceeding the tube and deeply f r i n g e d ; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 2 or 4.-—Mostly moist or wet stations, widely distributed on Xanthium canadense, Trifolium pratense, etc. 7. C. califórnica Choisy. Stems capillary; flowers small, 1 to lines long, in loose cymes; pedicels frequently much thickened below the flower; calyx-lobes with short-attenuate spreading tips; corolla-lobes lanceolatesubulate, equaling or longer t h a n the campanulate tube, mostly reflexed in anthesis; scales none, sometimes represented by inverted arches or V-shaped thickenings alternating with the stamens, but situated near the base of the t u b e ; anthers linear-oblong, nearly or quite equaled by t h e filaments; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; capsule depressed-globose, mostly 2 or 3-seeded.—Widely distributed in Cai., most f r e q u e n t in S. Cai. on Eriogonum and Adenostoma. Yar. BRÀCHYCÀLYX Yuncker. Flowers very small, 1 line long or less; calyx very short, less t h a n half the length of the broadly campanulate corolla-tube.—Solano Co. to Humboldt Co., on Eriogonum and Ceanothus. POLEMONIÀCEAE.

GILIA FAMILY

Herbs, or a f e w species somewhat woody a t base. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, lobed or divided, or pinnately compound. Flowers complete, 5-merous, either solitary, in loose clusters, capitate, racemose, corymbose or paniculate. Calyx persistent, regular or irregular. Corolla sympetalous, regular, its lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla, alternate with its lobes, often unequal in length. Ovary superior, 3-celled; style 3-cleft or with 3 stigmas. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved.—Langloisia has an irregular corolla. Some species of N a v a r r e t i a have a 1-celled capsule, a 4-valved capsule or a 4-merous corolla. The seed-coats sometimes emit spiricles or become mucilaginous when wetted. Plants with foliage leaves. Corolla regular. Calyx not ruptured by the growing capsule, growing as the capsule grows. Calyx wholly herbaceous, the sinuses not distended; leaves pinnately compound; ours perennials, one species annual 1. POLEMONIUM.

782

POL.EMONIACEAE Calyx with membranous intervals between the angles or ribs, the sinuses distended into a revolute lobe; leaves simple (entire, cleft or pinnatifid); annuals 2. COLLOMIA. Calyx more or less distended by the capsule a n d usually r u p t u r e d by it; calyx scarious in the intervals between the ribs (except sometimes in no. 8 ) . Corolla strictly salverform, the tube distinctly contracted at the t h r o a t ; leaves opposite (sometimes alternate above), entire 3. PHLOX. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m to salverform or campanulate, the t h r o a t open. Calyx-lobes unequal and p u n g e n t ; leaves all alternate, rarely some lower opposite, the lobes commonly p u n g e n t or spinescent. A n t h e r s oval; bracts green or chartaceous or coriaceous, hairy or g l a b r o u s ; annuals, mostly of summer or late spring in dry ground

4.

NAVARRETIA.

A n t h e r s sagittate; bracts embedded in white wool a n d nearly concealed; perennials or a n n u a l s 5. HUGELIA. Calyx-lobes equal, rarely p u n g e n t . Leaves, at least the upper, alternate, entire to cleft, pinnatifid or pinnately or bi-pinnately lobed, p a r t e d or divided; ann u a l s (or, in ours, 2 species p e r e n n i a l s ) , mostly of spring

6. GILIA.

Leaves opposite a n d palmately parted, or sometimes simple and opposite. Slender annuals, mostly low hills or valleys, mostly of s p r i n g ; calyx scarious in the intervals below the sinuses. . .

7. LINANTHUS.

Perennials, often woody-based with p u n g e n t leaves; mostly m o n t a n e ; calyx below sinuses scarious or not scarious

8 . LEPTODACTYLON.

Corolla markedly 2-lipped or the 5 equal lobes somewhat obscurely disposed in 2-lipped f a s h i o n ; low annuals, the leaves with long bristles; deserts 9.

LANGLOISIA.

P l a n t s without proper foliage leaves, the simple stem b e a r i n g persistent cotyledons a n d a whorl of involucral leaves connate at base; diminutive a n n u a l s 10.

GYMNOSTERIS.

1. POLEMONIUM L . J A C O B ' S L A D D E R Herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnate, the leaflets sessile. Flowers showy, blue, pink or white, in racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx herbaceous throughout, not scarious below the sinuses, more or less accrescent and loosely investing the capsule. Corolla from tubular-funnelform to nearly rotate. Filaments equally inserted, more or less declined and hairy at base. Seeds few or several in each cell, becoming mucilaginous when moistened. (Greek name used by Dioscorides, from polemos, war, the application not obvious.) K E Y TO T H E S P E C I E S BY H . L . M A S O N

A n n u a l s ; corolla equaling or shorter t h a n the calyx; sepals s p r e a d i n g . . .1. P. micrantkum. P e r e n n i a l s ; corolla longer than the calyx; sepals erect. Flowers in a raceme or panicle; corolla-lobes equaling or longer t h a n the t u b e ; leaflets entire. Style longer t h a n the corolla; corolla 4 to 7 % lines long, blue; montane. H e r b a g e glandular t h r o u g h o u t ; stems short, several f r o m a caespitose base. 2. P . pulchurrimum. H e r b a g e glabrous at the base, glandular in the inflorescence; stems tall, mostly solitary from a horizontal rootstock 3. P. occidentale. Style shorter t h a n the corolla; corolla 8 to 10 lines long, p i n k ; along coast 4. P. carneum. Flowers in capitate congested h e a d s ; corolla-lobes shorter t h a n the t u b e ; leaflets palmately cleft or divided Style equaling the calyx in l e n g t h ; stamens not exserted; v a r . eximium of 5. P. confertum. Style longer t h a n the calyx: stamens exserted 6. P. chartaceurn.

1. P. micranthum Benth. Stems 1 to numerous from the base, commonly branched, erect or ascending, 4 to 8 in. high; herbage viseid-puberulent to glabrous; leaves about 1 to 2 in. long; leaflets 5 to 15, elliptic to linear or lanceolate, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers solitary, opposite the leaves, the inflorescence thus a loose false raceme; pedicels slender, 3 to 10 lines long; corolla white, subrotate, shorter than or not exceeding the calyx; calyx 21/L> to 3Vz lines long, nearly twice as large in fruit and becoming chartaceous, the lobes tending to spread; style very short; cells of the ovary 2 or 3-ovuled. —Dry open ground, 2000 to 4500 ft.: Tehachapi Mts.; Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; n. to Wash. 2. P. pulcherrimum Hook. Stems few to many, erect or ascending, 3 to 10 in. high, arising from the crown of a running rootstock; herbage viscidpubescent or pilose; leaves basal and cauline, 1 to 6 in. long; leaflets 11 to 21

GILIA

FAMILY

783

(the cauline with fewer leaflets), oblong or elliptic, 4 to 8 lines long; flowers in close racemose cymes; corolla pale blue or purple with a yellow or white throat, cleft to below the middle, 2% to 5 lines long, 1% to 2 times as long as the calyx; calyx little accrescent; stamens included, the filaments hairy at base; style slightly exserted; cells of the capsule 1 to 3-seeded.—Moist shaded places in the mts., o f t e n in pine woods, 6000 to 10,000 f t . : Fresno Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Rocky Mts. Var. parvif6lium Nels. Leaves tending to be glabrous and firmer in texture, 1 to 2 in. long; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, 1 to 3 lines long; inflorescence looser.—High montane, 6000 to 10,800 f t . : Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou and Trinity Cos. (P. parvifolium Nutt.) 3. P. occidentale Greene. Stem erect, simple, solitary f r o m a running rootstock, to 3% f t . high; herbage glabrous below, glandular towards the inflorescence; leaves nearly all cauline, long-petioled, 3 to 10 in. long; leaflets 11 to 25, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 5 to 15 lines long; flowers in a thyrsoid or corymbose cluster; corolla blue or purple, sub-campanulate, cleft to below the middle, 6 to 10 lines broad, about twice as long as the calyx, its tube white or yellowish, very hairy at insertion of stamens; calyx scarcely accrescent, remaining firm, becoming 4 lines long; cells of the capsule 6 to 12-seeded; style much exceeding the corolla.—Wet ground in the mts., 4000 to 10,500 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash., e. to the Rocky Mts. (P. coeruleum Auth.) 4. P. cArneum Gray. Stem erect, ascending or climbing, solitary f r o m a rootstock, 1 to 4 f t . high, usually widely branched above; herbage subglabrous or thinly pubescent; leaves all cauline, 3 to 8 in. long; leaflets 12 to 19, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, thin, V2 t o IV2 in. long; flowers in loose terminal corymbose or subumbellate few-flowered clusters; calyx greatly accrescent in f r u i t , becoming chartaceous and 5 to 8 lines long; corolla pink to purple, broadly funnelform, cleft a little below middle, 7 to 12 lines long, 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx; stamens included, the filaments hairy a t base; style included; ovary-cells 3 or 4-ovuled; style included.—Moist shaded ground near the coast, 50 to 1500 (or 3000) f t . , uncommon: San Mateo Co. to Del Norte Co., thenee e. to western Siskiyou Co.; s. Ore. 5. P. confirtum Gray var. eximium Jepson n. comb. Stems several, t u f t e d on the branched root-crown, simple, erect, 2 to 9 in. high, bearing 1 or 2 reduced leaves and a dense capitate cluster of blue flowers; leaves in a dense basal t u f t , glandular-viscid and musk-scented, linear in outline, 1 to 5 in. long; leaflets numerous, usually approximate or imbricate, palmately divided into 2 to 5 segments; corolla salverform, the tube about twice as long as the calyx and much longer t h a n the limb; cells of ovary with 3 to 5 ovules; style included.—Rocky ledges, 11,000 to 13,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co. (P. eximium Greene.) 6. P. chart&ceum Mason n. sp. Stems several, erect, f r o m a t u f t e d densely l e a f y base; herbage villous or somewhat glandular-pubescent; leaves 2 to 6 in. long; petioles with a broad sheathing chartaceous base, not rigid in age; leaflets and corollas as in no. 5; calyx turbinate, the tube twice as long as the lobes, equaling the corolla-lobes; corolla deep blue, funnelform, 5 to 7% lines long, the tube twice as long as the lobes; stamens exserted, the filaments hairy a t base; style equaling or much exceeding t h e corolla-lobes.— White Mts., e. Inyo Co. (White Mountain Peak, 14,230 ft., Jepson 7383, t y p e ) . 2. COLL6MIA N u t t . Herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers in ours in dense clusters with foliaceous bracts. Calyx turbinate, in age obpyramidal or cup-shaped, its teeth or lobes equal, entire, erect, t h e sinuses in age distended into a recurved lobe. Corolla narrowly funnelform or salverform, salmon-yellow, reddish, purple, or white. Stamens unequal, unequally or equally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight. Cells 1 to 3-seeded; seed-coat often developing spiral threads when wet. Capsule oval to obovoid. (Greek kolla, glue, on account of the mucilaginous seeds.) A n n u a l s ; seeds b e c o m i n g m u c i l a g i n o u s w h e n wetted. L e a v e s variously lobed, toothed or p i n n a t e l y p a r t e d ; r e c u r v e d from apex on dehiscence

capsule-valves campanulately 1. C. heterophylla.

784

POLEMONIACEAE

Leaves entire; capsule-valves curved backward from each side on dehiscence. Stamens equally inserted in the corolla-throat but of unequal length 2. C. tinctoria. Stamens unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Corolla 4 to 9 lines long, twice as long as calyx 3. C. linearis. Corolla 1 in. long, 3 to 4 times as long as calyx 4. C. grandijlora. Perennials; seeds not becoming mucilaginous when wetted. Plants tall, erect; corolla yellow, 1 to 1^4 in. long 5. C. rawsoniana. Plants low, ascending from deep underground stems; corolla blue, 7 to 8 lines long. . 6. C. larsenii.

1. C. h6terophylIa Hook. Stem diffusely branching from the base, 3 to 11 (or 20) in. high; herbage more or less glandular or viscid-pubescent; leaves pinnately cleft or pinnately divided, the segments laciniately cleft, varying greatly in shape and size (1 to 7 lines long), the petioles to as long as the blade; upper leaves, or sometimes all, ovate or oblong, incised, fewtoothed or even entire, 5 to 11 lines long; flowers in small bracted clusters at the ends of the branches; calyx % as long as corolla; corolla red-purple, tubular-funnelform, 4 to 6 lines long, the lobes % to 1 line long; capsule ellipsoid, seeds 2 or 3 in each cell.—Shady places in the foothills, 500 to 2000 f t . : San Bernardino foothills; Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to B. C. Mar.-Apr. 2. C. tinct&ria Kell. Stem diffusely branched, or sometimes simple, 3 to 6 in. high; herbage glandular-villous; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, % to 1% in. long; flowers in capitate clusters at the ends of the branches or solitary or in 2s or 3s in the leaf axils; calyx in age campanulate; corolla yellow, slender-funnelform, the tube almost filiform, 4% to 5 lines long, 1 % to 2 times as long as the calyx; stamens equally, rarely slightly unequally, inserted on the corolla, unequal in length, the longer exserted; style equaling the corolla-tube; cells of the capsule one-seeded.—Montane, 1000 to 6500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Plumas and Lassen Cos.; North Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to eastern Ore. JuneJuly. (Gilia aristella Gray.) 3. C. linearis Nutt. Stem simple and erect, branched from the base and diffuse, 4 to 11 (or 15) in. high; herbage puberulent, often glandular; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, % to 2 in. long; flowers in a terminal capitate cluster, or some in lateral 1 to few-flowered clusters; corolla red-purple or pink, slenderfunnelform, minutely puberulent, 4 to 5 or 9 lines long, to 2 times as long as the calyx; stamens unequally inserted, included in the corolla-tube; style included; cells of the capsule 1-seeded.—Dry flats and slopes in the mts., 1000 to 8500 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; then w. tp Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. and Man., e. to Col. 4. C. grandiflora Dougl. Fig. 766. Stem erect, simple (or rarely branched), % to 3 f t . high; leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile, 1 to 3 in. long; flowers crowded in head-like clusters at the ends of the stems and leafy-bracted, or some often borne below, either singly in the axils or in small clusters „ on short branchlets; calyx-tube ob766. C d n ^ . ^ . n d . t o . D , ^ . . « . stem e corolla pale salmon ™l 0 r, d, capsule x 2.

n a r r o w l y f u n n e l f o r m , 10 t o 12

lines

GILIA

FAMILY

785

long, its tube thrice as long as the calyx, its lobes broadly oblong.-—Openly wooded or open slopes, 1000 to 8000 f t . : Palomar Mt.; San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to B. C. and Ida.; e. to Nev. July. 5. C. rawsoniàna Greene. Stem simple or with a few short branches above, very leafy, 1 to 2 f t . high, arising f r o m a slender horizontal rootstock; leaves all cauline, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and incisely serrate or entire towards the base, rather thin, viscid-pubescent, 1% to 4 in. long, tapering below to a petiole 2 to 10 lines long; flowers in terminal clusters; calyx 4 to 4y 2 lines long, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, longer t h a n the t u b e ; corolla orange, turning pinkish on drying, narrowly funnelform, 1 to lVi in. long, 4 times as long as t h e calyx; filaments exserted and evidently declined, inserted equally on the corolla; seeds not becoming mucilaginous, one in each cell.—Montane, 3000 to 5000 f t . , N o r t h f o r k , Madera Co.; extremely local. 6. C. larsèniì (Gray) Payson. Stem simple or branched f r o m base, 1 to 6 in. high, arising f r o m a slender rootstock; leaves all cauline, crowded above, orbicular or ovate, entire or deeply parted, thickish, viscid-puberulent, 10 to 15 lines long, petioled; flowers in a loose terminal cluster; corolla blue or violet, narrowly funnelform, 7 to 8 lines long, about 2 times as long as the calyx; stamens unequal, equally inserted on the corolla, the longer equaling the corolla; style equaling corolla; cells of the ovary one-ovuled.—Loose rocks: Lassen P e a k (rare in Cai.); n. to Wash. (Gilia larsenii Gray.) 3. P H L Ó X L. Low herbs, or sometimes slightly woody at base. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers in cymes, blue to lavender, pink, red or white. Calyx narrow, scarious between the lobes. Corolla strictly salverform, the lobes entire or bifid, the tube slender, the throat constricted. Stamens very short, unequally inserted, included. Ovules 1 or few in each cell of t h e ovary. Capsule finally rupturing the persistent calyx. Seed-coats not changed when wetted. (Greek phlox, flame, the ancient name f o r Lychnis, transferred by Linnaeus to these plants.) K E Y TO T H E S P E C I E S BY H . L . M A S O N

Perennial; corolla-limb 4 to 10 lines broad. Leaves narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate ; corolla-tube glabrous outside. Style longer than calyx, equaling corolla-tube. Corolla-tube 3 to 4 times longer than calyx 1. P. superba. Corolla-tube 1 to 2 times as long as calyx 2. P. dolichantka. Style equaling or shorter than calyx, about Vz as long as corolla-tube. Flowers sessile or nearly so; style about equaling calyx 3. P. douglasii. Flowers pediceled; style much shorter than calyx. Style longer than stigma ; petals entire ; pedicels shorter than calyx. . . 4. P. hirsuta. Style shorter than stigma; petals notched; pedicels equaling or longer than calyx 5. P* speciosa. Leaves ovate or elliptic; corolla-tube minutely glandular-puberulent. .6. P. adsurgens. Annual; corolla-limb 1 to l\i lines broad 7. P. gracilis.

1. P . supèrba Brand. Stems erect or ascending, 5 to 10 in. high; herbage thinly puberulent or glabrate, the inflorescence glandular-pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, y 2 to 1 y 2 in. long; flowers solitary in the uppermost axils, t h e pedicels as long as t h e calyx; calyx % to J/4 as long as the corolla, the lobes equaling or shorter t h a n the calyx-tube; corolla whitish or rose-purple, glabrous, 1% to in. long, 3 to 4 times longer than t h e calyx, its lobes obovate; stamens unequally inserted, t h e upper pair somewhat exserted; style equaling the corolla-tube or slightly exceeding it. —Montane, 4000 to 6000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; ne. to southern Nev. (P. b e r n a r d i n a M. & J.) 2. P . dolichàntha Gray. Stems several, erect from a woody base, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage canescent; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, thick, y> to 1^4 iu. long; flowers in a terminal corymbose cyme; calyx 4 to lines long, the lobes broadly subulate, % as long as tube, the sinuses broadly replicate; corolla pink-red, its tube 7 lines long with a hairy ring at base inside, its lobes broadly obovate, emarginate or retuse, about half as long

786

POLEMONIACEAE

as the tube; stamens unequal, the upper slightly exserted; style longer t h a n calyx, nearly as long as corolla-tube; ovary-cells 1-ovuled.—Desert mesas, 4000 f t . : e. Mohave Desert (New York M t s . ) ; Lassen and Modoc Cos.; n. to Wash., e. to Utah and N. Mex. (P. stansburyi Hel.) 3. P. douglàsii Hook. Eoot-crown divided into several or many prostrate branches, the ultimate branchlets ascending or erect, forming a low or t u f t e d mat 3 to 10 in. broad; herbage subglabrous or scantily puberulent; leaves linear, 3 to 5 lines long with similar leaves fascicled in t h e axils; flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile or subsessile; calyx 4 to 5 lines long, the acerose teeth equaling or shorter t h a n the puberulent tube; corolla white, whitish-lavender or lilac, 7 to 11 lines long, its lobes obovate, V> length of tube; stamens unequal, included, the filaments shorter t h a n the anthers; style shorter t h a n calyx.—Rocky ledges or granite-sand slopes, montane, 4700 to 10,300 f t . : Mt. Pinos; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Nev. Var. CAESPITÒSA Mason n. comb. Plants very closely and densely caespitose, the branchlets not over % to 1 in. high; leaves closely imbricate, the edges revolute.—Alpine summits, 10,000 to 12,500 f t . : White Mts.; P a r k e r P a s s ; Mono P a s s ; Mt. Dana; n. to Wash., e. to Rocky Mts. (P. caespitosa N u t t . ) Var. AUSTROMONTANA Jepson & Mason n. comb. Leaves long (8 to 12 lines), the edges usually not recurved; calyx plicate in the sinuses.—Mts. of S. Cai.: San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San J a c i n t o and Cuyamaca mountains. (P. austromontana Cov.). Var. CANÉSCENS Mason n. comb. Herbage densely white-floccose.—Modoc Co.; e. to Rocky Mts. (P. canescens T. & G.) 4. P . hirsùta E. Nels. Stems many, erect, f r o m the branched root-crowns, 1% to 2 in. high; herbage glandular-pilose; leaves ovate to oblong, acute, 3 to 6 lines long; calyx-lobes subulate, somewhat spreading, about as long as the tube, about equaling t h e corolla-tube; corolla white or pinkish, its tube 6 lines long, its lobes about half as long; stamens unequally inserted, included; style shorter than calyx.—Dry hills, 4000 f t . , rare: Siskiyou Co. 5. P. speciósa Pursh. Stems several, erect or ascending f r o m a branched woody root-crown, 4 to 20 in. high; herbage puberulent or the leaves sometimes glabrous on one or both sides; leaves linear or lanceolate to ovate, % to 1% in. long; flowers in a terminal umbellate cyme; calyx puberulent, % to % as long as corolla-tube, its lobes short-subulate, Ys as long as its own tube; corolla red to lavender, its tube 6 to 7 lines long, the lobes obcordate, % to % as long; stamens unequal and unequally inserted, included; style shorter t h a n calyx.—Hill slopes, 1500 to 5000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from Fresno Co. to Tuolumne Co.; ne. Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Modoc Co.; n. to Wash, and Ida. (P. occidentalis Dur.) 6. P. adsurgens Torr. Stems diff u s e or ascending, simple or sparingly branched, 4 to 10 in. long; arising f r o m slender creeping rootstocks; herbage glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; leaves elliptic to ovate, 6 to 14 lines long; flowers in terminal few-flowered cymes; pedicels mostly longer t h a n 767. Phlox gracilis Greene; a, habit x b, flower X 2; C, long. sect, of corolla x \ \ d, capsule x 2.

f

3

^ calyx glandular-pubescent, its s u b u l a t e , s p r e a d i n g or r e c u r v e d , l o n g e r t h a n t h e t u b e ; corolla p i n k -

lobes

GILIA

787

FAMILY

ish-white, minutely glandular, 1 in. long, its lobes entire, about half as long as the tube; stamens very unequal, t h e 2 upper ones often exserted; style equaling or longer t h a n t h e corolla-tube; ovary-cells 1-ovuled.—Montane, 4000 to 6000 f t . : Mendocino Co. to w. Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. 7. P. gracilis (Hook.) Greene. Fig. 767. Stem simple or branched, 3 to 8 in. high; herbage pilose-pubescent, the hairs often gland-tipped; leaves oblong to linear or lanceolate, % to 1^4 in. long, sessile or the lowest shortly petioled; flowers in terminal cymes; calyx cylindrical, much distended in f r u i t by the globose capsule, t h e short teeth accrescent; corolla salverform, purple or white, 3% to 5 lines long, little surpassing the calyx, t h e t u b e often yellow; corolla-limb 1 to 1 % lines broad, its lobes roundish, emarginate; stamens unequally inserted; seeds 1 in each cell, with a rather broad thin margin. — Open hills, 300 to 8600 ft., almost throughout Cal. Mar.-Apr. (Gilia gracilis Hook. Collomia gracilis Dougl.) 4. NAVARRETIA R. & P. Small annuals with mostly rigid stems. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnatifid or the lowest sometimes entire or subentire, the segments mostly rigid, subulate, cuspidate or spinose. Calyx not accrescent, its teeth or lobes mostly unequal, toothed or cleft, or entire, its tube scarious between the 5 angles or ribs. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, blue, white or yellow. Capsule 3-celled and 3-valved, or in some species 1-celled and 4valved. (Fr. Ferd. N a v a r r e t e , a Spanish physician.) A.

H E A D S W I T H T H E BRACTS A N D CALYCES DENSELY WHITE-WOOLLY

B.

HEADS

WITH

THE

BRACTS

AND

CALYX-TEETH P U B E S C E N T VERY S P I N E S C E N T .

TO

1 . N. GLABROUS,

abramsii. COMMONLY

1. Capsule not regularly dehiscent, the walls thin and transparent and closely covering the seeds which are agglutinated into a mass; flowers white (sometimes pale blue in no. 2). Stems erect or spreading. Leaves bipinnatifid ; bracts densely white-tomentose 2. N. intertexta. Leaves once p i n n a t i f i d ; sinuses of the calyx white-hairy 3. N. leucocephala. P r i m a r y flower-cluster seated on the ground, the b r a n c h e s r a d i a t i n g f r o m beneath it and p r o s t r a t e ; calyx-segments trifid 4. N. prostrata. 2. Capsule regularly dehiscent by valves and releasing the seeds which are free from each other. Leaves (or some of them) pinnately parted with the divisions incised or p a r t e d . Stamens exserted; capsule 1-celled. Leaves with soft lobes; capsule 2-seeded. Corolla creamy-white; flowers 4-merous 5. N. cotulaefolia. Corolla yellow; flowers 5-merous 6. N. nigellaeformis. Leaves with firm, rigid or p u n g e n t lobes. Terminal leaflet spatulate- or lanceolate-dilated. Calyx-lobes or some of them toothed; corolla blue; common 7. N. pubescens. Calyx-lobes commonly all e n t i r e ; corolla bine or purple. Capsule r o u n d e d at a p e x ; s. of San Francisco Bay. Calyx-lobes merely cuspidate, sub-glabrous; capsule dehiscent f r o m the apex 8. N. setiloba. Calyx-lobes subulate, pungent, crisp-villous; capsule dehiscent f r o m the base 9. N. jaredii. Capsule obscurely 4-lobed at a p e x ; diffusely b r a n c h e d ; n. of San Francisco B a y 10. N. mitracarpa. Terminal leaflet acicular-acerose; corolla yellow; low p l a n t with much-congested h e a d s ; Sierra Nevada 11. N. breweri. Stamens not exserted; corolla blue or white. Seeds 8 to 12 in each cell; herbage strongly mephitic-scented. . . 1 2 . N. squarrosa. Seeds 4 in each cell; herbage honey-scented 13. N. mellita. Leaves merely pinnatifid or incised or pinnate, or some of them entire. Small plants, 2 to 3 (or 8 ) in. h i g h ; stems slender; leaves filiform, entire or with 1 or 2 (or 3) p a i r s of short filiform lobes mostly n e a r the b a s e ; bracts dilated, palmately cleft into 3 to 5 unequal subulate entire lobes. P l a n t s erect, the heads mostly on slender branches prolifierous f r o m beneath the terminal head of the main stem 14. N. prolifera. P l a n t s diffusely branched, mostly broader t h a n h i g h ; branches filiform, mostly proliferous. Stamens exserted f r o m corolla 15. N. filicaulis. Stamens included in corolla. Calyx-lobes white-villous; middle altitudes, Sierra Nevada 16. N. divaricata. Calyx-sinuses densely short-hairy, otherwise sxibglabrous; Lassen and Modoc Cos 17. N. minima.

788

POLEMONIACEAE Small or large plants, 2 to 15 in. high; leaves, or some of them, commonly with the rachis relatively broad ( : /2 to 1 or 3 lines wide) ; bracts laciniately cleft or coarsely toothed. Capsule several-seeded. Stems slender; erect plants; bracts mostly ovate, laciniate towards the base. 18. jV. heterodoxa. Stems stoutish; mostly spreading plants, very coarse and spiny; bracts spiny-pinnatifid 19. N. atractyloides. Capsule with 1-seeded cells; corolla 6 to 7 lines long; bracts, especially the inner, dilated, palmately cleft into lanceolate often toothed segments 20. N. viscidula.

1. N. abramsii Elmer. Stem freely branching from and above the base, in. high; herbage lanate, soon glabrate, the heads persistently white2 to woolly; leaves % to IV2 in. long, pinnately divided with 1 or 2 pairs of filiform segments, or entire and filiform; bracts with linear-filiform or subulate divisions; flowers in heads, the heads terminal on the branches, about 5 to 7 lines broad; calyx with lanceolate-subulate lobes % as long as the very scarious tube; corolla tubular-funnelform, pale blue, 2 % lines long, its lobes narrow, about % as long as the tube; capsule 3-seeded, the seeds mucilaginous under water. —Very rare: Santa Cruz Mts. (Black Mt.); perhaps also Lake Co. 2. N. intertexta (Benth.) Hook. Fig. 768. Stem erect, simple or often branching from the base, 2 to 7 in. high; herbage white-puberulent but not glandular; leaves 4 to 12 lines long, bipinnatifid, the narrowly linear or subulate segments spinesc e n t - t i p p e d ; bracts pinnatifid, strongly dilated at- base, body of bracts and exterior of calyx-tube densely white-villous or woollytomentose; calyx-lobes with a tuft of hairs on the base inside, otherwise glabrous; calyx % as long as corolla; 768. Navarretia intertexta Hook.; a, fl. corolla white or lavender, slenderbranch x 1 ; !>, bract x 2 % ; c, fl. x 2 % . funnelform, 4% lines long.—Depressions in the valleys and hills, 50 to 4000 ft.: Great Valley; Coast Kanges; Sierra Nevada foothills; e. side Sierra Nevada; s. to San Diego Co.; n. to Wash, and Mont. May-June. (Gilia intertexta Steud.) 3. N. leucocephala Benth. Fig. 769. Stems simple or branching from the base, 3 to 5 in. high; herbage whitish-puberulent; leaves % to 2 in. long, pinnately parted, the divisions filiform, mostly remote, entire or sparingly toothed, the rachis broad and often prolonged into an elongated terminal entire division; calyx glabrous but with a tuft of hairs at each sinus, the teeth mostly entire and nearly equal, equaling the corolla; corolla clear white, 2 to 4 lines long.—Low places in fields and beds of pools where water has stood in winter or early spring, often forming dense colonies, 100 to 1500 ft.: Sierra Nevada foothills; Great Valley; Sonoma and Lake Cos. to Mendocino Co.; n. to southern Ore. 4. N. prostrata (Gray) Greene. Plants prostrate; primary flower-cluster or head sessile at the ground, the branches radiating from beneath it, simple or once forked, terminating in the head-like clusters, 1 to 2% in. long; herbage glabrous; bracts and calyces white-puberulent; leaves pinnatifid, % to 2 in. long, the rachis broad and elongated, the segments remote; heads dense, surrounded by foliaceous bracts 1 to 1% in. long; inner bracts trifid at apex, chartaceous below, not exceeding the corolla; calyx with unequal

GILIA F A M I L Y

789

teeth, the 2 longer tri-dentate; corolla white, 3% lines long; calyx-teeth in fruit contracted over the 2-celled capsule; seeds 9 to 11, small.—Plains and valleys, 50 to 1500 ft.: Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys s. to coastal S. Cal. May. (Gilia prostrata Gray.) 5. N. c6tulaefdlia (Benth.) H. & A. Stem erect, corymbosely branching from above base, 4 to 13 in. high; herbage finely pubescent; leaves % to 2 in. long, bipinnatifid, the segments linear, soft, barely cuspidate; bracts and calyx white-hairy, glabrous at the base; flowers commonly 4-merous; calyx-lobes varying from nearly equal and entire to unequal, with the longer variously toothed; corolla creamy or dull white, 3 to 5 lines long, somewhat exceeding the calyx; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, dehiscing from the base, 2-seeded; embryo with entire cotyledons.—Valley fields, 20 to 1500 ft.: Coast Ranges from San Benito Co. to Mendocino Co.; Sacramento Valley and foothills w.; n. Sierra Nevada foothills; n. to Siskiyou Co. and Ore. (Gilia cotulaefolia Steud.) 6. N. nig£llaef6rmis Greene. Very 769. Navarretia leucocephala Benth.; h a b i t x 1/2 ; 21/2 c b r a c t close to no. 5 but flowering later when ' growing with it; bracts multifid; calyxteeth pinnatifid; corolla yellow, 8 lines long.—Low places in valleys: Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys; Coast Ranges. 7. N. pubSscens (Benth.) H. & A. Stem erect, usually branching above, 8 to 18 in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves pinnately divided with the divisions laciniately lobed, % to 1% in. long; terminal portion of the leaf less deeply divided or merely laciniate-toothed, so that the rachis appears as if spatulate-dilated; lower portion of bracts and middle portion of calyces white-hairy, sometimes merely puberulent; 3 calyx-teeth small and entire, 2 longer and toothed, or all pinnately toothed; corolla deep blue, 7 to 8 lines long, lYi times as long as the calyx, the throat funnelform; stamens exserted; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved as in G. cotulaefolia; cotyledons of the embryo parted into 3 lobes, the divisions so deep as to give the appearance of 6 cotyledons.—Low hills and valleys, 10 to 1500 f t . : Coast Ranges; Great Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills. Var. TAGETINA Jepson n. comb. Bracts finely bipinnatifid, these and the calyces merely pubescent.—Great Valley and foothills of neighboring ranges. (N. tagetina Greene.) 8. N. setiloba Cov. Stem erect, branching from near the base or subsimple, 4 to 6 in. high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves with ovatelanceolate terminal lobe, the rachis bearing small bipinnatifid pinnae with acicular segments; terminal lobe 4 to 8 lines long, its margin irregularly and finely laciniate; bracts with lanceolate terminal lobe and subregular acerose-toothed margin, the rachis bearing on and above the dilated base 2forked acerose segments; calyx mostly equaling the corolla; corolla blue, 4 to 5 lines long; capsule 1-seeded.—Walker Basin to Tehachapi Mts. 9. N. jaridii Eastw. Stem with many branches from or near the base, slender, 2 to 10 in. high; herbage puberulent; lower leaves simply pinnate, IV2 to 1 in. long, the segments acerose, cuspidate, % to 1% lines long, regular, that is remotely pectinate; bracts pinnatifid; calyx about % as long as corolla, the larger lobes toothed; corolla 5 lines long, the tube filiform, the throat ample and limb 2 to 2% lines broad; capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Dry hills, 800 to 1500 f t . : Monterey and San Luis Obispo Cos.

790

POLEMONIACEAE

10. N. m i t r a c a r p a Greene. Stem branching a t or above the base, 4 to 6 in. high, the branches ascending, slender; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves pinnate, 4 to 7 lines long, the divisions filiform, cuspidate, % to 2 lines long; upper leaves and bracts bipinnatifid into subulate segments; 2 calyx-teeth entire, the 3 longer toothed; corolla purple, 3 to 4 lines long, equaled by the longer calyx-teeth; stamens exserted; capsule 1-celled, 1seeded, aeutish at base, 4-valvate from base, the rounded summit obscurely 4-angled.—Dry hills, 1500 to 2500 f t . : Lake and Colusa Cos. 11. N . brfrweri (Gray) Greene. Stem shortly branched, the branches ending in capitate clusters, thus forming a usually dense or congested plant 1 to 3% in. high and commonly as broad; leaves pinnate with the lobes t r i p a r t i t e into acicular-subulate divisions, 4 to 6 or 9 lines long, the bracts with similar divisions; calyx-teeth acicular-subulate, twice as long as the tube, exceeding the corolla; corolla yellow; stamens exserted; ovary-cells 1 or 2-ovuled.— Montane valleys or flats, 4000 to 8000 f t . ; easterly summits or easterly slopes of the Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Amador Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to Modoc Co. 12. N . squarrdsa (Esch.) H. & A. SKUNKWEED. Stem erect, branching a t or above the base, 8 to 16 in. high; herbage pubescent and noxiously glandular; leaves % to 1% in. long, once or twice pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate and o f t e n crowded; calyx 6 lines long, very scarious below, the teeth lanceolate and pungent; corolla blue, sometimes very pale, 5 to 6 lines long, its tube little or scarcely at all exceeding the teeth; stamens included; seeds many, small.—Valley levels and low hills, 50 to 2300 ft., common: Monterey Co. to Alameda, Napa, Lake and Humboldt Cos.; n. to B. C. 13. N . mellita Greene. Stem slender, diffusely branching from the base or sometimes subsimple and erect, often reddish, 3 to 6 (or 13) in. high; herbage glandular-villous; leaves % to l1/^ in. long, pinnately parted into linear-subulate entire or toothed segments; bracts dilated and laciniately toothed or cleft into narrow divisions, or the middle division ovate, abruptly cuspidate and often entire; heads small, 4 to 6 (or 10) lines broad; calyx equaling the corolla; corolla very slender-funnelform, very pale blue or white, 3 to 6 lines long; stamens not exserted.—Hill slopes, 200 to 1500 f t . : w. Lake Co.; Mendocino, Napa and w. Solano Cos. to Santa Clara Co. July. 14. N. prolifera Greene. Main stem erect, simple, 1 to 3 in. high, bearing a single terminal head, with 2 to several branches proliferous from beneath the primary head, these branches slender or filiform, naked, 1 to 3 in. long, each bearing a single head; herbage glabrous, the bracts white-tomentulose; leaves 5 to 11 lines long, filiform and entire, or with 1, 2, or 3 remote pairs of short filiform lobes V2 to 1 line long; bracts palmately 5-cleft, t h e undivided portion white-chartaceous; calyx about % as long as corolla, its teeth subulate, nearly twice as long as chartaceous tube, somewhat tomentulose; corolla purple or yellow, 2 to 5 lines long.—Chaparral slopes, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Eldorado Co. to Tulare Co. 15. N. fillcaulis (Torr.) Greene. Stems 1 to several from the base, very slender or wiry, 2 to 8 in. high; herbage minutely glandular-puberulent; leaves filiform, entire, % to l 1 ^ in. long, or pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of shortfiliform lobes near the base or at the middle; flowers in small heads, the heads 1% to 2% lines broad, on peduncles 3 to 10 lines long; bracts with subulate-spinose tips exceeding the flowers; calyx lines long, the teeth very unequal, 2 very small; corolla dark purple, 2% lines long; stamens and style exserted, 1% times as long as corolla; capsule thin-walled, 1-celled (or imperfectly 2-celled), 4 to 8-seeded.—Dry hills, 500 to 2000 f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m B u t t e Co. to Mariposa Co. 16. N. divaricilta (Torr.) Greene. Main stem short, % to % in. high, terminated by a head of flowers and bearing 2 to several ascending or spreading very slender brandies, each terminated by a head usually with 2 to 4 branches proliferous f r o m beneath each secondary head, these latter branches ending in a head or cluster of heads, the plants 1% to 3% in. high, usually broader t h a n high; body of heads 3 to 5 lines broad; herbage villous or glabrate; bracts white-pubescent at base, palmately cleft into 3 to 5 acerose divisions equaling or exceeding the flowers; leaves filiform

GILIA FAMILY

791

or acicular, 4 to 9 lines long, simple or with 2 pairs of short-acicular teeth near the base; calyx 2 to lines long, exceeding or at least equaling the corolla, rarely a little shorter, its lobes very unequal, acerose, entire, cobwebby; corolla minute, pinkish or purplish; capsule cells 3 to 6-seeded.— Sandy flats and borders of meadows or dry openly forested slopes and ridges, abundant, often forming dense colonies: Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 8200 ft., from Kern Co. to Nevada Co. and n. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; White Mts.; Coast Ranges, 2500 to 5000 ft., from Lake Co. to Mendocino Co.; n. to southern Ore. 17. N. minima Nutt. Stem branched from the base, 1 to 2% in. high; herbage scantily puberulent or subglabrous; leaves pinnate, 3 to 5 lines long, the segments linear or subulate; bracts similar to the leaves; calyx-lobes 1% times as long as the tube, the scarious intervals between the ribs very broad, the sinuses densely short-hairy; corolla white, to 3 lines long, shorter than the calyx.—Overflowed places or margins of ponds, 4000 to 6000 f t . : Lassen Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Ore., e. to Col. July-Aug. 18. N. h6terod6xa (Gray) Greene. Stem very slender, erect, branching, rarely simple, 4 to 11 in. high; herbage slightly glandular-puberulent; internodes long; leaves % to 1% in. long, the lower ones with narrowly linear rachis and many pinnate short-subulate segments, the uppermost lanceolate and entire except at the laciniately toothed base; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, laciniate-toothed towards the base; calyx-segments entire, nearly equal; corolla blue, 5 lines long, with exserted declined stamens; capsule 8 to 14-seeded, the seeds small.—Dry hills, 500 to 1500 f t . : Napa and Sonoma Cos. to Santa Clara Co. June. (N. parvula Greene. N. rosulata Brand.) 19. N. atr&ctyloldes (Benth.) H. & A. Stems freely branched, stoutish, the branches short and spreading or procumbent, 2 to 8 in. high; herbage somewhat purplish and villous-pubescent; leaves rigidly coriaceous, oblonglanceolate to ovate, Y2 to 1% in. long, the rachis or main body (1 or) 2 to 4 lines broad, the margin armed with subulate or aristate teeth; bracts similar to the leaves, very coriaceous and spiny; calyx-segments moderately or very unequal, ovate to lanceolate, entire, setaceous at apex; corolla narrowly funnelform, purple, 7 to 9 lines long; stamens included; seeds about 10 in each cell—Dry hills, 500 to 1500 f t . : Humboldt Co., w. Colusa Co. and Lake Co. to coastal S. Cal. July. Habit suggesting certain species of Chorizanthe. (N. macrantha Brand.) Yar. FOLIACEA Jepson n. comb. Leaves with broad (2 to 3% lines) rachis, less coriaceous, the lobes or teeth less spinose; corolla white. — Monterey Co. to San Diego Co. (N. foliacea Greene.) Yar. TLAVIDA Jepson n. var. Similar to var. foliacea; corolla yellow with purple markings. —San Gabriel Mts. (North Pork San Gabriel Eiver, 1500 ft., F. W. Peirson, type). Var. HAMATA Jepson n. comb. Stems sometimes slender; rachis of leaves % to 3 lines broad; 3 terminal spines of leaves and bracts conspicuously divaricate or hooked. — Open ground or open woods, near the coast, Monterey Co. to San Diego Co. (N. hamata Greene.) 20. N. viscidula Benth. Tig. 770. Stem erect, subdivaricately or somewhat proliferously branched, sometimes spreading or subprostrate,

N a v a r r e t i a v i s c i d u l f t B enth. ; a, habit x l ; 6, bract x 2; c, long. sect, of fl. x 2.

770

792

POLEMONIACEAE

sometimes dwarfish and simple, 1 % to 7 in. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves % to 2Y 2 in. long, narrow, the lower with slender rachis and remote filiform lobes, the upper with broad rachis and remote short-subulate lobes; b r a c t s little dilated, palmately parted, the lobes incisely toothed, or ovate with 1 or 2 laciniate t e e t h on each side; corolla rather large, blue-purple, 5 to 7 lines long, 1 % times as long as the calyx, the limb 2 lines broad, its lobes elliptic; stamens exserted; ovules 1 to 4 in each cell.—Valleys, plains and low hills, sandy soil, rocky slopes, or sun-baked clays, 100 to 1500 f t . : Coast Ranges ( b a c k from the c o a s t ) from Contra Costa Co. to Mendocino Co.; Great V a l l e y ; S i e r r a Nevada foothills from B u t t e Co. to Tulare Co. (Gilia viscidula H. & A.) V a r . PURPUREA J e p s o n n. comb. B r a c t s r a t h e r densely villous a t base.—Amador and Calaveras Cos. (N. purpurea Greene.) 5. H U G E L I A B e n t h . Herbs lanate when young, not at all glandular. L e a v e s or t h e i r simple divisions linear or filiform and rigid. Flowers crowded into capitate leafybracted clusters. B r a c t s 3 to 5-cleft, these and the calyces densely woollymatted. Calyx-lobes subulate, pungent. Corolla salverform. Stamens exserted; anthers deeply s a g i t t a t e . Capsule many-seeded. Seed-coats changing under water. ( B a r o n Charles de Hugel of V i e n n a . ) WELWITSCHIA. Woody-based perennial; corolla-tube 2 to 3 times longer than the calyx. . . . 1 . 3. densifolia. Annual or biennial; corolla-tube scarcely or but little longer than the calyx. Corolla regular. Corolla-lobes % to % as long as tube, the limb blue 2.3. filifolia. Corolla-lobes scarcely or but little longer than the tube. Corolla yellow 3.3. lutea. Corolla blue. Leaves 1 to 3-parted 4.3. virgata Leaves 3 to 7-parted 5. 3. brai/ntonii Corolla-lobes arranged in 2 lips, the limb lavender 6. 3. eremica.

1. H. densifolia B e n t h . Stems many from a t u f t e d woody base, erect, simple or branched above, 5 to 14 in. (or 2 f t . ) high; herbage lanate-tomentose when young, glabrate in a g e ; leaves Vi to 2 % in. long, narrowly linear and entire or with 1 to 3 pairs of short-subulate spinulose lobes a t t h e middle or toward the b a s e ; flower-clusters terminal, dense, t h e foliaceous b r a c t s and the calyces implexed-woolly; corolla deep blue, 5 to 8 lines long, its tube little longer than the longest calyx-lobe, its own lobes oblong, about 2 lines long.—Dry or chaparral slopes, 1000 to 6000 f t . : San Diego Co. to the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains and n. to S a n t a Clara Co.; Tehachapi M t s . ; s. S i e r r a Nevada in K e r n Co.; Owens Valley. J u n e - S e p t . (Gilia densifolia B e n t h . ) V a r . SANCTÒRUM Jepson n. comb. Corolla 1 to 1 % in. long. San Bernardino Valley. (Gilia densifolia var. sanctorum Milliken.) 2. H. filifòlia J e p s o n n. comb. Stem erect, simple or virgately branched, 2 to 8 in. high; herbage white-tomentulose or g l a b r a t e ; leaves filiform, entire or at base with 2 small lobes, 4 to 11 lines long; heads densely woolly; b r a c t s 2 to 5-cleft, mostly recurved, at base hyaline; calyx densely woolly, its lobes shorter than the t u b e ; corolla blue, 5 to 6 lines long, its tube mostly equaled by the c a l y x ; stamens barely exserted, ovary-cells 4-ovuled.—Plains and valleys, 1500 to 4000 f t . : San Diego Co.; Lassen Co.; n. to Wash., e. to N. Mex., s. to L . Cai. (Gilia filifolia N u t t . ) V a r . SPARSIFLÒRA J e p s o n n. comb. Heads 1 to 3-flowered; corolla white, the throat purple-dotted.—S. Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co. (Gilia sparsiflora E a s t w . ) 3. H. lùtea B e n t h . Stem erect, nearly simple or branched from the base, 2 to 7 in. high; herbage arachnoid-tomentose or glabrate, the heads woolly; leaves linear, entire or with 1 or 2 short lobes at base, % to 1*4 in. long; corolla bright yellow, salverform, 4 % to 5 lines long, its lobes narrow-ovate, nearly as long as the t u b e ; ovary-cells 1 or 2-ovuled.—Mountain slopes, 500 to 1500 f t . : Monterey Co. to n. San Luis Obispo Co. (Gilia lutescens Steud.) 4. H. v i r g à t a B e n t h . Stems simple or branching from the base, 5 to 15 in. high; leaves filiform, entire, the upper 3-parted, % to 1 in. long; flowers in small head-like clusters, the clusters terminal on the stem or branches or virgately disposed along the branches, or the branchlets much elongated and the inflorescence thus corymbose; bracts and calyx very densely woolly; corolla tubular-funnelform, blue (the throat yellow), 6 to 8 lines long, surpassing the

GILIA

793

FAMILY

acerose calyx-lobes; stamens exserted; anthers 1 line long.—Hillslopes, 1000 to 2000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; n. to Monterey Co. June-July. (Gilia virgata Steud.) Var. S A P P H I R I N A Jepson n. comb. Openly branched, % to 2 f t . high; leaves entire; clusters few (2 to 4)-flowered, weakly lanate.—San J a c i n t o Mts. to Cuyamaca Mts. (Gilia sapphirina E a s t w . ) Var. F L O C C 6 S A Jepson n. comb. Stem freely branched, 5 to 11 in. high, the heads small, densely and persistently woolly; leaves linear-filiform, entire; corolla lavender; anthers V2 line long.—East slope or e. summits of the Sierra Nevada from Lassen Co. to Fresno Co. (Gilia floccosa Gray.) Var. P Y G M A ^ A Jepson n. var. Plants 4 to 7 lines high, the flower-clusters 1 to 3, capitately congested, almost sessile on the ground; leaves linear, entire.—New York Mts., e. Mohave Desert (Jepson 5463, type). Var. D A S Y A N T H A Jepson n. comb. Closely and repeatedly branched, 2 to 5 in. high; leaves narrow, entire or with 1 or 2 pair of teeth or short lobes near the base; heads 6 to 8-flowered, densely woolly.—Colorado Desert. (Navarretia virgata var. dasyantha Brand.) 5. H. brauntdnii Jepson & Mason n. comb. Stem mostly simple below and branched above, erect, 5 to 9 in. high; leaves pinnately parted into 3 to 7 filiform divisions, % to in. long, shortly petioled or subsessile; heads dense, floccose, % to mostly 1 in. broad; corolla tubular-funnelform, vivid blue, 6 to 9 lines long; stamens exserted beyond the tube.—Sandy flats in the mts. or valleys, 1000 to 6000 f t . : South Coast Ranges; San Joaquin Valley; s. Sierra Nevada foothills from Fresno Co. to Tulare Co. June-Aug. (Gilia brauntonii Jepson & Mason. G. virgata var. floribunda Gray.) 6. H. erfemica Jepson n. sp. Stems many from the base, freely and often dichotomously branched, 4 to 6 in. high; leaves 5 to 9 lines long, pinnately divided into 5 to 7 short linear lobes; heads small, densely woolly; corolla violet or lavender, twice as long as the calyx, its lobes bilabiately arranged, with 3 lobes in upper lip, and 2 lobes spreading right and left as a lower lip.—Central Mohave Desert (Calico Wash, ne. of Barstow, Jepson 5414, type). 6. G i L I A B. & P . Annual or sometimes perennial herbs. Leaves all, or rarely only the upper, alternate, pinnately toothed, lobed, or divided, or sometimes entire. Calyxteeth usually equal, the tube scarious below the sinuses, ruptured by the growing capsule. Corolla funnel- to salver-form, blue, yellow, red or white, the lobes mostly shorter than the tube, the stamens equally (rarely unequally) inserted on its throat. Capsule 3-celled and 3-valved, the seeds many, rarely few or one. (Felipe Luis Gil, Spanish botanist of the l a t t e r half of the 18th century.) A.

P L A N T S P E R E N N I A L OK B I E N N I A L .

Flowers red (pink or yellowish) Flowers white

B.

1. Flowers

PLANTS

1. G. aggregate. 2. G. congesta.

ANNUAL.

in dense heads or in loose

clusters.

Inflorescence not leafy. Flowers 25 to 50 in dense heads 3. G. capitata. Flowers in loose clusters or open cymes, 3 to 10 in each cluster. Corolla tricolored 4. G. tricolor. Corolla blue (to white) 5. G. mutticaulis. Inflorescence leafy-bracted. Flowers loosely congested; bracts mostly twice as long as flower-cluster; stems moderately leafy 6. G. depressa. Flowers in closely compact heads; bracts mostly little exceeding heads; stems sparsely leafy 7. G. polycladon. 2. Flowers

in open panicles

or

cymes.

Corolla funnelform or tubular. Upper cauline leaves pinnatifid. Leaves predominantly cauline. Leaf divisions filiform or linear Leaf divisions lanceolate. Calyx entirely herbaceous Calyx membranous below the sinuses to the base Leaves predominantly basal; flowers yellow

8. G.

peduncularis.

9. G. traskiae. 10. G. gilioides. 1 1 . G. ochroleuca.

794

POLEMONIACEAE

U p p e r c a u l i n e leaves variously lobed or e n t i r e . P l a n t s w i t h t h e s t e m s a r i s i n g f r o m a basal rosette of leaves. F l o w e r s % to 1 in. long 12. G. tenuiftora. F l o w e r s less t h a n V2 i n . long. Corolla-lobes e n t i r e a t apex 13. G. latifiora. Corolla-lobes notched a t apex 14. G. leptomeria. P l a n t s w i t h t h e leaves p r i n c i p a l l y cauline. L e a v e s l i n e a r or lanceolate. L e a v e s elliptic-lanceolate ( o f t e n a f e w s e r r a t i o n s ) ; corolla mostly tubular 10. G. gilioides. L e a v e s subfiliform to l i n e a r , e n t i r e ; corolla f u n n e l f o r m . Corolla p u r p l e to m a g e n t a 15. G. leptalea. Corolla w h i t e 16. G. capillaris. L e a v e s b r o a d , coarsely toothed 17. G. latifolia. Corolla c a m p a n u l a t e . Corolla 2 H to 5 l i n e s long. L e a v e s l i n e a r , e n t i r e ; s t a m e n s i n s e r t e d a t s i n u s e s of corolla. . . . 1 8 . G. filiformis. L e a v e s oblong-ovate, d e n t a t e or e n t i r e ; s t a m e n s i n s e r t e d a t base of corolla-tube. . 19. G. campanulata. Corolla 1 % to 2 l i n e s l o n g 20. G. micromeria.

1. G. aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. SCARLET GILIA. SKYROCKET. Fig. 771. Stem 1 or several f r o m the perennial or biennial root-crown, erect and usually simple, 1 to 2% f t . high; herbage puberulent and often slightly glandular, the leaf midribs often whitevillous; leaves pinnate or bipinnate with linear segments, % to 1% in. long, the petioles % to 1% times as long, the segments rather remote or those of the basal leaves crowded, 3 to 8 lines long; flowers in an elongate thyrse; calyx to 3 lines long, its lanceolate lobes 2 times as long as the tube; corolla salverform, commonly scarlet but varying through salmon and pink to white, % to 1% in. long, the subcvlindric tube 2 to 5 times as long as the calyx, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 5V2 lines long, rotate, becoming reflexed; stamens unequal, inserted in the sinuses, about equaling or much exceeded by the corolla-lobes, frequently declined; capsule ovoid, the cells many-seeded; seeds flat, showing spiricles when wetted. — Moist sandy flats or loose soil on sunny slopes, opens or openly wooded ridges, 4000 to 10,000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from Tulare and Inyo Cos. to Modoc Co.; Coast Ranges from 7 7 1 . Gilia a g g r e g a t a S p r e n g . ; a, l o w e r p a r t Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Can., of p l a n t ; ¡>, infl. x % . e. to the Great Plains. June-Aug. Yar. BRIDGÈSII Gray. Low, 3 to 6 in. high; leaf-segments crowded, more obtuse.—Sierra Nevada and s. to Providence Mts. 2. G. congèsta Hook. Stems few to many, slender, t u f t e d , simple or branched, erect or ascending, 5 to 10 in. high; herbage sparingly villous or somewhat floccose-canescent; leaves equal in size and distribution up the stem, commonly pinnate with 4 to 7 lobes but frequently trifid, the margins more or less revolute, t h e lobes linear, cuspidate, 2 lines long, often crowded a t t h e end of the petiole; flowers in dense bracteate capitate clusters, the clusters 5 to 7 lines broad, corymbosely arranged; calyx about equaling the corolla-tube, its lobes linear, cuspidate, villous-pubescent, about Vs as long as the tube; corolla short-salverform, white, 2% to 3 lines long, its tube 1% lines long and the limb about as wide; stamens inserted in the sinuses, evidently b u t not conspicuously exserted; capsule oval, about 1 line long, 1 to 3seeded; seed-coats changing when wetted.—Dry ridges and plateau plains,

795 5000 to 11,000 f t . : White Mts.; Tuolumne Co. to e. Shasta, Lassen and Modoc Cos.; n. to Wash., e. to Utah. June-Aug. 3. G. capit&ta D o u g 1. Stem simple or commonly strictly branched above, % to 3 f t . high, the leaves basal and cauline, gradu a 11 y reduced upwards; herbage glabrous to puberulent, sometimes minutely glandular; leaves 1 to 4 in. long, pinnate to bipinnate with linear lobes, petioled, the petioles 2 to 12 lines long; flowers in terminal heads on naked peduncles, the peduncles long (2 to 13 in.); heads 5 to 11 lines broad; calyx glabrous, rarely pubescent or woolly; corolla funnelform, white to blue, purple and lavender, 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes linear; stamens inserted in the sinuses, exserted; capsule ovate, several-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted. —Open slopes and flats, 500 to 5000 f t . : Sierra Nevada; North Coast Ranges; n. to Wash. (G. glandulifera Hel.) The varieties merge with the species, the geographic segregation here indicated being only approximate. Yar. ACHILLEAEF6LIA Mason n. comb. Fig. 772. Heads commonly 8 to 18 lines broad; calyx commonly woolly or pubescent, sometimes glabrous; corolla 4 to 6 lines long.— Hillslopes and valleys, 50 to 5300 f t . : Sonoma and Contra Costa Cos. to San Diego Co.; San Joaquin Valley; Teliachapi Mts. (G. achilleaefolia Benth. G. abrotanifolia N u t t . G. chamissonis Greene.) Var. REGINA Jepson n. var. Stem erect, 2 to 6 in. high, forked once, the leaves in a sub-basal t u f t ; heads 1 to 1% in. broad; corolla deep blue. — Sand dunes, P t . Reyes peninsula (Jepson 8315, type). 4. G. tricolor Benth. Fig. 773. Stem slender, erect, with few branches f r o m or above the base, or with many branches from the base and ascending, 8 to 16 in. high, the leaves in a basal t u f t and also cauline; herbage glabrate to somewhat glandular; leaves pinnate, 1 to 1% (or 3%) in. long, the petioles % to Vi as long, the segments linear, mostly remote, entire or pinnately toothed or laciniately cleft, 1 to 1% lines long; flowers in terminal cymes, the eymes on slender peduncles; calyx cylindric to turbinate, somewhat glandular, 2 lines long, the slender teeth % as long as the tube; corolla funnelform, 6 to 8% lines long, tricolored, lobes light blue, tube and base of throat yellow, top of throat dark blue; stamens equal, equally inserted just below the sinuses; anthers oval; style exceeding the 773. Gilia tricolor Benth.; a, infl.; i>, lower leaf, x 1.

796

POLEMONIACEAE

stamens; capsule many-seeded.—Open foothills, 100 to 3000 f t . : Coast Ranges from San Emigdio Mts. and from Monterey Co. to Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Kern Co. to Butte Co. 5. G. multicaulis Benth. Stem simple to much branched, strict or ascending, 6 to 20 in. high; herbage glabrate or puberulent or occasionally glandular; leaves chiefly basal or sub-basal, slightly reduced up the stem, pinnate or bipinnate with remote very narrow lobes, the lower ones 1% to 4 in. long, petioled, upper ones sessile; flowers in terminal 2 to 7-flowered glomerules, without bracts; calyx cleft its lobes triangular-lanceolate; corolla funnelform, blue or pinkish, to 5 (usually about 4) lines long, about twice as long as calyx; tube yellowish; stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted in the corolla-throat; capsule ovate-oblong, the cells many-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted.—Open places, hillsides and valleys, 500 to 3000 f t . : Yaca Mts. and Marin Co. to S. Cal. Feb.-June. A common and variable species. Yar. MILLEFOLTATA Jepson n. comb. Corolla little surpassing calyx, its throat ornamented with 5 black spots.—Along the coast, Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. (G. millefoliata F. & M.) Var. N E V I N I I Jepson n. comb. Stem erect with usually strict short branches, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage pubescent, slightly glandular; leaves numerous, cauline, thrice pinnate with short narrow segments, % to 1 V> in. long, the lower on petioles % to as long, t h e upper reduced and becoming sessile; glomerules b r a c t e a t e ; corolla very narrowly funnelform, bluish, 3J/j to 4 lines long, % longer t h a n calyx; capsule oblong.—Insular: Santa B a r b a r a Isls.; Guadaloupe Isl. (G. nevinii Gray.) 6. G. depr6ssa Jones. Stem branched f r o m or above the base, 2 to 3 % in. high; herbage grayish-pubescent, especially above; leaves thickish, linearlanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, entire or with a pair of small spreading cuspidulate-tipped lobes, thickish, 6 to 10 lines long, short-petioled; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate;'flowers in very leafy terminal glomerules; calyx cleft % ; corolla tubular-funnelform, 3 lines long, white, 1 to l V j times as long as calyx; stamens included; capsule globose-ovate, its cells several-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted.—Desert flats or canons, rare: Rabbit Sprs., Mohave Desert; Argus Mts.; Deep Spring Valley, Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. and Utah. 7. G. polycladon Torr. Branches from the base about 2 to 7, erect or strictly ascending, 4 to 8 in. high, the leaves remote along the branches and in a basal rosette (which disappears early); herbage puberulent, the stems sometimes a little glandular; leaves pinnatifid with cuspidulate segments, % to % in. long, on petioles about V2 as long; flowers in close very leafy clusters % to % in. broad; bracts narrowly ovate to obovate; corolla tubular, white, 1 to 2 lines long, little or scarcely at all exceeding the calyx; stamens on short filaments in the corolla-throat, included; capsule oval, the cells 2 (occasionally l)-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted.—Inyo Co. (Deep Spring Valley); e. to Utah and western Tex. 8. G. peduncularis Eastw. Stem much-branched from the base, 8 to 16 in. high, the branches slender, the leaves few and remote; herbage glabrate or somewhat glandular-villous above; leaves simple or bipinnate with remote narrow lobes, 1 to 2 in. long, petioled or the upper sessile; flowers in cymes, the cymes 1 to 4-flowered, the peduncles slender, l 1 /; to 2 in. long, somewhat divaricate; calyx 1% lines long, r a t h e r more than half as long as the corolla; corolla tubular-funnelform, blue, 2% to 4 lines long; stamens included, inserted at the sinuses; capsule ovate, the cells several-seeded; seeds mucilaginous when wetted.—Grassy slopes, Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to s. Monterey Co.; s. to San Diego Co. and L. Cal. May. 9. G. traskiae Eastw. Stem slender, branching, erect or decumbent, 5 to 6 in. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves variously pinnately toothed to divided or entire, % to IV4 in. long, the lower on petioles Vs or as long; flowers solitary on the upper portions of the stem, the pedicels slender; calyx entirely herbaceous, the lobes cut nearly to the base; corolla tubular-funnelform, white, 3 lines long, 1% times calyx; stamens equal, equally inserted near base of corolla-tube; capsule many-seeded.—Santa Catalina Isl.

GILIA FAMILY

797

10. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Fig. 774. Stem erect, 4 to 12 in. high, or becoming much branched, with the branches diffusely spreading or prostrate, y 3 to 2% f t . long, l e a f y ; herbage more or less villous and glutinous; leaves simple, linear, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, % to l ] / j in. long, the lower narrowed to a short petiole, or pinnate or pinnately cleft with 5 lobes or leaflets, these similar in shape to t h e simple leaves, or t h e upper leaves commonly trifld and sessile, the leaflets or lobes entire, commonly very unequal; flowers solitary or at times geminate and glomerate on slender peduncles, arranged in open irregular leafy cymes; calyx-lobes erect, linear, half as long as the tube; corolla tubular to somewhat funnelform, blue (raTely white or crimson), 3 to 5 lines long, 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx; stamens unequal, inserted unequally high in the tube, not conspicuously exserted; style exserted; capsule globose, its cells 1 (rarely 2)-seeded; seeds becoming mucilaginous when wetted.— Dryish flats or slopes, hills and mountains, 2500 to 9000 f t . ; common throughout Cai. Mar.-Aug. Var. GREENEÀNA Brand. Leaves with very broad segments, 2 to 5 lines wide, at times entire.—Same range, but in moister places. Yar. GLUTINÓSA Jepson n. comb. Stamens exserted.—Coastal S. Cai. (Collomia glutinosa Benth.) 11. G. ochroleùca Jones. Stems slender, several from the base, branched, erect or ascending, 4 to 7 in. high, the leaves in a basal t u f t b u t also cauline and reduced upwards; herbage glabrous, the stems often somewhat glaucous, the leaves rarely a little villous beneath, the inflorescence usually glandular; lower leaves pinnate, 8 to 10 lines long, shortly petioled, the lobes linear, entire or pinnatifid; cauline leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, sessile; flowers on slender pedicels in loose open cymes; calyx about 1 line long, its teeth % to % as long as the tube; corolla tubular-funnelform, yellow, rarely purplishtinged, 2 to 2V2 (or 3%) lines long, its t u b e % to 1 line long, commonly about equaling the calyx, or distinctly shorter or times as long, the throat usually a trifle shorter t h a n t h e t u b e ; stamens included; capsule ovate, cells several-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted.-—Desert slopes and mesas, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Mohave Desert; s. Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.; Inyo Co. Feb.-June. 12. G. ténuiflòra Benth. Stems 1 to many, erect or ascending from a basal cluster of leaves, % to 2y 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous to tomentulose, or o f t e n fioccose below, often glandular, especially above; leaves pinnately p a r t e d or divided, or some merely toothed, % to 2 in. long, on petioles % to % as long; primary segments pinnatifid or bipinnatifid or some entire, 1 to 4 lines long; cauline leaves greatly reduced, becoming short linearlanceolate bracts toward the inflorescence; inflorescence paniculate to glomerate, the flowers usually on short to 6 lines long) pedicels; calyx cylindric to globose, glandular-pubescent, membranous to base below the sinuses, 1% to 1% lines long, the teeth lanceolate, % to % as long as the t u b e ; corolla slenderly tubular-funnelform, pink, red or blue, 7 to 14 lines long; stamens unequal, equally inserted below the sinuses, included or slightly exserted; capsule many-seeded, equaling or exceeding the calyx; seed-coats developing mucilage when wetted.—Valleys and open hillslopes, 1500 to 6000

798

POLEMONIACEAE

f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert; n. to Monterey, Tulare and Inyo Cos. (G. arenaria Brand. G. grinnellii Brand.) Var. PURPfjsn Milliken. Basal leaves floccose to arachnoid-pubescent, the segments incisely pinnatifid, broad-based.—Desert mts.: Inyo Co. Var. cAna Jepson n. comb. Basal leaves wliite-tomentose, t h e segments orbicular or ovate, crenate or subentire, often with narrow base.—Mountain slopes, 6000 to 9000 f t . : Inyo Co. (G. latiflora var. cana Jones.) Var. dAvyi Mason n. comb. Leaves pinnately toothed, glabrous and somewhat fleshy.—San Gabriel Mts.; Mohave Desert; s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. (G. davyi Milliken.) 13. G. latiflora Gray. Stems f e w to many, erect or ascending from a basal cluster of leaves, % to 2% f t . high; herbage glabrous to tomentulose, or often floccose below, often glandular; leaves pinnately parted or divided, or some merely toothed, % to 2 in. long, on petioles % to % as long; primary segments pinnatifid or some entire, 1 to 4 lines long; cauline leaves greatly reduced, becoming short bracts toward the inflorescence; inflorescence paniculate, the flowers on short pedicels; calyx cylindric to globose, glandularpubescent, membranous to base below the sinuses, to 2 lines long, t h e teeth lanceolate, % to % as long as tube; corolla funnelform, blue to lavender, pink or whitish, 4 to 5 lines long; stamens unequal, equally inserted below t h e sinuses, somewhat exserted; capsule many-seeded, equaling or exceeding the calyx; seeds developing mucilage when wetted.—Valleys, plains and open liillslopes, 1500 to 5500 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; Modoc Co. Var. cAruif&lia Jepson n. comb. Stem erect, 1 % to 2 f t . high, branching above and forming a very large panicle; corolla purple, its throat yellow.—Ventura Co. to Cuyamaca and Laguna mountains. (G. caruifolia Abrams.) 14. G. leptom&ria Gray. Stems few to many from the base, more or less glandular, 3 to 9 in. high; leaves in a basal rosette, linear or oblanceolate in outline, pinnately lobed or toothed, % to 2 in. long, shortly petioled; cauline leaves represented by small oblong or linear bracts subtending the branches of the open-paniculate cymes; calyx about % as long as corolla; corolla salverform, white, pinkish or purplish, 2 to 3 lines long, its lobes short, acute or with 1 to 3 cuspidate t e e t h ; stamens inserted in throat, very short; capsule oval or oblong, the cells several-seeded; seeds unchanged when wetted.—Desert valleys, 2000 to 5000 f t . : e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; n. to Ore., e. to Utah and Ariz. Apr.June. 15. G. l e p t i l e a (Gray) Greene. Fig. 775. Stem freely (sometimes diffusely) and dichotomously branched or sometimes simple, erect, 2 to 12 in. (or to 1% f t . ) high, the leaves scanty, all cauline, the lowest pairs of leaves opposite b u t these early disappearing; herbage glabrate to puberulent, minutely glandular; leaves mostly subfiliform (or very narrowly linear or very narrowly lanceolate), 6 to 15 lines long, mostly % to % (or 1) line wide; inflorescence diffusely cymose, the flowers on filiform pedicels 2 to 10 lines long; calyx 1% to 2 lines long, its lobes about half as long as the tube; corolla funnelform, rose to purple or magenta, 4% to 9 lines long, the tube very narrow, dilated into a very large t h r o a t ; throat light or whitish with blue markings, the tube yellowish; stamens inserted in throat,

GILIA FAMILY

799

more or less unequal, included or exserted; capsule oblong, its cells 2 to 4seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted.—Open slopes and flats in the mts., 1000 to 9000 ft., common: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Plumas Co.; North Coast Eanges from Lake Co. to Mendocino Co. June-Aug. 16. G. capillitris Kell. Stem erect, commonly branching above, 2 to 9 in. high; leaves linear to narrow-lanceolate, 4 to 12 lines long, mostly % to 1 line wide; corolla tubular-funnelform, white, 2 to 3 lines long, the tube much less conspicuously dilated than in G. leptalea.—Northerly or halfshaded slopes, 6000 to 8100 ft., n. Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou Co., infrequent. 17. G. latifolia Wats. Coarse plants 3 to 13 in. high, the primary axis short and stout (1 to 2 in. long) with several ascending branches, or sometimes the stem simple and erect; herbage glandular-villous; leaves borne mostly on the lower % or y± of the plant, or subrosulate, 1 to 4 ^ in. long, ovate-oblong or nearly orbicular, coarsely serrate or irregularly incised, the teeth or lobes cuspidate; lower leaves petioled, the petioles 5 to 11 lines long, the upper leaves subsessile; flowers more or less congested into umbellate clusters borne in a dichotomous cyme; pedicels none to 12 lines long; calyx glandular-hairy, cleft halfway, about as long as corolla-tube, its lobes subulate; corolla short-salverform, pinkish, 3% to 4 lines long, the tube slightly exceeding the calyx, the lobes ovate, broader at the middle than at base, very acute; stamens unequal, inserted on the tube; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded; seeds not showing spiricles when wetted.—Desert plains and washes of canons, 100 to 4000 ft., abundant: Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co. Apr.-May. I t has the odor of Datura meteloides. 18. G. filif6rmis Parry. Stem branching from near the base, erect or diffuse, 4 to 7 in. high; herbage glabrous, sometimes with a faint bloom, sometimes minutely glandular above; leaves all cauline, filiform, % to 1 in. long; inflorescence paniculately cymose, the flowers on filiform pedicels 2% to 12 lines long; calyx about y2 as long as corolla, its lobes lanceolate, twice as long as the tube; corolla campanulate, yellow, 2% to 3 lines long, parted to near the base into oblong lobes; stamens unequal, inserted at the sinuses; capsule ovate, the cells several-seeded; seeds mucilaginous when wetted.— Desert mesas and canons, 2000 to 4000 f t . : e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. May. 19. G. campanulata Gray. Stem branched from or above the base with ascending somewhat glandular slender branches, 1% to 3 in. high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire or with a few narrow divergent teeth, cauline and basal 3 to 8 lines long; inflorescence cymose, the flowers solitary on slender pedicels 1 to 6 lines long or grouped in small glomerules; calyx parted nearly to base, the lobes broadly lanceolate with white scarious margins; corolla campanulate, white with a yellowish throat, 3 to 4 lines long, twice as long as the calyx, its lobes much shorter than throat and tube; stamens included, unequal, inserted at base of corolla-tube; capsule ovate, the cells several-seeded.—Arid slopes, 5000 to 6500 f t . : e. Inyo Co.; e. to southern Nev. Yar. brevii)scdla Jepson n. var. Corolla 2 lines long, the lobes equaling throat and tube.—Plats or canons, 5200 to 6200 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. (Lloyd Mdws., Kern Eiver, Jepson 4902, t y p e ) ; w. Inyo Co. 20. G. micromeria Gray. Stems several from the base, diffuse, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage glabrous or with minute gland-tipped hairs; leaves basal and cauline, linear-lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid, 3 to 7 lines long, much reduced above; cyme paniculately branched; pedicels slender, 2 to 10 lines long; calyx wholly herbaceous with 5 blunt lobes, glabrous; corolla campanulate to very short-funnelform, white or blue, l'/o to 2 lines long; stamens equal, equally inserted; anthers oval.—E. side Sierra Nevada (presumably Modoc Co.); nw. Nev. to e. Ore. 7. L I N A N T H U S Benth. Low or slender annuals. Leaves opposite, palmately divided to the base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (thus almost seeming as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire, rarely with some uppermost alternate. Flowers

800

POLEMONIACEAE

scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube commonly scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal. Corolla campanulate, funnelform, or salverform. Stamens equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few to many seeds in each cell. (Greek linon, flax, and anthos, flower.) A.

COROLLA C A M P A N U L A T E TO F U N N E L F O R M , I T S P R O P E R T U B E VERY S H O R T OR OBSCURE, M U C H S H O R T E R T H A N T H E T H R O A T ; D E S E R T S OR M O S T L Y SO. S u b g e n u s PARRYA.

Flowers 2 Disk Bisk Flowers 5

to at at to

Z x h lines l o n g ; calyx-lobes a little unequal. base of corolla 5-lobed base of corolla entire IVz lines long; calyx-lobes equal B.

1 . L. maculatus. 2. L. demissus. 3. L. parryae.

COROLLA F U N N E L F O R M OR S A L V E R F O R M .

1. Flowers

mostly scattered, usually solitary in the axils or terminal; corolla funnelform or tubular-funnelform, the throat tapering gradually down to the tube. Calyx-tube almost wholly m e m b r a n o u s ; corolla-lobes with 2 d a r k lines at b a s e . — S u b g e n u s MILLIKENIA 4. L. concinnus. Calyx-tube membranous only below the sinuses. Flowers 7 Vz to 10 lines long. Corolla-lobes d e n t a t e ; filaments h a i r y at b a s e ; a n t h e r s elliptic.—Subgenus FENZLIA 5. L. dianthiflorus. Corolla-lobes e n t i r e ; a n t h e r s linear-oblong.—Subgenus EULINANTHUS. Filaments flattened at base into a hairy pad 6. L. dichotomus. Filaments glabrous at base 7. L. bigelovii. Flowers 1 to 7 % lines long (see also no. 1 5 ) . — S u b g e n u s DACTYLOPHYLLUM. Stamens inserted j u s t below sinuses; corolla golden or cream yellow. Flowers mostly in close glomerules, short-pediceled to subsessile; pedicels Vz to 1 Vz lines long 8. L. lemmonii. Flowers paniculately cymose, long-pediceled; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long 9. L. aureus. Stamens inserted on lower half of throat. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m , white or cream-color, rarely lilac. Stems b r a n c h i n g f r o m the base, the branches at length dichotomous; plants diffuse 10. L. filipes. Stems simple below, b r a n c h i n g above, the b r a n c h e s mostly simple; plants erect. Filaments glabrous at base, the corolla without hairy ring. Corolla % to 1 line long 11. L. harknessii. Corolla 4 to lines long 12. L. linifiorus. Filaments hairy at base, forming a hairy r i n g on the corolla at insertion 13. L. pharnaceoides. Corolla t u b u l a r - f u n n e l f o r m . Corolla white or pink, 2 % to 5 lines long 14. L. bolanderi. Corolla blue. 6 to 10 lines long 15. L. ambiguus. 2. Flowers sessile in dense clusters or heads. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m or t u b u l a r - f u n n e l f o r m , the tube as long to twice as long as t h r o a t . — Subgenus

PACIFICUS

Corolla-tube subequal to or shorter t h a n lobes 16. L. grandifiorus. Corolla-tube longer t h a n lobes 17. L. orcuttii. Corolla strictly salverform, the tube slender-filiform, mostly 10 to 20 times as long as the t h r o a t . — S u b g e n u s LEPTOSIPHON. Calyx membranous only in sinuses. Corolla-lobes 2 to 3 lines broad. Corolla-tube twice as long as calyx 18. L. serrulatus. Corolla-tube 3 to 4 times as long as calyx 19. L. androsaceus. Corolla-lobes % to 1 % lines broad. Corolla-lobes 2 to 3 lines long; corolla purple, pink or pale yellow 20. L. parviflorus. Corolla-lobes 1 to IV2 lines long. Corolla golden-yellow 21. L. acicularis. Corolla pinkish or purplish 22. L. bicolor. Calyx membranous to base below sinuses. Inflorescence coarsely ciliate-pubescent. Corolla-lobes 1 to l 1 /^ lines long 23. L. ciliatus. Corolla-lobes 2 % to 3 % lines long, a pxirple spot at b a s e . . 2 4 . L. montanus. Inflorescence finely pilose. Leaf-segments l i n e a r ; corolla 7 % to 1 2 % lines long, its lobes obovate, obtuse 25. L. brevicvXus. Leaf-segments oblanceolate: corolla 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes quadrate, t r u n c a t e or emarginate 26. L. oblanceolatus.

1. L. macul&tus (Parish) Milliken. Stem branched from the base, % to 1 in. high, sparsely hispid-villous, equally leafy; leaves oblong-linear, entire, cuspidate, thick, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers on very short pedicels in leafy glomerate cymes; calyx parted almost to base, exceeding the corolla-tube, nearly equaling the corolla-lobes; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, ciliate, with a very narrow hyaline margin, evidently unequal, cuspidate; corolla campan-

GILIA FAMILY

801

ulate, white, 2 lines long, the lobes about % as long as tube; stamens on long filaments, inserted low in the tube; capsule oval, the cells several-seeded; seeds unchanged when wetted.—Kw. corner of Colorado Desert: Palm Sprs.; Whitewater. Bare. Mar.-Apr. 2. L. demissus (Gray) Greene. Branches many from base, dichotomously rebranched, decumbent or ascending, 1 to 3 in. long, equally leafy throughout, the leaves not reduced above; herbage glabrate or thinly puberulent, sparingly and microscopically glandular; leaves trifidly divided with spreading or divergent lobes, or entire, the leaf or its lobes linear, conspicuously cuspidate, 2% to 5 lines long; flowers in close leafy cymes, short-pediceled; calyx divided nearly to base into lanceolate lobes with hyaline or whitescarious margins, exceeding the corolla-throat; calyx-tube below sinuses scarious; corolla campanulate, white with purple-streaked throat, 2% to 4 lines long; corolla-lobes quadratish-oblong, % as long as throat, the proper tube very short, the long stamens inserted almost on its summit; capsule oblong-oval, % as long as the calyx; cells several-seeded; seeds unchanged when wetted.—Desert plains and canons, 2000 to 7500 f t . : e. Mohave Desert; P a n a m i n t Mts.; e. to Utah and Ariz. Apr.-May. (Gilia demissa Gray. L. dactylophyllum Rydb.) 3. L. p a r r y a e (Gray) Greene. Stem compactly branched, 1 to 2% in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves opposite, at least below, palmately 3 to 7-parted into acerose segments, 2 to 5 lines long; flowers several to numerous, congested in l e a f y cymes; calyx-lobes broadly scarious-margined, 2 to 3 times as long as the t u b e ; corolla funnelform, yellow (with a dark t h r o a t ) or bluish-lilac, or white, with dark purple reniform crests a t base of the lobes. 5 to 8 lines long, 6 to 9 lines wide, the lobes nearly twice as long as tube and throat combined, the tube about % as long as the t h r o a t ; filaments dilated at base, inserted at the summit of the corolla-tube; capsule obovate, the cells many-seeded; seeds minute, scarcely % line long, showing spiricles slightly when wetted.—Sandy desert flats and hard soil of arid slopes, 2000 to 6300 f t . ; Mohave Desert; n. to southern Sierra Nevada in K e r n and Inyo Cos. Mar.-June. 4. L. concinnus Milliken. Stem loosely branched, the branches ascending, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage slightly glandular-puberulent; leaves opposite, at least below, palmately 3 to 7-parted into linear or linear-spatulate acerose or cuspidate lobes, 3 to 6 lines long; flower3 in bracteate loosely glomerate cymes; calyx-lobes linear, % to % as long as tube, the intervals between t h e ribs and base of tube conspicuously hyaline-membranous; corolla funnelform, white with a yellowish tube and throat, 5 to 7% lines long, 4% to 6 lines wide, the limb equaling the tube and t h r o a t ; filaments inserted in the corolla-tube, somewhat dilated at the base; capsule ovoid-oblong, the cells 2 to 4-seeded; seeds about a line long, unchanged when wetted.—Dry roeky mountain slopes, 5000 to 7000 ft., i n f r e q u e n t : San Gabriel Mts. 5. L . dianthiflorus (Benth.) Greene. FRINGED P I N K . Stem branching, erect or spreading, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage subglabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves opposite below but frequently alternate above, linear-filiform, entire, 2 to 7 (or 15) lines long; plants abundantly floriferous, the flowers in small few-flowered leafy cymes, the pedicels shorter t h a n the calyx; calyx usually cleft to below the middle; corolla funnelform, lilac or pink, 6 to 9 lines long, 5% to 10 lines wide, its lobes dentate, about equaling the combined length of tube and t h r o a t ; throat yellow, marked with 5 spots, a little exceeding the yellowish or purplish tube; filaments hairy and dilated at the base, inserted in the tube, included; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded; seeds winged.-—Sandy ground, 500 to 2000 f t . : common in open fields in the coastal valleys of S. Cal. or sometimes on canon flats: w. side Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal. Jan.-May. (Gilia dianthoides Endl.) 6 . L . dichotomus Benth. E V E N I N G S N O W . Fig. 7 7 6 . Stem simple or dichotomously branched, 3 to 12 in. high, the leaves all opposite, the flowers on short pedicels in the forks or terminal, the pedicels % to 2 lines long; herbage glabrous with a glaucous tinge; leaves entire or palmately 3 to 5 or 7-divided, the leaf or its divisions narrowly linear or filiform, 6 to 12 lines long; flower

802

POLEMONIACEAE opening in late afternoon and closing the next morning; calyx cylindraceous with conspicuous hyaline intervals, its subulate lobes spreading, % or % as long as the tube; corolla tubularfunnelform, white with a brownish throat, % to 1M in. long, about 2 times as long as calyx, the lobes a little exceeding the t u b e and strongly convolute in the bud; stamens inserted below the middle of the tube, included; filaments with a hairy pad at base; style very short, about equaling t h e ovary; capsule oblong, t h e cells manyseeded; seeds with a white bladdery very loosely investing alveolate testa. —Gravelly or sandy places, 1000 to 5000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from B u t t e Co. to Tulare Co.; Great Valley (inf r e q u e n t ) ; Sonoma and Napa Cos. s. to Los Angeles and San Diego Cos.; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. Mar.-July.

7. L. bigeldvii (Gray) Greene. Stem dichotomously branched from the base, 2 to 12 in. high, the flowers subsessile in the f o r k s or terminal on the branchlets; herbage glabrous, pallid; leaves 776. Linanthus dichotomus Benth.; a, fl. opposite throughout, very narrowly branch x % ; i>, entire leaf x % ; c, divided linear and entire, or rarely 2 or 3leaf x Vz ; d, long. sect, of corolla-tube x 1 % ; parted, 6 to 10 lines long; calyx e, calyx x 1 % . cylindrical, glabrous, with very conspicuous hyaline intervals between the ribs, 4 to 5 lines long, its spreading lobes 1 to 1% lines long; corolla funnelform-tubular, yellow or orange with a dark circle in the throat, 4 to 6 lines long, exceeded by or exceeding t h e calyx; corolla-tube well developed and twice as long as the lobes, these usually strongly convolute in bud and 1 to 2 lines long; stamens inserted a t about the middle of the tube, included; filaments glabrous a t base; style 3-cleft more t h a n half w a y ; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded; seeds with a closely enveloping slightly bladdery testa.—Desert slopes and valleys, 2000 to 5300 f t . , i n f r e q u e n t : Colorado and Mohave deserts; Mt. Pinos; San Carlos Eange; e. to Utah and western Tex. Apr.-June. Var. J6NESII Jepson and Mason n. comb. Calyx covered with stout stipitate glands; hilum of seeds often in a deep pit.—Deserts, 500 to 2000 f t . : Inyo Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts; s. to L. Cal.; uncommon. Mar.-May. (Gilia jonesii Gray.) 8. L. lemmonii (Gray) Greene. Stem diffusely branched, spreading, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage puberulent or somewhat canescent; leaves divided into 3 to 5 linear lobes, 1 to 2 lines long, somewhat ciliate; flowers in close terminal glomerules, or a f e w long-pedicelled; calyx-lobes about as long as the tube, slightly ciliate; corolla funnelform, dull or pale cream-white or yellowish with dark throat, 2% to 3 lines long, t h e tube about 1 line long and equaling the broad throat, the lobes 1 to IV2 lines long; stamens inserted in t h e t h r o a t ; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded.—Sandy ground, 1000 to 5500 ft., back of the coast: San Bernardino Valley and San Jacinto Mts. to San Diego Co.; w. side Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal. Apr.-June. 9. L. Aureus (Nutt.) Greene. Stem diffusely and usually widely branched, IV2 to 7 in. high; herbage glabrate to puberulent, occasionally a little glandular; leaves palmately divided into 3 to 7 linear lobes, 1% to 3 lines long; flowers on capillary pedicels in small paniculate cymes; calyx exceeding the corolla-tube, its lobes % to % as long as the calyx-tube; corolla lemonyellow with a brownish throat, funnelform, 3 to 7 lines long, the tube whitish, 1 to IV2 lines long, t h e throat slightly exceeding tube; stamens inserted in t h e sinuses; capsule ovoid, t h e cells many-seeded; seeds small,

GILIA FAMILY

803

showing spiricles when w e t t e d . — Sandy ground, 1000 to 4000 (or 6000) f t . , often very abundant locally: coastal S. Cal.; Colorado and Mohave deserts and their bordering ranges; Inyo Co. Apr.-June. Var. decorus (Gray) Jepson. Corolla white or pale violet.—Colorado Desert. 10. L. filipes (Benth.) Greene. Fig. 777. Stem commonly much branched dichotomously, erect or very diffuse, filiform, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves palmately 5parted, 1% to 4 lines long; infloresence dichotomously p a n i c u l a t e cymose; pedicels filiform, 2 to 5 lines long; calyx hispidulose, % as long as the corolla, the lobes equal, somewhat pungent-tipped; corolla shortfunnelform, white to cream-color, rarely lilac, 2% to 4 lines long, with a hairy ring at the insertion of stamens; stamens inserted near the base of the t h r o a t ; style exceeding the stamens. — Open or openly wooded slopes or flats in the foothills, 200 to 4000 ft., a b u n d a n t : Sierra Nevada 777. Linanthus filipes Greene; a, habit x % ; f r o m Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., i>, fl. x 2; c, Umg. sect, ot corolla x 2; thence s. to Humboldt and w. Solano , c yx x Cos .; also on the rolling plains bordering the foothills. (Gilia filipes Benth. G. pusilla Gray.) 11. L. harknessii (Curran) Greene. Stem strictly erect, very slender, branching mostly above the base and ending above in a dichotomously branched paniculate cyme, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage sparsely puberulent, becoming glabrous; leaves palmately 3 to 5-parted into linear segments 1% to 8 lines long; flowers minute, solitary on filiform pedicels, the pedicels 3 to 10 lines long; calyx glabrous or nearly so, little shorter t h a n the corolla, its lobes equal, about % as long as the calyx-tube; corolla funnelform, white, % to 1% lines long, glabrous; stamens inserted at the base of the throat, filaments glabrous.—Open places, usually in granite soil, 5000 to 7000 f t . : Plumas, Modoc, Shasta and Siskiyou Cos.; Yollo Bolly Mts.; n. to Ida., e. to Wyo. June. 12. L. linifiorus (Benth.) Greene. Stem erect, usually simple below but freely and widely branched above, % to l 1 /^ f t . high, glabrous; leaves pal mately 3 to 7-divided into linear-filiform segments, microscopically scabrous pubescent in the sinuses, 3 to 5 (or 10) lines long; flowers on long capillary pedicels in a dichotomously branched paniculate cyme, the pedicels mostly 4 to 14 lines long; calyx 2 to 2% lines long, its lobes oblong or lanceolate, Vi to % as long as the t u b e ; corolla short-funnelform, white or tinged with pink or lilac, 5 to 8 lines long, the tube very short, y? to 1 line long, the throat about 2 lines long; stamens inserted in the corolla-sinuses, about % the length of the lobes; capsule oval, the cells several-seeded; seeds mucilaginous when wetted.—Open places, 100 to 4500 f t . : San Joaquin Valley; Placer Co.; Contra Costa Co. and San Francisco to San Mateo Co.; s. to coastal S. Cal. (Gilia liniflora Benth.) Var. vallIoola Jepson n. var. Pedicels widely divaricate, curved at tip, the flower thus erect.—Bakersfield plain (Jepson 8944, type.) 13. L. pharnstceoldes (Benth.) Greene. Stem erect, simple below or loosely and oppositely branched f r o m t h e base upwards, 8 to 18 in. high; herbage glabrous or puberulent; leaves palmately 3 to 7-divided into linear-filiform segments; flowers on long capillary pedicels, in a dichotomously branched cymose panicle; calyx 2 to 2% lines long, its lobes Vi to % as long as t u b e ;

804

POLEMONIACEAE

corolla short-funnelform, 3 to 4 lines long, the tube % to % line long, t h e throat not much exceeding i t ; stamens inserted in the sinuses, not exserted, the filaments hairy at base; capsule oval, the cells several-seeded; seeds mucilaginous when wetted.—San Luis Obispo Co. to Monterey Co. Apr.June. (Gilia pharnaceoides Benth.) 14. L. bolánderi (Gray) Greene. Stem very slender, di- or tri-chotomously branched from the base or sometimes simple, 2 to 6 in. high, glabrate or puberulent, occasionally a little glandular above but very minutely so; leaves palmately parted into 3 to 7 linear lobes, a little hirsutulose, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers cymose, the pedicels capillary, 3 to 6 lines long; calyx usually distinctly striate, about as long as corolla-tube; corolla tubular-funnelform, pink or white, 3 to 4 (or 6) lines long; stamens inserted in the sinuses, about 4 to 9 lines long; capsule oblong, the cells several-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted.—Dry slopes, often on outcropping ledges, 500 to 2000 f t . : Coast Eanges from San Benito and San Mateo Cos. to Tehama and Siskiyou Cos., thence s. in the Sierra N e v a d a foothills to Mariposa Co. and Tehachapi Range; n. to Wash. (Gilia bolanderi Gray. G. r a t t a n i Gray.) 15. L. ambiguus ( R a t t a n ) Greene. Stem simple or branched, erect, 2 V& to 6 (rarely 12) in. high, puberulent; leaves palmately 5-parted, 1 to 3 lines long, hirsutulose; flowers loosely cymose, the pedicels filiform, 5 to 10 lines long; calyx-lobes equal, puberulent; corolla tubular-funnelform, light blue, the tube very long, brown to purplish; stamens inserted at top of t h r o a t ; style slightly exceeding anthers.—Open hill slopes, forming colonies, 2000 to 3000 f t . : Mt. Hamilton Range, e. slope S a n t a Cruz Mts. from Loma l'rieta to Redwood City. The flowers close about 4 o'clock in t h e afternoon and open tardily the next morning. (Gilia r a t t a n i Fl. W. Mid. Cal.) 16. L. grandiflórus (Benth.) Greene. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 10 or 14 in. high, pubescent when young, a t length glabrous; leaves palmately parted into narrowly linear lobes 7% to 12 % lines long, the lower puberulent t o glabrous, those in the inflorescence ciliate; flowers 1 to many in a dense head in the terminal and subterminal axils; calyx scarious below the sinuses, its lobes ciliate, the tube longer t h a n the lobes; corolla f u n n e l f o r m to almost salverform, white or pink, 7% to 12% lines long, the t h r o a t long-tapering, about equaling the tube, the tube hairy w i t h i n ; stamens inserted on t h e base of the throat, equaling the throat, t h e filaments glabrous; style included.—Openly wooded mountain slopes or valley flats, 20 to 2500 f t . : Marin and Alameda Cos. to Monterey Co. (L. densiflorus Jepson. Leptosiphon densiflorus Benth.) 17. L. orcúttii Jepson n. comb. Stem branched from the base, 3 to 5 in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves palmately parted, l V j to 3 lines long; flowers capitately congested, sometimes axillary; calyx-lobes equal, sometimes pungent-tipped, membranous-margined below, the membrane united and forming a tube near t h e base; corolla f u n n e l f o r m to salverform, pinkwhite, 7% to 10 lines long, the tube exceeding the calyx, the throat about % as long as the t u b e ; stamens inserted on t h e base of the throat and as long; filaments glabrous, recurved from the point of insertion; style exceeding the stamens.—Palomar Mt., n. San Diego Co.; s. to northern L. Cal. (Gilia orcuttii P a r r y & Gray. L. pacificus Milliken.) 18. Is. serrulátus Greene. Stem erect, simple or branched, 4 to 8 in. high, sparsely pubescent; leaves in f e w whorls, palmately 5 to 7-parted, lobes linear; flowers capitately and terminally congested, occasionally a few flowers in the axils of the branches; calyx mostly herbaceous, only slightly membranous in the sinuses, parted nearly to base into subulate lobes, % to as long as corolla-tube; corolla salverform, white to cream-color, the tube purple, 5 to 10 lines long, pilose-pubescent, the throat yellow; corolla-lobes 2Y2 to 4 lines long; stamens inserted on t h e base of the t h r o a t ; style exceeding the anthers; ovary-cells 1 to many-ovuled.—Mountain valleys and cañón slopes, 2000 to 4000 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. (L. mariposanus Milliken.)

GILIA FAMILY 19. L. androsaceus (Benth.) Greene. Fig. 778. Stem simple or branched from the base, 3 to 14 in. high, puberulent; leaves palmately divided into oblaneeolate or linear lobes, 2 to 12 lines long, commonly ciliate or sometimes puberulent; flowers in dense heads; bracts few to many; calyx herbaceous, membranous only in the sinuses; corolla salverform, white, pink, lavender or yellow, the tube C to 13 lines long, 4 to 6 times as long as the calyx, often darker in color than the corolla-lobes; corolla-lobes broadly obovate to oblong, 2 to 3 lines broad by 3 to 5 lines long; stamens little surpassing throat of corolla.—Open hillslopes and valleys, 50 to 3500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Solano, Santa Clara and San Luis Obispo Cos. Apr.-June. I t is very variable as to size and color and not well differentiated f r o m L. parviflorus. Var. cr6ceus Jepson n. comb. Corolla golden-yellow; tube 1 to 1% in. long, the limb 5 to 7 lines broad.-—Coastal bluffs and beaches, San Mateo Co. (Linanthus eroceus Eastw.)

805

778. L i n a n t h u s androsaceus Greene; fl. stem i l ; l , l . x l S ,

a,

20. L. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Stem simple or with few branches from the base, erect, commonly 3 to 6 or 11 in. high, almost glabrous to puberulent; leaves palmately 3 to 7-parted, the lobes spatulate to linear, 2Vi to 6 lines long; bracts scabrous or hirsutulous, not ciliate or scarcely so, commonly 3 to 4 lines long; flowers capitately congested; calyx % to % as long as corolla-tube; corolla purple, pinkish, white, or pale yellow, % to 1% in. long, the lobes oval, IV2 to 2% lines long, tinged with red or brown on the outside, the throat yellow; stamens half or commonly more t h a n half as long as corolla-limb.—Open ground in the hill country, 200 to 2000 f t . , a very abundant species: Coast Ranges f r o m Mendocino Co. to Monterey Co.; s. to coastal S. Cal. as f a r as San Diego. (Gilia micrantha Steud.) Var. rosAceus Jepson. Much branched from the base; leaves often palmately parted rather than divided; corolla rose-color or white, larger t h a n in the species.—Sandhills and bluffs along the coast: San Francisco Co. to San Mateo Co. 21. L. aciculitris Greene. Stem simple, somewhat rigid, very slender, 1 to 4 in. high; near to but less pubescent than L. parviflorus; leaf-segments linear-acerose; corolla golden-yellow throughout, its tube slenderly filiform, about 6 lines long, obovate lobes not exceeding 1 line.—Wooded hills, 200 to 2300 ft., not common: Tehama and Humboldt Cos. to Alameda and San Benito Cos.; Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Kern Co.; s. to Palomar Mt. (L. parviflorus var. luteolus Milliken.) 22. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. "Very near L. parviflorus but dwarf, 1 to 4 in. high; leaves and bracts hispidulous-ciliate; corolla dull purple or pink with yellow throat, its lobes very short (1 to 1% lines long) in proportion to the tube which is 6 to 9 lines long.—Open hills or thinly wooded hills, 300 to 2500 ft., i n f r e q u e n t : Coast Ranges f r o m Humboldt Co. to Contra Costa and Santa Clara Cos. and s. to coastal S. Cal.; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Placer Co. to Tulare Co. May. (Gilia tenella Benth.) 23. L. cilisttus (Benth.) Greene. Stem simple or branched, somewhat rigid, 4 to 5 (rarely to 12) in. high; herbage finely puberulent; leaves palmately parted into linear lobes, ciliate, 2 to 6 (rarely 9) lines long; flowers capitately congested; bracts ciliate; calyx membranous to base below the sinuses, % to as long as corolla-tube, the lobes acerose; corolla salverform,

806

POLEMONIACEAE

6 to 9 lines long, deep rose-red or purple, only slightly exceeding the bracts, the throat yellow, the lobes X to i y 2 lines long by % line broad.—Openly wooded hills and mountain slopes, 300 to 8000 f t . : Siskiyou Co.; Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; coastal S. Cal. Yar. NEGLICCTUS Jepson n. comb. Stem very slender, simple, 1 to 2 in. high; corolla-lobes variegated.—Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 9000 f t . (L. neglectus Greene.) 24. L. montilnus Greene. M U S T A N G CLOVER. Stem commonly simple, erect, 4 to 22 in. high, coarsely pubescent near the base, puberulent above; internodes long; leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted into oblanceolate or linear lobes, 3 to 15 lines long, hispid or hispidulose; flowers capitately congested; b r a c t s densely and coarsely bristly-ciliate; calyx membranous to base below sinuses, about % as long as corolla-tube; calyx-lobes subulate, about as long as t u b e ; corolla long-salverform, pinlc-red or white, the tube 10 to 14 lines long, pubescent; throat yellow, short, lobes 2% to 3% lines long, o f t e n with a purple spot at the base; stamens inserted a t the base of the throat, often one shorter than the rest; style slightly exceeding the stamens.—Openly wooded slopes, 1200 to 5000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Calaveras Co. to Tulare Co. Apr.-May. 25. Ii. breviculus (Gray) Greene. Stem simple or much branched from or above the base, glabrate or minutely pilose, 4 to 12 in. high; leaves palmately 3 to 5-lobed, finely pilose, the lobes linear-oblong, 1 to 3 lines long; flowers capitately congested at t h e ends of the branches and in clusters in t h e uppermost axils; bracts f e w ; calyx membranous to the base below t h e sinuses, pilose-pubescent; corolla salverform, white to purple or lavendercrimson, to 12 lines long, the tube 2% to 3 times as long as the calyx; tube and lower portion of the throat dark blue or purple; stamens inserted near the base of the t h r o a t ; style exceeding the anthers.—Open or brushy slopes or mesas, 3000 to 7000 f t . : San Gabriel Mts. and San Bernardino Mts.; desert ranges in Mohave Desert. Var. NDDATUS Mason n. comb.—Bracts membranous in sinuses to half their length.—Montane flats, 5000 to 6000 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. to Tehachapi Mts. (L. nudatus Greene.) 26. L. oblanceoliitus Eastw. Stem simple or with a few short branches, l 1 /? to 6 in. high; herbage scantily puberulent; cotyledons sessile, persistent; leaves palmately parted, the lobes oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, somewhat callous-margined, 1% to 4 lines long; flowers congested in a terminal head or occasionally with 1 or 2 flowers in the uppermost axils; calyx membranous in the sinuses, the tube somewhat distended by the maturing capsule; corolla salverform, white, 2% to 5 lines long, the lobes quadrate, truncate or emarginate, the tube equaling or somewhat exceeding the bracts, the throat yellow; stamens inserted in the throat, exserted, exceeding the style.—Mountain flats, 8600 to 10,000 f t . : upper basin of K e r n River. (Gilia tularensis Brand.) 8. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. Perennial herbs or undershrubs, commonly t u f t e d and very leafy. Leaves alternate or opposite, much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3 to 9-parted. Flowers showy, pink, lilac or white, borne in few-flowered terminal clusters or solitary. Corolla salverform or with f u n n e l f o r m throat, the tube commonly exceeding the calyx. Stamens short, inserted in or below the throat. (Greek leptus, narrow, and dactylon, finger, in reference to the palmately parted leaves.) Leaves alternate, p u n g e n t ; dwarf shrubs or woody-based herb-like plants; calyx membranous below sinuses. Leaves mostly persistent for 2 or more seasons; corolla tubular-funnelform, the tube 1 Vz to 2 times as long as the lobes; stamens inserted in throat 1. L. pungent. Leaves deciduous after first season; corolla strictly salverform, the tube equaling or shorter than the lobes; stamens inserted at middle of corolla-tube 2. L. californicum. Leaves opposite, not p u n g e n t ; plants herbaceous or woody-based; calyx not membranous below sinuses 3. L. nuttallii.

1. L. pungens (Torr.) N u t t . GRANITE G I I J A . Fig. 779. Stems several to numerous, branching, arising f r o m a branched woody base, crowded densely with leaves to top, 3 to 8 in. high, Phlox-like and often forming a rough m a t ;

GILIA FAMILY

807

stems of the season puberulent to densely villous and frequently also glandular, the older branches shedding their juvenile pallid pubescent epidermis, leaving them dark and rough; leaves persistent for 2 or 3 seasons, prevalently alternate but the lower ones occasionally opposite, palmately divided into 3 or 5 acerose lobes, 1 to 7 lines long, with shorter ones in the axils; leaf-lobes not strongly unequal; flowers sessile, terminal or solitary in t h e upper axils, or congested into a few-flowered cluster; calyx scarious between the ribs, its lobes unequal, % to % as long as the t u b e ; corolla tubularfunnelform, white or pink or at times yellow, 9 to 11 lines long, the tube 1 Yj to 2 times as long as the calyx and about 2 times as long as the obovate corolla-lobes; stamens equal, the anthers almost sessile, inserted in the corolla-throat, included; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded; style very short, only a little longer than the capsule; seeds unchanged under water.—Dry gravelly or rocky places, mostly on granite, 6000 to branchlet x % ; 6, long. scot, of corolla x c a l x x 1Vl! 12,000 f t . : mts. of S. Cal.; Mt. Pinos; y desert ranges; Sierra N e v a d a from Tulare Co. to Sierra Co.; e. Ore. and Nev. to Rocky Mts. (Cantua pungens Torr. Gilia pungens Benth.) Var. H6OKERI Jepson n. comb. Stems less crowded with leaves, or in places naked on account of the long internodes; leaves palmately 3 or 5-lobed, the lateral lobes about % shorter t h a n the intermediate; corolla white, 7 to 8 lines long, its lobes oblanceolate.—Interior or more arid ranges, 6000 to 8500 f t . : mts. of S. Cal.; east slope or easterly summits of the Sierra Nevada; n. to B. C., e. to Col. (Gilia hookeri Benth. G. pungens var. hookeri Gray.) Var. T E N u i L O B U M Jepson n. comb. Leaves alternate, palmately 3-parted, the middle lobe 2 times longer t h a n the lateral ones; bracts mostly longer t h a n the calvx; flowers solitary and terminal; corolla light yellow.—San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. (Gilia tenuiloba Parish.) Var. HALLII Jepson n. comb. Leaves mostly opposite, palmately 3-parted, the middle lobe 2 to 3 times longer t h a n the lateral ones; corolla white or yellowish, 5 to 7 lines long.—Coyote Canon, Santa Rosa Mts. (Gilia hallii Parish.) 2. L. californicum H . & A. P R I C K L Y P H L O X . Erect shrub 1 to 3 f t . high, or at least woody below, the branches thickly clothed with spiny foliage; herbage puberulent, sometimes slightly glandular, densely pubescent in the inflorescence; leaves alternate, or occasionally opposite, especially below, 1 to lines long, palmately 5 to 9-divided into rigid narrowly linear acerose lobes, deciduous; flowers sessile, solitary in .the upper axils b u t thus congested into few-flowered clusters; calyx as long to % as long as corolla-tube, its lobes pungent, % as long as calyx-tube; corolla salverform, bright rosecolor or pink, 7 to 9 lines long, 9 to 17 lines wide, its lobes equaling or slightly exceeding the t u b e ; stamens included, inserted above the middle of the tube, the filaments very short; capsule elongated, the cells many-seeded; style rather short, included; seeds unchanged under water.—Chaparral slopes or borders of washes, 1000 to 5000 f t . : s. Monterey Co. to Orange and w. Riverside Cos. Feb.-May. (Gilia californica Benth.)

3. 1 . nuttallil (Gray) Rydb. Stems numerous from a woody root-crown, erect or ascending, simple or oppositely branched, 3 to 9 in. high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves opposite, cauline, not reduced up the stem, simple

808

POLEMONIACEAE

and linear or lanceolate, or palmately lobed into 3 to 7 similar lobes, firm, 3 to 10 lines long; flowers sessile, clustered in corymb-like cymes, or sometimes solitary or geminate; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about % as long as the tube; corolla salverform, white, rarely rose, 3% to 5 lines long, the throat commonly yellowish, the tube shorter than or a little exceeding the calyx and usually a little exceeding the obovate corolla-lobes; stamens equal, inserted in the throat, included; capsule oblong.—Kocky or brushy slopes, 5500 to 12,000 ft., common: San Bernardino Mts.; White Mts.; Sierra Nevada; n. Humboldt Co. and Trinity Co. to Siskiyou Co. (3000 to 6000 f t . ) ; n. to Wash., e. to Wyo. and N. Mex. (Gilia nuttallii Gray.) Var. FLORIBDNDUM Jepson n. comb. Stems of the season many from a woody base, simple or sparingly branched, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves linear-filiform, 5 to 7 lines long; inflorescence open, the flowers commonly on slender pedicels, the pedicels 2 to 9 lines long.—Montane, 600 to 6000 ft.: Temescal and San Jacinto mountains to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal., e. to N. Mex. and Utah. (Gilia floribunda Gray.) 9. LANGLOiSIA Greene Low annuals. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid, the lower segments replaced by long bristles, the upper teeth or segments bristle-tipped. Flowers in terminal bracteate heads, the bracts with bristle-tipped lobes. Calyx-lobes equal, bristle-tipped, in fruit splitting to base. Corolla showy, tubular-funnelform, 2-lipped with 2 lobes in the upper lip and 3 in the lower, or equally 5-lobed with the lobes only obscurely disposed in 2-lipped fashion. Stamens inserted in the corolla-throat, often somewhat declined. Capsule manyseeded; seeds somewhat mucilaginous when wetted. (A. B. Langlois, a botanist of Louisiana.) Leaves abruptly dilated at apex; corolla regular. Corolla-lobes about l3 as long as tube Corolla-lobes little shorter than tube Leaves pinnatifid, the rachis broad or ligulate; corolla strongly 2-lipped. Corolla-lobes H to % as long as the tube Corolla-lobes equaling or nearly equaling the tube

1. L. setosisaima. 2. L. punctata. 3. L. schottii. 4. L. matthewsii.

1. Ii.setosissima(T. &G.)Greene. Main axis short, erect, % to 2^4 in. high, the branches spreading horizontally or ascending, % to 3% in. long; herbage subglabrous to puberulent; leaves 6 to 11 lines long, cuneately a n d somewhat abruptly dilated upward from a slender petiolar base, 3-toothed at apex and with a pair of teeth below these, all bristle-tipped; corolla lavender-blue, 6 to 7 lines long, the lobes about % as long.— Desert valleys and washes, 100 to 1000 ft.: Colorado Desert. 2 . L. BONNET.

7 8 0 . Langloisia punctata Hel.; a, habit x % ; b, leaf x % ; c, calyx and pistil x IV* ; d, long, sect, of corolla x I1/* e, seed x 4.

punctata Hel. Pig. 780.

LILAC SUNSimilar to no.

1; herbage glabrate; leaves with deltoid 3-toothed or 3-lobed apex, sometimes with a pair of teeth below the terminal teeth, the petiolar or cuneate base with 2 or 3-forked bristles; flowers subs e s s i l e ; corolla-lobes purpledotted, each with 2 very shallow longitudinal channels from above the middle towards the base, and ending below in a lunate yellow ridge; corolla-tube little surpass-

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

809

ing the calyx.—Ranges in the desert, 1700 to 4500 ft.: Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. (Gilia setosissima var. punctata Gray.) 3. L. schóttii (Torr.) Greene. Main axis very short, erect, % to 2 in. high, the branches mostly divaricately spreading, 1 to 3 in. long; herbage villous-pubescent; leaves regularly pinnatifid, % to 1 in. long, the rachis very broad or ligulate, the teeth bristle-tipped or replaced by bristles; corolla pale pink, 6 to 9 lines long, the lower lip 3-lobed (the sinuses not so deep as the sinuses between the lips), these lobes spreading, purple-spotted or patterned, their sinuses with a small but distinct erect scale-like process; 2 lobes of upper lip more deeply parted than those of the lower, divergent, sometimes purple-dotted towards base.—Sandy washes on tilted mesas and in sandy valleys, 500 to 2700 f t . : coastal S. Cal. in Riverside Co.; Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; e. to southern Utah and Ariz., s. to Sonora and L. Cal. Apr. Sometimes the lower lip is 4-lobed and the upper lip is a single lobe. 4. L. matthéwsii (Gray) Greene. Main axis very short, erect, 1 to 1 % in. high, bearing many horizontal or divaricate branches, forming a low plant 1 in. to iy± ft. broad; branches sparsely leafy or naked and peduncle-like, simple or branched above, ending in dense or head-like clusters of flowers, the heads leafy-bracteate; herbage thinly villous; epidermis of the stems white; leaves linear, % to in. long, regularly pinnatifid, the lobes spinetipped or replaced by white bristles, the bristles often recurving; bracts linear, margined with long bristles; calyx about % as long as corolla, divided nearly to base into lanceolate lobes tipped with a long bristle; corolla white or pink, 5 to 7 lines long, the 3 upper lobes purple-spotted, also often with a double oblong pink pattern; stamens and style exserted.—Sandy washes, 600 to 3700 ft.: Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. and Ariz., s. to Sonora. 10. GYMNÓSTERIS Greene Diminutive annuals with leafless simple stems. Proper leaves none, the cotyledons persistent, connate-perfoliate. Flowers few in terminal heads, the 4 bracts united at base and forming a distinct involucre. Calyx-tube membranous, the teeth slightly unequal. Corolla salverform or slender-funnelform, white or yellow. Anthers sessile in the corolla-throat. Capsule dehiscent, many-seeded. (Greek gymnos, naked, and steris, robbed, referring to the leafless stems.) Cotyledons remote from involucre; involucre several-flowered; style cleft % : corolla-lobes acutish; var. parvula of 1 • G. nudicaulis. Cotyledons closely subtending involucre or rarely somewhat removed; involucre 1 (or 3 ) flowered; style cleft to middle or a little below; corolla-lobes obtuse 2. G. minuscula.

1. Or. nudicáulis (Gray) Greene var. párvula Jepson n. comb. Plants 1 to 1% in. high; involucre 3 to 4 % lines long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes acutish.—E. side Sierra Nevada in Nevada Co.; e. to Col., n. to Ida. (Gilia parvula Rydb.) 2. G. minuscula Jepson n. sp. Plants 2 to 3 lines high; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube; corolla yellow, 1% lines long, exceeding the calyx, its lobes short; capsule about 13 to 18-seeded.—Alpine gravelly or sandy slopes, 10,300 to 11,800 ft., White Mts., n. Inyo Co.: Sheep Mt. (Jepson 7326, type); Big Prospector Mdw. HYDROPHYIJIIÁCE AE.

PHACF.LIA F A M I L Y

Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers complete, regular, 5-merous (except the superior ovary which is 1 or 2-celled), in racemes or spikes (often scorpioid), or capitate, or solitary. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, which are imbricate in the bud. Styles 1, entire or often more or less 2-cleft at apex, or 2 and distinct. Fruit a 1-celled capsule or partly or quite 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentae or their union in the axis; valves 2, rarely 4. Seeds few or many. Seed-coat usually pitted, the cavities regular and honeycomb-like, or sometimes rugulose.

810

HYDROPH YLLACEAE

Styles 2 and distinct, or 1 and 2-cleft at a p e x ; ovary h a i r y or pubescent, not glabrous except in no. 1 1 . F l o w e r s in spikes, racemes, cymes or heads, or solitary in the axils of leafy stems. Calyx-lobes or sepals essentially alike. S t a m e n s e q u a l ; style 2-cleft at a p e x ; herbs. F l o w e r s not s c o r p i o i d ; ovary with the placentae expanded, each forming a sac-like lining to the cell. S t a m e n s longer t h a n the corolla; flowers in head-like c l u s t e r s ; leaves a l t e r n a t e or mainly basal 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. S t a m e n s shorter t h a n the c o r o l l a ; flowers solitary or in r a c e m e s ; leaves ( a t least the l o w e r ) opposite. Calyx with a reflexed appendage a t each sinus 2.

NEMOPHILA.

Calyx naked at the sinuses 3 . ELLISIA. F l o w e r s in scorpioid spikes, racemes or cymes. L e a v e s all opposite, e n t i r e ; ovary 2-celled 4. DRAPERIA. L e a v e s all or all but the lowest a l t e r n a t e ; o v a r y more or less pubescent, the placentae n a r r o w or thin, p r o j e c t i n g into its cavity or meeting in the axis. Corolla blue, purple or white, deciduous 5. PHACELIA. Corolla yellow or cream-color, p e r s i s t e n t . F l o w e r s erect, on pedicels to % as l o n g ; calyx-lobes linear-oblanceolate; style ( i n o u r s ) p e r s i s t e n t . 6.

MILTITZIA.

F l o w e r s pendulous, on pedicels as l o n g ; calyx-lobes o v a t e ; style- deciduous 7. EMMENANTHE. S t a m e n s unequal and unequally i n s e r t e d ; styles distinct to base (one a n d cleft at apex in some species in no. 9 ) ; herbs or herb-like (no. 10 shrubs). P l a c e n t a e with 2 or 3 ovules, the ovules superposed; small depressed repeatedly dichotomous a n n u a l 8. LEMMONIA. P l a c e n t a e with several to numerous ovules. Capsule more or less membranous, 2-valved, its placentae 6 to 5 0 ( o r m o r e ) - s e e d e d ; low a n n u a l s , or p e r e n n i a l s of v a r i o u s habit 9. NAMA. Capsule coriaceous, 4-valved, when dehiscing behaving as if 4celled, e a c h cell 1 or 2-seeded; shrubs . 1 0 . ERIODICTYON. Calyx-lobes strongly dissimilar, the 3 outer cordate, enlarged and veiny in f r u i t ; herbs 1 1 . TRICARDIA. Flowers solitary on a naked peduncle a r i s i n g from a leaf-rosette on the g r o u n d ; h e r b s . 12.

HESPEROCHIRON.

Style 1, e n t i r e ; ovary g l a b r o u s ; flowers in racemes, w h i t e ; leaves mainly b a s a l ; h e r b s . . . . 13.

ROMANZOFFIA.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM Tourn. W A T E R - L E A F Perennial herbs, ours with horizontal rootstocks, the leaves and peduncles sub-basal or on short stems. Leaves alternate, pinnately parted or divided. Flowers violet-blue or white, in cymose or head-like clusters. Calyx opening early, with or without a small appendage at each sinus, little changed in fruit. Corolla campanulate, the tube within bearing a pair of narrow longitudinal scales opposite each lobe, one on either side of the midrib, their edges meeting and forming a closed nectar-bearing groove. Filaments long, hairy at the middle, these and the styles long and filiform, conspicuously exserted. Ovules 4; seeds 1 to 4. (Greek hudor, water, and phullon, leaf.) Stems very short, the peduncles a n d leaves mostly basal or s u b - b a s a l ; rootstock shcr';, densely set beneath with many fleshy tap-like r o o t s ; leaves pinnately divided, rarely subpalmate, the divisions mostly with obtuse or sub-acute lobes or t e e t h ; pedicels much shorter t h a n the c a l y c e s ; montane. P e d u n c l e s shorter t h a n the petioles; blades roundish or ovate in outline, the 5 to 7 divisions e n t i r e or 1 or 2-incised at apex 1. H. capitatum. P e d u n c l e s longer than the petioles, often exceeding the subtending l e a f ; blades broadly oblong or elliptic in outline, the 7 to 15 divisions freely s e r r a t e or incised on the sides 2. H. orcidentale. Stems about 9 to 1 2 i n . h i g h ; peduncles commonly longer than the petiole of the subtending l e a f ; leaf divisions conspicuously s e r r a t e or incised, the lobes or teeth a c u t e ; pedicels mostly 1 to 2 times as long as the c a l y c e s ; mts. along or n e a r the north coast. L e a v e s pinnately divided into 5 or 7 divisions: pubescence mostly s o f t . . 3 . 7 1 . fendleri. L e a v e s subpalmately divided; pubescence mostly hirsute 4. H. tenuipes. 1 . H. capit&tum Dougl. C A T ' S B R E E C H E S . Plants 4 to 9 in. high; peduncles much shorter than the petiole of the leaf, in fruit recurved, to iy> in. long.—Pine woods, 4 0 0 0 to 7 0 0 0 ft.: Eldorado Co. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Wash., e. to Utah. May-June. 2. H. occidental© Gray. SQUAW L E T T U C E . Fig. 781. Plants 5 to 15 in. high, the peduncles longer than the petioles, often longer than the leaves, bearing

PHACELIA

FAMILY

811

1 or 2 capitate clusters of flowers; herbage hirsute, the leaves green above, white-pubescent beneath; leaves 5 to 12 in. long, their divisions or leaflets broadly oblong, entire or incised; heads 1 to 1% in. broad; calyx deeply parted, its divisions lanceolate; corolla pale blue or lilac, 4 to 6 lines long.— Montane, open pine woods or brushy slopes, 3500 to 7000 f t . : Tehaehapi Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Santa Lucia Mts.; Mt. Diablo; Napa and Mendocino Cos. to Humboldt and Tehama Cos.; n. to Ore. Apr.-June. 781. H y d r o p h y l l u m occidentale G r a y ; a, habit x ; b, fl. x 1. 3. H. fendleri Hel. var. albifrons Mcbr. P l a n t s erect, 8 to 14 in. high; herbage thinly soft-puberulent or rarely hirsute; leaves with mostly 5 or 7 divisions or leaflets, the leaflets ovate, deeply and irregularly incised or toothed, 1% to 2% in. long; flowers in usually somewhat compact cymes; corolla white, 3 to 5 lines long.—Damp shady places, 500 to 5500 f t . : mts. of Humboldt, Del Norte and w. Siskiyou Cos. Apr.-July. 4. H. tenuipes Hel. var. viride Jepson n. var. P l a n t s erect, 10 to 20 in. high; herbage thinly hispidulose and the stems often conspicuously retrorsebristly; leaves 4 to 7 in. wide, palmately 3-divided, the central division much larger and deeply 3-cleft, all the segments serrate and incised; corolla greenish-white.—Shady woods along the coast, 20 to 500 f t . : Mendocino and Humboldt Cos. (Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews, t y p e ) ; n. to Wash. May-June. 2. NEMOPHILA N u t t . Low annuals. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers solitary in the axils or racemose. Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus (rarely obsolete). Corolla white, blue, purple or variegated, basin-shaped or almost rotate to campanulate-tubular, with 10 minute internal scales in pairs between the stamens, at base. Stamens included, inserted at or near base of corolla. Style more or less 2-cleft. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds 2 to 25, usually with a deciduous caruncle. (Greek nemos, grove, and phileo, to love.) (?) VITICELLA Mitch. Stems a r m e d with retrorsely c u r v e d p r i c k l e s ; u p p e r m o s t flowers clustered. Petioles broadly winged a n d a u r i c u l a t e - c l a s p i n g ; corolla S to 1 1 lines broad 1. X. aurita. Petioles not b r o a d l y winged nor a u r i c u l a t e - c l a s p i n g ; corolla about half as l a r g e 2. N. rarrmofta. Stems not a r m e d w i t h prickles, although o f t e n r e t r o r s e - h a i r y ; flowers all solitary and axillary. Corolla commonly w i t h a conspicuous p u r p l e blotch at apex of each lobe 3. N. maculata. Corolla u n i f o r m l y colored or veined or dotted. F l o w e r s large, iVz to 16V 2 lines b r o a d ; calyx a p p e n d a g e s m u c h s h o r t e r t h a n sepals. Corolla blue or w h i t e ; common 4. N. menziesii. Corolla with a l a r g e p u r p l e blotch on the lower p a r t of each lobe; r a r e 5. JV. venosa. F l o w e r s commonly smaller. Calyx a p p e n d a g e s either in flower or in f r u i t n e a r l y e q u a l i n g sepals. P l a c e n t a e 3 to 6-ovuled; corolla t u b u l a r or t u b u l a r - c a m p a n u l a t e 6. A", pedunculata. P l a c e n t a e 2-ovuled; corolla o p e n - c a m p a n u l a t e or basin-shaped 7. N. sepulta. Calyx a p p e n d a g e s m u c h shorter t h a n the sepals. Corolla H i to 2 times as long as calyx. H i g h - m o n t a n e d w a r f ; leaves cuneate, 3-toothed at apex 8. N. spatulata. Foothills; stems ^ to 2 f t . l o n g ; leaves mostly pinnatel.v divided or pinnatifid. Corolla r o t a t e or basin-shaped. F l o w e r s commonly w h i t e ; common, widely d i s t r i b u t e d . . . 9. N. heterophylla. Flowers not white. Flowers p u r p l e ; scales wholly a d n a t e ; local, s. S i e r r a Nevada 10. N. pulchella.

812

HYDROPHYLLACEAE F l o w e r s light blue ; scales partly free above ; coasta) S . Cai 1 1 . N. rotata. Corolla s u b c a m p a n u l a t e or bowl-shaped 1 2 . N. exilis. Corolla scarcely or not a t all exceeding the calyx 1 3 . N. parviflora.

1. N. aurìta Liudl. F I E S T A F L O W E R . C L I M B I N G N E M O P H I L A . Stem weak and straggling, angled or winged, armed with retrorse prickles which enable it to climb over other plants, 2 to 6 ft. long; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, coarsely, unequally and irregularly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 lobes, the lobes % to IVi in. long, often a little downwardly curved, the petioles broadly winged and auriculate-clasping; corolla deep purple or violet, paler outside, with short throat constricted below top, and spreading limb 8 to 12 lines broad.— Moist shady places in the foothills, 100 to 3000 ft.: coastal S. Cai.; n. in the Coast Banges to San Francisco Bay and in the Sierra Nevada foothills to Tuolumne Co. Mar.-May. 2. N. racemósa Nutt. Stems weak, simple or branched, % to 1% ft. long; herbage hispid or setose-hispid, the stems retrorsely so; leaves round-ovate in outline, mostly very coarse, 1 to 2 in. long, pinnatifid into ovate or linear entire or toothed lobes, the lobes 3 to 8 lines long, % to % as broad; corolla campanulate, 1% times as long as the calyx, the narrow scales free at the apex; capsule globose, shorter than the calyx, 1-seeded.—Hillslopes and ravines, 50 to 500 ft.: Santa Barbara Isls.; San Diego coast; s. to L. Cai. Mar.-Apr. 3. N. maculata Benth. F I V E - S P O T . Stems several from the base, ascending or decumbent, 5 to 10 in. long; leaves broadly oblong in outline, 1 to 1 M> in. long, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 ovate or suborbicular divisions or lobes, the lobes entire or 2 or 3-lobed; upper leaves (or sometimes all) usually with only 3 (or 5) entire lobes at tip and cuneately tapering base, or lanceolate and entire; peduncles surpassing the leaves; corolla white, with rows of purple dots radiating from the center to the large purple spot at the end of each lobe, 1 to lVs in. broad; scales half free, rolled toward the filaments, ciliate.—Meadows, 1500 to 6500 ft.: Sierra Nevada foothills from Nevada Co. to Kern Co. Apr.-Aug. Also called Calico Flower and Spotted Nemophila. Var. CÓNCOLOR Brand. Leaves pinnatifid; corolla without purple blotches at tips of its lobes; scales oblong and half free.—Clear Creek, Butte Co. 4. N. menzièsii H. & A. B A B Y B L U E - E Y E S . Fig. 782. Stems branching from the base, slender or succulent, diffuse or ascending, 3 to 18 in. long; herbage more or less hirsute-pubescent; lower leaves 1% to 3% in. long, pinnately divided into 5 to 9 mostly 2 or 3-lobed divisions; upper leaves less divided; peduncles twice as long as leaves; calyx-lobes 2 to 5 lines long; corolla light to deep blue, often veined with purple, lighter and often dotted toward center, but seldom hairy, basin-shaped, divided about % of the way to base, % to 1% in. wide; scales broad and wholly adherent to narrow and part free, often enlarged at tip, laciniate, ciliate, or entire.—Moist spots on valley floors and hillsides, 20 to 5000 ft., common: cismontane Cai. (N. insignis Benth. N. intermedia Bioletti.) Ext r e m e l y variable. Var. ATOMÀRIA Chandler. Pale Baby Blue-eyes. More succulent and less pubescent, often nearly glabrous; calvx-lobes shorter and broader; corolla white or pale blue, rather smaller, somewhat more deeply divided, dotted or rarely only veined dark purple or black, hairy at center; scales very narrow or linear, 782. Nemophila menziesii H. & A.; a, habit usually hairy, often reduced to a mere x hi ; i>, scales and sect, of corolla base x 3. line of hairs.—Moist places, Coast

PHACELIA

813

FAMILY

Eanges. (N. atomaria F. & M.) Var. INTEGRIF^LIA Parish. Leaves entire or with 3 to 5 broad lobes; corolla white or light blue.—Mts. of S. Cal. Apr.-July. 5. N. venosa Jepson. Similar to no. 4; corolla with a large purple blotch on each lobe and in throat, the pale blue upper portion of each lobe conspicuously purple-veined.—Mts. of Napa and Sonoma Cos. 6. N. pedunculata Dougl. Stems prostrate or among underbrush lax, sparingly pubescent, 2 to 6 (or 12) in. long; leaves oblong, 5 to 7-lobed or -divided; peduncles shorter than the leaves, strongly deflexed in age, burying the capsules; corolla white or pale blue, often black-dotted, the scales linear, often reduced to hairy lines; style as long as ovary or longer.—Damp places in the foothills or mts., grassy slopes and shade of thickets, 50 to 6000 ft.: Modoc and Lassen Cos. w. to Humboldt Co., thence s. along the coast to San Diego Co.; not common. Apr.-May. 7. N. sepulta Parish. Stems usually prostrate, the branches often strongly angled or winged, 2 to 5 (or 15) in. long; leaves oblong, pinnately parted into 5 or 7 oblong lobes; peduncles deflexed in age; corolla open-campanulate, not hairy at center, whitish, often dotted with blue or purple toward the center, 2 lines broad; scales linear or reduced to hairy lines; capsules a little broader than long, 2% lines broad.—Mts., 1500 to 4000 ft., widely distributed in Cal. but not common. Mar.Apr. 8. N. spatulslta Cov. Fig. 783. Stems few from the root-crown, 1 to 2% (or 4) in. long (rarely to 8 in. long), diffuse or prostrate; herbage hispidulose; leaves cuneate or linear-cuneate, coarsely 3 (rarely 783. Nemophila spatulata Cov.; a, 5 0 r 7)-toothed at apex, % to 1% in. long; habU c o r o l l a b l u i s h o r white * ^nd'scaies x ' i ^ ^ > o f t e n w i t h a PurPle spot at tip of each lobe and a few dots in center, 3 lines long; scales small and laciniate or obsolete; style cleft at apex. —Montane ridges in pine forests, 5000 to 9000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Tulare Co.; Tehachapi Range; s. to San Jacinto Mts.; w. NEV. May-June. (N. humilis Eastw.) 9.

N . h e t e r o p h y l l a F . & M . SMALL W H I T E

NEMOPHILA. Stems erect, ascending or lax, 8 to 13 in. long; herbage thinly hirsute or hirsutulose; leaves pinnately divided or cleft into 5 or 7 oblong or elliptic divisions; calyx-appendages evident; corolla white or bluish, devoid of blue or purple dots, basinshaped or broadly campanulate, not hairy within, 3 to 4 1 /i lines broad; scales semicircular, oblong or triangular, entire or laciniate, not reduced to hairy lines.— Canons and hillslopes, mostly in shady spots, 20 to 4000 ft. in the foothills: Coast Eanges and Sierra Nevada. It is the most common species and is extremely variable. Var. FLI.cciDA Brand. Upper leaves (or sometimes all) broadly 1 or 2-toothed or -cleft or subentire.—Mendocino, Shasta and Butte Cos. (N. flaccida Eastw.) Yar. NEMOR£NSIS Jepson n. comb. Scales narrowly linear or almost obsolete.—Near the coast, Marin Co. to Santa Clara Co. (N. nemorensis

Lastw.)

fl.

784.

Nemophila pulchella Eastw.; a. branchlet x

i>, g l a n d x 19.

814

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

10. N. pulchella Eastw. Fig. 784. Similar to no. 8; calyx-appendages minute or even obsolete; corolla deep blue or purplish, rotate or basin-shaped; scales broadly linear, wholly adnate, ciliate or not, or reduced to short-hairy bands.— Foothills, 500 to 4800 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Kern Co. Apr. 11. N. rotata Eastw. Similar to no. 9; corolla light blue, saucer-shaped, 4 lines broad; scales linear, deeply and finely fimbriated, partly free above.— Valleys and mesas, coastal S. Cal. 12. N. exilis Eastw. Stems diffuse, 6 to 12 in. long; herbage hirsute or hirsutulose; leaves Mi to 1 in. long, pinnately divided into 5 or 7 divisions or lobes, the lobes oblong, ovate or roundish, contracted or broadly petiolulate a t base, sometimes again 3-lobed; upper leaves (or again sometimes all) merely coarsely or irregularly few-toothed or lobed, or even nearly entire; corolla white, broadly campanulate or bowl-shaped, (1% or) 2% to 4 lines broad; scales narrow, the pairs divergent.—Foothills, 500 to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tulare Co. to Butte Co. Apr.-May. 13. N. parviflora Dougl. SMALL-FLOWERED N E M O P H I L A . Stems decumbent or ascending, hispid, % to 1V± f t . long; leaves suborbicular to roundish-ovate in outline, 4 to 12 lines long, pinnately cleft into 5 lobes (or sometimes merely dentately 5-toothed), the lobes acute; peduncles shorter t h a n leaves, not deflexed in age; corolla scales minute, various, but usually half free and laciniate or ciliate; style as long as the ovary or longer.—Foothills and canons, moist or shady places, 50 to 4500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz Mts. to Humboldt and Trinity Cos.; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Plumas Co.; n. to Wash. Mar.-Apr. Var. AUSTINAE Brand. Leaves shallowly lobed, the lobes more nearly rounded.—Siskiyou Co.; Plumas Co., passing into the next variety. Var. QUERCIF6LIA Chandler. Oak-leaf Nemophila. Pubescence softer and more spreading than in the species; leaves roundish or ovatisli in outline, 6 to 9 lines long, sinuately parted or divided into about 5 lobes, the lobes rounded and tending to be broader towards the apex; peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves.—Sierra Nevada, 1500 to 5000 f t . (N. quercifolia Eastw.) 3. E L L i S I A L. Annuals, similar to Nemophila. Leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, pinnately parted or twice or thrice pinnately dissected. Flowers bractless, in axillary peduncled racemes. Calyx without appendages at the sinuses, and usually much enlarged under the f r u i t . Corolla white, campanulate, shorter or little longer than the calyx, the internal scales minute or none. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds not carunculate. (John Ellis, English botanist of the 18th century, whom Linnaeus called a " b r i g h t star of natural h i s t o r y . " ) Sepals sparsely bristly or ciliate, not glandular. Leaves once pinnately parted, the lobes remote; ovules 2 on each placenta, borne on the front of it 1. E. membranacea. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid; ovules 4 on each placenta, 2 on the front and 2 on the back. Corolla IV2 to 2 times as long as calyx; flowers many or numerous, racemose or commonly paniculate; erect plants; coastal. . 2 . E. chrysanthemifolia. Corolla not exceeding calyx; flowers few in a raceme; diffuse plants; deserts. . . 3. E. torreyi. Sepals sparsely bristly and also sprinkled with black short-stipitate glands: leaves once pinnately parted 4. E. micrantlia.

1. E. membranacea Benth. Fig. 785. Stems procumbent, 1 to 2 f t . long; herbage glaucous, the leaves with a few short scattered stiff hairs, the stems with minute prickles on the angles; leaves ovate in outline or often nearly as broad as long, 1 to 5 in. long, pinnately divided, with 2 broad lobes (obtuse at apex and broadest at base) spreading a t right angles to the terminal lobe, or often with 4 to 8 similar lateral lobes, the lobes remote; petiole wing-margined; flowers racemose, few or many on the peduncles; calyx without appendages, its lobes ciliate-bristly; corolla white with a small lanceshaped purple spot in the center of each lobe, 2 lines broad, no scales in the throat but with 10 glandular elevations; capsule often purple in age, with several muricate prickles, 1 or 2-seeded; seed globose, reticulated.—Shady

PHACELIA FAMILY

815

places in the foothills: San Diego to Mt. Diablo, e. to Tulare Co., Mohave Desert and west side Colorado Desert. 2. E. chrysanthemifolia Benth. Stem often stout, erect, freely branching, Vs to 2 f t . high; herbage thinly short-hirsute with spreading hairs, or the leaves hispidulose; leaves ovate in outline, 2 to 4 in. long, twice to thrice pinnately dissected or incised, shortly petioled or subsessile, with a conspicuous auriculate dilation at base; flowers loosely racemose; corolla open-campanulate, surpassing the oval calyx-lobes; scales in tube a diverging pair to each stamen; capsule whitish, thinly hirsute, t h e placentae lining and exactly conforming to the valves; placentae with two roughened seeds borne on the f r o n t of each, and 2 smooth ones concealed behind each, t h a t is, between the placentae and the valves.— Shady places along the coast: Contra Costa Co. to San Diego Co. 785. EUisia membranacea Benth.; a, fl. x Hi ; c, pistil 3. E. torreyi Gray. Similar to no. 2; fl. branchx 4x %%;; d,6, gland x 7. stems weak, diffuse, 6 to 13 in. long; herbage thinly soft-hairy or pilose; leaves to lV-t in. long, pinnately parted, the lobes incised or toothed; upper leaves with a dilated auriculate base, the lower petioled; racemes few-flowered; corolla broadly campanulate, not exceeding calyx.—Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Ariz.; s. to L. Cal.; rare. 4. E. micrantha (Torr.) Brand. Stems erect, branching from the base, slightly glandular-pubescent or subglabrous, 5 to 10 in. high; leaves oblong in outline, to 1 in. long, pinnately parted, the lobes entire or rarely 1tootlied; lower leaves petioled, the upper auriculate-dilated at the sessile base; flowers many in racemes and subpaniculate; corolla white, deeply bowl-shaped, 2 lines long, the lobes quadratish, emarginate; stamens unequal, 3 longer, a yellowish spot on corolla between the filaments. — Washes and mesas, often in shade, 300 to 7500 ft., rather i n f r e q u e n t : Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and western Tex.; s. to L. Cal. and Sonora. (Phacelia micrantha Torr.) 4. D R A P f l R I A Torr. Low diffuse perennial herb with slender stems and opposite entire leaves. Flowers in a terminal cyme, its branches consisting of unilateral racemes. Calyx-segments l i n e a r . Corolla pale lavender, tubular-funnelform, without appendages. Stamens unequal and unequally inserted low on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary 2-celled, the ovules in each cell 2, pendulous. Style long, filiform, 2-cleft at apex. Capsule 786. Draperia systyla Torr.; o, portion of fl. subglabrous. (J. W. Draper, Ameristem x Vfe ; b, long. sect, of fl. s 114; can historian.) c, capsule x 2.

816

H Y D R O P H Y L L A C E A E

1. D. systyla Torr. Fig. 786. Stems few or several, 4 to 7 in. long, arising from the horizontal rooting branches of a large root-crown; herbage silkyhirsute; leaves ovate, entire, % to 1% in. long; corolla 5 to ü lined long; ovary densely hairy.—Pine woods, 4000 to 5500 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; Siskiyou Co. June-July. 5. PHACÉLIA Juss. Perennial or annual herbs of marked aspect, with alternate leaves (or sometimes the lower opposite). Flowers violet, blue or white, in scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, commonly accrescent. Corolla from nearly rotate to campanulate, tubular or funnelform, promptly deciduous, the tube commonly with internal lamellate projections or scales. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style 2-cleft or -parted, or divided to the base. Capsule 1-celled or nearly or quite 2-celled by the approximation or union of the placentae in the axis, 2-valved, the thin septalike placentae adherent to the valves. Seeds reticulate-pitted or favose or transversely corrugated. (Greek phakelos, a cluster, many species with crowded flowers.) A. Seeds commonly reticulate or favosely pitted, never transversely corrugated. I.

SCALES

(IF PRESENT)

F R E E FROM COROLLA;

ANNUALS.

Corolla scales none; corolla deeply saucer-shaped; ovules 20 to 80 on each placenta.— Subgenus

GYMNOBYTHUS.

Corolla blue with white or purple center, mostly 6 to 9 lines broad 1. P. viscida. Corolla pale blue or purplish without white center, % to 2 in. broad 2. P. grandiflora. Corolla scales present, adnate to lower portion of filament; ovules 8 to 50 on each placenta. — S u b g e n u s WHITLAVIA.

Corolla open-campanulate or somewhat bowl-shaped, cleft to the middle or below; ovules not very numerous. Ovules about 20 to each placenta; corolla deep violet, % to 1 in. broad; cleft below the middle 3 .P. parry i. Ovules 8 to 10 to each placenta; corolla white, 3 to 6 lines broad, cleft to the middle 4.P. longipes. Corolla oblong-campanulate, not cleft to the middle; ovules more numerous ( 2 0 to 50 to each placenta) 5. P. minor. II.

S C A L E S C O M M O N L Y A D N A T E TO T H E

COROLLA-TUBE.

1. Ovules always 2 to each placenta.—Subgenus EUPHACELIA. a. Leaves entire, or pinnately parted or divided and the lobes entire. Coarse perennials with stout stems 1*4 to 3 % ft. high; corolla commonly white. Herbage pubescent and hirsute; plants of rocky and usually dry places. Leaves entire or with 1 pair of supplementary lobes at summit of petiole; montane or high-montane, at least mostly. Sepals bristly and finely pubescent, not venulose; leaves not glaucous 6. P. keterophylla. Sepals bristly mostly or only on margins, transversely venulose; leaves subglaucous beneath 7. P. corymbosa. Leaves pinnatifid with usually large terminal lobe, rarely entire; mostly foothills or middle altitudes 8. P. califomica. Herbage hispid-bristly with stinging hairs; plants of shady moist places 9. P. nemoralis. Annuals with stems 2 to 9 in. high; corolla commonly blue, rarely whitish. Leaves mostly incisely lobed or parted; racemes rather lax but many-flowered; style parted scarcely to the middle; Coast Ranges 10. P. breweri. Leaves entire or essentially so; Sierra Nevada or mts. of S. Cal. Style parted to base; corolla 1 to 1 Vz times as long as calyx; stem branching at or near the base 11. P . eisenii. Style parted to middle or just below middle. Corolla long-persistent, 2 times as long as palyx or nearly; scales very long and very n a r r o w ; rare 12. P. marcescens. Corolla deciduous. Racemes rather densely flowered. Scales with the outer edges free; common 13. P. humüis. Scales of contiguous pairs with the outer edges partly connivent in pairs; rare 14. P. irritans. Racemes not densely flowered; stem simple below, the branches in opposite pairs at or above the middle; frequent. . . 1 5 . P. racemosa. b. Leaves cleft, parted or divided, but whether cleft, parted or divided the lobes or divisions in any case crenate or toothed; annuals except no. 19. Leaves divided, that is mostly with distinct or discrete divisions or leaflets. Divisions of leaves mostly rather delicate with numerous lobes, teeth or scallops, the whole more or less fernlike in appearance.

817

PHACELIA FAMILY

Sepals unlike, 1 or 2 of them dilated a n d leaf-like and o f t e n toothed or c l e f t ; S i e r r a N e v a d a foothills 16. P. platyloba Sepals essentially alike. S t a m e n s m u c h - e x s e r t e d ; S a c r a m e n t o V a l l e y to S. C a l . . . . 1 7 . P. tanacetifolia. S t a m e n s little or not at all e x s e r t e d ; mostly Coast R a n g e s and coastal S. C a l . . 18. P. distans. D i v i s i o n s of l e a v e s or leaflets coarser, the teeth or scallops f e w e r and l a r g e r . P e r e n n i a l ; herbage s o m e w h a t g l a n d u l a r ; corolla yellowish-white o r b l u i s h ; stamens s o m e w h a t exserted 19. P. ramosissima. Annuals. Corolla l o n g e r than calyx. Stamens not or scarcely surpassing the blue or l a v e n d e r c o r o l l a ; divisions of leaves or leaflets w i t h o u t p e t i o l u l e s ; style cleft h a l f w a y or below. Sepals narrow-oblanceolate, very narrow-attenuate downward, n e v e r b e c o m i n g chartaceous. Scales w h o l l y adnate to c o r o l l a ; common 20. P . hispida. Scales w i t h a bristle-like apex p r o j e c t i n g i n t o t u b e ; r a r e . . . . 2 1 . P. eremica. Sepals o b l o n g to b r o a d l y ovate, in f r u i t b e c o m i n g c h a r t a c e o u s . . . . 22. P. ciliata. Stamens well-exserted' f r o m the w h i t e c o r o l l a ; sepals l i n e a r or oblanc e o l a t e ; d i v i s i o n s of leaves or leaflets mostly w i t h p e t i o l u l e s . . 23. P. pedicellata. Corolla shorter than c a l y x ; stamens included 24. P . cryptantha. L e a v e s toothed or cleft, seldom d i v i d e d ( e x c e p t in P . c r e n u l a t a ) . L e a v e s oblong to linear-oblong, crenately lobed o r p i n n a t i f i d ; stamens w e l l - e x s e r t e d . . . 25. P. crenulata. L e a v e s round- or elliptic-ovate, slightly l o b e d ; sepals unequal. R a c e m e s dense, m a n y - f l o w e r e d ; stamens and style e x s e r t e d . . . . 2 6 . P. malvaefolia. R a c e m e s slender, b e c o m i n g loose, f e w e r - f l o w e r e d ; stamens a n d style i n c l u d e d . . 2 7 . P. rattanii. 2. Ovules

usually

more

than

2 to each placenta.—Subgenus

EUTOCA.

a. P e r e n n i a l s . L e a v e s 3 to 6 lines l o n g , as b r o a d as l o n g ; m a i n stems w h i t e - w o o l l y ; P a n a m i n t M t s 28. P. perityloides. L e a v e s much l a r g e r ( 1 to 7 in. l o n g ) , l o n g e r than b r o a d ; stems n e v e r w h i t e - w o o l l y . Stamens s t r o n g l y e x s e r t e d ; l e a v e s not g l a n d u l a r nor harsh-hairy. Stem branched, 4 to 10 in. h i g h ; leaves silky-pubescent on both sides; S i e r r a Nevada 29. P. hydrophylloides. Stem simple, 3 to 7 f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s p u b e r u l e n t ; mts. of n. C a l . . . . 3 0 . P. procera. Stamens little or not at all e x s e r t e d ; l e a v e s g l a n d u l a r or harsh-hairy, m e r e l y toothed o r cleft, r a r e l y d i v i d e d ; north coast 31. P. bolanderi. b. A n n u a l s . L e a v e s p i n n a t e l y p a r t e d or d i v i d e d . P l a n t s robust, 1 to 2 f t . h i g h ; racemes congested in a t e r m i n a l cymose p a n i c l e ; leaves b i p i n n a t e l y p a r t e d ; Santa Catalina I s l 32. P. lyoni. P l a n t s slender, the stems c o m m o n l y 3 to 10 in. l o n g ; pedicels r e t r o c u r v e d , at least in age. L e a v e s p i n n a t e l y and o f t e n finely p a r t e d 33. P . doufjlasii. L e a v e s m a i n l y e n t i r e or m e r e l y coarscly toothed 34. P . davidsonii. L e a v e s e n t i r e or toothed or cleft, sometimes p a r t e d or d i v i d e d t o w a r d base. L e a v e s c o r d a t e at base, mostly b r o a d e r than l o n g 3 5 . P. rotundifolia. L e a v e s not cordate, l o n g e r than b r o a d . P e d i c e l s c u r v e d or r e t r o c u r v e d - s p r e a d i n g in a g e ; stamens i n c l u d e d ; filaments a little h a i r y ; d w a r f ( m o s t l y only 1 to 3 in. h i g h ) 36. P . curvipes. P e d i c e l s straight ( 1 % lines l o n g to almost n o n e ) . L e a v e s l i n e a r o r oblanceolate, mostly e n t i r e . H e r b a g e hirsute a n d m i n u t e l y p u b e s c e n t ; stems xk to 1 or 1 % f t . h i g h ; style cleft % 37. P. linearis. H e r b a g e g l a n d u l a r ; stems 2 to 10 in. h i g h ; style c l e f t about % . Stamens conspicuously e x s e r t e d ; h e r b a g e hispid as well as glandu l a r ; mts. b o r d e r i n g M o h a v e D e s e r t . . 3 8 . P . mohavensis. Stamens i n c l u d e d ; h e r b a g e not h i s p i d ; mts. of n. Cal 39. P . pringlei. L e a v e s b r o a d e r , orbicular, o v a t e or b r o a d l y oblong. Style bifid or c l e f t n e a r the a p e x ; stamens included. Corolla 4V2 to 7 lines l o n g ; l e a v e s e n t i r e or w i t h 1 or 2 lobes or teeth n e a r base 40. P . divaricata. Corolla 2 to 4 l i n e s l o n g ; l e a v e s crenate or dentate. P l a n t s 3 to 10 in. h i g h ; desert plants. Stems f e w to several f r o m b a s e ; corolla blue o r b l u i s h . . 41. P . parishii. Stem simple at base, b r a n c h e d a b o v e ; corolla w h i t e 42. P . lemmonii. P l a n t s 1 f t . h i g h ; corolla l i g h t b l u e ; cent. Coast R a n g e s 43. P . suaveolens. Style cleft or p a r t e d to n e a r the m i d d l e or b e l o w . D i v i s i o n s of style short, not exserted f r o m corolla 44. P . phacelioide8.

818

HYDROPHYLLACEAE Divisions of style long, well-exserted from corolla. Stamens exserted. Corolla nearly w h i t e ; ovules 5 or 6 to each placenta; Santa Lucia Mts 45. P. grtiea. Corolla violet; ovules 2 to 4 to each placenta; s. Sierra Nevada 46. P. purpusii. Stamens included; Mariposa Co 47. P. rallicola.

B. Seeds transversely corrugated; corolla with scales distinct or indistinct or none; ovules more than 2 to each placenta; deserts or mountain ranges bordering them (except no. 52).—Subgenus MICROGENETES. Leaves pinnateiy divided or pinnatifid into m a n y or numerous lobes or divisions, the divisions rather fine (mostly 1 to 2 or 3 lines long) or somewhat larger in no. 49. Corolla small, shorter than or only slightly exceeding calyx; scales inconspicuous or wanting. Sepals linear, slightly dilated and often recurved or spreading at apex; stems diffuse or ascending 48. P. ivesiana. Sepals strongly spatulate, straight; stems erect 49. P. alfinis. Corolla 2 or 3 times longer than calyx. Corolla scales connate their whole length with the filaments 50. P. bicolor. Corolla scales entirely free from the stamens, or none. Corolla 5 to 7 lines long 51. P. fremontii. Corolla not more than 3 lines long. Corolla open-campanulate, often as broad as l o n g . . . . 5 2 . P . brachyloba. Corolla narrowly tubular-campanulate 53. P. haUii. Leaves round-ovate, subcordate at base, entire or crenate, not pinnatifid; stamens included; style cleft % to Vz ; capsule globose, the calyx % to as long. Corolla times longer than the calyx; small d w a r f s 54. P . pachyphylla. Corolla 2 to 3 times longer than calyx; robust plants 55. P. calthiiolia.

I.—Subgenus GYMNOBYTHUS. Corolla without scales; ovules 20 to 80 to each p l a c e n t a ; seeds small, not transversely corrugated. 1. P. viscida Torr. Stems % to 2 f t . high, simple or slightly b r a n c h i n g ; herbage densely viscid-glandular and hirsute-pubescent; leaves broadly o v a t e or roundish, cuneate or t r u n c a t e at base, doubly serrate or irregularly dent a t e , Ms to 1 or 3 in. long, short-petioled or t h e upper sessile; flowers few to many in a single terminal raceme; calyx-lobes linear t o almost spatulate, about equaling the capsule; corolla deeply saucer-shaped or rotate-campanulate, deep blue with purple or whitish center 6 to 9 (or 11) lines b r o a d ; stamens included; filaments very slender, sparingly pilose-hirsute.—Open ground along the coast, 50 t o 1500 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. Apr.-June. Var. ALBIFL6RA Gray. Corolla white.—S. Cal. 2. P. grandiflora (Benth.) Gray. Similar t o no. 1; plants larger throughout, 2 to 3 f t . high, more robust and hispid-viscid; leaves 2 t o 6 in. long, t h e petioles 1 to 4 % in. long; corolla 1% to 2 in. broad.—Along S. Cal. coast f r o m S a n t a Inez Mts. to San Diego, 500 to 2000 f t . Apr.-June. (Eutoca grandiflora Benth.) II.—Subgenus WHITLAVIA. Corolla scales f r e e f r o m corolla except at base, a d n a t e to t h e lower portion of t h e filament; style much longer t h a n calyx or o v a r y ; seeds not transversely c o r r u g a t e d ; ovules 8 to 50 on each placenta. 3. P. parryi Torr. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched above, Vi t o 1% f t . high; herbage glandular-puberulent and hirsute or even hispid; leaves ovate, obtuse to sub-cordate at base, irregularly double-toothed or laciniate, % to 2 in. long, the lower long-petioled, the upper cauline shortly petioled or almost sessile; racemes loose, elongated in age; pedicels widely spreading, slender, V± to 1 in. long; sepals l i n e a r ; corolla open-campanulate, cleft below the middle, royal purple or deep violet w i t h a yellowish or whitish 5-raved center, 5 to 6 lines long, % to 1 in. broad, about twice t h e length of t h e calyx-lobes; filaments pilose, equaling or slightly exceeding t h e corolla; ovary with a row of hairs at apex on each side midway between placentae; style sparsely hispid, divided % to % t h e w a y down.—Valleys and hillslopes, 600 to 2500 f t . : S a n t a Lucia Mts. to San Diego, thence e. to west side Colorado D e s e r t ; s. to L. Cal. Mar.-June. The foliage stains p a p e r brownish. 4. P. longipes Torr. Stems erect or ascending, f r e e l y b r a n c h i n g at or above t h e base, 3 to 12 in. h i g h ; herbage hirsute and densely glandular t h r o u g h o u t ; leaves cordate at base, usually rounded at apex, ovate or orbicular, coarsely and obtusely crenate, 1 t o 1% in. long; the petioles mostly

PHACELIA FAMILY

819

m u c h l o n g e r ; r a c e m e s loose, t h e l o w e r p e d i c e l s b e c o m i n g % t o 2 % in. l o n g ; s e p a l s l i n e a r - s p a t u l a t e , 2 to 3 l i n e s l o n g ; corolla w h i t e , o p e n - c a m p a n u l a t e , u s u a l l y p a r t e d to t h e m i d d l e , 4 t o 6 l i n e s l o n g ; s c a l e s g l a b r o u s ; s t a m e n s s l i g h t l y p i l o s e a t or n e a r t h e b a s e , l i t t l e l o n g e r t h a n t h e c o r o l l a ; s t y l e pilose, d e e p l y 2 - c l e f t ; " o v u l e s a b o u t 8 t o e a c h p l a c e n t a . " — M t s . of c o a s t a l S. Cai. f r o m S a n t a B a r b a r a Co. t o S a n D i e g o Co., 3000 to 7500 f t . A p r . - J u n e . 5. P. minor ( H a r v e y ) T h e l l . CALIFORNIA BLUE-BELL. S t e m e r e c t , s i m p l e or branching, hispid with short spreading hairs, % to 2 f t . high; herbage glandular* v i s c i d t h r o u g h o u t ; l e a v e s b r o a d l y or r o u n d - o v a t e , t r u n c a t e or c o r d a t e a t b a s e , c o a r s e l y a n d s o m e t i m e s d o u b l y s e r r a t e , h i s p i d , 1 t o 2Y> in. l o n g , t h e l o w e r l o n g - p e t i o l e d , t h e u p p e r s h o r t - p e t i o l e d or n e a r l y s e s s i l e ; r a c e m e s e l o n g a t e d ; l o w e r p e d i c e l s % t o 1 % in. l o n g ; s e p a l s l i n e a r , 4 l i n e s l o n g ; c o r o l l a b l u e or p u r p l e , l o n g - t u b u l a r , a s b r o a d or e v e n a l i t t l e b r o a d e r b e l o w t l i a n a b o v e ( t h a t is a t t h e t h r o a t ) , % t o iy± in. l o n g , 3 t o 5 l i n e s b r o a d ; s t a m e n s s c a r c e l y if a t all e x c e e d i n g t h e c o r o l l a ; s c a l e s h a i r y . — V a l l e y s a n d m e s a s , 500 t o 4000 f t . : L o s A n g e l e s a n d S a n B e r n a r d i n o V a l l e y t o S a n D i e g o Co. a n d e. t o w e s t side of C o l o r a d o D e s e r t ; L . Cai. ( P . w h i t l a v i a G r a y . ) V a r . CAMPÀNULÀRIA J e p s o n n. comb. Leaves % to 3 in. l o n g , long-petioled ; raceme loose, e l o n g a t e d ; f r u i t i n g p e d i c e l s u s u a l l y e x c e e d i n g t h e c a l y x ; s e p a l s decidedly g l a n d u l a r , 4 to 7 lines long; corolla deep blue ( t h e t u b e widened u p w a r d ) , s c a r c e l y if a t all v e n t r i c o s e , % t o 1 % in. l o n g ; s c a l e s g l a b r o u s or s o m e t i m e s h a i r y . — D e s e r t r a n g e s , 800 t o 4000 f t . ; M o h a v e a n d C o l o r a d o deserts. Apr.-May. (P. campanularia Gray.) III.—Subgenus corolla-tube and by the corrugated

EUPHACELIA. O v u l e s 2 t o e a c h p l a c e n t a ; l o w e r p a r t of t h e w i t h 10 s c a l e s , e a c h a t t a c h e d b y one s i d e t o t h e c o r o l l a - t u b e , o t h e r s i d e t o t h e b a s e of a s t a m e n ; s e e d s n o t t r a n s v e r s e l y (or i n a f e w s p e c i e s c o r r u g a t e d on t h e m a r g i n ) .

6. P . h e t e r o p h y l l a P u r s h . S t e m s s e v e r a l f r o m t h e b a s e , e r e c t , 2 t o 21/, f t . high, scantily to grayish-hirsute; leaves mostly cauline, lanceolate to broadly e l l i p t i c a l , w i t h a p a i r of r e d u c e d l e a f l e t s a t b a s e , g r e e n i s h t o g r a y i s h w i t h s h o r t a p p r e s s e d p u b e s c e n c e , 1 to 2 in. l o n g ; r a c e m e s 1 t o 1 % in. l o n g , so disposed as t o b e o p e n l y p a n i c u l a t e ; s e p a l s l i n e a r ; c o r o l l a w h i t e , 2y 2 l i n e s l o n g ; s c a l e s n a r r o w , w h o l l y a d n a t e , one e a c h of a d j a c e n t p a i r s c o n n i v e n t b y t h e i r f r e e e d g e ; s t a m e n s e x s e r t e d , l o n g - h a i r y a t t h e m i d d l e . — M o n t a n e , 5000 t o 7000 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o P l a c e r Co., n. t o B . C. a n d I d a . , e. to A r i z . V a r . GRÌSEOPHÌLLA ( B r a n d ) M c b r . S t e m s % t o 1 % f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s l a n c e o l a t e t o n a r r o w l y e l l i p t i c , a c u t e , m o s t l y e n t i r e or w i t h a p a i r of reduced leaflets at base, greenish to grayish with a spreading hirsute pubesc e n c e , l V i t o 2 in. l o n g , a f e w of t h e b a s a l l e a v e s l o n g - p e t i o l e d ; i n f l o r e s c e n c e l o o s e . — M o n t a n e , 4000 t o 7200 f t . : S a n B e r n a r d i n o M t s . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o N e v a d a Co. a n d M o d o c Co.; M e n d o c i n o Co. t o S i s k i y o u Co. ( P . m a g e l l a n i c a f . g r i s e o p h y l l a B r a n d . ) V a r . FRÌGIDA J e p s o n n. comb. P l a n t s u s u a l l y c o m p a c t a n d low, t h e s t e m s a s c e n d i n g or d i f f u s e , n e a r l y n a k e d , 3 t o 10 in. h i g h ; b a s a l l e a v e s l a n c e o l a t e t o o b l o n g , a c u t e , c o m m o n l y e n t i r e , g r a y i s h h i r s u t e , r a r e l y s u b - s i l k y , 1 t o 2 i n . long, t a p e r i n g i n t o a p e t i o l e to as long; c a u l i n e l e a v e s f e w or a l m o s t n o n e , s i m i l a r , s h o r t - p e t i o l e d or t h e u p p e r subsessile; racemes r a t h e r short, usually in a r a t h e r compact panicle.—Montane, 6000 t o 13,000 f t . : S a n J a c i n t o M t s . ; S a n B e r n a r d i n o M t s . ; W h i t e M t s . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o L a s s e n Co.; Yollo B o l l v M t s . t o M t . S h a s t a . ( P . f r i g i d a G r e e n e . ) V a r . COMPACTA J e p s o n n. comb. S t e m s m a n y , a s c e n d i n g f r o m t h e f r e e l y b r a n c h e d c r o w n of a s t o u t t a p r o o t , 7 t o 9 i n . h i g h , p u b e s c e n t ; l e a v e s l i n e a r - o b l a n c e o l a t e or l i n e a r , a c u t e , g r a d u a l l y n a r r o w e d a t b a s e t o a p e t i o l e , e n t i r e o r w i t h a p a i r of s m a l l l o b e s .at b a s e , d e n s e l y a p p r e s s e d - s i l k y , 1 t o 2 in. l o n g ; r a c e m e s r a t h e r s h o r t in a c o m p a c t p a n i c l e ; c o r o l l a w h i t e . — M t s . b o r d e r i n g or n e a r t h e w . s i d e of t h e G r e a t B a s i n , 6000 t o 9000 f t . : M a r b l e M t . , w. S i s k i y o u Co.; M t . S h a s t a ; m t s . a b o u t L a k e T a h o e ; w . N e v . ( P . c o m p a c t a G r e e n e ) . V a r . PYGMAÈA J e p s o n n. v a r . P l a n t v e r y m u c h cond e n s e d , t u f t e d , 2 t o 4 in. h i g h ; l e a v e s o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e , a p p r e s s e d w h i t e s i l k y , 4 t o 9 linea long, s h o r t - p e t i o l e d ; p a n i c l e of r a c e m e s r e d u c e d t o a s m a l l h e a d or n e a r l y . — M t . S h a s t a , 9000 f t . ( J e p s o n , t y p e ) . V a r . DASYPHÌLLA J e p s o n n. comb. S i m i l a r in h a b i t t o v a r . p y g m a e a ; filaments v e r y s l i g h t l y or obs c u r e l y h a i r y a n d o n l y b e l o w t h e m i d d l e . — A l p i n e , 11,400 t o 12,600 f t . : S i l v e r

820

HYDKOPHYLLACEAE

Pass, Fresno Co.; Mt. Whitney. (I\ dasyphylla Greene.) 7. P . corymbósa Jepson n. sp. Stems few or several, very slender, almost naked, erect or ascending from a basal or subbasal t u f t of many leaves, 11 to 14 in. long; herbage hirsute and minutely puberulent, the stems glandularhirsute above, the leaves greenishwhite or subglaucous beneath; leaves broadly oblong, entire, acute at base and apex, 1 to 1 % in. long, rather definitely t h o u g h not abruptly petioled, the petioles half to as long; racemes subumbellately disposed or corymbose, 1 to 3 in. long; flowers somewhat discrete, at least not densely crowded; sepals oblong, somewhat bristly, especially on the margins, transversely venulose; corolla white, 3 lines long.— Upper Sacramento Eiver (Dunsmuir, 2200 ft., Jepson 6161, type). 8. P . califórnica Cham. PHACELIA. F i g . 7 8 7 . S t e m s

simple, erect, 1 %

ROCK stout,

to 2 f t . high,

787. Phacelia californica Cham.; a, leaf x % ; usually several from the root-crown; bt panicle x H ; r, corolla spread open x 2 ; stems and petioles hispid, somed, cross sect, ovary x 10.

times very sparsely so, the blades strigose, either green or canescent; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, the large terminal lobe elliptic to lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, with 1 to several pairs of smaller or much reduced leaflets or lobes below, or entire; petioles commonly long; racemes dense, 1 to 2 in. long, mostly rather short-peduncled and disposed in a terminal panicle; sepals oblong; corolla commonly purple, 3 lines long.—Rocky points or ledges, near the coast, 20 to 1500 f t . : Marin, w. Contra Costa, w. Alameda and San Francisco Cos. to Monterey Co. Var. IMBRICATA Jepson. Stems 2 to 2 % f t . high; racemes 2 to 4 in. long, many in an often large panicle (less commonly in 2s and 3s), mostly on long peduncles; corolla dingy white; fruiting calyces ovate or broad, conspicuously imbricated.—Dry rocky foothills, 300 to 3000 ft., mostly toward the interior: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada foothills; cismontane S. Cal. Var. VIRGATA Jepson n. comb. Stem stout, simple, usually erect, 1 to 3 % ft. high, leafy at base and to the middle of the stem, thence with the many racemes compactly virgate-raceinose to the summit; stem and petioles sparsely or densely coarse-hispid with a dense almost plush-like short indument beneath; leaves pinnately divided to entire, appressed-pubescent.—Montane, 2000 to 6000 f t . : Mendocino Co. to Shasta and Siskiyou Cos.; Modoc Co. to Nevada Co. One of the most well-marked forms of this variable group, but intergrading, especially at the limits of its range, with var. imbricata. (P. virgata Greene). Var. RUBACEA Jepson n. var. Somewhat similar to var. virgata, but the branches of the main axis (especially the lower) more or less elongated and bearing subumbellate or corymbose clusters of racemes, the whole inflorescence loosely paniculate; sepals becoming red, bristly-ciliate.—Lower slopes of Mt. Konocti, Lake Co. (Jepson, type). Var. BERNARDINA Jepson n. comb. Stems 1 to 1 % f t . high; sepals ovate, obtuse or acutish.—Mts. of S. Cal., s. to L. Cal. (f. bernardina Mcbr.) Var. PÁTULA Jepson n. comb. Stems erect, ascending or decumbent, nearly naked, 5 to 12 in. high; leaves mostly basal, ovate or elliptic-ovate with 2 or 3 pair of supplementary lobes below, or deeply pinnatifid; sepals narrowly obovate to lanceolate OT linear-lanceolate. —Mts., 5500 to 8000 f t . : cent, and s. Sierra Nevada; mts. of S. Cal. (P. magellanica f. patula Brand. P. californica f. ballii Mcbr.)

PHACELIA FAMILY

821

9. P . nemoralis Greene. Stems 1 or few f r o m the base, simple below, paniculately branched above, to 3 f t . high, very bristly with stinging hairs; herbage light green; leaves elliptical to oblong, 1 to 4 in. long, simple and entire or with a pair of small leaflets a t base; basal and lower leaves on petioles 2 to 3 in. long, uppermost shortpetioled or sessile; racemes iy> to 2 y2 in. long, slender, in 2s or 3s, terminating the stems or lateral branches; corolla whitish, 2 lines long; capsule 2-seeded.—Shade of woods or brush in the foothills, 300 to 1500 f t . : S a n t a Cruz Mts. to w. Alameda Co. and Sonoma Co.; Calaveras Co. to Fresno Co. MayJuly. 10. P . breweri Gray. Fig. 788. Stem diffusely branching from the base, 4 to 9 in. high, the branches slender and with rather long internodes; herbage puberulent and hispidulose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, cleft towards the base, or t h e lowermost and basal pinnately divided; racemes slender, lax or long. sect, of ovary x 6. sometimes dense, 1 to 3 in. long, o f t e n geminate at the ends of the branches; sepals linear; corolla blue or whitish, 2 to 2% lines long; scales narrow-oblong, acute at apex, attached the whole length; filaments glabrous, not exserted; capsule ovate, mostly 1-seeded.—Dry slopes, 2000 to 4000 f t . , South Coast Ranges: Mt. Diablo; Mt. Day; Cedar Mt.; Mt. Hamilton; S a n t a Cruz Mts.; Santa Lucia Mts.; San Carlos Range. May-July. 11. P. eisenii Bdg. Stems slender, branched f r o m base, erect or diffuse, 1 % to 7 in. high; herbage short-hirsute and somewhat glandular; leaves elliptic-oblong, entire or few-lobed, 6 to 8 lines long, narrowed to a petiole half as long; racemes loose, hardly seorpioid, the flowers on slender spreading pedicels; calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate, moderately unequal, 1 to 1% lines long; corolla blue or white, l 1 ^ to IV2 times as long as the calyx; the nearly parallel lobes surpassing the anthers, t h e scales short, wholly adnate and united at base in f r o n t of the filament; capsule ovate, shorter t h a n the calyx; seeds scrobiculate.—Montane, 4100 to 8000 f t . , Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. May-July. 12. P. marcescens Eastw. Stems erect, branching, 8 to 9 in. high; herbage and inflorescence glandular, puberulent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate or pinnatifid, the upper entire; racemes rather dense; corolla blue, 2 lines long, only gradually or slowly pushed off by the enlarging capsule; scales long and very narrow, a d n a t e ; style cleft % or %.—Nevada Co. (Bear Valley, 3500 f t . ) ; not otherwise known. 13. P. humilis T. & G. Fig. 789. Stem 1 or several f r o m the base, 2y 2 to 5 (or 8) in. high, the racemes borne terminally on short axillary branchlets along the leafy axis from the base to the summit, sometimes not exceeding the subtending leaves, sometimes much elongated; herbage glandular-puberulent; leaves lanceolate, entire, 1 to IV2 in. long, shortly petioled, or t h e very lowest ovate and half as long; sepals linear to narrowly spatulate, hispid, V2 to % as long as corolla; corolla campanulate, pale lavender or pale purple with a white center, 1% to 2% lines long; scales narrow, adnate, the free edge of adjoining pairs connivent; stamens slightly exserted; style deeply parted, sparingly glandular-puberulent; capsule 4 (rarely 6)-seeded, the seeds

822

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

regularly foveolate.—Granite sand of talus or rocky slopes, 4000 to 8300 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; Tehachapi Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; n. Nev. to e. Ore. MayJuly. (P. congdonii Greene.) 14. P. irritans Brand. Stem branching f r o m near the base, 4 to 6 in. high, the branches widely spreading or ascending; herbage hispid; leaves oblong-ovate, entire, % to l 1 /! in. long, narrowed at base to a short petiole; racemes rather dense, % to 1% in. long; corolla pale blue, campanulate, cleft nearly to middle, 2 lines long; scales semilanceolate, wholly adnate, the f r e e edges of contiguous pairs partly connivent; stamens exserted, t h e filaments a little hairy.—N. Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 6100 ft., from Sierra Co. to Plumas and Lassen Cos. 15. P. racemósa (Kell.) Bdg. Stem slender, iy> to 4 in. high, simple below, commonly with opposite branches above, the successive 789. Phacelia humilis T. & G.; o, habit x Vi \ pairs spreading at right angles b, fl. x 2 Vi : c, corolla spread open x 2 Vj ; d, with each other; herbage glanducorolla scales x 5 ; e, cross sect, of ovary x 5. lar-puberulent, the stems mostly glabrous and glaucous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, tapering a t base, % to iy> in. long, shortly petioled or subsessile, equaling or surpassing the loose spikes or branches of the cyme; sepals linear-spatulate, shorter t h a n the corolla; corolla dull white or blue, narrow-campanulate, 1 to 2 lines long; scales linear or oblong; stamens included, glabrous; capsule globose, shorter t h a n the calyx.—Montane, 5300 to 7500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Tehama Co., thence to Siskiyou and Trinity Cos. June-July. (P. namatoides Gray.) 16. P. platyloba Gray. Stem very slender, erect, sparingly branched, sparsely leafy, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage minutely pubescent or the inflorescence somewhat hirsute; leaves pinnately divided (at least below apex) into distinct divisions or leaflets; leaflets discrete or remote, oblong to linear in outline, 3 to 6 lines long, pinnately parted or minutely pinnatifid into small to 1% lines long) entire or toothed segments; upper leaves less divided; racemes dense and loose, terminal and axillary; pedicels shorter than the calyx; sepals about 2 lines long, unequal, foliaceous, 3 linear-lanceolate and entire, 2 broadly ovate, contracted into a petiole-like base and crenately toothed, lobed or entire; corolla lavender, open-campanulate, 2 to 2% lines long, lobed to about the middle; scales oblong, subcordate above; stamens slightly exserted; anthers purple; style twice as long as the corolla, deeply p a r t e d ; capsule glabrous, acute at apex, shorter than the calyx.—Foothills, 1000 to 2000 ft., Mariposa Co. to Fresno Co. Apr.-May. 17. P. tanacètifòlia Benth. FIDDLE-NECK. Fig. 790. Stem stout, erect, sparingly branched, VA 7 9 0 P h a c e i i t t tanacetifolia to 4 f t . high; leaves pinnately divided, the leafBenth.; fl. x 5.

PHACELIA

FAMILY

823

lets pinnatifid, 2 to 7 lines long; racemes 3 to 4 in. long, ascending and approximate; sepals linear, beset with rigid bristles, in f r u i t little exceeding the oval capsule; corolla lavender or bluish, open-campanulate, 3 to 4 lines long, its scales entirely a d n a t e ; stamens much exserted.—Valleys and foothills, 100 to 1500 f t . : Great Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills; sporadic and in some localities perhaps introduced in the Coast Ranges, Mohave Desert and coastal S. Cai. Apr.-June. 18. P. distans Benth. Stem erect and strict, or branching and diffuse, 8 to 23 in. high; herbage with scattered hispid hairs and close fine pubescence; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions commonly linear or oblong, once or twice pinnately and (for the most p a r t ) finely dissected; spikes scattered, solitary or geminate; sepals unequal, narrowly obovate to spatulate, rarely linear; corolla 3 to i lines long, rotate-campanulate, sordid white, blue, or violet, its scales semi-ovate, very undulate, with free tips; stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla-lobes; capsule globose.—Foothills and mesas, loamy or sandy soil, 5 0 0 to 4 0 0 0 f t . : Tehama and N a p a Cos. to San Diego Co., e. to the s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare and K e r n Cos.; P a n a m i n t Range; Nev. to Ariz. 19. P. ramosissima Dougl. Stems several f r o m the root-crown, simple or branching above, somewhat diffuse, 1% to 3% f t . long; herbage somewhat glandular, hispid throughout and soft-pubescent (or only the leaves softpubescent) ; leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 9 oblong and serrate or incised divisions or leaflets, the lower distinct, the upper more or less confluent; stamens and style somewhat exserted; corolla sordid- or yellowishwhite or bluish; calyx-lobes linear-spatulate to obovate, twice the length of the capsule or longer; seeds oblong, 1 line.—Foothill and mountain slopes and canons, 200 to 9000 f t . : almost throughout Cai.; n. to Wash., s. to L. Cai. May-July. Var. SUFFRUTÉSCENS Parry. Stems glandular-hirsute or hispid; sepals oblanceolate, abruptly narrowed to a claw-like base, mostly distant. —Foothills, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains to Tejon Pass. Var. SUBSINUÀTA Mcbr. Stems hispid-pubescent ; sepals as in preceding var.—Near the coast, Monterey Co. to San Diego Co. (P. subsinuata Greene.) Var. CINÈREA Jepson n. comb. Herbage ashy, pubescent (ex char.).—San Xicolas Isl. (P. cinerea Eastw.) 2 0 . P. hispida Gray. CATERPILLAR P H A C E L I A . Stems diffusely branched or erect and subsimple. % to 2 f t . high; herbage with long slender spreading white bristles; leaves divided, the leaflets mostly distinct, discrete and deeply incised, 6 to 9 lines long, or the uppermost leaves merely laciniate-incised; racemes in age not dense; sepals oblanceolate, very narrow, slender-attenuate downward, densely set with long spreading white bristles; corolla pale blue or lavender, campanulate, 3 to 4% lines long, 1% to 2 times as long as the calyx; scales undulate or ruffled below, acutely narrowed upward and wholly adnate; stamens well or scarcely exserted; f r u i t i n g sepals to 2 times as long as the globose capsule.—Foothills, 1 0 0 0 to 5 7 0 0 f t . : Santa Lucia Mts. to San Diego; San Joaquin Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m B u t t e Co. to Kern Co.; Tehachapi Range; Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; w. side Colorado Desert. May-Aug. Var. CICUTÀRIA Mcbr. Racemes rather dense; stamens included.—Sierra N e v a d a foothills to S. Cai. Var. HUBBYI Mcbr. Racemes very dense, commonly erect and often approximate; racemes and calyces shaggy-hirsute.—Mts. of Ventura Co.; San Gabriel Mts.

21. P . erèmica Jepson n. sp. Stems branching from the base, diffuse, 6 to 9 in. long; pubescent, with short spreading glandular hairs; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions or leaflets discrete, mostly toothed, scarcely incised, 3 to 5 lines long; racemes short, the flowers not crowded; sepals narrow, oblanceolate, slender or filiform (at base), conspicuously'pilose; corolla blue, its throat irregularly translucent, 2V2 to 3 lines long, little longer than calyx; scales narrow, adnate except a t apex, terminating in a short bristlelike tooth which projects behind the filament, its tip approximating the tooth of the scale of the a d j a c e n t pair.—Rocky canon walls, w. side Colorado Desert (Collins Valley, Jepson 8852, type).

824

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

22. P . c i l i i t a Benth. Fig. 791. Stem branched f r o m the base with rather simple ascending branches, 9 to 14 in. high ; herbage scabrous - pubescent; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions oblong, toothed or incised; spikes in terminal clusters or geminate or solit a r y ; sepals % to % as long as corolla; corolla blue, deeply bowl-shaped, 2% to 3% lines long; scales sub-orbicular, spreading horizontally, partly f r e e ; capsule ovate, mucronate; sepals in f r u i t twice as long as in flower, oblongovate to broadly ovate, chartaceous with thickened margins and prominent midrib, markedly venulose, sparsely bristly-ciliate, 3 to 5 lines long, arched over the capsule, their tips meeting.— Valley fields and montane fiats, 20 to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges f r o m Humboldt Co. to San Benito Co. and Mt. Pinos; Tehachapi Mts.; w. side t h e Great Valley; n. L. Cal. Apr.-May. Var. thermalis Jepson n. comb. Low, 3 to 6 in. high; herbage strigose-pubescent or sometimes bristly; sepals oblong-ovate or lanceolate, % as long as in f r u i t , much enlarged, 4 to 5 lines long, decidedly bristly-ciliate.—About warm springs, Shasta and Modoc Cos.; n. to southern Ore. June. (P. thermalis Greene.) 23. P . p6dicellata Gray. Stem robust, erect, openly branched, 6 to 13 in. high; herbage short-villous and glandular; leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular in outline, 2y> to 4% in. long, pinnately divided (at least below the apex) into 3 to 7 distinct leaflets with petiolules; leaflets sub-orbicular to ovate, serrate or incisely lobed, % to 2 in. long; upper leaves often roundovate and merely deeply toothed; racemes short, dense, in terminal clusters; pedicels filiform, nearly as long as the flowers, o f t e n deflexed in f r u i t ; sepals linear or oblanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long, exceeding the globular capsule; corolla white, open-campanulate, 3 lines long; scales short, rounded; stamens and style exserted, style 2-cleft.—Desert valleys and canons, 500 to 4000 f t . : Funeral Mts.; P a n a m i n t Mts.; Providence Mts.; Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal. Apr.-May. 24. P . c r y p t i n t h a Greene. Stem 12 in. high, branched f r o m the base; herbage thinly covered with spreading bristles; leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 7 divisions or leaflets, these obovate or elliptic, 4 to 9 lines long, t h e lower ones discrete and distinctly petiolulate; upper leaves 3-lobed or divided; racemes 3 to 4 in. long in f r u i t , not very dense; sepals oblanceolate or spatulate, rather densely set with long white spreading bristles, 4 to 5 lines long in f r u i t ; corolla white, tubular-campanulate, 2 lines long, shorter than, or not exceeding, the calyx; scales broadly semi-ovate, wholly adnate, a little erosulate or slightly toothed; stamens included; seeds roughly favose; capsule globose, the f r u i t i n g sepals 3 times as long.-—Canons and washes, arid mountain ranges, 4000 f t . : P a n a m i n t Range; e. slope Sierra Nevada in Inyo Co.; Tehipite Valley. (P. hispida var. b r a c h y a n t h a Cov.) 25. P . crenul&ta Torr. Stem erect, branching, 6 to 12 (sometimes 18) in. high; herbage hispid-pubescent, glandular throughout and ill-scented; leaves elliptic-oblong to linear-oblong, undulately or crenately lobed or pinnately divided with oblong or elliptic incisely toothed segments, 1 to 3% in. long, the lower ones petioled, the upper usually sessile; racemes dense, in terminal clusters; pedicels very short; sepals oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long; corolla deep violet or purple-blue, rotate-campanulate, 3 to 5 lines long, t h e lobes crenulate; scales broadly lobed below, narrowed to an acute tip, wholly a d n a t e ; stamens and deeply cleft style long-exserted; filaments naked.—Desert val-

PHACELIA FAMILY

825

leys and mesas, 300 to 4700 f t . : Colorado D e s e r t ; e. M o h a v e D e s e r t ; I n y o Co.; e. to Nev., Col. a n d Ariz., s. to L. Cal. M a y - J u l y . 26. P. malvaefolia Cham. STINGING P H A C E L I A . Stem erect, f r e e l y branching or subsimple, % to 2% f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e hispid-bristly t h r o u g h o u t , t h e bristles w i t h a conspicuous p u s t u l a t e b a s e ; leaves round-ovate to ellipticovate, t r u n c a t e or cordate a t base, shallowly lobed ( t h e lobes s e r r a t e ) , 1 to 3 in. long, t h e petioles % to % as long; spikes solitary or g e m i n a t e ; corolla white, 2 to 2% lines long, longer t h a n t h e unequal s p a t u l a t e sepals; scales semi-ovate, t h e apical point f r e e ; stamens e x s e r t e d ; capsule 2 to 4-seeded; seeds p i t t e d . — A l o n g t h e coast, especially on ocean bluffs, 10 to 200 f t . : M o n t e r e y Co. to H u m b o l d t Co.; n. to southwest Ore. May-Aug. V a r . LOASAEF6LIA B r a n d . Lower leaves p i n n a t e l y divided, t h e leaflets discrete; capsule 3 to 6-seeded.—Coast of M o n t e r e y and S a n Luis Obispo Cos., and e. to N a c i m i e n t o Biver. (P. l o a s a e f o l i a Gray.) 27. P. rattanii Gray. Similar t o P . m a l v a e f o l i a b u t smaller t h r o u g h o u t ; spikes slender, % to 2 in. long; f o u r sepals s p a t u l a t e , t h e fifth obovate and longer; corolla white, 2 lines long; stamens included; filaments hairy.—Bushy hillsides, 1500 to 2000 f t . : S a n t a Cruz Mts.; L a k e Co. to S h a s t a and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to s o u t h e r n Ore. J u n e . I V . — S u b g e n u s EUTOCA. Scales of t h e corolla in some species f r e e f r o m t h e stamens, in others a d n a t e t o t h e m ; ovules more t h a n 2 to each p l a c e n t a ; capsule w i t h f e w to m a n y seeds, these not t r a n s v e r s e l y corrugated. 28. P. perityloides Cov. Steins several f r o m a b r a n c h e d root-crown, f r e e l y and o f t e n densely b r a n c h i n g , 3 to 9 in. h i g h ; main stems white-lanate w i t h a dense covering of short s p r e a d i n g h a i r s ; b r a n c h l e t s and foliage densely pubescent a n d g l a n d u l a r ; leaves orbicular, cordate or t r u n c a t e a t base, dent a t e , 3 t o 6 (or 11) lines long, mostly shorter t h a n t h e slender petioles; racemes short, r a t h e r few-flowered; sepals s p a t u l a t e , in f r u i t slightly exceeding t h e capsule; corolla w h i t e w i t h purple tube, 4 lines long, t w i c e as long as t h e calyx; scales n a r r o w l y l i n e a r ; s t a m e n s not e x s e r t e d ; ovules 25 to each placenta.—Desert canons, 3000 to 4500 f t . ; P a n a m i n t Mts. M a y . Odor semi-mephitic and v e r y disagreeable. 29. P. hydrophylloides Torr. F i g . 792. Stems simple or branched, 4 to 10 in. high, arising on slender subt e r r a n e a n shoots f r o m t h e crown of a v e r y t h i c k r o o t ; herbage puberulent and hispid except t h e leaves, these silky-pubescent on both sides; leaves b r o a d l y o v a t e to oblong-ovate, incisely f e w - t o o t h e d or lobed (especially t o w a r d s b a s e ) , 1 to 2 % in. long, sometimes w i t h 1 or 2 supplem e n t a r y leaflets n e a r summit of t h e long petioles; spikes or racemes of t h e congested or c a p i t a t e cyme short, n o t e l o n g a t i n g ; sepals n a r r o w - l i n e a r or l i n e a r - s p a t u l a t e ; corolla violetblue or w h i t i s h , its spreading lobes rolled u n d e r f r o m each side so t h a t t h e y become pointed, t h e corollalimb t h u s a little s t a r - s h a p e d ; scales semi-oval or b r o a d l y linear, wholly a d n a t e , the f r e e edge u n d u l a t e , t h e p a i r u n i t e d below with base of filam e n t ; s t a m e n s and style strongly e x s e r t e d ; t h e style 2-parted below or to the middle; seeds 3 to 8, angled.—• Dry s a n d y or gravelly soil, high mont a n e , 5000 to 9000 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a fr rr oo m m Tl ui lil aArr ep •lune-Aug.

fc!oo.

tt no

T L .ans ss pe nn

P . rpe ialKr .

792

- P h a c e l yi a . hydrophylloides; Tc,o r sect, r . ; a,of fl. x 2 b> flower x 2 corolla s h o w i n g 2 s t a m e n s a n d scales x 2.

b r a n c h

826

I I if DUOI'Il Y L L A C E A E

30. P . procera Gray. Stems usually in clusters from a heavy root, very stout, erect, simple, leafy to the inflorescence, 3 to 7 f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent, the summit of the stem and the inflorescence glandular; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid into coarse acute lobes or sometimes merely incised, 2 % to 4 in. long; spikes mostly geminate, disposed in a terminal rather dense panicle; sepals linear, acute, shorter than the mature capsule; corolla white or bluish, bowl-shaped, to 3 lines long with short obtuse re volute lobes; scales oblong, adnate, divergent, united over the base of the filament; stamens well-exserted; style deeply 2-cleft; seeds 10 to 18, wing-angled.—Mountain meadows, 5000 to 6300 f t . : Nevada Co. to Lassen and Tehama Cos.; Humboldt Co. to Trinity and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Wash, and Ida. J u l y . 31. P . bolanderi Gray. Stem stout, simple or sparingly branched, % to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly ovate to oblong, coarsely serrate or incised, 2 to 3 % in. long, the lower commonly with 1 or 2 pairs of small leaflets towards summit of petiole; inflorescence terminal, the racemes in pairs and somewhat corymbosely or at length raeemosely disposed; corolla nearly rotate, violet, very pale blue or white, % to 1 in. wide; scales narrow, attached throughout; stamens somewhat exserted, sparingly pilose; style cleft to middle or below.—Rocky soil or on cliffs along the coast from Sonoma Co. to Del Norte Co.: Gualala; Navarro River; Cottonaby; Kenny to Usal; Camp Grant; Idlewild; Stitz Creek; between BlufE Creek and Orleans. The herbage has a disagreeable odor; it stains paper brownish in drying. 32. P . lyoni Gray. Stem robust, erect, branching, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage dark glandular-pubescent and somewhat hispid, heavy-scented; leaves large (broadly ovate in outline, 3 to 4 in. long), bipinnately divided into ovate crenate divisions 2 to 4 lines long; racemes dense, 1 to 1 % in. long, compacted into a dense terminal cymose panicle; sepals linear-spatulate, nearly equaled by the capsule; corolla light blue, broadly campanulate, 2 to 3 lines long; scales semi-oval, united at base to the filament; stamens not exserted; capsule narrowly oblong, many-seeded; seeds oval, scrobiculate.—Santa Catalina Isl. May-June. 33. P . douglasii (Benth.) Torr. Fig. 793. Stems several from the base, mostly simple, ascending or decumbent, 3 to 9 in. long; herbage puberulent and short, hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; leaves elongatedoblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes often unequal, entire or few-toothed; flowers loosely racemose; pedicels slender, frequently longer than the flowers, commonly more or less curved or retrocurved, 2 to 6 lines long; sepals spatulate, 1 to 3 lines long; corolla light-blue, opencampanulate, 3 to 6 lines long; scales semiovate or semi-lanceolate, wholly adnate; style 2-cleft at apex, hairy below; ovules 12 to 24 to each dilated placenta; capsule ovate, mucronate; seeds scrobiculate.—Sandy valleys, 20 to 2000 f t . : San Bernardino Valley and Los Angeles; n. to the upper San Joaquin Valley and to Contra Costa and San Francisco Cos. The habit and aspect are suggestive of Nemophila menziesii. Var. CRYPTANTHA Brand. Corolla small, scarcely longer than the calyx.—Flood-beds of rivers: w. San Diego Co.;

cross-sect, ovary x 6.

L. Cal.

V a r . PETR6PHILA J e p s o n n .

var.

Leaves entire, or some with 1, rarely 2, coarse teeth on each side below middle; corolla pale lavender, broad-campanulate, 3 lines long, its

PIIACELIA

FAMILY

827

scales almost obsolete; style very shortly cleft.—Surface of rock masses, Corral Hollow, Mt. Hamilton Kange, 600 f t . (Jepson 9583, t y p e ) . 34. P. davidsdnii Gray. H a b i t of no. 33 and seemingly too close to i t ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire, coarsely few-toothed, rarely pinnatifid, % to 1% in. long, drawn down to a rather long petiole; corolla purple or violet with yellowish-white tube, broad-campanulate, 3 to 5 lines long, 5 to 6 lines broad; tube o f t e n bearing 3 linear translucent spots between each set of scales.—Pine belt, 5000 to 7500 f t . : San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; Tehacliapi Range; Greenhorn Range; e. side Sierra Nevada. (P. curvipes var. pratensis Brand.) Var. macrantiia Parish. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; flowers somewhat larger.—San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains. 35. P. rotundif&lia Torr. Stem commonly much-branched f r o m base, 3 to 8 in. high; herbage hispid-pubescent, dark glandular; leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate, 5 to 8 lines long, on petioles o f t e n twice as long; racemes short, lax, rather few-flowered; sepals spatulate to linear-spatulate, exceeding t h e mature capsule; corolla tubular, white, 1 Vj to 2 lines long; scales reduced to linear thickenings; stamens not exserted; style slightly bifid at the apex; ovules 20 to 30 to each placenta; seeds globular.—Shady spots amongst rocks or cliffs, desert canons: Ord Mts.; Providence Mts.; P a n a m i n t Mts.; e. to Utah. 36. P. curvipes Torr. Stems few to many f r o m the base, diffuse or ascending, 1 to 3 (or 6) in. high; herbage pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or -obovate to oblong or linear-lanceolate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long, rather longpetioled; racemes simple, rather lax; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, curved or retrocurved in age; sepals ligulate-spatulate; corolla blue (sometimes white), campanulate, 2 to 3 lines long; stamens half as long as t h e corolla; scales narrow; style cleft % or capsule ovate, acuminate, erect upon the spreading or deflexed pedicel; seeds 16, irregularly pitted.—Mountain slopes bordering the deserts, 4000 to 8000 f t . , often under pines: Laguna Mts.; S a n t a Rosa Mts.; San J a c i n t o Mts.; e. side Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Inyo Co. to Washoe Co., Nev. 37. P. linearis (Pursh) Holz. Stems rigid, simple or racemosely branched, % to 1 or f t . high; herbage hirsute and minutely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, rarely 2-toothed, or sometimes a f e w of them deeply 3-cleft into linear entire lobes, to iy> in. long, mostly sessile; spikes or spike-like racemes disposed in a virgate or thyrsoid panicle; sepals narrowly linear or spatulate-linear, exceeding the capsule; corolla violet or sometimes white, 3 to 5 lines long; scales long and narrow, f r e e from the filaments; stamens little or not at all exserted, the filaments sparsely hairy near the middle; ovules 12 to 16; seeds oblong, coarsely reticulate.—Montane, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Siskiyou and Trinity Cos.; n. to B. C., e. to Utah. June. 38. P. mohavensis Gray. Stems slender, usually strictly branched at or above the base, sometimes diffuse, 2 to 7 (or 10) in. high; herbage hispid and glandular-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or linear, entire or few-toothed, % to iy> in. long; racemes strict, at length 1 to 2 in. long, the short pedicels erect; sepals spatulate or linear-spatulate, exceeding the capsule; corolla purple, campanulate, 2 to 3 lines long; scales narrow, adnate, widely divergent f r o m base of filament; stamens slightly exserted, the filaments mostly glabrous; style cleft % ; ovules 4 or 5 to each placenta.—Ranges bordering the Mohave Desert, 4000 to 7000 f t . : San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; s. Sierra N e v a d a in Tulare Co. May-June. 39. P. pringlei Gray. Stems slender, simple or widely branched, 3 to 7 in. high; herbage finely glandular-puberulent or the stems glabrous and glaucous; leaves oblanceolate, entire, % to 1% in. long, at least the lower opposite; racemes axillary, few-flowered, loose; sepals linear, exceeding the capsule; corolla pale blue, 1% to 2 lines long, the scales semi-lanceolate or very obscure; stamens not exserted, the filaments hairy at middle; ovules 2 or 3 (or 5) on each placenta.—Montane, 5000 to 8000 f t . : Eldorado Co. to Lassen Co. and Mt. Shasta. Sept. Very near P. racemosa Bdg. Yar. or6genes

828

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Jepson n. comb. Herbage white-pilose, not glandular; corolla-tube white; stamens slightly exserted.—Mineral King, Tulare Co. (P. orogenes Brand.) 40. P. divaricata (Benth.) Gray. Stem branched from the base, diffuse or spreading, the branches 3 to 16 in. long; herbage both pubescent and hirsute; leaves ovate to broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, equaling or exceeding the petioles, entire, rarely with a pair of coarse teeth or with a pair of supplementary lobes at summit of the petiole; petioles equaling or exceeding the blade, or the cauline ones very short; pedicels about 1 line long; sepals in fruit linear, 4 to 7 lines long, sparsely hispid-ciliate, with somewhat thickened margins and prominent midnerve and cross-veins; corolla blue, broadly open-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines broad; style 2-cleft at apex; seeds 7 to 10, regularly pitted.—Open hills, 1000 to 2000 ft., Coast Ranges from Marin Co. to San Benito Co.: Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; Mt. Hamilton; Santa Cruz Mts.; San Carlos Range. Mar.-June. 41. P. parishii Gray. Stems few to several from base, diffuse, 2 to 3 in. high, somewhat scape-like, the leaves mostly basal or sub-basal; herbage viscid-puberulent; leaves roundish-ovate or crenulate, 6 to 9 lines long, petioled; peduncles as long as the fruiting spikes; flowers crowded, the pedicels very short; sepals spatulate or obovate-spatulate, in fruit equaling the oblong capsule; corolla blue or bluish, 2 lines long, somewhat surpassing the calyx; scales obscure or none; stamens not exserted; style bifid at apex; seeds narrowly oblong, scrobieulate, % line long.-—Desert valleys, very rare: Rabbit Sprs., Mohave Desert. Steptos Valley, Nev. May-July. 42. P. lemmònii Gray. Stem more or less branched, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage minutely glandular-puberulent; leaves roundish-ovate or ellipticovate, angular-dentate or crenate, % to in. long, the petioles 3 to 8 lines long; spikes rather short-peduncled, rather loose in fruit; pedicels short, erect; calyx-lobes spatulate to linear-spatulate, in fruit a little longer than the ovoid capsule; corolla white, 2 to 3 lines long, hardly twice as long as the calyx; scales semi-oblong; stamens not exserted; seeds about 30, shortoval, % line long, minutely scrobieulate.—Moist spots, desert canons, 4000 to 5000 ft., rare: Rock Creek, n. side San Gabriel Mts.; Argus Mts., Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz. May. 43. P. suavèolens Greene. Stem branched from the base, erect or ascending, 10 to 12 in. high; herbage pubescent and glandular, leaves obovate to oblong-elliptic, coarsely toothed (the teeth entire or sparsely denticulate), 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles % to % as long; racemes solitary or in 2s, denselyflowered, often becoming 1% to 2 in. long; pedicels very short or % line long); sepals obovate-spatulate, much longer than the capsule; corolla light blue, 4 lines long, nearly twice as long as the calyx; scales linear; stamens not exserted; style shortly bifid at apex; ovules 6 to each placenta.—Mountain slopes, Mt. Tamalpais to the Vaca Mts. Apr.-June. 44. P. phacèlioìdes (Benth.) Brand. Stem diffusely branching from the base, 5 to 8 in. high, puberulent and hispid; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, entire, strigose-hispid, 1 to 1% in. long; flowers shortpediceled or at first nearly sessile, in dense racemes or spikes; sepals in fruit linear-spatulate, hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs, especially toward the base, 5 to 6 lines long, twice or thrice the length of the capsule; corolla dull white, narrowly funnelform, 2% to 3 lines long; capsule ovate, acute or mucronate, 6 to 16-séeded; seeds scrobiculate.—Mountain peaks, 3500 to 4000 ft., central Coast Ranges, rare: Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton. (P. circinatiformis Gray.) 45. P. grísea Gray. Stem diffusely branched, % to 1% ft. high; herbage hirsute and finely pubescent, somewhat viscid; leaves ovate or oblong, entire or 1 or 2-toothed or incised, 1 to 2 in. long, tapering to a short petiole; spikes densely flowered, at length 2 to 4 in. long; calyx-lobes obovate-spatulate, little exceeding the capsule; corolla nearly white, 4 lines long; stamens and 2-cleft style conspicuously exserted; ovules 5 or 6 to each placenta.—Along the coast, Santa Lucia Mts. June. 46. P. purpùsii Bdg. Stem erect, simple or branched, 6 to 14 in. high; herbage hispid-pubescent, the stems and inflorescence glandular; leaves ovate

PHACELIA FAMILY

829

or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire (rarely coarsely toothed), % to 2 in. long, petioled; spikes many, racemosely disposed along t h e axis and terminal, densely many-flowered, at length 4 in. long; sepals spatulate, slightly exceeding the m a t u r e capsule; corolla pale or sordid blue, 3 to 4 lines long, the tube w i t h lucid spots a l t e r n a t e w i t h t h e scales; scales n a r r o w or semi-oblong, one f r o m each contiguous pair connivent by t h e f r e e margins f r o m top to b o t t o m ; stamens exserted; style p a r t e d below the middle; ovules 2 to 4 to each placenta.—Montane, 4000 to 6000 f t . , Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co.; rare. J u n e - J u l y . 47. P . vallicola Congdon. Similar to P . purpusii; stem simple or strictly branched, 6 t o 12 in. high; herbage hispid, somewhat glandular, or the leaves silky; leaves ovate or oblong-elliptic, entire, % to 1% in. long, on petioles y» to nearly as long; racemes moderately densely flowered, becoming 2Yj to 3 in. long; pedicels s h o r t ; sepals s p a t u l a t e or linear-spatulate, exceeding the capsule at m a t u r i t y ; corolla lavender, 2% lines long, a little longer t h a n the calyx; scales narrowly linear; stamens not exserted; style short, p a r t e d a little below t h e middle; ovules 12 to 15 to each p l a c e n t a ; capsule globoseovate, shortly subulate-beaked; seeds angular-oblong, reticulate.—Foothills, Mariposa Co. May. V.—Subgenus MICROGÉNETES. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m or cylindraceous, t h e scales vertical, long and narrow, o f t e n more or less united to t h e base of t h e filaments, or inconspicuous or a b s e n t ; stamens unequal, included; style 2-cleft at apex; ovules several to each p l a c e n t a ; seeds oblong, with strong t r a n s v e r s e corrugation. 48. P . lvesiána Torr. Stems several t o m a n y f r o m t h e base, diffuse or ascending, branching, 2 to 5 in. high; h e r b a g e thinly hirsute, pubescent and somewhat glandular t h r o u g h o u t ; leaves pinnately p a r t e d into several to m a n y lobes, the lobes oblong-linear, usually entire or slightly toothed, 1 to 2 lines long; racemes few-flowered; sepals linear-spatulate, 2 lines long, t h e t i p s o f t e n recurved or spreading; corolla w h i t e or pale purple, nearly t u b u l a r , equaling or longer t h a n t h e calyx, 2 t o 3 lines long; scales mostly w a n t i n g or very small; stamens included; capsule glandular, conspicuously shorter t h a n t h e calyx.—Desert flats, 200 to 2000 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; I n y o Co.; n. to Ore., e. to U t a h . 49. P . affinis Gray. Stems erect, usually several f r o m the base, simple or sparingly branched, 3 to 12 in. high; leaves mostly basal or sub-basal, pinn a t e l y but irregularly p a r t e d into many lobes, t h e divisions or leaflets oblong, obtuse, few-toothed or entire, 1 to 2 lines long, o f t e n w i t h small t r i a n g u l a r lobes b e t w e e n ; racemes densely flowered; sepals mostly s t r a i g h t (not recurving at t i p ) , spatulate, somewhat g l a n d u l a r ; corolla pale purple, oblongcampanulate, 1% to 2 Y j lines long, about equaling the calyx; stamens included; scales narrowly linear, inconspicuous or obsolete; style slightly bifid at apex, shorter t h a n the calyx; capsule nearly equaling t h e calyx; seeds reticulate b u t with conspicuous t r a n s v e r s e corrugations.—Mountain slopes and canons, 1000 to 3000 f t . : n. side San Gabriel Mts. ( A r r a s t r e C a ñ ó n ) ; w. side Colorado Desert (Grapevine Spr. and Campo); s. to L. Cal. Mar.-Mav. 50. P . bicolor Torr. Stems several f r o m the base, diffuse or ascending, 4 t o 7 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e whitish-puberulent, glandular above; leaves pinn a t e l y divided into divisions, 1 to 2 (or 4) lines long, t h e divisions again finely pinnatifid; racemes not v e r y densely flowered; sepals narrowly linear or a little s p a t u l a t e ; corolla violet or purple w i t h w h i t e tube, narrowly f u n n e l f o r m , 6 to 8 lines long, 3 times as long as t h e calyx; scales narrow, a d n a t e to corolla and united with the filaments almost their whole length t h u s f o r m i n g a t u b u l a r pocket behind t h e s t a m e n ; style sharply c l e f t a t a p e x ; capsule oval-oblong.—Sandy valleys or flats, 2000 to 6000 f t . : Tanges in or bordering t h e Mohave Desert; San Benito Co.; I n y o Co.; Lassen Co.; e. t o Nev. 51. P . f r e m ó n t i i Torr. Stems several to many from the base, diffuse or ascending, 6 to 12 in. h i g h ; herbage r a t h e r densely pubescent, t h e inflorescence and calyces g l a n d u l a r ; leaves p i n n a t e l y parted into many divisions or lobes, the lobes oblong or obovate, entire or usually so, 3 to 6 in. long, o f t e n

830

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

with smaller lobes between; basal leaves long-petioled, upper short-petioled or almost sessile; flowers crowded in elongated spike-like racemes; corolla lilac-blue or lavender, with yellow throat, broadly funnelform, 5 to 7 lines long, 2 times as long as the spatulate sepals; scales narrow, wholly adnate to corolla and free from the filaments or none.—Sandy soil, 2000 to 6800 f t . : mountain slopes bordering the Mohave Desert; upper San Joaquin Valley; South Fork Kern River; desert ranges of Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. and Ariz. Mar.June. 52. P. brachyloba Gray. Stem erect, with many branches from the base or subsimple, 1 to 1Y2 f t . high; herbage densely short-hairy-pubescent and often glandular; leaves linear to oblong in outline, 1 to 2% in. long, coarsely pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes oblong, mostly obtuse, often somewhat dentate; racemes spicate, densely flowered, the flowers sessile; sepals linear-spatulate, 2 lines long; corolla white, or clear pink-lavender with yellow throat, campanulate, 3 lines long; throat bearing an oblong-ovate areola behind each stamen and a pair of smaller ones between each of these; scales of corolla usually absent; stamens included; filaments dilated at base; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx; seeds inconspicuously corrugated.— Mountain slopes, moist sandy soil, 1500 to 5000 f t . : Cuyama, Santa Inez, San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains to San Diego Co. 53. P. Mllii Brand. Stems several from the base, simple or branching, erect or decumbent, ascending, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage minutely puberulent, the inflorescence glandular; leaves pinnately divided, the segments oblong or linear, entire or few-toothed, 1 to 4 lines long; foliage more 01 less distinctly brown in color; racemes rather dense, 1 to 3 in. long; sepals linear-lanceolate; corolla bluish-purple, tubular, 4 lines long; stamens unequal, included; scales adnate to corolla, f r e e from filaments, much reduced or often wanting; style hairy below, 2-cleft at apex; capsule oblong, 2 lines long.—Desert valleys or flats, 2000 to 7000 f t . : Mohave Desert and its bordering ranges; n. to Inyo Co. 54. P. pachyphylla Gray. Stem compactly branched forming a low dwarf IV2 to 2% (or 4) in. high; herbage viscid or glandular-pubescent throughout; leaves roundish to ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base, entire or crenate, 5 to 12 lines long, the petioles often as long or longer; racemes short, in flower not exceeding the leaves; sepals glandular, oblong-spatulate, 1% to 2 lines long; corolla purple, narrowly campanulate, 2 to 3 lines long; stamens included; scales narrowly linear.—Alkaline soil or gravelly benches in the deserts, 200 to 2000 f t . : e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal., e. to Ariz. 55. P. calthifdlla Brand. Stem stout, erect, commonly branching from the base, 3V2 to 11 in. high; herbage densely glandular-pubescent throughout, staining paper brownish in drying; leaves roundish and subcordate, crenate or crenulate, 1 to 2 in. long, the lower long-petioled, the upper almost sessile and nearly opposite, smaller; racemes densely flowered, 1% to 6 in. long, the flowers almost sessile; sepals broadly linear, 2 to 3 lines long, very glandular; corolla purple, broadly campanulate, 4 to 6 lines long; scales semiobovate, rounded and free at apex, the sides adnate to corolla, the other edge attached to filament, so that the pair makes a pocket behind stamen; stamens unequal, included.—Desert washes, 100 to 2500 ft., e. Mohave Desert; Death Valley region. 6. MILTiTZIA A. DC. Annuals, similar to Phacelia. Pedicels commonly % to % as long as the flowers. Calyx-lobes in ours linear-oblanceolate. Corolla persistent, the scales in its tube very minute. Style in ours persistent. Capsule ovoid. (Frederich von Miltitz of Dresden, author of a handbook of botanical literature, 1829.) Stems diffuse; corolla Hi to 1% times as long as calyx Stems erect; corolla slightly exceeding calyx

1. M. glandulifera. 2. M. inyoensis.

1. M. glandulifera (Torr.) Hel. Stems several from the base, branching, diffuse, 2% to 6 in. long; herbage pubescent, the inflorescence usually slightly glandular; leaves broadly oblong or ovate, pinnatifid, 5 to 12 lines long;

PHACELIA

FAMILY

831

flowers in short racemes, a little crowded; pedicels % as long as the calyx; corolla bright yellow, 3 lines long, to i y 2 times as long as the c a l y x Madeline plains, Lassen Co.; e. to Washoe Co., w. Nev. (Emmenanthe glandul i f e r a Torr.) 2. M. i n y o i n s i s Mcbr. Stems slender, erect; leaves oblong, incisely pinnatifid and d e n t a t e ; racemes lax; corolla bright yellow (ex char.).—Foothills, w. Inyo Co. 7. E M M E N A N T H E Benth. Annuals, similar to Phacelia. Flowers soon pendulous, borne on filiform pedicels about as long. Corolla cream-color or yellow, campanulate, persistent. Style deciduous. Capsule compressed. (Greek emmeno, to abide, and anthos, flower, the corolla not deciduous.) 1 . E . p£ndulifldra Benth. W H I S P E R I N G B E L L S . Fig. 7 9 4 . Stem erect, usually much branched f r o m the base, 8 to 21 in. high; herbage villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves numerous, short, toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight, ascending, panicled at summit of the stem; corolla 4 to 5 lines long, the glabrous filaments adn a t e to t h e very base; ovary short-bristly and stipitate-glandular; placentae conspicuously dilated in the axis; seeds conspicuously pitted in somewhat regular lines. — Open or chaparral slopes, 200 to 5200 f t . : Coast Eanges f r o m Glenn Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; Sierra N e v a d a (Amador Co. to Mariposa Co.; K e r n Co.); Teliachapi Mts.; coastal S. Cal.; Mohave and Colorado deserts; L. Cal.; Ariz, to Nev. and U t a h . June-July.

8. L E M M 6 N I A Gray Small depressed annual with repeatedly dichotomous stems and alternate leaves. Flowers small, sessile, solitary in the lower forks, cymose-glomerate at the ends of the branches. Corolla narrowly bowl-shaped, penduliflora B e n t h . ; without appendages. Stamens short, in- 794. a,Emmenanthe fl. branchlet; b, leaf, x 1. cluded, a b r u p t l y dilated at base, the dilations joined by a very much reduced or lineate wing or margin. Ovary 2celled, each cell 2 or 3-ovuled. Styles 2, distinct to the base, short. Capsule membranous, 2-valved. Seeds 4, roughly pitted. (J. G. Lemmon, a pioneer botanical explorer of California.) 1. L. calif6rnica Gray. P l a n t s prostrate or diffuse, 3 to 9 in. b r o a d ; herbage puberulent; leaves rosulate at base, solitary in the f o r k s and crowded at the ends of the branches, spatulate, t a p e r i n g into a short petiole, entire, 3 to 7 lines long; sepals narrowly linear, densely white-hairy, in f r u i t twice the length of the capsule; corolla white, 5-lobed, 1% lines long, not exceeding the sepals; ovary densely hairy at summit; capsule 1 line long.—Mts. bordering the Mohave Desert on the sw. and n.: Cajon Pass; A r r a s t r e Creek; Mt. Pinos; Tehachapi Mts.; s. Sierra N e v a d a in K e r n Co.; also Mt. H a n n a , Lake Co. 9. N A M A L. Herbs. Flowers purple, bluish or white. Calyx deeply 4 or 5-parted. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m , t h e t u b e without appendages. Stamens included, commonly unequal and o f t e n unequally inserted on the lower p a r t of the corolla-tube. Styles 2, distinct or united except at apex. Capsules thin-walled, 2-celled (the 2 thin placentae meeting in the axis) or incompletely 2-celled (the placentae only approximate), finally dehiscing into 2 entire valves. Ovules fi to CO to each placenta, seeds usually as many. (Greek nama, a spring.)

832

HYDHOPHYLLACEAE

A. ANNUALS;

L O W P L A N T S OF O N E A S P E O T ; L E A V E S

ENTIRE.

Styles more or less connate. Ovary superior; leaves not clasping; sepals straight.—Subgenus CONANTHUS. Corolla 4% to lines long 1. N. aretwidea. Corolla 2>£ to 3 lines long 2. N. demum. Ovary half-inferior; upper leaves clasping; sepals linear, spatulate-dilated at tip, in fruit accrescent, spreading or recurved at tip, the midnerve strongly thickened.—Subgenus Z O N O L A O U S 3. N. stenocarpum. Styles distinct.—Subgenus NEONAMA. Corolla campanulate, to 7 lines long, its limb rather broad. Stems ascending; adnate portion of filaments not winged 4. N. hispidum. Stems prostrate; adnate portion of filaments with a narrow margin on each side. Corolla cylindric or salverform, 1 to lines long, its limb narrow. Leaves obovate, abruptly attenuate into a petiole, the blade 1 to

5. N. demissum. lines long. .

6. N. pujUium.

Leaves oblanceolate, gradually attenuate into a'petiole, the blade about 2 to 5 lines long 7. N. depressum B.

PERENNIALS;

P L A N T S V E R T DIVERSE I N

ASPECT.

Stems procumbent, woody at base; herbage silky-woolly ; leaves entire, dimorphic; adnate portion of stamens not winged or scarcely so.—Subgenus LOBBIANA

8. N. lobbii.

Stems erect ; herbage hirsute or hispid ; leaves of one kind, not entire ; adnate portion of stamens narrowly winged on each side. Stems low, herbaceous, from a deep-seated perennial root-crown; leaves sinuatetoothed or pinnatifid.—Subgenus R O T H R O C K I A 9. N. rothrockii. Stems tall, woody at base; leaves revolute.—Subgenus T U R R I C U L A 10. N. parryi.

1. N. arètioldes (H. & A.) Brand var. multiflòrum Jepson n. comb. Stems 3 to 5 from the base, diehotomous, leafy below the terminal cymes, 1% to 4% in. long; cymes dense, very leafy; leaves narrow-oblanceolate, 6 to 8 lines long; fruiting sepals subulate, hirsute, 3% lines long, about 2% times as long as the capsule; corolla purple or rose-red, tubular-funnelform, 6 to lYi lines long; capsule narrow-elliptic, lines long, each placenta about 10-seeded.—Sandy washes or flats, 4000 to 5000 f t . : Inyo Co.; Bishop foothills; Argus Mts. (f. multiflora Brand.) Var. C A L I F Ó R N I C U M Jepson n. comb. Corolla tubular, 4% to 5 lines long.—Sierra Co. (f. californica Brand.) 2. N. dénsum Lem. Similar to no. 1; leaves and sepals white-hispid; leaves oblanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed to a petiole, % to 1 in. long; flowers in terminal clusters and solitary in the forks; corolla purple, cylindric, 3 lines long; seeds black, angular.—Plains or mountain slopes, 3000 to 8000 ft., e. and n. side of Sierra Nevada, rather rare: Inyo Co.; Plumas Co. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; Nev. to Wash. 3. N. stenocàrpum Gray. Stems many from the base, diffuse, 3 to 11 in. long, mostly very leafy; herbage hirsute; leaves oblanceolate to linearoblong, % to 2 in. long; flowers in terminal clusters; sepals 1% times as long as the capsule; corolla tubular, 3 to 3% lines long; capsule linear, 3 lines long.—Shores of lakes or ponds, S. Cai.: Santa Monica; Diamond Lake, Colorado Desert; Sweetwater "Valley, San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cai. Mar.-May. (N. humifusum Brand.) 4. N. hispidum Gray var. còulteri Brand. Stems few to many from the base, ascending, 4 to 7 in. long; herbage hispid; leaves narrow-oblanceolate, gradually narrowed to base, % to 1% in. long; flowers in loose or somewhat dense terminal clusters; corolla purple, 4 to 6 lines long; style shorter than the ealyx; ovules 20 to 50 to each placenta.—Sandy valleys or washes, Colorado Desert: Palò Verde; Chuckawalla Valley; Mecca; Calexico; Split Mt.; e. to N. Mex., s. to Mex. Var. R E V O L Ù T U M Jepson n. var. Leaves linear, the margin revolute, % to % line wide.—Colorado River (Pilot Knob, J. Grinnell, type). 5. N. demissum Gray. Stems prostrate or diffuse, spreading from a basal rosette, 1 to 6 in. long; herbage hirsutulose-pubescent; leaves linear-spatulate, gradually attenuate to a petiole, % to 1% in. long; flowers in terminal clusters; sepals narrowly linear; corolla bright crimson-purple, 5 to 6 lines long; filaments unequal and unequally inserted, their adnate bases with somewhat free margin; capsule " 1 0 to 16"-seeded; ovary a little hairy.— Desert plains and mesas, 3000 to 5000 f t . : Lassen Co.; Inyo Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts (common); s. to L. Cai. Apr.-May.

PHACELIA FAMILY

833

6. N . pusillum Lem. Stems 3 to 5 from the base, prostrate, dichotomously branching, y 2 to 2 % in. long, ending in cymose flower-clusters; herbage hirsute-pubescent; leaves broadly obovate, 1 to 2 % lines l o n g , r a t h e r abruptly contracted into a petiole nearly as long; sepals linear, densely hirsute-eiliate; corolla white, cylindrie with narrow limb, i y 2 to 1 % lines long; capsules elliptic, 1 % lines long.—Stony mesas: Inyo Co.; e. Mohave D e s e r t ; n. side Colorado Desert. M a y . 7. N. depressum Lem. Stems 3 to 8, spreading from the basal rosette of leaves, decumbent or ascending, naked or nearly so below the l e a f y dichotomous cyme, 1 to 3 % in. long; herbage puberulent; leaves linear-oblanceolate, gradually a t t e n u a t e into a petiole, the whole 4 to 10 lines long; sepals linear, thinly hirsute-ciliate; corolla white, cylindric with narrow border, 1M> to 2 lines long, its lobes crenulate, the lower one with 2 dots; capsules oblong, 1%, to i y 2 lines long, the cells 6 to 8-seeded.—Sandy flats or mesas: Mohave D e s e r t ; I n y o Co.; Kernville. 8. N . lobbii Gray. P i g . 795. White-woolly plant with creeping or ascending woody stems y2 to 2 f t . long; l e a f y shoots of 2 kinds: vegetative shoots glandular and greenish, their leaves r a t h e r crowded, linear or narrowoblanceolate, more or less revolute, % to 1 in. long, with a short branchlet or dense fascicle of smaller leaves in the axils; flowering shoots arising terminally the n e x t year from the vegetative branchlets, t h e i r leaves scattered, white-woolly, oblanceolate to spatulate, 1 to 2 % in. long, and bearing sessile or shortly peduncled clusters of flowers in t h e i r uppermost axils, the two types of foliage shoots thus appearing in regular alt e r n a t i o n ; sepals narrowly linear, % as long as corolla; corolla purple, narrow-funnelform, 4 lines long; ovary densely and style somewhat hairy. — Montane, in rocky or red soil, 4000 to 7000 f t . : n. Sierra Nevada from P l a c e r Co. to Lassen P e a k , thence to Siskiyou Co.; w. Nev. 9. N. rothrockii Gray. Stems erect, simple, several from a deepseated perennial root, 6 to 8 in. high; h e r b a g e glandular-pubescent, the stems, petioles and especially the calyx with spreading bristles; leaves 795. Kama lobbii Gray; a, fl. branclilet x % ; b, fl. x 1 % ; c, long. sect, of fl. x 1 % . narrowly oblong, regularly sinuatedentate, 1 to 1 % in. long, sessile or nearly so; flowers numerous in a dense terminal head, the heads i y 2 to 1 % in. broad; sepals narrowly linear, 4 to 5 lines long, the lavender corolla 1 to 2 lines longer; ovary and lower part of styles hispidulous; seeds few, minutely reticulate-pitted.—Sandy meadows, 6500 to 10,000 ft., upper K e r n River region from the South F o r k to the K e r n - K a w e a h Falls. 10. N. parryi Gray. Stems coarse, several in a clump from a deep taproot^ often slightly woody at base, 4 to 9 f t . high; herbage viscid-pubescent and ill-scented; leaves lanceolate, coarsely serrate to dentate or denticulate, acuminate, drawn down to a narrow base, 6 to 10 in. long; flowers in scorpioid spikes, the spikes in a v i r g a t e panicle 6 to 18 in. long; pedicels short (y> l i n e ) ; calyx glandular-hirsute, i t s tube shallow, its lobes linear-lanceolate, about J/4 length of corolla; corolla purple, pubescent outside, the middle lobe of lower lip smaller than the lateral, its tube 5-angled at base; stamens included, 3 long and 2 short; filaments almost wholly adnate, slightly hairy at their middle; base of style and summit of ovary h a i r y ; style 2-cleft to

834

HYDROPHYLLACEAt

base.—Montane, 4000 to 6500 f t . : s. Sierra N e v a d a (Shadequarter Mt., Tulare Co.); San Emigdio, San Gabriel, San Bernardino, Santa Ana and San J a c i n t o mountains; Palomar M t . ; Cuyamaca Mts.; s. to L. Cal. 10. i E I O D i C T Y O N Benth. Shrubs with aromatic herbage. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, finely reticulated, coriaceous, dentate, and petiolate. Inflorescence a terminal, usually naked, panicle of scorpioid cymes. Sepals narrow, not dilated above. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m to campanulate, its tube without appendages. Filaments more or less adnate to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted, sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or quite 2-celled b y the meeting of the dilated placentae in the axis; styles 2, distinct. Capsule 2 lines long or less, first loculicidal, then septicidal, thus 4-valved, each valve with a short beak or acuminatum and closed on one side by t h e adherent dissepiment or halfpartition. (Greek erion, wool, and diktuon, a net, by reason of the netted woolly under surface of the leaves.) L e a v e s glutinous, nearly or q u i t e g l a b r o u s above. Calyx sparsely h i r s u t e ; corolla weakly p u b e r u l e n t o u t s i d e ; cent, a n d n. Cal 1. E. californicum. Calyx densely white-silky; corolla densely h a i r y o u t s i d e ; mts. of S. Cal 2. E. trichocatyx. L e a v e s densely t o m e n t o s e on both s u r f a c e s 3. E. crassifolium. 1. E. californicum ( H . & A . ) Greene. YERBA SANTA. MOUNTAIN B A L M .

Fig. 796. Shrub, 2 to 8 f t . high; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, tapering below and frequently above, dentate except a t base or below the middle, very glutinous-resinous, as if varnished, the areas between the veins and cross-veinlets on the under surface with a close dense f e l t ; calyx 1 line long with linear lobes; corolla white or pale blue, tubularfunnelform, 4 to 6 lines long; stamens and styles included. — Dry mountain slopes and ridges, 500 to 4000 f t . , common and often abundant and gregarious over extensive areas: Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Eldorado Co.; n. to southern Ore. May-June. (E. glutinosum Benth.) 2. E. trichocalyx Hel. Shrub, rather too close to no. 1; calyx densely whitehairy; corolla narrow-campanulate, 3 to 4% lines long, densely pubescent outside. •—Mesas and chaparral belt, 1200 to 5500 f t . : Santa Inez, San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. (E. angustifolium var. pubens Gray.) Var. LANATUM Jepson n. comb. Leaves very white-tomentose beneath. — Santa Eosa, Cuyamaca and Laguna mountains; s. to L. Cal. (E. californicum var. lanatum Brand.)

3. E. crassifolimn Benth. Shrub 4 to 6 (or 12) f t . high, leafy at the top; herbage densely tomentose, sometimes snow-white, ^ • j- . • • „ sometimes dull or greenish; leaves oblone

«g> in. long; sepals 2 lines long, becoming % to 1 in. long in f r u i t ; corolla purplish, 3 lines long. — Hillslopes or canons, 1500 to 7000 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to southern Utah. 12. HflSPEROCHiRON Wats. Dwarf perennial herbs. Flowers solitary on naked peduncles arising f r o m a leaf-rosette on the ground. Leaves oblong, spatulate or ovatish, entire, ciliate, equaling or exceeding the peduncles. Calyx 5-parted, with linearlanceolate lobes. Corolla purplish or nearly white, campanulate or rotate, deciduous, t h e stamens inserted on the base of its tube. Filaments subulate, more or less hairy a t base. Ovary l-celled; placentae narrow, projecting into the cavity, borne on narrow plates or half-partitions. Style 2-cleft at apex. (Greek hesperus, western, and Chiron, referring to the Centaur.) Corolla oblong-campanulate, its lobes shorter than the tube Corolla saucer-shaped, its lobes longer than the tube

1. H. calif 2. S.

amicus. pumilus.

1. H. califdrnicus (Benth.) Wats. Leaves many in a basal t u f t , narrowed at base to a short petiole, 1 to lVi in. long; herbage grayish-pubescent; corolla white with a flare of pinkish veins, a little hairy at base.—Mountain valleys and flats, 4000 to 8600 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.; e. to Utah, n. to Wash. 2. H. pumilus (Dougl.) Porter. Leaves f e w in a basal t u f t , oblong or ovatish, 1 to 1% in. long, the petioles % to ^ as long; herbage greenish, the leaves subglabrous except on t h e margins; flowers 6 to 8 lines wide.—Moist flats or meadows in the mts.: Sierra Nevada f r o m Fresno Co. to Plumas Co., 6000 to 8000 f t . ; Lake Co., 1300 f t . 13. ROMANZOFFIA Cham. Low and delicate perennial herbs with the aspect of some species of Saxif r a g a . Stems somewhat scape-like, loosely racemose. Leaves mostly basal (the cauline a l t e r n a t e ) , round-cordate, crenately lobed, long-petioled. Flowers white. Calyx 5-parted into nearly distinct sepals. Corolla broadly funnelform, destitute of appendages, deciduous. Stamens unequal, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube. Style filiform, entire; stigma small. Capsule 2celled or nearly so, with narrow placentae. Seeds numerous. (Count Romanzoff, promoter of t h e Russian voyage of Kotzebue; dedicated to him by Chamisso, the German poet and botanist, who accompanied t h e expedition.) 1. R. sitch6nsis Bong. Stems slender, 4 to 9 in. high, arising from a filiform rootstock bearing tubers; pedicels spreading, much longer t h a n the flowers; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, not more t h a n % as long as the corolla and exceeded by the capsule.—On moist rocks in shady places near the coast: San Mateo Co. and M t . Tamalpais to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas. Rare within our limits. BORAGINACEAE.

BORAGE F A M I L Y

Herbs, usually rough with coarse hairs. Leaves simple, commonly entire and alternate. Flowers complete, in one-sided spikes or racemes, coiled spirally (scorpioid) and uncoiling as flowering proceeds. Calyx with com-

836

BORAGINACEAE

monly 5 divisions or teeth. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, with 5 stamens inserted on its tube and alternating with its divisions. Ovary superior, deeply 4lobed (except in Heliotropium), with a simple style inserted between the lobes, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Style entire or none, rarely 2-cleft. Nutlets commonly roughened or prickly. Endosperm none, except in Heliotropium. Ovary not deeply parted in Heliotropium, Euploca and Coldenia, or merely lobed or laterally grooved. Nutlets often inserted on a short thick prolongation of the receptacle known as the gynobase. The spikes or racemes (here so-called for convenience) are really one-sided scorpioid cymes. Euploca has 2 nutlets. A. Ovary

undivided

or merely

lobed, sometimes

2 to 4-grooved

on the sides;

style

terminal.

Style entire, the style or stigmas provided with a glandular ring. Flowers axillary ( o r appearing so) and solitary; f r u i t of 2 nutlets; stigma annular, surmounted by a t u f t of short bristles; deserts 1. EUPLOCA. Flowers in dense scorpioid racemes; f r u i t of 4 nutlets; stigma peltate, not tufted ( i n o u r s ) ; common 2. HELIOTROPIUM. Style 2-cleft, the stigmas capitate; herbs; deserts 3. COLDENIA. B. Ovary

deeply 4-parted;

style entire or none (or rarely barely from between the lobes of the ovary.

2-cleft

at apex),

arising

1. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Nutlets globose or thick; flowers mostly blue, rarely w h i t e ; plants mostly stout, tall ( 1 to 3 ft.). Nutlets spreading, prickly all o v e r ; perennials 4. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin and sometimes on the back; perennials or annuals. 5. LAPPULA. Nutlets thin and flat, divergent or spreading in pairs; flowers white, low and slender; annuals 6. PECTOOARYA. 2. Nutlets unarmed or merely tuberculate. Calyx pubescent, hispidulose or glabrous, not armed with barbed prickles. Receptacle flat or merely convex; perennials. Flowers with tubular or tubular-funnelform corollas; corolla blue; nutlets wrinkled 7. MERTENSIA. Flowers with rotate or funnelform corollas; nutlets smooth and shining. Throat of the corolla contracted by prominent crests; racemes mostly without bracts; corolla light-blue 8. MYOSOTIS. Throat of corolla naked or with low crests; racemes bracteate; corolla greenish-yellow 9. LITHOSPERMUM. Receptacle more or less elongated or produced upward into a structure (gynobase) to which the nutlets are attached. Corolla bright or orange yellow, the throat open and naked 10. AMSINCKIA. Corolla white, or cream-color or pale yellow, the throat with more or less prominent bulbous swellings or crests. Perennials; calyx persistent; mostly high montane 11. OREOCARYA. Annuals (except 2 species each in nos. 13 and 1 4 ) ; mostly low altitudes. Calyx circumscissile 12. GREENEOCHARIS. Calyx not circumscissile (except two species in no. 1 6 ) . Nutlets erect, attached f r o m the base to the middle by a groove or scar. Calyx ( a n d pedicels) usually falling away with the f r u i t ; corolla-throat with crests; leaves commonly alternate 13. CRYPTANTHA. Calyx ( a n d pedicels) persistent; corolla-throat with only obscure crests; lower leaves opposite. .14. ALLOCARYA. Nutlets oblique or incurved so that the apices are approximate in center, attached above the base to an elevated scar or caruncle. Caruncle borne on a stipe-like base; lowest leaves opposite. . . 15. ECHIDIOCARYA. Caruncle commonly borne in a hollow or transverse groove; leaves mostly in a basal rosette. 16. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Calyx-lobes armed with barbed prickles, the calyx in f r u i t modified to form a bur-like envelope f o r the nutlets; annual 17. HARPAGONELLA.

1. E U P L O C A Nutt. Small annuals. Flowers solitary. Corolla white, the upper part of the tube enlarged and the orifice narrowed, the limb scarcely lobed. Style elongated. Stigma annular, surmounted by a tuft of short bristles. Fruit globoselv 2lobed, each lobe splitting into 2 hemispherical one-seeded nutlets. (Greek eu, well, and ploke, a woven thing.) 1. E. albifldra ( R a f . ) Jtn. Stem branched, 1 to 3 in. high; herbage, calyx, corolla-tube and midnerve of limb strigose-hispid; leaves ovate to oblonglanceolnte, 5 to 9 lines long, petioled: flowers shortly pediceled, " sweet-

BORAGE F A M I L Y

837

s c e n t e d " ; corolla 5 lines broad.— Desert valleys, 200 to 1800 f t . : Ludlow, e. Mohave Desert; Palo Verde "Valley; e. to Neb., s. to Méx. (E. convolvulácea N u t t . ) 2.

HELIOTRÓPIUM

L.

HELIOTROPE

Herbs with alternate mostly entire leaves. Flowers white, in dense onesided spikes. Calyx-segments lanceolate or linear. Corolla salverform, short, with open t h r o a t ; sinuses more or less plaited in the bud. Stamens included; anthers acuminate, connivent, nearly sessile. Stigma annular or conic. Ovary not lobed, separating when ripe into 4 oneseeded closed nutlets. (Greek helios, sun, and trope, a turning, " t h e flowers beginning to appear at the summer solstice.") 1. H. curassávicum L. C H I N E S E PUSLEY. Fig. 797. Stems branching, V2 to 3 f t . long, prostrate, from a perennial root; herbage glabrous, glaucous, fleshy; leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate; spikes mostly in pairs; corolla white with the yel- 7 9 7 . Heliotropium curassavicum L . ; a, fl. low eye changing to purple, to 2 branchlet x 1 ; b, corolla spread open x 5 ; c, pistil x 10. lines long; stigma turned downward over summit of ovary and thus resembling a skull-cap; style none.—Common along the seashore, in stream beds, and in low moist or alkaline lands throughout Cal. June-Nov. Immigrating locally. 3. COLDÉNIA L. Low prostrate or spreading plants, mostly suffrutescent, hoary-pubescent and often hispid, the small pale flowers sessile and usually clustered in the f o r k s or a t t h e ends of the branches and subtended by a t u f t or circle of leaves. Leaves small, petioled, with veins usually conspicuous. Calyx 4 or 5-parted into slender segments. Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, not more t h a n twice as long as the calyx, the short lobes broad and rounded. Stamens included. Style 2-cleft or -parted. Ovary entire or 4-lobed, 4-celled. F r u i t separating at m a t u r i t y into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer. (Dr. Cadwallader Colden, Colonial Lieutenant-Governor of New York, a correspondent of Linnaeus.) Stems dichotomously branched; leaves conspicuously veined, the petioles often equaling or longer than the blade; corolla appendaged within. Leaves ovate to rotund or rhombic, with 2 or 3 pairs of v e i n s ; herbage pubescent and somewhat hispid or hirsute. A n n u a l ; leaf-margins revolute 1. C. nuttallii. P e r e n n i a l ; leaf-margins sinuate 2. C. brevicalyx. Leaves mostly obovate with 5 or 6 pairs of v e i n s ; perennial (apparently) ; herbage not hispid or hirsute 3. C. palmeri Stems diffusely branched; leaves obscurely veined, the blade longer than the petiole; corollf not appendaged w i t h i n ; perennial 4. C. canescens

1. C. nuttállii Hook. Stem dichotomously branched, prostrate, 4 to 10 in across; herbage grayish-pubescent, and sparsely hirsute or hispid; leaves ovate to rotund, revolute, with 2 or 3 pairs of veins, 2 to 4 lines long, the petioles o f t e n longer; flowers densely clustered in the f o r k s and at the ends of the branches, subtended by a circle of leaves; calyx-lobes linear, equaling the corolla-tube; corolla pink or whitish, IV2 lines long, bearing 5 short obtuse scales near the base of the t u b e ; filaments shorter t h a n the anthers, inserted nearly in the throat of the corolla-tube; nutlets oblong-ovate.

838

BORAGINACEAE

polished, the scar linear.—East side Sierra Nevada from Death Valley to Lassen Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Wyo., Utah and Ariz. 2. C. brevicalyx Wats. Stems white-barked, dichotomously branched from a woody perennial base, 5 to 10 in. long; herbage grayish-pubescent and somewhat hispid; leaves ovate to rhombic, with sinuate revolute margins, irregularly 2 or 3-nerved, 2 to 4 lines long, hispid toward the margin; calyx 1 line long, t h e acute lobes shorter t h a n the t u b e ; corolla 2 lines long; filaments slender, somewhat dilated below t h e insertion; nutlets subglobose.— Colorado Desert. Mar.-Apr. 3. C. p&lmeri Gray. Stems freely branched dichotomously f r o m a suffrutescent base, forming a dense rounded t u f t or m a t ; herbage grayish-pubescent, not hispid or hirsute; leaves obovate, sometimes ovate, strongly plicate, with 5 or 6 pairs of veins, 2 to 4 lines long, the margins thickened-revolute; flowers clustered in the f o r k s and a t the ends of the branchlets, subtended by a circle of leaves; calyx-lobes about % as long as corolla-tube; corolla bluish, 2 lines long, with 5 narrowly intruding plates extending f r o m the base of the tube to the base of the filaments or about % the length of the tube; nutlets globular, with an orbicular scar, only 1 or 2 maturing.—Desert sandhills: e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz. Apr.-May. (C. plicata Cov.) 4. C. caniscens DC. Stems gnarled, woody and rough-barked, prostrate or procumbent, from a stout perennial base; herbage tomentose and hispid; leaves ovate or oblong, entire, the veins obscure, 3 to 5 lines long, the blade longer t h a n the petiole; flowers 3 lines long, solitary or in small clusters at t h e axils or f o r k s ; f r u i t depressed-globose; nutlets 4, thick-walled, smooth and rounded on the back, obscurely rugose on the plane sides, pointless.— Colorado Desert; e. to southern Tex. Apr.-May. 4. CYNOGL6SSUM L. Ours perennial herbs. Flowers blue or pink, in a bractless panicle or raceme on a naked terminal peduncle. Corolla with a ring of conspicuous appendages or crests a t the throat. Nutlets large, covered all over with short barbed prickles and thus bur-like. (Greek kuno, dog, and glossa, tongue, on account of the shape and texture of the leaves in some species.) Stems glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or elliptic, rounded or truncate at base, all on long petioles 1. O. grande. Stems with spreading hairs; leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate, varying to oblong, the upper sessile or partly clasping by a rounded or auriculate base 2. C. occidentale.

1. C. gr&nde Dougl. W E S T E R N H O U N D ' S T O N G U E . Fig. 798. Stems erect, glabrous, 1 to 3 f t . high; leaves mostly basal or borne on t h e lower p a r t of the stem, hirsutulose beneath, 3 to 8 in. long, on petioles often as long; calyx-lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse, densely pubescent, 2 to 4 lines long; corolla 4 to 7 lines long, the tube o f t e n purple, the lobes elliptic; nutlets depressed.—Wooded canons, 100 to 4000 f t . : Coast Ranges f r o m the Santa Lucia Mts. to w. Alameda Co.; North Coast Ranges f r o m Marin Co. and t h e Vaca Mts. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. in t h e Sierra Nevada foothills to Eldorado Co. and Tuolumne Co., recurring in Tulare Co.; n. to Wash. Feb.-May. 2. C. occidentale Gray. Fig. 799. Stems erect, leafy, 1 to several f r o m the root-crown, 1 to 1% f t . high; herbage hirsute, t h e hairs (especially of the stems) spreading or even recurving; leaves 2 to 7% in. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile or clasping; calyxlobes linear to lanceolate, obtuse, twice longer than Cg. Cy a 0S fl 0S b U rTnc g Wefx *he tube; corolla brownish-pink, drying greenish, 4 l; I, nutlet x 1%. to 4% lines long, the tube longer t h a n the calyx-lobes

BORAGE

839

FAMILY

and 2 to 3 times as long as the corolla-lobes; nutlets almost globular, 4 lines long.—Moist thickets or woods of mountain slopes and flats, 4000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; Modoc Co. to Trinity and Humboldt Cos. June. 5. L A P P U L A M o e n c h .

STICK-SEED

Tall leafy-stemmed herbs; herbage pubescent or hispid. Flowers usually small, blue, white or sometimes pink, disposed in spikes or racemes. Leaves entire, the upper sessile, the lower tapering to a winged petiole. Calyx 5parted. Corolla rotate or short-funnelform, usually with appendages in the throat. Nutlets bur-like, armed with barbed prickles, those arranged along a distinct margin or over the entire back. (Diminutive of the Latin lappa, a bur.) A n n u a l s ; racemes l e a f y throughout, the leaves small but still f o l i a c e o u s ; calyx in fruit longer than the p e d i c e l s ; pedicels in f r u i t r e m a i n i n g e r e c t ; desert areas. Dorsal area of nutlets bordered by a row of prickles 1. L. occidentalis. Dorsal area of nutlets with its m a r g i n annular-thickened, the ring bearing a f e w prickles 2. L. lexana. P e r e n n i a l s , the stems from a thick root-crown ; racemes leafy-bracteate only at base, the bracts above the base m i n u t e ; calyx in f r u i t shorter than the pedicels; pedicels in f r u i t r e c u r v i n g or deflexed. Dorsal area of nutlets naked or with very f e w prickles. Corolla white, 6 to 8 lines in diameter; panicle with markedly divergent b r a n c h e s . 3. L. bella. Corolla blue, 2 to 4 lines in diameter; racemes or panicles rather strict 4. L. fioribunda. Dorsal area of nutlets w i t h n u m e r o u s prickles. Corolla white, 3 lines in diameter, the tube not e x c e e d i n g the calyx 5. L. calif arnica. Corolla blue, the tube to 2 times l o n g e r than the calyx. L i m b of corolla 5 to 7 lines broad; pubescence velvety 6. L. vrlutina. Limb of corolla 3 to 4 l i n e s b r o a d ; pubescence s o m e w h a t rougliish, not velvety 7. L. nervosa.

1. L. occidentalis Greene. Stem strictly erect, commonly branched only above, 8 to 14 in. high; herbage pubescent; leaves linear to oblong-linear or the lower spatulate, % to in. long; racemes leafy-bracteate; calyx longer than the pedicels, the narrowly lanceolate segments not recurved in f r u i t ; corolla blue, the tube little exceeding t h e calyx, the throat with conspicuous crests; nutlets 1 line long, the dorsal area ovate, sharply tuberculate, bordered by a single row of barbed prickles, the prickles more or less confluent at base.—Arid valleys and mountain slopes, 4000 to 7000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Inyo Co.; Lassen and Modoc Cos.; Nev. to Ore., Col. and Tex. 2. L. tex&na Britt. Stem branched from or near the base, the branches ascending, 7 to 11 in. high; leaves 3 to 12 lines long, broadly linear, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblanceolate; nutlets finely tuberculate, the dorsal face with the margin strongly annular-thickened, thus making t h e face saucershaped or shallowly cup-shaped; annular thickening bearing a few prickles, especially on upper part.— Desert mesas, 1300 to 4000 ft., e. Mohave Desert: N e w N e e d l e s ; e. to T e x .

York

Mts.;

799. Cynoglossum occidental Gray; a, habit x Vi ; b, corolla x 1%; c, long. sect, of fl. x 2; d, fr. x 1.

840

BORAGINACEAE

3. L. bèlla Mcbr. Stem erect, branched above, 1% f t . high; herbage finely appressed-pubescent; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, sessile by a cordate base, to 3% in. long; basal leaves oblanceolate; inflorescence widely racemose-paniculate; pedicels recurved in f r u i t ; calyx-lobes ovate, reflexed in f r u i t ; corolla white, 6 to 8 lines in diameter, the appendages finely pubescent; nutlets 2% lines high, the broadly ovate back roughened, naked or with a f e w very minute prickles, bordered by a row of slender prickles, the prickles not confluent at base or rarely so. — Salmon Mts., Trinity Co. 4. L. floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Stem erect, 2 to 3% f t . high; herbage somewhat hispid-pubescent; cauline leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed a t base, but sessile, 1 to 5 in. long, the basal oblanceolate, drawn down to a petiole; racemes strict, more or less branched or paniculate; pedicels in f r u i t deflexed, 2 to 4 lines long; calyx-lobes ovate; corolla blue, about 3 lines long, about as broad; nutlets 2 lines long, the elongate-triangular dorsal face merely scabrous, bordered by a row of conspicuously flattened spines, the spines unequal, somewhat united at base into a narrow wing; back of nutlets minutely papillate, naked or with 1, 2 or 3 small bristles, commonly with a median nerve.—Montane, 6000 to 7200 f t . : e. Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to N e v a d a Co., and n. to Modoc Co.; n. to Ore. and Saskat., e. to Minn. July. Yar. GEISIÀNA Jepson n. var. Cauline leaves oblong, those of the inflorescence ovate with cordate-clasping base; calyx-lobes oblong; nutlets 2% lines high.-—Placer Co. (Crags Slope, Deer P a r k , Helen D. Geis, type). 5. L. califórnica (Gray) Piper. Stems erect, iy2 to 2 f t . high; herbage pubescent; leaves % to 3% in. long, upper cauline oblong to lanceolate, sessile, the lower cauline and basal oblong, t a p e r i n g to a long petiole; racemes widely branched; calyx-lobes ovate; corolla white, the tube not or barely exceeding the calyx, the limb 3 to 6 lines broad; nutlets 2% lines high, the ovate dorsal face beset and also bordered with bristles. — Montane, 5000 to 7300 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from B u t t e Co. to Tehama and Modoc Cos.; also Inyo Co. 6. L. velùtina Piper. Fig. 800. Stems erect, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage velvety-pubescent; leaves 1 to 3 in. long, the cauline oblong-lanceolate to ovate, the basal oblong-spatulate; racemes simple or branched; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla 800. Lappula velutina Piper; a, fl. branchlet blue or sometimes pink, the t u b e x Vz ; b, loEg. sect, of fl. x 2 ; c, fr. x 3. much exceeding the calyx, the limb 5 to 6 lines broad, the crests conspicuous, % as long as the corolla-lobes; nutlets with back thickly beset with prickles.—Montane, 5000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Shasta Co. June-July. 7. L. nervosa (Kell.) Greene. Stems 1 to 3, erect, 1 y 3 f t . high, glabrous or sparingly h a i r y ; leaves rough-pubescent, % to 3% in. long, pubescent, ciliate, the cauline oblong to ovate, the basal oblong to oblong-spatulate; racemes somewhat loose or with spreading branches; calyx-lobes ovate; corolla blue, the tube much exceeding the calyx, the limb 2 lines broad, the throat with small crests only % as long as lobes; dorsal area of nutlets broadly ovate, covered with prickles.—Montane, 6000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Plumas Co. June-July.

BORAGE

FAMILY

841

6. PECTOCÁRYA DC. Low slender obscure annuals with strigose pubescence and narrowly linear Jeaves. Flowers minute, white, on very short pedicels, scattered along the stems or branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading or reflexed in f r u i t . Corolla with a circle of processes or crests which almost close the throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin, radiately divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of bristles hooked at tip. (Greek pectos, combed, and karua, nut, on account of the row of bristles on the nutlet.) Nutlets not winged, the acute margin bordered all around by bristles; calyx hispidulose. . . 1. P . pusilla. Nutlets bordered by a w i n g . W i n g coriaceous, undulate or laciniate; calyx hispidulose. W i n g parted or cleft into subulate teeth ending in a delicate uncinate b r i s t l e . . . . 2. P. linearis. W i n g merely undulate or incurved, the apex thickly and the sides rarely beset with slender uncinate bristles 3. P. penirillata. W i n g thin-scarious, entire or obscurely undulate, the hooked bristles of the body extending beyond its m a r g i n ; calyx armed with divergent bristles. . 4 . P. setosa.

1. P. pusilla Gray. Stem erect, somewhat flexuous, simple or sparingly branched, 3 to 5 in. high; herbage strigulose-canescent; nutlets 4 and equably divergent (or sometimes b u t 2), 1 line long, cuneate-obovate or somewhat rhomboidal, carinately nerved on the upper face, not winged, t h e margin bearing a row of slender bristles hooked a t the tip.—Shady north slopes in the hills, 500 to 2500 f t . : North Coast Eanges from N a p a Co. to Siskiyou Co.; thence se. in the Sierra N e v a d a to Mariposa Co. Mar.-Apr. 2. P. linearis DC. Stem diffusely branched f r o m the base, the branches 2 to 4 in. long; body of nutlets narrowly oblong, 1 to 2 lines long, surrounded by a broad wing laciniately and o f t e n irregularly parted or cleft into subulate teeth, the teeth ending in a delicate bristle uncinate at t i p ; cotyledons oblong.—Valleys and mesas, 500 to 2100 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz, and Utah. Apr.-May. 3. P. pénicilláta (H. & A.) A. DC. Stem branching at t h e base, t h e branches diffuse, 1 to 4 in. long; nutlets divergent in pairs, oblong, 1 line long, surrounded by a wing which is incurved along the middle in age and bears at the rounded apex a series of slender bristles hooked at the tip.— Hillslopes and valleys, 100 to 400 f t . , throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to B. C., e. to Nev. Yar. HETEROCÁRPA J t n . Two of the 4 nutlets unmargined, 2 margined.—Colorado Desert. 4. P. setosa Gray. Stem stoutish, freely and diffusely branched, 6 to 9 in. high; herbage hispid as well as minutely strigose-pubescent; calyx-lobes armed with 3 to 6 large divergent bristles; nutlets in pairs, 2 wingless, 2 bordered by a broad thin-scarious wing, the body of the nutlet and commonly also the wing beset with slender uncinate-tipped bristles, the body rarely naked or nearly naked, t h e wing entire or obscurely undulate.— Desert mesas or their bordering ranges, 2000 to 4500 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; San Antonio Mts.; Mohave Desert; Lassen Co. Apr.-May. Yar. HOLÓPTERA J t n . Nutlets all wing-margined.—Mts. on n. side Mohave Desert; also Inyo Co. Var. ÁPTERA J t n . Nutlets all without margins.—E. San Diego Co. 7. MERTÉNSIA Both. LUNGWORT Perennial herbs with erect l e a f y stems terminated by clusters of showy light blue flowers. Herbage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves broad, the lower mostly petioled. Stamens with flattened or filiform filaments inserted on the crested open throat of the corolla. Style filiform; stigma entire. Nutlets attached to the convex receptacle by a small scar just above t h e base, roughish or wrinkled at maturity. (F. K. Mertens, a German botanist, 1764-1831.) Calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse; corolla-tube 2 to 3 lines long, about as long as the throat and limb, with an obscure or shallow depression on the outside opposite the crests; var. stomatechoides of 1. M. cUiata. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear, mostly acute; corolla-tube 4 to 5 V« lines long, 3 to 4 times as long as the throat and limb, with a pair of pockets or rounded pits on the outside opposite the crests 2. M. lonyifloro.

842

BORAGINACEAE

8 0 1 . Mertensia ciliata var. stomatechoides Jep* son; a, fl. branchlet x V2 ; b, leaf x % ; c, sect, of corolla x IV2.

1. M. cili&ta (James) G. Don var. stomatechoides Jepson n. comb. Fig. 801. Stems several from the root-crown, simple or somewhat branched, leafy, 2 to 5 ft. high; herbage glabrous or nearly so, glaucous; leaves oblong or oblongspatulate to ovate or lanceolate, entire, 2 to 7 in. long, narrowed to a broad petiole, or the upper cauline ones sessile; flowers in short panicled racemes at the ends of the stem and branchlets, more or less drooping; calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-linear or -lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes acute, mostly ciliolate, V± to V2 as long as the corolla; corolla a lively light-blue, with small yellow-tipped crests in the summit of tube, the cylindrical tube 2% to 3 lines long, the open-campanulate throat and limb nearly or quite as long; filaments broad, included, inserted on the corolla-tube alternate with the crests; style exserted.—Montane, 5000 to 8500 (or 10,000) ft.: e. Mendocino Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co. and n. to Modoc Co.; e. to Col. (Mertensia stomatechoides Kell. M. sibirica Bot. Cal.) June-Aug.

2. M. longifldra Greene. Stem erect, simple, leafy, % ft. high; herbage glabrous or nearly so, the upper side of the leaves scabridulous; leaves oblong-ovate or spatulate-obovate, 1 to 2% in. long; flowers in a close cluster or subcorymbose panicle; calyx deeply 5-parted or cleft, the lobes lanceolate or linear, mostly acute; corolla bright blue, the tube narrow, 4 to 5 l i n e s long, the throat very short, the limb 5-lobed, 1 to iy> lines long.—Hillsides, 5000 to 7000 ft.: Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., se. to Ariz. Apr.-May. 8. MYOSdTIS L. FORGETMENOT Slender leafy-stemmed perennials with small light blue flowers in loose naked racemose clusters terminating the stem and branchlets. Corolla rotate with prominent crests in the throat. Nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining. (Greek mus, mouse, and otos, ear, mouse-ear, to which the leaves of some species are likened.) 1. M. sylvatica Hoffm. Stems leafy, somewhat branched above, 1 ft. high, decumbent at base, usually several from a perennial rootstock; herbage hirsute-pubescent, the stem with soft spreading hairs, those of the calyx consisting of bristly hairs with hooked tips; leaves lanceolate or oblong to oblong-spatulate, entire, 1 to 4 in. long, the basal and lower cauline petioled; calyx-lobes lanceolate, equaling or longer than the tube; corolla light blue. —Garden plant from Eur., sparingly naturalized: San Anselmo; Mill Valley; Berkeley; San Francisco. Apr.-July. M. PALTJSTRIS With. Calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the calyx-tube; pubescence appressed, that of the calyx consisting of straight hairs.—Adv. from Eur.: Quincy. 0. LITHOSPERMUM Tourn. PUCCOON Ours pubescent or hairy perennial herbs, usually with red or violet-colored roots containing coloring matter. Flowers in leafy spikes or in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla in ours greenish-yellow, salver-

BORAGE

FAMILY

843

f o r m or f u u n e l f o r m , w i t h rounded lobes i m b r i c a t e d in t h e bud. F i l a m e n t s s h o r t ; a n t h e r s short, included. Style slender; s t i g m a t r u n c a t e - c a p i t a t e or 2-lobed. N u t l e t s 4 or b y a b o r t i o n f e w e r , ovate, n a k e d , in ours white, bony and shining, erect, a t t a c h e d to t h e flat receptacle by t h e base; scar flat, r a t h e r small. (Greek lithos, a stone, a n d sperma, a seed.) 1. L. r u d e r á l e Dougl. Stems densely l e a f y , % to f t . h i g h ; herbage p u b e s c e n t ; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1 to 2 % in. long, mostly t a p e r i n g f r o m base to apex, sessile; flowers crowded in a l e a f y cluster; corolla c a m p a n u l a t e - f u n n e l f o r m , dull greenish-yellow, 4 to 5 lines long, t h e t u b e hardly longer t h a n t h e calyx, silky outside, t h e open t h r o a t n a k e d or nearly so; n u t l e t s broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2 to lines long.— Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Nev. and ne. to N. Dak. M a y . V a r . CALIFÓRNICUM Jepson n. comb. Stems less r i g i d ; upper leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate; corolla orange-yellow, 5 to 6 lines long, t h e t u b e considerable longer t h a n t h e calyx.—Montane, 3000 to 5000 f t . : P l a c e r Co. to S h a s t a Co., t h e n c e w. to T r i n i t y Co., n. to southern Ore. (L. califórnicum Gray.) 10. A M S Í N C K I A Lehm. A n n u a l s w i t h rough-hairy herbage, t h e hairs commonly w i t h p u s t u l a t e dilated base, which is o f t e n conspicuously h a r d e n e d or g r a n u l a r . Flowers yellow, in elongated spikes. Calyx-lobes 5, or 4 or 3 t h r o u g h t h e more or less complete union of two i n t o one. Corolla s a l v e r f o r m , t h e t h r o a t somewhat f u n n e l f o r m and w i t h more or less distinct folds, b u t d e s t i t u t e of crests or processes. N u t l e t s crustaceous, t r i q u e t r o u s or o v a t e - t r i a n g u l a r , smooth or rough. Cotyledons deeply 2-parted. (Wm. Amsinck of H a m b u r g , p a t r o n of t h e B o t a n i c Garden in t h a t city.) Nutlets smooth and polished. Corolla 5 to 6 lines long; scar of nutlets very obscure, narrowly lineate, nearly basal; mostly deserts 1. A. vernicosa. Corolla about 6 to lines long; scar of nutlets conspicuous, ovate-lanceolate, nearly m e d i a n ; S. F. B a y region 2. A. spectabilix. Nutlets roughened. Corolla 2 to lines long 3 .A. parviflora. Corolla 4 to 9 lines long. Nutlets carínate on back, more or less rugulose or muriculate. Nutlets gray or pale; mostly interior, very common 4. A. douglaeiana. intermedia. Nutlets black or brown; seaboard 5. A. Nutlets flattened or rounded on the back. B a c k of nutlets with low thin or faint rugae, the rugae forming areoles 6. A. lycopsoides. B a c k of nutlets tessellate or pavement-like 7. A. tessellata.

1. A. vernicdsa H. & A. Stem stout, b r a n c h i n g above, 7 to 18 in. high, mostly glabrous below; leaves linear-oblong to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, IV2 to 5 in. long, hispid-ciliate and more or less hispid above and below, o f t e n g l a b r a t e , t h e p u s t u l a t e disks f r e q u e n t l y producing a tessellate effect; f u l l y developed spikes 5 in. long; calyx-segments strongly h i r s u t e , o f t e n p a r t l y or wholly confluent so as to a p p e a r as 3 or 4, in f r u i t 5 to 7 lines long; corolla golden yellow, 5 to 6 lines long, t h e limb n a r r o w ; n u t l e t s c a r í n a t e on t h e l a t e r a l angles w i t h s h a r p edges, b a c k and lateral f a c e s plane or n e a r l y so, smooth a n d polished, g r a y , 2 to 3 lines long, t h e scar v e r y n a r r o w or hair-like.—Mohave Desert to I n y o Co., 4000 to 4500 f t . Apr.-May. 2. A. spectábilis F . & M. Stem erect, r a t h e r strictly b r a n c h e d above, about 2 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e rough-hispid; leaves linear-oblanceolate or -oblong, 1 to 3 % in. long, t h e reduced u p p e r ones n a r r o w - o v a t e or -lanceolate; corolla yellow, 7 to 9 lines long.—Antioch; Judsonville. Too little known. 3. A. parviflóra Hel. Stem erect, s t r i c t l y b r a n c h e d above, 5 to 12 in. high, hispid w i t h s p r e a d i n g h a i r s a n d also somewhat strigose; leaves mostly linear, 1 to 2% in. long; corolla pale yellow, 2 to 2Vz lines long; n u t l e t s brown, finely p a p i l l a t e or slightly m u r i c u l a t e , f a i n t l y rugulose, 1 to 1% lines long, t h e scar large, ovate.—Sierra N e v a d a , 3000 to 6000 f t . , f r o m Mariposa Co. to P l u m a s Co. A. ECHINATA Gray. E r e c t , 1V2 to 2% f t . high, v e r y hispid w i t h w h i t e s p r e a d i n g b r i s t l e s ; sepals v e r y n a r r o w , yellow-hispid; corolla light yellow, about twice as long, little dilated a t t h e t h r o a t , t h e limb 2 or 3 lines b r o a d ; n u t l e t s m u r i c a t e w i t h slender points or almost prickly, not rugose.—Sandy

844

BORAGINACEAE

plains, very rare: Camp Mohave and Maricopa, Ariz. To be looked f o r in e. Mohave Desert. 4. A. douglasiàna DC. BUCKTHORN WEED. Erect, frequently widely branched, 1% to 4 f t . high; stems and branches with scattered white bristles, the foliage densely hispid-bristly with rather shorter bristles; inflorescence hispid and with a short curly pubescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, thickish, entire, 1 to 9 in. long; racemes more or leas crowded a t the top of the stem or branches and leafy-bracteate; developed racemes 5 to 10 in. long, peduncled; calyx-segments rusty-hispid, linear-acuminate, % as long as the narrow orange-yellow corollas, in f r u i t twice as long a t least as the nutlets; nutlets incurved, carinate dorsally, scabrous-rugose and granulate, exceeding 1 line in length.—Fields and hillslopes, o f t e n forming rank thickets, 20 to 2000 f t . : Great Valley; Coast Ranges; coastal S. Cai. Apr. Also called Fireweed and Zaccato Gorda. (A. intermedia FI. W . Mid. Cai.) Var. CAMPÉSTRIS Jepson n. comb. Calyx with appressed pubescence.—Sacramento "Valley and n. to Siskiyou Co. (A. campestris Greene.) Var. EASTWOÓDAE (Mcbr.) J t n . Corolla 8 to 9 lines long, 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx.—Sierra Nevada foothills from Amador Co. to Fresno Co. and s. to Tehachapi Range. (A. eastwoodae Mcbr.) 5. A. intermèdia F. & M. Fig. 802. Stem erect, branching, t h e branches a t length decumbent, 1 to 2 f t . long; herbage of a light yellowish green, setose-hispid; leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with erosesinuate or entire margins; racemes r a t h e r short, frequently leafy-bract e a t e ; peduncles short or none; calyx sparsely setose-hispid, the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes often united; corolla pale yellow, very slender; nutlets brown or blackish, muriculate and rugulose, scarcely more t h a n % line long.—Sandy soil along the seacoast: San Diego Co. to San Francisco, Sonoma and Mendocino Cos. and n. (A. lycopsoides Jepson.) Var. NI COLAI Jepson n. comb. Racemes leafybracteate throughout.—San Nicolas Isl. (A. sancti-nicolai Eastw.) 6. A. lycopsoides Lehm. Diffuse plant; similar to no. 5; n u t l e t s rounded on the back, not carinate, the thin low rugae forming irregular areoles these minutely granulate.—Along the coast: Mendocino Co.; n. to Wash. 7. A. tessellata Gray. Coarsely hispid, 1 to 2 f t . high; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate, 1 to 2 in. long; developed spikes 5 to 6 in. long, loose; calyx of 3 or 4 sepals, 1 narrow and 2 broad, or 3 narrow and 1 broad, rusty-hispid, accrescent in f r u i t with t h e broadly-ovate foliaceous segments about twice the length of the nutlets; corolla small, orange-yellow; nutlets broadly ovate, abruptly acute, not carinate but flattish on the back, which is surrounded by a dentate border and filled in with a f e w short transverse rugae and many wart-like projections fitted closely together, and so resembling a somewhat uneven cobble-stong pavement. — Sandy plains or desert mesas, 100 to 4000 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; San Joaquin Valley; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. Apr.-May. Var. LEMMÒNII Jepson n. comb. Calyx densely clothed with soft-appressed cinnamon-brown hairs; corolla

BORAGE F A M I L Y

845

6 to 7 lines long, the limb much broader; nutlets tessellate b u t scarcely rugose.—San Luis Obispo and Monterey Cos. May. (A. lemmonii Mebr.) 11. OREOCARYA Greene Perennial herbs, the l e a f y stems more or less t u f t e d on t h e branched rootcrown and terminating in a thyrsoid or spicate leafy-bracteate panicle. E n t i r e plant tomentose or strigose-pubescent, the upper p a r t s usually densely hispid. Leaves mostly basal. Calyx 5-parted to t h e base or nearly so, the segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Corolla with prominent crests. Nutlets smooth and polished or roughened and dull, the margins without wings. (Greek oreos, mountain, and karua, nutlet, on account of the habitat.) Nutlets polished; herbage strigose or strigulose. Corolla-tube well-exserted (1 Vz to 2 times as long as calyx) ; inflorescence hirsute; stems % to 1% ft. high 1. O. confertifolia. Corolla-tube not exserted; inflorescence not at all hirsute; stems 3 to 5 in. high; var. 2. 0. euffruticosa. abortiva of Nutlets roughened, dull; herbage hispid, the older leaves white-tomentose, the younger ones greenish-silky. Nutlets gray, keeled, densely rugose and often finely tuberculate dorsally 3. O. echinoides. Nutlets brown, narrow-ovate, weakly keeled, sparingly wrinkled 4. O. nubigena.

1. O. confertifolia Greene. Stems erect or at base decumbent, leafy, ^ to 1% f t . high, arising from a branched root-crown; herbage strigose-pubescent with silky hairs, above more or less hirsute; leaves mostly in a basal t u f t and some on stem, especially lower part, oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 3 in. long; basal leaves more particularly drawn down to a petiole, the petioles white-silky; inflorescence spicate-glomerate, more or less interrupted below; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla cream-color or yellow, the tube well-exserted, t h e crests prominent; nutlets ovate, keeled ventrally, rounded on the back, smooth and polished.—Arid montane slopes or summits, 5000 to 8500 f t . : e. slopes or easterly summits of the Sierra N e v a d a from K e r n Co. to Mono Co.; White Mts.; s. to north slope San Bernardino Mts.; e. to U t a h and N. Mex. 2. O. suffruticdsa Greene var. abortiva Mebr. Stems decumbent or several f r o m the root-crown, diffuse, leafy, branching, 3 to 5 in. long; herbage covered with a fine strigose puberulence, the leaves setose-ciliate toward the base; flowers in a close thyrsoid panicle, leafy-bracteate; leaves linearoblanceolate or linear, 2 to 4 in. long, mostly exceeding the panicles; calyxtube ovate-lanceolate, the tube very short; corolla white, the tube not exserted, the lobes rounded; nutlets 1 to 4, irregularly triangular, polished, mottled on ripening.—Montane, 6000 to 10,200 f t . : northerly flats, San Bernardino Mts.; White Mts.; e. to Nev. 3. O. echinoides Mebr. Stems few, ascending or erect, l e a f y , 3 to 9 in. high; herbage hispid throughout with long whitish hairs; leaves spatulate, mostly t u f t e d a t or near the base, % to 1% in. long; inflorescence a spikelike thyrsus, leafy-bracteate below; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, densely hispid; corolla yellow, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, the lobes rounded, the crests prominent; nutlets gray, ovate, keeled dorsally, sulcate ventrally, rugose and finely tuberculate.—Desert ranges or arid slopes of ranges bordering the deserts, 4000 to 6000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Providence Mts.; Ivanpah Mts.; P a n a m i n t Mts.; Silver Mt., Mono Co.; Squaw Valley, Truckee River; e. to Utah, n. to Can. June. 4. O. nubigena Greene. Stems erect, l e a f y , 3 to 5 in. high, usually several from the branched root-crown; herbage hispid with long yellowish hairs, densely so above, tomentulose throughout; leaves spatulate-obovate, mostly in a basal t u f t , % to 1% in. long, the basal narrowed to a petiole; inflorescence contracted into a dense cluster or shortly spike-like; calyx-lobes ovatelanceolate; corolla white with yellow center, the tube little or not at all exserted, the lobes broad and rounded, the t h r o a t with prominent crests; nutlets brown, narrow-ovate, sparingly rugose or wrinkled.—Summits of the Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 12,000 f t . : Modoc Co.: Sonora Pass; Clouds Rest; Mt. W h i t n e y ; also White Mts. May-July. Well-developed mature f r u i t is still unknown.

846

BORAGINACEAE

12. GREENE6CHARIS Gurke & Harms Low, diffusely branching annuals, the small white flowers leafy-racemose and leafy-glomerate. Herbage hispid-canescent. Calyx 5-cleft to the middle, the scarious tube circumscissile about midway, the upper part falling, the lower persistent around the small ovate nutlets. (E. L. Greene, writer on western borages, and Greek charis, grace or beauty.) 1. G. circumscissa (Torr.) Bydb. Stem slender, diffusely much branched, 1% to 7 in. high; leaves linear, alternate or some of the lower opposite, 3 to 7 lines long; flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves or crowded in leafybracteate clusters at the ends of the branchlets; calyx early circumscissile; corolla 1 line long, the throat naked and open; nutlets ovate, rounded on the back, dull, smooth or puncticulate, % line long.—Desert mesas or mt. slopes, 4000 to 6500 ft.: Mohave Desert and its bounding mountain ranges; 11. along east side Sierra Nevada to Lassen Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Utah. May-June. (Piptocalyx circumscissus Torr.) Var. DICH6TOMA Jepson n. comb. Seeds smooth and shining, y2 to % line long.—E. slope Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to e. Nevada Co. (Boca); Verdi, w . Nev. July-Aug. (Krynitzkia dichotoma Greene.) 13. CRYPTANTHA Lehm. N I E V I T A S Annuals, rarely biennials or perennials. Flowers nearly always sessile and scorpioid-spicate. Calyx 5-parted to the base, as long as the corolla-tube; segments more or less hispid or with hooked bristles, in fruit usually closely embracing the nutlets, eventually deciduous. Corolla white, small (V> to 3 lines broad). Nutlets 4, sometimes 3, 2 or 1, smooth, papillate, or muriculate, never rugose; face of nutlet with a ventral groove from the apex to the scar near the base, usually continued beyond the scar as a fork and either open (areolate) or closed. Nutlet attached to the subulate gynobase from the sear halfway or wholly to the apex along the groove. (Greek kruptos, hidden, and anthos, flower, perhaps on account of the minute flowers in some species.) A.

INFLORESCENCE

BRACTEATE.

Floral bracts not exceeding flowers; annuals. Lower leaves not exceeding Vz in Lower leaves more than % in Floral bracts exceeding flowers. Biennial or perennial; nutlets broad, mucronulate Annual; nutlets lanceolate, brown, polished B.

INFLORESCENCE

NOT B R A O T E A T E ;

1. C. mxcrantha. 2. C. costata 3. C. racemosa. 4. C. ramosissima ANNUALS.

1. Nutlet surface roughened. Fruiting calyx, including pedicel, seldom more than 2 lines long. Calyx in fruit recurved 5. C. renurvata. Calyx in fruit not recurved. Plants profusely branched, thickly covered with bristles or short stiff hairs; nutlets minutely white-papillate upon purplish-gray or brown. Desert plants; calyx 1 line long. Nutlets without margins 6. C. angustifolia. Nutlets with whitish margins 7. C. holoptera. Cismontane plants; calyx Yz line long 8. C. micro-meres. Plants scarcely branched, hispid to hirsute; nutlets conspicuously papillate or mucronate, white to brown or brown-flecked, never purplish. Nutlets wingless. Calyx-segments with both bristles and hairs. Papillae on nutlets straight. Nutlets ovate, acute 9. C. muriculata. Nutlets ovate, acuminate 10. C. ambirjua. Papillae on nutlets dentate to curvidentate; nutlets l a n c e o l a t e . . . . 11. C. intermedia. Calyx-segments with soft hairs but no bristles 12. C. utahensis. Nutlets winged; calyx-segments with soft hairs but no bristles 13. C. pteroearya. Fruiting calyx, including pedicel, three lines long or more; calyx-segments densely covered with long soft hairs. Lower leaves about 1 line wide; calyx-segments silky-villous 14. C. crinita. Lower leaves 2 to 3 lines wide; calyx-segments hirsute 15. C. barbigera. 2. Nutlet surface smooth. Nutlets ovate-lanceolate. Stems strigose; plants of interior foothills and mountains.

BORAGE F A M I L Y

847

Spreading montane plants, 2 to 4 in. high 16. C. glomeriflora. Erect foothill plants, 5 to 18 in. high 17. C. flaccida. Stems with spreading pubescence; coast or coast ranges 18. C. leiocarpa. Nutlets ovate-acute. Plants stout; calyces with stiff bristles, fruiting calyx-lobes elongated 19. G. torreyana. Plants slender; calyces with softer bristles, fruiting calyx-lobes scarcely if at all elongated 20. C. afinis.

1. C. micràntha (Torr.) J t n . Stems slender, leafy, 2 to 5 in. high, diffusely much-branched from the base; root carrying purple stain; herbage grayish with somewhat appressed hispid hairs; leaves linear, 2 lines long; flowers in the axils of the leaves or crowded in leafy clusters at the ends of the branchlets; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla 1 line long, the throat obscurely appendaged; nutlets ovate, acuminate, purplish-gray, polished, one or more commonly mucronulate.—Desert or arid valleys and mountain slopes, 1000 to 6000 ft.: Mohave and Colorado deserts and their bordering ranges s. and w.; San Bernardino Valley. Apr.-June. (Eremocarya micrantha Greene.) Var. LÈPIDA J t n . Stems less slender and only sparsely hispid; corolla larger with the appendages in the throat less obscure.—Montane, 4500 to 6800 ft.: San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains to mts. of e. San Diego Co. JuneAug. (Eremocarya lepida Greene.) 2. C. costàta Bdg. Stem profusely branched throughout, 3 to 6 in. high; stems and leaves gray with appressed hispid hairs, these interspersed with more sparse spreading longer and stiffer hairs; leaves lanceolate, the lower leaves % to 1 in. long; flowers minute, in dense leafy-bracteate spikes, the bracts and sepals closely beset with long rigid white or yellowish bristles with softer shorter hairs between; sepals lanceolate, 1 to lines long, in fruit twice as long; nutlets ovate, % line long, minutely roughened but shining, rounded on the back, with sharp edges, the ventral groove dilated from above the middle downward.—Desert valleys, 200 to 1000 ft.: Colorado Desert; n. to Death Valley region. 3. C. racemósa (Wats.) Greene. Stem profusely branched throughout, M> to 1 or 2 ft. high, the ultimate branchlets almost filiform, the main stem and larger branches woody; herbage hispid with spreading bristles or the stem mostly strigose-hispid; leaves linear, % to 1 in. long; inflorescence loosely racemose-paniculate, the lowest flowers often on spreading pedicels, the upper nearly sessile; calyx in fruit usually about 1 line long, the segments lanceolate, bristly-hispid; corolla limb 1 line in diameter; nutlets ovatelanceolate, unequal (the 3 smaller becoming free from the gynobase earlier, the fourth sometimes abortive), V2 line long, gray, mucronulate, the brown endocarp showing through the white coat, the margins whitish, sharp, the ventral groove open and gradually widening at base.—Deserts: Inyo Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts; s. to L. Cai., e. to Ariz. 4. C. ramosissima (Gray) Greene. Stem usually stout with many ascending branches, 5 to 11 in. high; herbage rufescent, hispid, often, also, with more appressed finer hairs; leaves linear, somewhat thickened, V2 to 1 in. long; spikes elongate in age, rather densely flowered, more or less leafybracteate; calyx-segments linear, 1 line long with stiff bristles of about the same length among softer hairs; corolla minute; nutlets smooth, usually solitary, lanceolate, V2 to line long, pale brownish-green with translucent pericarp, abruptly acute-maTgined; groove closed in perfect nutlets.—Deserts and desert mts., Inyo Co. to Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cai. 5. C. recurvàta Cov. Stem slender, more or less branched from below, 2 or 3 to 8 in. high; herbage appressed-hispid, or the leaves with somewhat spreading hairs; leaves linear-oblanceolate, V4, to % in. long; spikes in 2s or 3s. naked, becoming loose; calyx in fruit recurved, 1 to 1% lines long, hispid-bristly with stiff divergent hairs; corolla minute, scarcely exserted; nutlet single, not 1 line long, ovate-lanceolate, muriculate, rounded on the angles, slightly incurved at apex, adherent to columnar gynobase for half the length of the closed ventral groove.—Mts. of Inyo Co.: White Mts.; Panamint Mts. 6. C. anglistifòlia (Torr.) Greene. Stem diffusely branched from base, 3 to 9 in. high; herbage densely hispid with white hairs which are commonly

848

BOEAGINACEAE

pustulate at base; leaves narrowly linear, 3 to 8 lines long; flowers in dense spikes; sepals narrowly linear, 1 to lines long, densely covered with stout rigid often yellowish bristles nearly as long; corolla minute, exserted; nutlets ovate-lanceolate, about % line long (or 1 or 2 shorter, these sometimes abortive), minutely white-papillate upon purplish-gray, the ventral groove widened toward the base.—Colorado and Mohave deserts, n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz. Mar.-May. 7. C. holóptera (Gray) Mcbr. Stem paniculately branched, 1 f t . high; or in depauperate specimens less t h a n 3 in.; herbage gray with spreading (or on the stems appressed) hispid hairs; leaves lanceolate, % to in. long, thickly white-dotted with the white pustules at the bases of the hairs; spikes naked or bracteate only a t base, paniculate, finally elongate; calyx segments lanceolate, % (in f r u i t IV2) lines long, armed with bristles nearly as long, the midrib prominent a t base; corolla minute; nutlets ovate, % line long, wing-margined, white-papillate upon a purplish-gray ground, the ventral groove open f r o m the middle downward.—Colorado and Mohave deserts; n. to Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz. Mar.-Apr. 8. C. micrómeres (Gray) Greene. Stem slender, rather widely branched above the base, 4 to 9 in. high; herbage rough-hirsute almost throughout, the hairs not white; leaves oblong to linear, % to 1 in. long; spikes mostly terminal or subterminal, ebracteate, not dense, 2 to 4 in. long; calyx y> line long; nutlets ovate, acute, % line long, minutely papillate, ventral groove opening at base.—Foothills: South Coast Eanges from Contra Costa Co. to Monterey Co. and s. to San Diego Co.; Amador Co. 9. C. mùriculàta (A.DC.) Greene. Stem robust, branching, y 2 to VA f t . high; herbage rough-hirsute or hispid; leaves linear, y 2 to 1 in. long; spikes well-developed, rather dense, mostly in 2s and 3s at the end of the branches; calyx IV2 lines long; corolla 2 to 3 lines broad; nutlets 1 line long, muricatepapillose, and somewhat rugose on the b a c k ; ventral groove and its basal bifurcation mostly closed; lateral angles acutish, distinct.—Montane, 2000 to 8000 f t . : Coast Eanges f r o m Sonoma Co. s.; Santa Inez Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. southward; San Gabriel Mts. Var. VITRÈA Jepson n. comb. Profusely branched and vigorous, very floriferous; flowers much smaller; n u t l e t s broader. — S. Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co. (C. vitrea Eastw.) 10. C. ambigua (Gray) Greene. Fig. 803. Stem much branched from the base, y 2 to 1% f t . high; herbage rough-hirsute throughout; leaves linear, 1 to 1% in. long; spikes 1 to 2% in. long, commonly very loose below, ternate or geminate, o f t e n pedunculate; calyx-segments linear, 1 to (or in f r u i t 2 % ) lines long, more densely hispidbristly towards the base; corolla 2% to 3 lines broad; nutlets gray, 4 or 3, narrowly ovate, papillate but not pointed or prickly, the lateral angle obtuse and the groove more or less closed, with t h e basal bifurcation open-areolate (or sometimes closed). — Mountain slopes, 1500 to 6000 f t . : inner North Coast Eanges from Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare Co. 8 0 3 . C r y p t a n t h a a m b i g u a G r e e n e ; a, h a b i t x V2 ; b, fl. x 4 ; c, n u t l e t , d o r s a l v i e w x 8 ; d, n u t l e t , v e n t r a l v i e w x 8.

11. C. intermèdia Greene. Stem m o r e or less diffusely branched

BORAGE FAMILY

849

from base, % to 1 f t . high; herbage hispid with appressed and spreading hairs; leaves lanceolate or linear, % to 1 in. long; spikes naked, in 2s or 3s, finally much elongated so t h a t the flowers are remote; calyx-segments linear, scarcely 1 line long, in f r u i t o f t e n 2 to 3 or 4 lines long, hispid and armed with bristles 1 to IV2 lines long; corolla 2 lines broad; nutlets ovate, acuminate, roughened with unusually sharp-pointed papillae, the ventral groove open and widening a t base.—Hills and valleys, 1000 to 4000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Tehaehapi Mts.; Inyo Co. Var. DUMETDRUM Jepson n. comb. Diffuse flexuous branches V2 to 1 f t . high; leaves lanceolate, % to 1 in. long, densely studded with the conspicuous white pustules at the base of t h e hairs; spikes single, in 2s or 3s, finally elongating so t h a t the flowers are distant.—Mohave Desert and bordering ranges. ( K r y n i t z k i a dumetorum Greene.) 12. C. utahensis Greene. Stem branched from base, V2 to 1 f t . high; herbage strigose-hispid; leaves linear, % to % in. long; spikes in 2s or 3s, very short; calyx 1 line long, rather densely silky-pubescent, not at all bristly; corolla IV2 lines broad; nutlets (often solitary and adhering closely to gynobase) ovate-acuminate, sharp on the edges, 1% lines long, papillate and somewhat nerved dorsally, the ventral groove gradually widening toward base.—Desert valleys, 2000 to 4000 f t . : cent, and e. Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. May. 13. C. pt&rocarya Greene. Stem slender and loosely branched or diffusely much branched from base, 6 to 9 in. high; herbage hispid with appressed or spreading hairs; leaves linear, % to 1 in. long; spikes short, at first glomerate, in 2s or 3s; calyx in f r u i t 2 lines long, t h e segments with a f e w stiff bristles, linear at first, in f r u i t becoming ovate, the midrib prominent; corolla not 1 line broad; nutlets ovate, papillate on the back, the edges produced into broad scarious somewhat crenate wings (or 1 nutlet wingless), the ventral groove open or closed, with open f o r k s at base.—Colorado and Mohave deserts; e. side Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Inyo Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Tex. Apr.-June. Var. PURPLISH Jepson n. var. Inflorescence denser; calyces smaller; nutlets with narrow wing (one wingless).—Argus Mts. (Purpus 5433, t y p e ) . 14. C. crinita Greene. Stem rather strictly branched from near base, 7 to 12 in. high; herbage hirsute; the pustulate bases of the hairs giving them a salty appearance; leaves linear, % to 1 in. long; spikes elongate, very dense, on very slender peduncles, the shaggy-hirsute covering of the calyces almost concealing the individual flowers; calyx-segments linear, obtuse, in f r u i t 2% to 3 lines long; corolla IV2 to 2 lines broad; nutlet solitary, sharply acuminate, with granular brittle pericarp, IV2 lines long, the ventral groove open at the base.—Creek bottoms, 500 ft., Shasta Co. Apr.-May. 15. C. barbigera Greene. Stem freely branched f r o m base, % to 1 f t . high; herbage hispid and hirsute; leaves oblong-linear, % to in. long; spikes solitary or paniculate, becoming elongated, the flowers a t length remote and less secund; calyx-lobes linear-attenuate, in f r u i t 3 to 4 lines long, armed with numerous bristles l 1 /^ to 2 lines long and also white-villous; corolla 2 to 3 lines broad; nutlets mostly 1, ovate, acuminate, 1 line long, the grayish-brown surface thickly studded with white papillae, t h e ventral groove open, dilated at base; gynobase subulate with the infertile ovarylobes persistent.—Santa B a r b a r a Co.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and Ariz. Apr-May. Var. INOPS (T. Bdg.) Mcbr. Branches slender, terete, divaricate to flexuous.—Colorado and Mohave deserts, n. to Inyo Co. Apr. (Krynitzkia barbigera var. inops Bdg.) 16. C. glomeriflora Greene. Stem diffusely branching from base, 2 to 4 in. high; herbage hispid; leaves linear-oblong, % to % in. long; flowers in glomerules of 2 or 3 at the ends of the branches and in the axils of even the lowest leaves; calyx-segments linear, % line long, armed with bristles as long; corolla very minute; nutlets smooth and shining, ovate, acute, the ventral groove open only at base.—-Montane 6000 to 10,300 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Tulare Co.; White Mts. July.

850

BOR AGIN A CE AE 17. C. flàccida (Dougl.) Greene. Fig. 804. Stem strictly and rigidly erect, with f e w ascending branches a t the top, % to 1M f t . high; leaves linear; spikes 2 to 4 in. long, at length not crowded; corolla nearly or quite 1 line broad; f r u i t i n g calyx 1 Ys lines long, appressed to the racliis, its narrowly linear segments thickish a t base, connivent above, nearly twice as long as t h e nutlet, hispid and bearing toward the base a deflexed t u f t of bristles; nutlet 1, ovate, rostellate-acuminate a t apex, smooth and shining, the groove enlarged below but not forked. — Gravelly hillslopes or valleys, 500 t o 4000 f t . : throughout cismontane Cai. Apr.June.

18. C. lèiocàrpa (F. & M.) Greene. Stem commonly branched f r o m the base, with many erect or ascending branches, 5 to 18 in. long; branches mostly simple below, branching above, and bearing many spikes which are o f t e n more or less con804. Cryptantha flaccida Greene; a, habit x gested; herbage hirsute Or hispid y4 ; u, ii. x 4; c. ir. raljx x 4; d, nuiiet, w i t h spreading hairs; leaves linear, dorsal view x 8 ; e, nutlet, ventral view x 8. % t o 1 Q r 1 % i n l o n g . 8 p i k e s l e a f y . bracted, rarely bractless, the terminal longer and interrupted, the lateral short and glomerate; calyx-lobes short-linear, hispid-bristly, 1 line long; nutlets usually 4, rarely 1, narrowly ovate, acute, % line long, the ventral groove not forked, or scarcely so.—Sandy lands near the coast: Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. May-June. Bristles o f t e n pustulate-dilated a t base. Nutlets mottled transversely on the ventral side and longitudinally on the back. (C. hispidissima Greene.) 19. O. t o r r è y a n a (Gray) Greene. Stem erect, usually stout, branched from the middle and sometimes f r o m the base; herbage markedly hispid; leaves linear, 1% to 2*4 in. long; spikes commonly elongated, loose below, frequently geminate; calyx-segments very bristly, elongating in f r u i t ; nutlets ovate, acute, the groove forked a t base, t h e f o r k sometimes minute.—Hillslopes, 1500 to 5000 f t . : Mt. Hamilton Range; North Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tehama Co. to K e r n Co. Apr.-June. Yar. INCÀNA Jepson n. comb. Whole plant gray with dense spreading hispid hairs and (on the stems) finer strigose hairs; calyx elongating less in fruit.—Nine-Mile Creek, Tulare Co. (C. incana Greene.) 20. C. àfflnis Greene. Stem slender, branching, % t o 1 f t . high; herbage hispid with r a t h e r short hairs; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, % to lVi in. long, those of the main stem o f t e n opposite; spikes simple or in pairs, l e a f y a t base, interrupted; flowers minute; calyx-segments narrowly linear, 1 to 1% lines long, not elongating in f r u i t , r a t h e r sparsely armed with stiffish bristles; nutlets ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded on the back, smooth and shining, mottled, % line long, attached only up to the middle to the gynobase, the ventral groove closed to base.—Montane, 4000 to 7500 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; North Coast Ranges f r o m Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash, a n d Ida. June-July. 14. ALLOCÀRYA Greene Low herbs of wet ground, mostly b r a n c h i n g f r o m the base. Leaves linear or narrow, entire, t h e lowest always opposite. Pedicels persistent. Calyx 5-parted to the base, indurated and somewhat accrescent in f r u i t . Corolla white with yellow throat, salverform, with short t u b e ; processes or crests

851

BORAGE F A M I L Y

in the throat none or weakly developed. Nutlets ovate or lanceolate-ovate, smooth, rugose, tuberculate or even with barbed or prickly points, often carínate on one or both sides. Scar of the nutlet basal or above the base, concave or sometimes raised and stipe-like. (Greek alios, diverse, and karua, nut, the plants separated from Cryptantha on account of the different fruits.) A. PERENNIALS;

H E R B A G E W I T H A D E N S E COVER OV LONG SOFT

Nutlets gray, rugose, the lateral angles carínate Nutlets brown, reticulate, without lateral carina B.

HAIRS.

1. A. mollis. 2. A. vestita.

ANNUALS.

1. Scar basal or very nearly so, not excavate or at least not deeply so. Nutlets d r a w n to a lanceolate point above the middle. Scar exactly basal; calyx strongly accrescent. Stems fistulous-enlarged; nutlets strongly 3-carinatc dorsally 3. A. glabra. Stems not fistulous; nutlets lightly 3-carinate dorsally 4. A. stipitata. Scar not exactly basal; calyx not accrescent or not markedly so. Northern Sierra Nevada 5. A. ambigens. Mohave Desert 6. A. coo pen. Nutlets ovate or ovoid; scar extending a little way u p one side f r o m the base (except in no. 1 2 ) . Keel on ventral side of nutlets lying in a groove. Nutlets whitish or light-colored, perfectly smooth and s h i n i n g . . .7. A. lithocarya. Nutlets roughened, d r a b or brownish 8. A. ckorisiana. Keel on ventral side not lying in a groove or not obviously so. Nutlets not bristly. R u g a e not s h a r p or dentate. Ventral r u g a e or tuberculations distinct from c a r i n a or essentially so. Scar l i n e a r ; nutlets transversely a n d closely r u g u l o s e . 9 . A. scalpta. Scar ovate. S u r f a c e of nutlets more or less reticulate, not tuberculate or scarcely so 10. A. minuta. S u r f a c e of nutlets densely tuberculate 11. A. diffusa. V e n t r a l r u g a e or tubercles more or less distinctly merged with c a r i n a . . 12. A. californica. R u g a e s h a r p or dentate or muriculate. Scar l i n e a r ; nutlets of a granitic cast 13. A. stricta. Scar ovate; nutlets brown 14. A. trachycarpa. Nutlets microscopically bristly. Scar l i n e a r ; bristles stout 15. A. hispidula. Scar ovate; bristles very slender 16. A. humistrata. 2. Scar distinctly suprabasal, deeply excavate, large, usually half as large as the nutlet; nutlets with bristles or barbed prickles. Nutlets not rugulose dorsally. Bristles scattered over the whole back of the nutlet. Bristles very unequal, not barbed 17. A. spiculifera. Bristles subequal, barbed 18. A. greenei. Bristles only on the dorsal ridge and marginal angles 19. A. austinae. Nutlets more or less rugulosp-areolate, the r u g a e bearing bristles. R u g a e h i g h ; areoles tuberculate 20. A. acanthocarpa. R u g a e low; areoles smooth 21. A. scripta.

1. A. mdllis (Gray) Greene. Stems 1 to several from the base, spreading or ascending, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage densely clothed with long straight and rather soft hairs even to the calyx; leaves linear-lingulate, obtuse, 1 x/y to 3% in. long; racemes dense, or at length looser, bractless; corolla 2% to 3 lines broad; nutlets ovate, irregularly rugese or rugose-foveolate, more or less carinate on the back and at the lateral angles, the scar shortly ovatelanceolate.—Moist alkaline flats and borders of ponds: Sierra Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to eastern Ore. 2. A. vestita Greene. Bank plant with ascending stems 1 to 1% ft. high; herbage conspicuously pilose throughout even to the calyx; spikes 3 to 6 in. long, bractless; flowers about 2 lines broad; fruit not scattered; nutlets brown, nearly 1 line long, regularly reticulate on the back, carinate from the apex to below the middle (the carina there vanishing in the meshes of the reticulation) or not carinate, strongly ridged ventrally down to the roundish scar, which is bounded toward the base by a horseshoe-shaped ridge: epidermal cells microscopically muriculate.—Valley floors: Sonoma Co.; Tulare Co. An unusually localized distribution. (A. mollis var. vestita Jepson.) 3. A. glabra (Gray) Mcbr. Branched from the base, or strictly erect and simple, 5 to 6 in. high; rachis of the spikes fistulous-enlarged, the flowers

852

BORAGINACEAE

r a t h e r dense, but strictly unilateral in 2 r a t h e r marked rows; calyx-segments spatulate or ovate, very strongly callous-thickened toward the base, the sinus n e x t the axis much deeper than the others, some of the outer sepals united nearly to the summit in some cases; nutlets finely tuberculate, c a r i n a t e dorsally and with rather sharp l a t e r a l angles.—Salt marshes, e. side San Francisco B a y and s. to S a n t a Clara Co. (A. salina J e p s o n . ) 4. A . s t i p i t a t a Greene. B r a n c h e s many from the base, mostly simple, slender, somewhat spreading, commonly 9 to 12 in. long; herbage sparsely setulose; leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long, or the basal obovate or oblong, attenuate into a long petiole; pedicels turbinate-thickened beneath the flower; corolla 2 to 3 lines broad, white with yellow eye or the eye changing to w h i t e ; sepals a t length brownish and often spreading, strongly accrescent, becoming 3 to 4 lines long; nutlets obscurely constricted at base, somewhat flattened on the b a c k , rugose and more or less finely tuberculate, strongly carinate ventrally, t h e dorsal carina obsolete j u s t above the middle. — P l a i n s , very common: inner Coast B a n g e valleys; Great V a l l e y ; Sierra Nevada foothills. Apr.-May. V a r . MICRANTHA Mcbr. Corolla 1 to 2 lines broad.—With the species. 5. A . ambigens Piper. F o u r to 6 in. high; herbage nearly glabrous except on the younger p a r t s ; calyx only slightly accrescent; corolla IV2 to 2 lines broad; nutlets as in A. s t i p i t a t a except t h a t t h e scar is basally oblique.— Plumas Co. 6. A . cooperi ( G r a y ) Greene. Diffusely branched from the root, 4 to 8 in. h i g h ; leaves linear, somewhat succulent, V2 to 1 in. long, t h e basal 1 to 2 % in.; calyces densely white-hispid; nutlet ovate-trigonous, obcompressed, abruptly contracted above t h e middle, ventrally reticulate-rugulose, dorsally transversely rugulose, .the sear shortly sub-linear.—Mohave D e s e r t ; n. to Inyo Co. 7. A . l i t h o c a r y a ( G r a y ) Greene. Stems 7 to 10 in. h i g h ; leaves linear, 1 to 1 % in. long; racemes becoming loose and more or less l e a f y - b r a c t e d ; nutlets smooth and vitreous-shining, whitish or somewhat mottled, lightly carinate dorsally, the ventral keel hidden by l a t e r a l folds f o r nearly its entire length; scar narrowly linear, likewise hidden b y t h e f o l d s . — L a k e and Mendocino Cos. 8. A . chdrisi&na (Cham.) Greene. Diffuse (or at first e r e c t ) with reclining branches 7 to 16 in. long, strigose throughout and very l e a f y below; basal leaves linear-elongated, 2 to 4 in. long; racemes elongated, a t length very loose, l e a f y below; f r u i t i n g pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, seldom only 1 line long; calyx little accrescent, about 1 line long, the segments a t length spreading; corolla 3 to 4 lines wide; nutlets ovate, % line long or a trifle more, dark brown, carinate ventrally only, or also dorsally toward the apex, more or less rugulose or minutely t u b e r c u l a t e ; v e n t r a l carina set in a groove; scar linear.—Low ground towards the coast, sw. Solano Co. to Monterey Co. Apr.-June. Y a r . MfRiXNTHA Jepson n. comb. Pedicels nearly all shorter than the c a l y x ; corolla 1 to 1 % (or 2 % ) lines b r o a d ; nutlets brownish, rugulose, minutely tuberculate, c a r i n a t e half-way down the back.—-Monterey coast from Monterey to San Simeon. (A. m y r i a n t h a Greene.) Y a r . HICKMANNII J e p s o n n. comb. L i k e var. myriantha but obscurely tuberculate, scarcely rugulose.—Southern Monterey Co. (A. hickmannii Greene.) Var. UNDULATA Jepson n. comb. Nutlets closely rugulose, not t u b e r c u l a t e . — S a n t a B a r b a r a . ( A . undulata P i p e r . ) 9. A. sc&lpta Piper. Stems loosely branched, 5 to 8 in. h i g h ; nutlets keeled dorsally only near the apex, closely transverse-rugulose; scar ovate.—Humboldt Co. 10. A . minuta Piper. S t e m s erect, 6 to 10 in. high; nutlets closely reticulate with fine ridges, keeled dorsally near the apex, the surface not tuberculate or scarcely so, scar o v a t e ; epidermal cells microscopically m u r i c u l a t e . — Mendocino and Humboldt Cos. V a r . RETICULATA J e p s o r n. comb. Nutlet reticulate, the areoles large, smooth; no dorsal keel.—Humboldt Co. (A. reticulata P i p e r . )

BORAGE FAMILY

853

11. A. d i f f u s a Greene. B r a n c h e s several f r o m t h e base, decumbent or spreading, 5 to 8 in. l o n g ; corolla 1 to 1% lines b r o a d ; n u t l e t t r a n s v e r s e l y rugulose-reticulate on b a c k and finely t u b e r c u l a t e ; scar o v a t e ; epidermal cells microscopically muriculate.—Valleys a b o u t San F r a n c i s c o Bay. 12. A. calif ornica (F. & M. ) Greene. Similar in h a b i t to A. s t i p i t a t a ; flowers 1 to 1% lines b r o a d ; n u t l e t s ovate, c a r i n a t e v e n t r a l l y and a little p a s t t h e apex dorsally, usually g r a y i s h , closely rugulose dorsally; scar not raised, nearly basal, ovate or sometimes linear (even on same plant).—Throughout mont a n e Cal., b u t most common in t h e N o r t h Coast Ranges a n d n. Sierra foothills. 13. A. s t r i c t a Greene. Stem slender, s t r i c t l y erect, commonly b r a n c h i n g f r e e l y f r o m t h e base, 6 to 15 in. h i g h ; stems a n d leaves glabrous or n e a r l y so; spikes v e r y dense; corolla 2 lines b r o a d ; n u t l e t keeled to t h e middle and t r a n s v e r s e l y rugulose dorsally, t h e r u g a e sharp, t h e interspaces very n a r r o w b u t more or less t u b e r c u l a t e ; scar linear.—Upper N a p a Valley. 14. A. tr3,chycarpa ( G r a y ) Greene. More or less diffuse or d e c u m b e n t ; racemes l e a f y t h r o u g h o u t or n e a r l y so; calyx-segments s p r e a d i n g ; corolla small, 1 to l 1 /» lines b r o a d ; n u t l e t s broadly ovate, t r a n s v e r s e l y and sharply rugose and p a p i l l a t e or m u r i c a t e , c a r i n a t e v e n t r a l l y and dorsally; dorsal rugosities commonly simple, and keel mostly d e n t a t e - i n t e r r u p t e d ; scar deltoid-orbicular, n e a r l y basal.—Sacramento and San J o a q u i n valleys and w. to Sonoma and M o n t e r e y Cos. 15. A. h i s p i d u l a Greene. Spreading, 2 to 6 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e hirsutulose; n u t l e t finely t u b e r c u l a t e , rugulose-reticulate, microscopically b r i s t l y on t h e ridges, c a r i n a t e v e n t r a l l y ; scar linear, not e x c a v a t e d ; bristles more or less b a r b e d at t i p . — M o n t a n e , 5000 t o 8000 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a ; San B e r n a r d i n o M t s . Var. P£NICILLATA J e p s o n n. comb. N u t l e t s w i t h t h e b a r b e d bristles t u f t e d , especially on t h e tubercles; scar e x c a v a t e d . — S i e r r a N e v a d a , 5000 to 8700 f t . (A. penicillata Greene.) 16. A . humistr&ta Greene. B r a n c h e s stoutish, mostly p r o s t r a t e , 6 to 12 in. long; pedicels short and stout, commonly deflexed; calyx m a r k e d l y accrescent, in f r u i t 4 to 6 lines long; n u t l e t s m u r i c u l a t e and sharply rugulose, b e a r i n g m i n u t e penicillate bristles; scar roundish, exactly basal.—San Diego a n d n. to t h e San J o a q u i n Valley. V a r . SIMILIS J e p s o n n. v a r . Scar ovate, oblique a t t h e base.—E. Contra Costa Co. (Antioch, K. B r a n d e g e e , t y p e ) . 17. A. s p i c u l l f e r a P i p e r . B r a n c h e s spreading, 4 to 8 in. long; n u t l e t covered w i t h short spines which arise f r o m t h e dorsal keel and f r o m low reticulations, some of t h e spines b a r b e d a t t i p ; scar deltoid, bordered by a flangelike margin.-—Tulare Co. plains. 18. A. greSnei ( G r a y ) Greene. Diffusely b r a n c h e d f r o m t h e base, t h e straggling b r a n c h e s 5 to 15 in. long; h e r b a g e strigulose-pubescent; leaves linearoblanceolate; racemes simple, l e a f y or b r a c t e a t e below, t h e flowers scatt e r e d ; n u t l e t s b r o a d l y ovate, 1 line long, carinate, densely and m i n u t e l y t u b e r c u l a t e a n d well a r m e d w i t h slender b a r b e d prickles; prickles % t o % line long, quite distinct a t base.—Grassy clay hills or adobe plains, n o r t h e r n S i e r r a foothills f r o m Calaveras Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. V a r . H Y S T R f CULA Jepson n. comb. B r i s t l e s v e r y short ( a b o u t % t h e l e n g t h of t h e n u t l e t ) , densely b a r b e d t h r o u g h o u t , disposed in rows, either crowded or i n t e r r u p t e d , b u t so a r r a n g e d as to m a k e t h e s u r f a c e somewhat a r e o l a t e ; areoles covered w i t h fine tubercles.—Low plains, Solano Co. (A. h y s t r i c u l a P i p e r . ) 19. A . a u s t l n a e Greene. E r e c t , 6 to 9 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e almost g l a b r o u s ; leaves linear, 1% to 3 in. long; s u r f a c e of n u t l e t densely t u b e r c u l a t e , t h e dorsal keel and l a t e r a l angles armed w i t h s t o u t b r i s t l e s ; bristles b a r b e d f r o m m i d w a y up.—N. S i e r r a N e v a d a foothills a n d b o r d e r i n g plains f r o m A m a d o r Co. to S h a s t a Co. V a r . CRISTATA J e p s o n n. comb. S u r f a c e of n u t l e t not t u b e r c u l a t e . — C a l a v e r a s Co. (A. c r i s t a t a P i p e r . ) 20. A. acanthoc&rpa P i p e r . B r a n c h e s several f r o m t h e base, simple, 4 to 6 in. h i g h ; corolla % line w i d e ; k e e l a n d ridges of t h e l a t e r a l r e t i c u l a t i o n s armed w i t h b r i s t l e s ; interspaces t u b e r c u l a t e . — S a n J o a q u i n Valley in K e r n Co. V a r . ECHINACEA J e p s o n n. comb. R e t i c u l a t i o n s of t h e n u t l e t small; bristles of t h e n u t l e t v e r y numerous.—Great Valley and South Coast Ranges

854

BORAGINACEAE

to San Diego Co. (A. echinacea Piper.) Yar. 6LIGOCHA6TA Jepson n. comb. Bristles very few.—E. Contra Costa Co. (A. oligochaeta Piper.) 21. A. scripta Greene. Branches prostrate, 6 to 10 in. long; back of the nutlets smooth and brown, except as marked by sharp white-reticulated ridges, these irregularly beset with t u f t s of spreading bristles.—Sacramento Valley. 15. ECHiDIOCARYA Gray Annual herbs with the lower leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes. Nutlets strongly incurved, dorsally rugose; scar elevated on a conspicuous slender projection or stipe. Ventral keel prominent, continuous downward and joined to the base of the stipe. (Greek echidion, a diminutive viper, and carua, nutlet, the stipe suggestive of the head and neck of a snake.) 1. E. californica Gray. Stems several or numerous f r o m t h e base, diffuse or prostrate, mostly slender, o f t e n very leafy, 5 to 14 in. long, flowering f o r % or more of their length; herbage hispid or hirsute; leaves linear; racemes spike-like, mostly bractless, in age remotely flowered; calyx cleft nearly to the base; corolla to 3 lines wide; nutlets usually 4, ovate, % line long, the median dorsal ridge well-marked towards apex, the ridges of the lateral angles not conspicuous and blending with the transverse ridges of the back which connect to form polygonal areas.—Mesas, 100 to 1500 ft., coastal S. Cal. from the Santa Inez Mts. to San Diego Co. Var. URSINA Jepson n. comb. Stems stout, short, depressed; nutlets about 1 line long, the dorsal ridges few.—Summit valleys, San Bernardino Mts. (Plagiobothrys ursinus Gray.) 1 6 . PLAGIOB6THBYS P . & M . POP-CORN FLOWER Rather slender annuals. Herbage soft-pubescent, the hairs often rusty when young, especially on the calyx. Leaves alternate, mostly in a basal rosette. Flowers in spike-like, elongated, loose and sometimes l e a f y racemes or sometimes glomerate. Pedicels very short or almost none, filiform, persistent. Corolla short, white, with crests or processes at the mouth of the throat. Nutlets ovate, carinate on both sides towards the apex and often also laterally margined, on the back rugose or roughened; insertion above the base or median, the scar raised and rounded and leaving a corresponding depression on the teceptacle or gynobase. (Greek plagios, on t h e side, and bothrus, pit or excavation, t h e first known species having a hollow scar.) Caruncle rounded or circular in outline; nutlets ovate or cruciform. Flowers in an elongated raceme; caruncle firm or cartilaginous, borne at or a little below the middle of the nutlet in a transverse groove and thus lying below the ventral keel; basal rosette of leaves conspicuous; mature nutlets 1 to 4. Calyx-lobes erect or spreading, not circumscissile; mature nutlets usually 4. Nutlets with the back marked off by transverse lineate grooves into broad llattish ridges. P l a n t s conspicuously purplish; nutlets ovate, constricted only at apex, the base rounded, dark-colored 1. P . torreyi. P l a n t s not purplish or rarely s o ; nutlets strongly constricted at apex and at base, and thus cruciform, vitreous-shining or glassy. Calyx about twice as wide as long; racemes not bracteate or only at b a s e ; stems m a n y from base, slender. . . 2 . P. tenellus. Calyx nearly as broad as l o n g ; racemes bracteate; stems f e w , stout 3. P . shasteneis. Nutlets with transverse dorsal ridges very thin and sharp, the ridges rather widely separated, so that, with the 3 keels, there are enclosed depressed rectangular areas with granulate surface. Caruncle conspicuous, ring-like or annular; calyx cleft to the base; corolla-tube exceeding the calyx; var. campestris of 4. P . fulvus. Caruncle solid; calyx cleft % to base; corolla-tube not exserted from calyx 5. P . canescens. Calyx-lobes connivent over fruit, in age circumscissile; mature nutlets 1 or 2. Flowers in forked racemes, not bracteate or only at base; stems mostly erect, rather tall ( 1 0 to 3 0 in. high) ; nutlets, in lateral outline, compressed 6. P . nothofulvus. Flowers in a long simple bracteate raceme; stems low ( 5 to 8 in. h i g h ) , usually ascending, branched mainly below the middle; nutlets, in lateral outline, strongly arched 7. P . arizonicus. F l o w e r s in a close cluster or glomerule; e. side Sierra Nevada 8. P . kispidus. Caruncle elongated, e x t e n d i n g along the m e d i a n ventral k e e l ; n u t l e t s t r i g o n o u s ; d e s e r t s on e. side Sierra Nevada.

BORAGE F A M I L Y

855

Nutlets irregularly rugose; corolla 2 to 3 H lines broad; flowers in a congested clustei or glomerule; var. harknessii of 9. P . kingii. Nutlets regularly tesselate; corolla Vfc to 1 line broad 10. P . jonesii.

1. P . torreyi Gray. K g . 805. Stems several to many from the base, erect or decumbent, commonly simple, 2 to 6 in. long, commonly rather densely leafy throughout; roots purple; herbage very dark green, conspicuously hispid; leaves oblong to oblong-ovate or linear, sessile, 5 to 10 lines long; racemes leafy-braeteate throughout, somewhat loose; calyx cleft nearly to base; corolla 1 to lines broad; nutlets commonly 4, ovate, dull or gray, somewhat constricted at apex, rounded at base, % to 1 line long, the dorsal ridge weak, produced around apex into the narrow and very prominent ventral keel; l a t e r a l angles well-defined, the back with transverse lineate grooves, thus separating the dorsal area into low ridges; caruncle small, sunken in the transverse groove.—Montane, 4000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Tulare Co. Var. DiFFtisus J t n . Stems diffusely spreading, more l e a f y ; bracts larger; flowers more numerous.—Sierra Nevada. 2. P . tenillus Gray. Stems 1 to several from the base, commonly erect, simple or branching above, 3 to 7 (or 12) in. high; herbage pubescent or often hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves of the basal t u f t oblong, acute or obtuse, % to 1 in. long; cauline leaves few, ovate or ovate- 805. Plagiobothrys torreyi Gray; a, habit x cor.olla s pread o p e n x 3 ; oblong, 2 to 6 lines long; spikes 1 to 1/2 : fl- x g 3 in. long, comparatively few-flow, infl. in a close panicle; corolla deep x % ; c, fl. x 2 ; d, n u t l e t x 4 . blue; nutlets with smooth commissure.—Islands of the lower Sacramento Kiver; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. 5. V. p r o s t r a t a B. Br. COMMON VERVAIN. Tig. 807. Stem diffusely branched or spreading, 1 to 4 f t . high; herbage mostly soft-pubescent; leaves broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, and often laciniately lobed, especially toward the base which is contracted into the cuneately winged petiole, 2 to 4 in. long; lower leaves commonly 3-parted or -divided; spikes 2 to 12 in. long, solitary, or more commonly loosely paniculate; bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue; commissure of nutlets muriculate-scaberulous.—Dry open hill country: cismontane Cai. f r o m San Diego Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to southern Ore. July-Sept.

859

VERBENA FAMILY

6. V. robusta Greene. Similar to no. 5; stem strictly erect, paniculately branched above, 2 to 2% f t . high; leaves irregularly incised or cleft (but commonly not divided), harshly pubescent; inflorescence rather l e a f y ; spikes dense, 1 to 2 in. long, 3 lines broad; corolla 2y 2 to 3 lines long, its limb 1 line broad, its tube hairy inside.—Canons about San Francisco Bay, 50 to 600 f t . : Tiburon; Wildcat Creek, Berkeley. 7. V. bractedsa Michx. Diffusely much branched, % to 1% f t . high, hispidulose throughout; leaves obovate or oblong, pinnately incised or coarsely serrate, narrowed a t base into a cuneately winged petiole, % to 2 in. long; spikes commonly dense; bracts lanceolate, carinate-ribbed, rigid, exceeding the flowers; corolla blue; commissure of nutlets muriculate-scabrous. — Open ground: Inglewood, Los Angeles Co.; San Bernardino; lower San Joaquin Eiver (perhaps an i m m i g r a n t ) ; n. to B. C.; e. to the Mississippi 807. Verbena prostrata R. Br.; a, Valley.

spike; b, leaf,

x %.

8. V. bipinnatifida Nutt. Stems several from the base, ascending, 5 to 15 in. long; herbage hirsute-pubescent; leaves roundish in outline, palmately 3parted, the divisions pinnately cleft into oblong lobes, Ys to 1% in. long, on petioles V2 to as long; spikes short or capitate, dense, V2 to lV-i in. long; bracts usually rather shorter than calyx; calyx-teeth obtuse, becoming tightly plicate about the prominent midrib so as to appear acute-subulate; corolla-lobes usually obcordate; scar of nutlets narrow, running nearly to apex, ornamented with a white band of retrorse hispidulose hairs.—Desert region, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Barstow; Cima; Providence Mts.; New York Mts.; e. to southern Nev. and Ark., s. to Mex. May. 2.

L I P P I A L.

LEMON VEKBENA

Ours prostrate perennial herbs. Flowers on slender axillary peduncles, disposed in short spikes or heads and subtended by broad closely imbricated bracts. Pubescence fine, the hairs fixed by the middle and both ends acute. Calyx small and short, in ours 2-cleft, the lobes entire and lateral. Corollatube cylindric, the limb manifestly bilabiate, the upper lip retuse or emarginate, the lower lip 3-cleft. Style mostly short; stigma thickish, oblique. F r u i t with more or less corky pericarp, not readily separating into the 2 nutlets. (Dr. A. Lippi, a French naturalist, killed in Abyssinia in 1703.) Leaves thickish, oblanceolate or o b o v a t e . . 1. L. nodiflora. Leaves thinnish, o v a t e . . . 2 . L. lanceolata.

.

,

1. L. nodiflora Michx. MAT-GRASS. Fig. 808. Stems extensively creeping from a lignescent perennial base; herbage minutely canescent;

i

p,

8 0 8 . Lippia nodiflora Michx.; a, habit x 14 ; ¡>, MV thipkish ciinpntp-oblancpofl. x 3 ; c, long. sect, of corolla x 3 ; d, pistil x 6 ; , l e a v e s t m c K i s n c u n e a t e ODianceo e, nutlet x 3. l a t e or - o b o v a t e , s h a r p l y serrate

860

LAB1ATAE

towards the apex, sessile or shortly petioled, 5 to 10 lines long; peduncles filiform, 1 to 4 in. long, much exceeding the leaves; heads cylindraceous in age, 3 to 3% lines thick; calyx with 2 low triangular teeth, these laterally disposed and entire or notched; corolla white, 1% lines broad; f r u i t globose or didymous.—Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, especially on river banks; e. to the Atlantic. I t is esteemed as a plant covering on levees f o r the purpose of resisting erosion. July-Sept. 2. L. lanceol^ta Michx. Similar to the preceding, but greener; leaves thinner, % to 2 % in. long, ovate, pinnately straight-veined, sharply serrate except a t the broadly cuneate base which is abruptly narrowed to a short petiole; peduncles o f t e n shorter t h a n the leaves; corolla bluish white.—River banks and moist bottoms: Great Valley to S. CaL; e. to the Atlantic. IIABIATAE.

MINT

FAMILY

Aromatic herbs or low shrubs with square stems and always opposite simple leaves. Flowers perfect, solitary in the axils or more commonly in small cymes; cymes sessile in the axils of the opposite leaves (rarely peduncled), commonly dense and having the appearance of a whorl, and thus denominated in the descriptions. Subtending leaves of the whorls frequently bract-like and the internodes short, the inflorescence thus becoming spike-like, or the whorl sometimes terminal and head-like. Calyx always synsepalous, frequently 2-lipped, usually 5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube, 2-lipped, commonly with 2 lobes in the upper lip and 3 lobes in the lower lip; or the lips sometimes subequal and the lobes regular or nearly so. Stamens inserted on tube of corolla, 4, in 2 pairs, or the upper pair of stamens wanting or represented by sterile filaments. Ovary superior, 4-lobed (or 4-parted in Trichostema), separating when ripe into 4 small 1-seeded smooth nutlets. Style single, commonly situated in the depression among the lobes of the ovary, cleft a t apex. A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets attached by the side. Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently 1-lipped; stamens exserted 1. TEUCBIUM. Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the lobes turned d o w n w a r d ; stamens long-exserted. . . 2.

TRIOHOSTEMA.

B. Ovary deeply 4-parted, the style basal; nutlets attached by the base. I . CALYX 2-LIPPED, THE LIPS ENTIRE.

Calyx with a gibbous or helmet-shaped protuberance on the back; flowers solitary in the axils of the opposite leaves; herbs 3. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx not gibbous on the back, bladdery-inflated in f r u i t ; flowers in a loose spike; shrub. . 4.

II.

SALAZARIA.

CALYX REGULAR, OR 2-LIPPED, T H E LIPS NOT ENTIRE.

1. Corolla markedly 2-lipped. Calyx with 10 spinescent teeth hooked at tip; stamens included in the corolla-tube 5 . MARRUBIUM.

Calyx-teeth not hooked at tip; stamens not included in tube, exserted from corolla or included in throat. Upper pair of stamens longer than the lower. Stamens exserted; anther-cells parallel; stems glabrous 6. AQASTACHE. Stamens not exserted; anther-cells divergent; stems canescent above. .7. NEPETA. Lower pair of .stamens longer than the upper or equaling them. Calyx 2-lipped or with unequal teeth. Upper calyx-lip truncate, its margin with 3 cusps, the lower-lip 2-cleft; flowers in a dense spike; herb 8. BRUNELLA. Upper calyx-lip not truncate. Anthers 1-celled; stamens with anthers 2 ; filament bearing a linear connective, or jointed, or sometimes simple; shrubs or herbs. 9 . SALVIA.

Anthers 2-celled. Corolla-tube with a hairy ring within; anther-bearing stamens 4 ; flowers in loose axillary clusters; herbs. . . . 1 0 . MELISSA. Corolla-tube with no hairy ring within. Bracts orbicular or elliptic-ovate, with about 7 to 10 prominent spines on the margin; corolla white; antherbearing stamens commonly 2 ; annuals 11.

ACANTHOMINTHA.

Bracts lanceolate or oblanceolate, the margin ciliate or merely pubescent, not spiny. Herbs; corolla usually exceeding calyx.

MINT

861

FAMILY

Style h a i r y , sometimes v e r y scantily so; corolla blue o r p u r p l e ; b r a c t s a n d calyx m a r k e d l y ciliate; a n n u a l s 12. POGOGYNE. Style n o t h a i r y ; corolla c r i m s o n ; b r a c t s a n d calyx Boft-hairy; p e r e n n i a l h e r b s 13.

CLINOPODIUM.

Woody-based p l a n t s ( o u r s ) ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding c a l y x ; style h a i r y 14. SATUREIA. Calyx-teeth equal or n e a r l y s o ; s t a m e n s 4. F l o w e r s solitary. T r a i l i n g e v e r g r e e n , h e r b - l i k e ; corolla-tube w i t h no h a i r y r i n g w i t h i n . . . 15.

MICROMERIA.

E r e c t s h r u b ; corolla-tube w i t h h a i r y r i n g w i t h i n 16. SPHACELE. F l o w e r s several in axils of floral leaves or in d e n s e w h o r l s , usually f o r m i n g a n i n t e r r u p t e d spike-like i n f l o r e s c e n c e ; h e r b s except no. 2 0 . Corolla-tube w i t h h a i r y r i n g w i t h i n ; calyx-teeth spine-tipped 17.

STACHYS.

Corolla-tube w i t h no h a i r y r i n g w i t h i n ; calyx-teeth n o t spine-tipped. F i l a m e n t s g l a b r o u s ; lower lip of corolla n o t saccate. Corolla w h i t e ; a n t h e r s g l a b r o u s ; leaves sessile; p e r e n n i a l herbs 18. PTCNANTHEMUM. Corolla p u r p l i s h - r e d ; a n t h e r s h a i r y ; leaves p e t i o l e d ; a n n u a l s . 19.

LAMIUM.

F i l a m e n t s , a t least t h e u p p e r , h a i r y ; lower lip of corolla w i t h t h e middle lobe s a c c a t e o r deeply b o w l - s h a p e d ; s h r u b s 20.

HYFTIS.

2. Corolla regular or nearly so, or the lobes subequal; herbs. F l o w e r s in t e r m i n a l h e a d s ; s t a m e n s 4 ; d r y hills o r valleys or r o c k y m o u n t a i n slopes F l o w e r s in axillary w h o r l s ; m a r s h e s , r i v e r bottoms o r w e t Stamens 2 Stamens 4 1.

TEUCRIUM

L.

flats.

21.

MONARDELLA.

22. LYCOPUS. 2 3 . MENTHA.

GERMANDER

Ours herbs with the flowers in spike-like racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very irregular, seemingly 1-lipped; upper lip deeply cleft between its lobes, these partly united one on each side to the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip, so t h a t the whole appears as if pinnately 5-cleft with the terminal lobe much the larger. Stamens 4, exserted and ascending f r o m the cleft of the upper lip, the lower pair longer t h a n the upper. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Nutlets with broad areolae. (Teucer, King of Troy.) 1. T. cubense L. var. densum Jepson n. var. Annual, stems many f r o m the base, ascending, % to 1 f t . high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves obovatecuneate, crenately incised and sometimes 3-parted, petioled, % to 1% in. long; racemes dense and regular, spike-like, the flowers solitary in the axils of and about equaling the palmately 3-divided bracts; corolla pale blue or whitish, marked with a f e w purple dots, slightly hairy inside on palate, 3 to 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; nutlets somewhat corky, obscurely few-ribbed lengthwise.—Colorado River bottoms (Palo Yerde Valley, Jepson 5258, t y p e ) . Resembles Verbena bracteosa in habit. 2.

TRICHOSTilMA

L.

B L U E CURLS

Ours ill-scented herbs with entire leaves and blue (occasionally pinkish or whitish) flowers in axillary cymes or becoming raceme-like in age. Calyx equally or almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with oblique limb, the oblong lobes nearly alike; tube in ours slender, often f a r exceeding the calyx and abruptly geniculate or curved into an arc of a circle just below the limb. Stamens 4, with the anther-cells divaricate; filaments capillary, blue or violet, spirally coiled in the bud, in anthesis very much exserted, ascending between the deeply parted upper lobes of the corolla and curved outward and downward. Nutlets rugose-reticulate. (Greek triehos, hair, and stemon, stamen.) Corolla 1 to 3 l i n e s long, the t u b e n o t e x s e r t e d ; a n n u a l s . H e r b a g e c i n e r e o u s - p u b e s c e n t ; leaves lanceolate, not costate-veined; corolla 1 line l o n g . 1. T. micranthum. H e r b a g e soft-villous or g l a n d u l a r - v i l l o u s : leaves oblong to oval or ovate-lanceolate, costate-veined; corolla 2 to 3 lines long. Soft-villous, seldom g l a n d u l a r ; leaves oblong to o v a l ; calyx-lobes n a r r o w : corolla 3 l i n e s long 2. T. oblongum. G l a n d u l a r - v i l l o u s ; l e a v e s o v a t e - l a n c e o l a t e ; c a l y x - l o b e s b r o a d ; c o r o l l a 2 l i n e s long. 3. T. itimulatuin.

862

LABIATAE

Corolla about 3 to 6 lines long, the tube exserted. A n n u a l s ; stems % to 2 ft. high, leafy to the summit; corolla 3 to 5 lines long. Diffusely branched, rather sparsely l e a f y ; leaves petioled; cymes loose 4. T. laxum. More strict and simple, densely l e a f y ; leaves sessile or eubsessile; cymes dense. Corolla 5 lines long; leaves ovate-lanceolate 5. T. lanceolatum. Corolla 3 lines long; leaves short-ovate 6. T. ovatum. Perennial, shrubby at base; stems 2 to 3 ft. h i g h , leafless above; corolla 9 lines l o n g . . 7. T. lanatum.

1. T. micranthum Gray. Stem simple or branched from the base, 3 to 9 in. high, leafy to the summit; herbage ashy-pubescent, somewhat glandular; leaves lanceolate, not costate-veined, y 2 to 1*4 in. long, narrowed at base into short petioles; cymules borne in all but the lower axils, 3 to 7-flowered, pedunculate, shorter than the leaves; calyx campanulate, the lanceolate lobes little longer t h a n the tube; corolla 1 line long, little exceeding the calyx; stamens moderately exserted.—Montane, open flats or open pine forests, 5000 to 8200 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts. July-Aug. 2. T. oblongum Benth. Stems erect, simple or branched, 6 to 13 in. high; herbage soft-villous or the leaves pubescent, the stems sometimes glandular; leaves oval or oblong (sometimes oblong-lanceolate), with narrowed base, costate-veined, membranous, % to 1 % in. long, the petioles mostly short, Vi to 1 (or 3) lines long; cymules glomerate, many-flowered, short-pedunculate; calyx villous, its lobes narrow, longer than the tube, nearly equaling the corolla, this 3 lines long; filaments 4 to 5 lines long.—Montane, 2000 to 6000 f t . : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to B u t t e Co.; Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash. July-Aug. 3. T. simul&tum Jepson n. sp. Stem erect, branched, 7 to 11 in. high; the leaves large b u t rather remote; herbage glandular-villous; leaves ovatelanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles 2 to 6 lines long; cymules on peduncles 2 to 6 lines long; calyx-lobes broad, triangular-acute, about equaling the tube; corolla 2 lines long.—Plumas Co. to Siskiyou Co. (Klamathon, Copeland 3534, type). July. 4 . T. laxum Gray. T U R P E N T I N E W E E D . Stem simple or branching, 8 to 1 2 in. high, sparsely l e a f y ; herbage minutely pubescent; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnately veined, 1 to 2 in. long, on slender petioles; cymes peduncled, rather loose; corolla purple or deep blue, thinly hirsute, its straight tube towards apex curved to one side and then a little below the horizontal, all the lobes equal. —Stream beds or low summer fields of the North Coast Ranges: Sonoma and Napa Cos. to Humboldt Co. and w. Glenn Co. July-Sept. Var. RUBRIS£PALUM Jepson n. comb. Leaves sessile or subsessile; pubescence long-pilose; calyxlobes becoming red; corolla obscurely 2-lipped (ex char.). — San Benito Co. (T. rubrisepalum Elmer.) 5. T. lilnceoliltum

Benth. VINEGAR Fig. 8 0 9 . Stem simple or branching from near the base, very leafy, 6 to 16 in. high; herbage cinerous or villous-pubescent, minutely glandular; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, with 3 to 5 strong almost parallel nerves or ribs, % to l 1 /! in. long, sessile, or the lowest subsessile; cymes shortpeduncled or nearly sessile; calyx villous; corolla light blue, almost filiform, somewhat pubescent, its straight tube towards apex abruptly and strongly WEED.

part of stamen x 2 Vz ; d, ir. x 2 %.

CAMPHOR W E E D .

MINT

FAMILY

863

recurved like a hook; lobes of upper lip longer t h a n those of the lower.— Dry plains and low hills, 100 to 2600 f t . : throughout cismontane Cai.; n. to Wash. A bee-plant of importance, abounding over extensive areas. Aug.Sept. 6. T. ovàtum Curran. Stem stout, branched from base, rather crowded with leaves, 6 to 13 in. high; herbage densely villous; leaves ovate, apiculate with a callous cusp, 3 to 5-nervose, 6 to 11 lines long, subsessile; corolla 3 Vi lines long, the tube somewhat exserted; stamens long-exserted.—Bakersfield plain, Kern Co. May-June. 7. T. lanàtum Benth. L e a f y shrub 2 to 4 f t . high, branched from the base; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous above, more or less lanate below, revolute, 1-nerved, fascicled, 1 to 2 (or 2%) in. long, sessile; cymes subsessile or short-peduncled, dense, covered with a dense purple wool, borne in a virgate interrupted spike-like thyrse; corolla 9 lines long, blue-lanate outside, the tube little exserted f r o m calyx; stamens exserted 5 to 11 lines beyond the calyx-tube.-—Mountain slopes, 1000 to 4000 f t . : San Benito and Monterey Cos. to San Diego Co. May-June. I t varies mueh in length and hue of the wool. Var. DENUDÀTUM Gray. Wool remarkably short; corollatube 1% to 1% times as long as calyx.—-Ventura Co. to San Diego Co. (T. parishii Vasey.) 3 . SCUTELLÀRIA L. SKULL-CAP Ours perennial herbs, the flowers solitary in the opposite axils (axillary pairs) or, when the leaves are reduced, forming spikes or racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, both lips entire, the upper with a scale-like or crest-like projection on the back, in anthesis campanulate, a f t e r anthesis closed, and in f r u i t splitting to the base. Corolla with a long-exserted tube; upper lip galeate, entire or barely notched, the lateral lobes of the lower lip more or less attached to it so t h a t it appears 3-lobed, the middle lobe seeming to constitute the whole lower lip. Stamens 4; anthers ciliate-pilose. Upper fork of style short or none. Nutlets rarely wing-margined. (Latin scutella, a dish, on account of the conspicuous protuberance on the f r u i t i n g calyx.) F l o w e r s 2 to 3 lines long, b o r n e in r a c e m e s 1. lateriflora. F l o w e r s 5 to 12 l i n e s long, solitary in the axils of c a u l i n e leaves or some occasionally imp e r f e c t l y racemose. L e a v e s all b r o a d a n d s o m e w h a t c o r d a t e o r t r u n c a t e a t base ; t u b e r s none or h a r d l y any. L e a v e s acute, mostly s e r r a t e ; corolla blue 2. epilobiifolia. L e a v e s obtuse, mostly e n t i r e ; corolla w h i t i s h or cream-color 3. .S. bolanderi. Leaves, a t least the u p p e r , obtuse or n a r r o w e d a t base. L e a v e s oblong, o r oblong-ovate to l i n e a r ; s t e m s e r e c t ; t u b e r s n o n e or h a r d l y a n y . Corolla deep blue to p u r p l e , the lips commonly r a t h e r u n e q u a l . L e a v e s ( a t least above b a s e ) commonly l i n e a r or oblong, b u t v a r y i n g to ovate, the petioles s h o r t ( 1 to 2 lines) o r h a r d l y a n y ; corolla a b o u t 10 to 14 l i n e s long, its t u b e n a r r o w , c u r v i n g , e x p a n d e d only above 4. S. angusti/olia. L e a v e s commonly ovate to oblong-ovate, mostly w i t h petioles 2 lines l o n g ; corolla a b o u t 5 to 7 lines long, its t u b e flaring immediately above calyx 5. antirrhinoides. Corolla white, t h e lips s u b e q u a l ; leaves oval-ovate Or oblong-lanceolate 6. S. calif ornica. L e a v e s b r o a d l y oval or ovate to spatulate-obovate ; s t e m s low or diffuse ; rootstocks slender, t e r m i n a t e d by t u b e r s . L e a v e s ovate, toothed o r r a r e l y e n t i r e ; corolla blue 7. tuberosa. L e a v e s mostly s p a t u l a t e - o b o v a t e ; e n t i r e ; corolla white 8. 6'. nana.

1. S. lateriflora L. Stem erect, freely branched, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage puberulent or subglabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 1 to 2 in. long, on slender petioles 1 to 6 lines long; flowers in one-sided racemes, the racemes axillary and sometimes also terminal, 1 to 1% in. long; corolla 2 to 3 lines long, the lips short, equal.—Bouldin Isl., San Joaquin Co.; B. C. to e. U. S. and n. Mex. 2. S. epilòbiifòlia A. Ham. Stems slender, simple or branched, % to 2 f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate or the upper entire, subcordate at base, 1 to 1% in. long, subsessile or on petioles V> line long, the uppermost much reduced; flowers axillary, 6 to S lines long, on pedicels shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, throat naked within, the lower lip nearly erect and slightly surpassing the

864

LABIATAE

upper. — Montane, 4000 to 6500 f t . , Sierra Nevada f r o m Eldorado Co. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; also of the lower San Joaquin Biver islands; n. to B. C., e. to N f d . and Ariz. JulyAug. 3. S. bolanderi Gray. Stems simple or branching chiefly from base, 6 to 17 in. high; herbage pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse, serrate, or the upper entire, closely sessile by an obscurely cordate base, V2 to 1J/4 in. long; flowers 5 to 7 lines long, on short pedicels; corolla whitish, throat dilated, villous within, the lower lip rather larger than the upper. —Foothills and mesas, 1500 to 4000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Tulare Co.; s. to the Cuyamaca Mts. May-July. 4. S. angustifolia Pursh. Pig. 810. Stems erect, simple or somewhat branched, 7 to 13 (or 21) in. high; herbage glabrous or finely puberulent; leaves linear to oblong or ovate, entire or rather sparsely toothed, % to IV2 (or 1 % ) in. long, obscurely petioled 810. Scutellaria angustifolia P u r s h ; a, or the lower distinctly petioled (the habit x yz I &» stamens and style x 1V2 ; petioles 1 to 2 lines long); basal leaves c, f r . calyx x 2. orbicular to ovate or cordate, 5 to 7 lines long, the petioles usually longer; flowers 9 to 14 lines long, the pedicels equaling the calyx; corolla blue, the tube distinctly curving above calyx, the lips at maturity distinctly unequal, the lower one villous inside, its middle lobe with upturned edge. — Moist soil, or rocky ledges, montane, 1800 to 6000 f t . : San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; Sierra N e v a d a ; higher North Coast Ranges; n. to B. C. and Ida. Var. C A N f i s C E N S Gray. More branching, tomentulose-canescent; corolla-tube more upwardly curved at base of tube.—Sierra Nevada foothills. 5. S. antirrhlnoides Benth. Similar to no. 4; corolla-tube mostly straight, broadly clavate-dilated or abruptly inflated upward. —Meadows or lake margins, 500 to 4000 f t . : Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence e. to Modoc Co., thence s. to Nevada Co.; n. to Ore. and Ida., e. to Utah. 6. S. calif6rnica Gray. CALIFORNIA S K U L L CAP. Stems clustered, commonly simple, % to 1% f t . high, from horizontal branching rootstocks; herbage puberulent; leaves oval ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 8 to 14 lines long, the lower disposed to be crenate and purplish beneath, the upper narrower and entire, those subtending the flowers much reduced; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; corolla nearly white or slightly yellowish, 8 to 12 lines long, the throat ampliate-inflated and the lips equal or nearly so; lower lip villousbearded w i t h i n ; nutlets rugulose. — Open

811

Scutellal.ia

a,

tuberosa

Benth

habit; b, tubers, x %.

MINT

FAMILY

865

woods and borders of thickets, on hillsides and in ravines, 50 to 6000 f t . : Alameda Co. to Lake, Mendocino and Humboldt Cos.; Eldorado Co. to Tehama Co. 7. S. tuberósa Benth. B L U E SKULL-CAP. Fig. 811. Stem 3 to 5 in. high, f r o m tuberous rootstocks, the tubers oblong, 3 to 8 lines long; herbage pubescent; leaves thin, few-toothed; basal and lower leaves oval, purplish beneath (as also the lower cauline), on petioles as long as the blade; upper cauline ovate, the petioles commonly short; corolla violet-purple, 7 to 9 lines long; middle lobe of lower lip somewhat spreading, much larger than the galeate upper lip; nutlets muricate.-—Loamy soil of shady woods or brush in the hills or in sandy valleys, 500 to 5000 f t . : coastal S. Cai.; Sierra N e v a d a ; Coast Ranges, mostly toward the coast; n. to southern Ore. Mar.-May. Var. SÌMILIS Jepson. Calyx very densely villous.—Same range as the species. Apr.-June. 8. S. n à n a Gray. Stems freely branched and somewhat t u f t e d , densely leafy, 2 to 3 in. high; herbage densely grayish-puberulent; leaves obovate tti spatulate-obovate, entire, thickish, 4 to 8 lines long, tapering into a short petiole; flowers long; corolla white, rather broad, with equal lips aud dilated throat.—Interior plateau, ne. Cai.: Siskiyou Co.; ne. Shasta Co.; Lassen Co.; Modoc Co.; n. to Ore. and Ida., e. to Ne v. 4 SALAZÀRIA Torr. Divaricately branched shrub with spinesceut branchlets. Flowers in loose spikes. Calyx oblong, with 2 very short truncate entire lips, in f r u i t thin, ovate-globose, conspicuously enlarged and resembling an inflated bladder. Corolla purplish, 2-Iipped, the middle lobe of lower lip roundish with recurved sides, the small lateral lobes more connected with the erect galeate upper lip. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer, the filaments slightly pubescent below. Upper fork of style very short or wanting. Nutlets depressed, roughened. (Don Jose Salazar, member of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey Commission.) 1. S. mexicàna Torr. BLADDER SAGE. Fig. 812. Stems several in a cluster, simple below, intricately branched above, forming a clumpy bush 2 to 4 f t . high; leaves oblong or ovate, glabrous, 3 to 12 lines long, barely petioled; calyx 4 lines long; corolla 9 or 10 lines long, pubescent outside with short reflexed hairs; scarious f r u i t i n g calyx in. in diameter; nutlets papillate-tessellate.•—-Dry washes and canons, 500 to 4400 f t . : Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. 5.

MAERÙBIUM

L.

HOREHOUND

Perennial tomentose herbs with 8 1 2 - Salazaria mexicana Torr.; o, infl. x Ic much wrinkled leaves and rather small ?f ot . ^ * j 4 : e>, l e a f . o f s t iy i l e x 1 flowers in whorls. Calyx with cylin- S h 0 0 t * % : * ; fr' calyx * ^ draceous tube, 10 ribs and as many equal subulate or spinulose teeth, which are recurved at tip. Corolla white, with short tube included in the calyx, the upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, included within the tube of the corolla, all the anthers 2-celled. Nutlets rounded at the top. (From the Hebrew, meaning bitter.) 1. M . vulgàre L . COMMON HOREHOUND. Stems t u f t e d , erect, white-woolly, % to 2% f t . high; leaves roundish, crenate, except at the cuneate or truncate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath and green above, or somewhat

866

LABIATAE

tomentose on both faces; middle lobe of lower corolla-lip transversely oblong, much larger t h a n the lateral lobes.—Common weed of old fields and waste places about f a r m s and villages everywhere in the valleys and foothills; nat. from Eur. Evergreen with us. The tops are used medicinally as a remedy f o r colds. July-Sept. Tall purple rather erect;

6. AGÀSTACHE Clayt. perennial herbs. Leaves ovijte, serrate, petioled. Flowers violetor whitish, crowded in a terminal spike. Calyx tubular-campanulate, oblique, almost equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, nearly lower lip spreading, its middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the anthers not approximate in pairs. (Greek agan, much, and stachus, a corn ear, in allusion to the numerous spikes.) 1. A. urticifòlia (Benth.) Ktze. Pig. 813. Stems erect, simple, 2% to 5 f t . high; herbage glabrous or nearly so; calyx-lobes membranous, pinkish or whitish; corolla light violet-purple, its lobes slightly hairy b u t throat glabrous.—Dry flats or valleys, 2500 to 8000 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada; North Coast Ranges; e. to Nev., n. to Wash, and I d a . (Lophanthus urticifolius Benth.)

7. NÉPETA L. Perennial herbs. Calyx tubular, obliquely 5-toothed, the upper teeth longer t h a n the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, distinctly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, lower spreading, the middle lobe larger t h a n the lateral. Stamens 4, not exserted, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter, all anther-bearing, with the anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets ovoid, flattened, smooth. (Old ftis. Agastache urticifolia Ktze.: a, fl. stem x a ; b, fl. x 2 ; c, nutlet, dorsal view x 10 ; L a t i n name used by Pliny, perhaps d, nutlet, ventral view x 10. £rom the city Nepete in Tuscany.) 1. N. catària L. CATNIP. Stems 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage canescent with line hairs, except the green upper surface of the leaves; leaves triangularovate, truncate or cordate a t base, coarsely crenate, 1 to 3 in. long or the upper reduced, greener above t h a n below, petioled; spikes 1 to 3 in. long, dense or with 1 or 2 accessory whorls below; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate; corolla white, 4 or 5 lines long, dotted with purple.—Mountains and valleys, nat. from Eur.: San Antonio Mts.; Russian Eiver Valley; L a k e Co.; Modoc Co. July-Aug. N. HEDERÀCEA (L.) Trev. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. Creeping and trailing; leaves reniform; corolla 3 times length of calyx, light blue.—Adv. f r o m E u r . : Bouldin Isl., lower San Joaquin River. 8. B R U N È L L A L .

SELF HEAL

Low perennial herbs, the nearly simple stems terminated by a short-spicate or subcapitate inflorescence, each whorl composed of 6 subsessile flowers and subtended by broad floral bracts. Calyx reticulate-veiny, membranous or chartaceous, 2-lipped; upper lip truncate with 3 cusps; lower 2-cleft; lips closed in f r u i t . Corolla-throat inflated and tube more or less exserted; upper lip erect, galeate, entire; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe hanging downward. Stamens 4, in pairs under the upper lip, each filament or those of the upper with a small tooth below the anther. Nutlets smooth and glabrous.

MINT

FAMILY

867

(Old German breune or braune, an affection of the throat, which Self Heal was used to cure.) 1. B. vulgaris L. Stem 4 to 10 in. high, green and nearly glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base, obscurely serrate, 1 to 3 in. long, petioled; corolla violet, pinkish or lavender, exceeding the purplish calyx; middle lobe of lower lip with setaceous-incised margin.—Gardens and lawns, nat. from Eur. Var. LANCEOLATA Fer. Leaves mainly lanceolate to oblong, gradually narrowed or cuneate at base; margins of bracts bristly-ciliate.— Meadows, 2500 to 6000 f t . : Sierra Nevada; San Bernardino Mts. Var. ATROPURPIIREA Fer. Margins of bracts glabrous or sparsely short-ciliate; corolla dark or blackish-purple.—Valleys, North Coast Ranges. 9. S A L V I A L. SAGE Herbs or low shrubs with the flowers usually in whorls, the whorls forming terminal racemes or spikes, the floral leaves mostly reduced to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with the upper lip erect, straight, concave or falcate, sometimes obsolete; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe often emarginate, cleft or fringed. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla; lower pair fertile; upper pair obsolete or represented by sterile filaments or vestiges; anther-cells widely separated on a long filament-like connective longer than the filament itself and jointed to it by the middle or near one end; connective at its upper end (under the upper lip of the corolla) bearing a perfect anther-cell, at its lower end a reduced or deformed anther-cell or the anther-cell obsolete.—In some species the filament, while seemingly simple, is really jointed, thus indicating the presence of the connective, the lower end of which sometimes projects as a subulate point rarely but with a trace of an anther-cell. (Latin, salveo, to save, some of the species being officinal.) A. Lower end of connective bearing a deformed anther-cell or a rudiment; flower-whorls few; nutlets commonly developing mucilage and long spiricles when wetted; annuals or perennials. H e r b a g e white-woolly; b r a c t s m u c h s u r p a s s i n g the flowers; leaves spine-tipped and -toothed. A n n u a l ; leaves 3 to 6 in. long, f o r m i n g a basal rosette 1. S. carduacea. P e r e n n i a l s ; leaves not over 1V£ in. long, cauline. H e r b a g e densely white-woolly; calyx resembling a woolly pellet, the teeth almost obscured by the woolly covering 2. S. funerea. H e r b a g e white-tomentose; calyx finely and densely tomentulose b u t not concealing the spine-tipped teeth 3. S. greatai. H e r b a g e g r e e n ; b r a c t s not exceeding the flowers; leaves not spine-tipped and -toothed; annuals 4. S. columbariae. B.

Lower end of connective reduced to a subulate point or slender thread, or the filiform structure merely jointed and the filament thus apparently simple; flower-whorls several (except no. 7) ; nutlets unchanged when wetted; perennials. I n f l o r e s c e n c e densely whorled-glomerate and i n t e r r u p t e d - s p i c a t e ; corolla-tube longer t h a n lower lip. L a r g e - f l o w e r e d ; corolla l b i to IV2 in. long, c r i m s o n - p u r p l e ; lower leaves cordate or hastate at base 5. S. spathacea. Smaller-flowered; corolla'5 to 10 lines long, violet to w h i t e ; leaves not cordate. B r a c t s , upper floral leaves a n d 2-lipped calyx scarious-membranous, usually colored. L e a v e s spatulate or obovate, obtuse or retuse, not rugose, e n t i r e ( o r sparsely c r e n u l a t e ) ; b r a c t s purplish-tinged 6. S. carnosa. L e a v e s oblong, acutish, very rugose, c r e n u l a t e . B r a c t s apparently w h i t i s h ; leaves of one kind, o v a t e . . 7 . S. mohavensis. B r a c t s purplish or p u r p l i s h - g r e e n ; leaves of 2 kinds, oblong-lanceolate and linear-revolute 8. S. eremostachya. B r a c t s more or less herbaceous, at least not colored. Corolla barely 6 lines l o n g ; b r a c t s blunt or subulate or aristate-tipped. Calyx-teeth and b r a c t s subulate or a r i s t a t e - t i p p e d ; plant not hoary white. Herb-like, the stems 9 to 12 in. high, simple, almost leafless and scape-like; style a n d stamens long-exserted 9. S. sonomensis. S h r u b 3 to 6 ft. high, b r a n c h i n g and l e a f y ; style and especially the stamens little exserted 1 0 . S. mellifera. Calyx-teeth and b r a c t s b l u n t ; whole p l a n t hoary white 1 1 . S. leucophylla. Corolla 8 to 9 lines l o n g ; b r a c t s more or less pointed. B r a c t s and calyx-teeth long-aristate 1 2 . S. vaseyi. B r a c t s and calyx-teeth merely acute or cuspidate. Leaves acute, the longer 2 to 3 in. l o n g ; heads 4 to 8 1 3 . S. palmcri.

868

LABIATAE

Leaves obtuse, seldom over 1V* in- long ; heads solitary or f e w . . . 14 JS clcvclcíTtdix Inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate ; floral leaves, bracts and bractlets smail ; corolla-tube shorter than lower lip 15. S . apiana. 1. S. carduàcea Benth. T H I S T L E SAGE. Stems 1 to 6 f r o m a basal leaf-

rosette, naked and scape-like, bearing 1 to 4 whorls of flowers, 4 in. to 2 f t . high; herbage white-woolly, particularly in the flower-whorls, the wool more or less deciduous; leaves oblong in outline, pinnatifid, with spinulose-dentate margin, the basal 3 to 7 in. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pectinate-spinescent, surpassing the flowers; calyx long-woolly, its upper lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth larger, the lateral distant, much surpassing the lower lip; corolla light blue, deeply 2-lipped, 1 in. long; upper lip 2-cleft, the segments laciniate or denticulate at the end; lower lip with small erose lateral lobes and an exceedingly large fan-shaped and laciniately fringed middle lobe; proper filament very short.—Valley plains, mesas and cañón flats, 50 to 2500 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; inner South Coast Ranges from Contra Costa Co. s.; San Joaquin Valley; Mohave and Colorado deserts. May-June. 2. S. funèrea Jones. Densely branched bush 2 to 2% f t . high; herbage white-woolly; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, o f t e n somewhat conduplicate or folded, leathery, coarsely nerved, acuminate and spine-tipped, entire or in. long, narrarely with 1 or 2 pair of spiny teeth on the sides, % to rowed to a short broad petiole; bracts broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate, abruptly spinose; flowers in a spicate inflorescence, the spike rather dense or interrupted; calyx cylindric, inflated, very tomentose and resembling a pellet of wool, 3 lines long, the 5 equal teeth short, cuspidate, scarcely app a r e n t ; corolla purple; upper lip cleft, the sides turned backward; middle lobe of lower lip produced, rounded, erosulate, a little hairy on lower part, the lateral lobes small, much shorter; upper a n t h e r somewhat declined or pendulous, the lower one horizontal and larger.—Dry hills, 2000 to 2500 f t . , Funeral Mts., Death Valley. April-May. Var. FORNÀCIS Jepson n. var. Bracts orbicularovate, abruptly acerose, 5 to 7 lines long, with prominent veins on the lower surface. —Furnace Creek, Death Valley (Parish 10,032 type). 3. S. grèatai Bdg. Shrubby, 3 to 4 f t . high; herbage white-tomentose and a little resinous-glandular; bark whitish; leaves broadly ovate, 3 to 5-nerved, spine-tipped and bearing 1 to 3 pairs of remote or divergent spiny teeth on the sides, % to 1*4 in. long, sessile; inflorescence with 4 or 5 whorls, the whorls 6 to 10-flowered; outer bracts like the leaves, the inner becoming linear-lanceolate; calyx 4 lines long, the upper lip spinetipped and with 2 smaller spine-like teeth near its base, the lower lip of 2 spine-tipped lobes; corolla about twice as long as calyx; upper lip lines long, 2-cleft, the lobes acute; lower lip slightly longer, 3-lobed, the middle lobe fimbriate; anther of lower f o r k of connective half as long as the upper and pollen-bearing.—N. side Colorado desert (Cañón Sprs.). Apr. 4. S. columbàriae Benth. CHIA. Fig. 814. Stems l . o r usually several f r o m the base, commonly simple and bearing 1 or 2 pairs of leaves and 1 or 2 whorls of flowers, occasionally branching, 3 to 15 in. high; herbage finely pubescent, dark green; leaves mostly habit T t ; r

' S x 5.

^

t

«

« ^ p ^ f ^ . ^ 1 to 2y± m. long, petioled; bracts ovate or

MINT FAMILY

869

more commonly orbicular and b r o a d e r t h a n long, a b r u p t l y a c u m i n a t e and cuspidate-tipped, n o t exceeding t h e flowers, o f t e n p u r p l e ; f r u i t i n g calyx 5 lines long, oblique a t t h e t h r o a t ; upper lip arched, crowned w i t h a pair of needle-like prickles, t h e prickle r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e middle tooth w a n t i n g (or very m i n u t e ) ; lower lip v e r y much shorter, t h e t e e t h represented b y 2 shorter prickles; corolla blue, l i t t l e exceeding t h e calyx; upper lip e m a r g i n a t e ; lower lip w i t h small l a t e r a l lobes and a larger somewhat 2-lobed middle one.—Hill slopes and mesas, 500 to 3500 f t . , t h r o u g h o u t cismontane Cal. Apr.-May. An i n f u s i o n of t h e seeds w a s valued by t h e Mission f a t h e r s as a remedy f o r f e v e r s ; t h e seeds also f u r n i s h e d t h e " f i n e s t poultice f o r gunshot w o u n d s . " The Pomos roasted t h e seeds and ground t h e m into a meal for food. Var. BERNARDINA J e p s o n n. comb. One to 2 f t . h i g h ; leaves pinnatifid, t h e divisions d e e p l j lobed, not e x t e n d i n g more t h a n h a l f w a y to t h e m i d r i b ; b r a c t s smaller; upper lip of calyx tipped w i t h 3 a r i s t i f o r m t e e t h , these commonly u n i t e d also to t h e end into 2 or 1.—Caiions about San B e r n a r d i n o Valley, 1000 to 2500 f t . Mar.-May. (S. b e r n a r d i n a P a r i s h . ) 5. S. spathácea Greene. CRIMSON SAGE. Fig. 815. Coarse herb w i t h erect simple stems IV2 to 3 f t . high, very viscid a n d glandular-pubescent or -villous; leaves broadly oblongovate, w i t h broadly triangular-cord a t e base, more or less doubly cren a t e or crenulate, upper s u r f a c e d a r k green and rugulose, under s u r f a c e w h i t e n e d w i t h a close short t u f t e d t o m e n t u m , 4 to 8 in. long, on petioles 2 or 3 in. long or some of the cauline sessile; whorls of flowers 5 or 6 or more, subtended by broadly o v a t e or ovate-lanceolate membranous purplish b r a c t s ; calyx strongly veined, laterally compressed b u t somewhat inflated, 1 in. long or over, % in. wide a t t h e broadest p a r t , spathe-like, deeply slit in f r o n t b e t w e e n t h e two cuspidate-tipped t e e t h , t h e upper concave lip much larger, 3-dentate with t h e middle tooth l a r g e s t ; corolla crimson, 1% to 1% in. long; upper lip short, nearly erect, emarg i n a t e ; lower lip spreading, t h e l a t e r a l lobes short, triangular, acute, t h e middle lobe much developed, broadly obcordate, 4 lines b r o a d ; s t a m e n s much e x s e r t e d ; lower f o r k of t h e connective capillary, 1 line long; r u d i m e n t s of x 2 ; e, sterile filament x 2. sterile s t a m e n s obvious. — Coast R a n g e s f r o m t h e V a c a M t s . and M t . Diablo to coastal S. Cal. Apr.-May. Also called H u m m i n g - b i r d Sage. ( A u d i b e r t i a grandiflora Benth.) 6. S. carnosa Dougl. Low b r o a d shrub % to 214 f t . high, t h e b r a n c h l e t s canescent, l e a f y ; leaves long, s p a t u l a t e or obovate, obtuse or retuse, e n t i r e (or sparsely c r e n u l a t e ) , finely tomentulose-canescent, glandular-dotted, not rugose, 3 to 6 lines long, all except t h e uppermost gradually t a p e r i n g i n t o a petiole, about as long; b r a c t s and upper floral leaves obovate or oval, t h e innermost s p a t u l a t e , pubescent, ciliate, tinged w i t h rose or purple; calyx t u r b i n a t e , upper lip broad, t r u n c a t i s h , w i t h 3 short t e e t h ; lobes of lower lip obtuse, m u c r o n a t e , the c l e f t b e t w e e n i t s 2 lobes much deeper t h a n bet w e e n the lips; corolla deep blue, 4 to 5 lines long; upper lip c l e f t , its lobes erect, middle lobe of lower lip r a t h e r l a r g e r t h a n t h e lateral, erosulate, notched a t middle, t h e l a t e r a l lobes curving and a p p r o x i m a t e to it so as to

870

LABIATAE

form a shallow bowl; stamena much exserted, the filaments with or without a tooth a t the joint, the upper pair short, sterile.—Arid mountain slopes and plains, 2500 to 7500 f t . : San Bernardino Mts.; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. May-June. Yar. P I L 6 S A Jepson n. comb. Upper part of stem and entire inflorescence finely villous or hirsutulose-pubescent; upper calyx-lip short, rounded, emarginate, the 2 lower lobes lanceolate.— Mohave Desert; San Bernardino Mts. (Audibertia incana Benth. var. pilosa Gray. Eamona pilosa Abrams.) Var. COHPACTA Hall. Woody at the base only, 2 to 3 f t . high; leaves 1 to 2 in. long; inflorescence spike-like; bracts 6 to 7 lines long.—San Bernardino Mts.; San Jacinto Mts.; San Diego Co. (Audibertia incana Benth. var. pachystachya Gray. Audibertia pachystachya Parish.) 7. S. mohav€nsis Greene. Shrub 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage puberulent; leaves oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse, rugose above, deeply reticulate-venulose below, crenulate, 6 to 8 lines long, the petioles % to % as long and slender; flowers usually in a single terminal head; bracts ovate or elliptical, mucronate, glandular, apparently whitish, 6 lines long; corolla blue, its lips of about equal length; upper lip shortly cleft, the lower with its 3 lobes about equal, all entire or merely erosulate.—E. Mohave Desert. May-June. (Audibertia capitata Gray.) 8. S. eremost^chya Jepson n. sp. Shrub 2 to 2 y 2 f t . high, the old stems with whitish b a r k ; herbage hirsute or hirsutulose with spreading hairs; leaves almost dimorphic, those of the flowering branches oblong-lanceolate, plane or eventually somewhat revolute, 1 to 1% in. long, obtuse, truncate at base, crenulate, the upper surface rugulose, the under surface markedly reticulate with hispidulose veins and sprinkled with resin globules; leaves of the short sterile lateral spurs fascicled, linear, strongly revolute, % to % in. long; whorled heads 1 to 4; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip bearing at apex 3 short spine-tipped teeth, the lower lip shorter, deeply cleft, the 2 teeth acuminate-spinose; corolla 8 to 9 lines long; upper lip short, rounded, cleft, the lower lip much longer, its middle lobe transversely elliptic, broadly notched, erosulate or sparingly incised, the lateral lobes small; stamens rising from the palate, 7 to 9 lines long, the filaments with a tooth at the joint.—Canons on w. side Colorado Desert: Palm Canon of San Jacinto to Mt. San Isidro (Indian Canon, Collins Valley, Jepson 8847, type). 9. S. sonomSnsis Greene. CREEPING SAGE. Flowering stems almost leafless and scape-like, 4 to 8 in. high, ascending from a leafy mat-like base; leaves oblong to obovate-spatulate, crenulate, green and rugulose above, whitish with a close dense tomentum beneath, 1 to 2% in. long, on petioles % to as long; calyx like t h a t of S. mellifera but the prickly teeth of the larger upper lip short; corolla light violet; upper lip short, of two erect or somewhat retrocurved lanceolate lobes; lower lip large, much prolonged in the direction of tube, the lateral lobes acute, short, the middle lobe with its orbiculardilated terminal portion turned abruptly downward, its margin denticulate or somewhat f r i n g e d ; upper (sterile) stamens inserted at orifice of tube, bristle-like, divergent; two lower (fertile) stamens inserted on lower lip without the orifice, ascending, straight (nearly as long as the corolla); style long exserted.—Mountain slopes or canons, 1000 to 4000 f t . : rare but widely distributed throughout cismontane Cal. May-June. (Audibertia humilis Benth.) 10. S. mellifera Greene. B L A C K SAGE. Pig. 816. Shrub 3 to 6 f t . high, the herbaceous flowering branches very l e a f y a t the base; leaves narrowly oblong, crenulate, green and rugulose above, cinereous-tomentulose beneath, 1% to 3 in. long, petioled; spicate inflorescence with 4 to 6 rather small flowerwhorls; leafy bracts oblong or ovate, those subtending the upper whorls much reduced; proper bracts ovate or oblong, cuspidate; lower lip of calyx very short, the 2 teeth prickly; upper lip arched, crowned b y 3 short sharp teeth; corolla white or slightly lilac-tinged and rather small, its tube long, exserted; upper lip notched; lower lip widely and downwardly spreading, nearly twice as long as upper lip, its middle lobe transversely oblong or orbicular, emarginate and slightly denticulate, joined to the main p a r t of the lip by a narrow constriction; stamens and style little exserted; lower

MINT FAMILY

871

portion of connective in fertile stamens manifest at the joint as a subulate rudiment; upper pair of stamens represented by short sterile filaments, their tips approxislopes, mate. — Mountain mesas and cañón walls, 50 to 4500 f t . : coastal S. Cal. and n. to Santa Cruz Mts. and Mt. Diablo. Apr.-May. ( A u d i b e r t i a stachyoides Benth.) An important beeplant in S. Cal.; also called Ball Sage, Button Sage and Blue Sage. 11. S. leucophylla Greene.

PURPLE

SAGE.

Stems

woody

below, leafy, white-farinose above, 3 to 4 f t . high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lowest ovate, obtuse, the upper with truncate base, finely rugulose above, white-tomentulose beneath, 1 to 3 in. long, short-petioled; whorled heads 3 to 5, very dense; bracts oval or oblong, densely white-farinose; calyx split- 8 1 6 . Salvia mellifera Greene; a, fl. branchlet : ting down in front, at length b, fl. x 2 ; c, long. sect, of corolla x 2; d, stamen x 4 ; e, nutlet x 3. emarginate behind; corolla light purple, 5 to 7 lines long, the tube hardly exserted; stamens and style much exserted; connective almost continuous with the filament.—Mts. along the coast, 500 to 1500 ft., from San Luis Obispo Co. to the Santa Inez, Santa Monica and San Gabriel mountains. May-June. (Audibertia nivea Benth.) 12. S. vaseyi Parish. Shrub 3 to 5 f t . high, the flowering branches virgate; herbage whitish and only the lower leaves rugose-venulose; leaves round-ovate to quadratish-ovate, truncatish or very rounded at base, obtusisli or subacute at apex, 1 to 1 % in. long, the petioles % to % as long; upper leaves obtuse or subacute at base; bracts and calyx-teeth long-aristate; corolla white, 6 to 10 lines long; upper lip short, notched, its lobes rounded; lower lip longer than upper, spreading, its middle lobe developed into a transversely oblong structure which is notched and which nearly conceals the short lateral lobes.—Mountain slopes and canons, n. and w. side Colorado Desert. (Audibertia vaseyi Porter. Ramona vaseyi Briq.) 13. S. palmeri Greene. Shrubby, 3 to 5 f t . high; leaves oblong to oblonglanceolate, obtuse or acute, tomentulose-canescent, 1 to 2 (or 3) in. long; spike virgate, naked, its whorled heads 4 to 8, remote; bracts oblong or lanceolate, slender-cuspidate or acuminate, puberulent, 3 to 6 lines long; calyx-throat very oblique, the upper lip acute, 1 to 3-mucronate, the very short lower teeth cuspidate; corolla white, 5 to 7 lines long.—Washes and cañón flats, San Diego Co. April-June. 14. S. clevelándii Greene. Shrub 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage eanescent, or the leaves white-tomentulose beneath; leaves oblong or the upper oblanceolateoblong, obtuse, % to 1 % in. long, short-petioled; heads solitary, or few and rather distant; bracts ovate or oblong, mucronate or abruptly short-pointed, viscid-pubescent; calyx viscid-pubescent, the lower teeth short and subulate, the upper lip entire and cuspidate-tipped; corolla white, 7 to 9 lines long.— Chaparral slopes, 1000 to 3300 ft., San Diego Co. May-Aug.

872

LABIATAE

15. S. apidna J e p s o n . WHITE SAGE.

Fig. 817. Shrubby, 3 to 5 (or 10) f t . high, branches v i r g a t e ; leaves obloiig to elliptic, 1 to 4 in. long, serrulate or subentire, mostly very white above and below, short-petioled; panicle virgate, 1 to 4 f t . long; corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, the tube short (2 to 3 lines long); upper lip very short or almost obsolete, the lower lip much developed, the conspicuous palate curved upward so as to close the t h r o a t ; middle lobe fringed, the lateral lobes small; style and stamens long-exserted.—• Mesas and canons, 1000 to 2500 f t . : coastal S. Cal., e. to west side Colorado Desert. (Audibertia polystachva Benth.) 10. MELISSA L. Lemon-scented branching perennial herb, with broad dentate petioled leaves and white flowers in loose axillary clusters. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 13-nerved, deflexed in f r u i t ; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 817. Salvia apiana J e p s o n ; a, lower leaves x 2-parted. Corolla exserted, nearly b, panicle x y 3 ; c, fl. x lbi ; d, stamen twice as long as the calyx, 2-lipped, x the upper lip erect, notched; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, converging under the upper lip. (Greek melissa, a bee, these insects visiting the flowers for honey.) 1. M. 6fficiniUs L. GARDEN BALM. Stems somewhat decumbent at base, Yi to 2 f t . high; stems and petioles short-villous; leaves hispidulous above, truncate at base, 2% in. long or less, the petiole % to % as long; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla 5 lines long.—Sparingly nat. f r o m Eur., where it is cultivated as a culinary potherb; Marin Co.; Santa Rosa; Guerneville. 11. ACANTHOMTNTHA Gray Annuals with dentate leaves and flowers in distinct or at length remote whorls, each whorl subtended by a pair of leaves and a circle of broad callousmargined bracts armed with needle-like spines. Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, the teeth aristate; lower lip short, 2-cleft into oblong acute lobes. Corolla 2-lipped, its tube exceeding the calyx, naked w i t h i n ; upper lip entire, oblong; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted high in the ample t h r o a t ; lower pair fertile; upper pair smaller or with imperfect anthers. Nutlets smooth. (Greek acantha, thorn, and mentha, mint.) Bracts orbicular, with about 10 spines on the m a r g i n ; anthers glabrous; style glabrous; herbage subglabrous 1. A. Uicifolia. Bracts elliptic-ovate, with about 7 spines on the margin. lanceolata. Anthers glabrous; style hairy; herbage puberulent 2. A. Anthers woolly; style glabrous; herbage subglabrous 3. A. obovata.

1. A. ilicifolia Gray. Stem widely branching from near the base, 4 to 13 in. high; herbage minutely puberulent or subglabrous; leaves roundishovate, crenate, obtuse, broadly cuneate at base, 5 to 7 lines long, on petioles about as long; bracts orbicular, with strong callous nerves and margins, about 10-spinose, 4 to 5 lines long; corolla white and rose-color, 6 lines long. —Mesas and mountain vallevs, 1000 to 5000 f t . : Mt. Pinos; w. San Diego Co. 2. A. lanceolata Curran. Fig. 818. Stem stoutish, branching from the base, 7 to 12 in. high; herbage soft-pubescent, oily and ill-scented; leaves ovate to oblanceolate, sparingly dentate, tapering to a slender petiole; body of bracts

MINT FAMILY

873

elliptic - ovate, 5 to 6 lines long, t h e a r i s t a t e prickles 3 to 4 lines long; corolla r a t h e r deeply 2-lipped, i t s tube r a t h e r broad, b e a r i n g w i t h i n a t base a zone of deflexed h a i r s ; upper lip keeled and somewhat falcate-incurved, c l e f t a t a p e x ; lower lip shallowly saccate, 3lobed, the lobes entire, t h e middle lobe oblong, t h e lateral ovate-acute. —Mt. Hamilton Range 818. Acanthomintha lanceolata Curran; a, bract; b, fl. x 2. and S a n t a Cruz Mts. 3. A. obov^ta J e p s o n n. sp. K g . 819. Stems b r a n c h i n g f r o m t h e base, minutely canescent, 4 to 9 in. high; leaves obovate, denticulate, puberulent. or subglabrous above, 6 to 9 lines long, on petioles 3 to 6 lines long; b r a c t s as in A. l a n c e o l a t a ; corolla 6 lines long, its tube slender, its limb shallowly 2-lipped as compared w i t h A. lanceo l a t a ; upper lip entire, a little hooded; lower lip with a curved b a n d of hairs on t h e p a l a t e ; corolla-tube glabrous w i t h i n or w i t h a zone of s c a t t e r e d h a i r s a t the middle; stamen pairs nearly equal; a n t h e r s woolly; style glabrous. — San Carlos E a n g e (s. San B e n i t o Co., J u l i a A. B e t t y s , t y p e ) . 12. P O G d G Y N E B e n t h . Low sweet-aromatic a n n u a l s w i t h obovate or oblanceolate leaves narrowed into a petiole. Whorls crowded into dense spikes or t h e lower whorls distinct. B r a c t s and calyx hirsute. Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft, the two lower teeth longer; t u b e mostly 15-nerved; t h r o a t n a k e d . Corolla s t r a i g h t , tubularf u n n e l f o r m , blue or purplish; upper lip erect, e n t i r e ; lower spreading, w i t h 3 similar oval lobes. S t a m e n s 4, w i t h a n t h e r s , 819. A. obovata Jepson; or t h e upper shorter pair sterile. Style somewhat exserted, in fl. x 2. some (perhaps all) species flattened above and always bearded. (Greek pogon, beard, and gune, female, on account of t h e h a i r y style.) Stamens all four with perfect anthers; style conspicuously bearded above, its lobes almost equal; corolla 6 to 9 lines long. Inflorescence oblong- or cylindrical-spicate, nearly continuous; bracts and calyx conspicuously white-hirsute or hispid with long rigid marginal hairs. Stout, about 1 ft. high; bracts acute; lower calyx-lobes twice as long as the tube. 1. P . douglasii. More slender, lower; bracts mostly obtuse; lower calyx-lobes hardly longer than the tube 2 .P. parviflora. Whorled clusters more or less distant; bracts and calyx inconspicuously hirsute-ciliate. 3. P . nudiuscula. Upper stamens sterile; style sparingly hairy, its lobes very unequal; corolla smaller (1 Vi to 2 lines long). Stems stoutish, erect; leaves ovate or oval; inflorescence capitate or s h o r t - s p i c a t e . . . . 4. P. ziziphoroides. Stems slender, diffuse; leaves obovate-oval or spatulate; inflorescence an oblong or longer and much interrupted spike 5. P. serpyUoides.

1. P. douglasii B e n t h . Fig. 820. Stem f r e e l y b r a n c h e d f r o m the base or sometimes simple, 4 to 6 in. high, rarely 2 f t . h i g h ; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, % to 1 ^A in. long, narrowed to a petiole; whorls f o r m i n g a dense terminal spike, o f t e n w i t h a single accessory whorl in t h e a d j a c e n t axil below, or sometimes several of t h e lower axils w i t h flowers; b r a c t s cuspidate, t h e margin eiliate w i t h w h i t e h a i r s ; lower divisions of calyx twice longer t h a n t u b e ; corolla blue, the p a l a t e white, d o t t e d with purple, bristly, 7 to 9 lines long; stigmas subequal; n u t l e t s smooth, o f t e n mottled, minutely hispid a t t h e apex.-—Low summer-dry fields t h a t h a v e been overflowed in the w i n t e r season: Coast E a n g e valleys; G r e a t Valley; Sierra N e v a d a foothills. I t o f t e n colors large areas in M a y and J u n e .

874

LABIATAE 2. P. parviflora Benth. More slender t h a n no. 1; bracts mostly obtuse; calyx-teeth rather broad, the lower barely longer than the tube; corolla 5 lines long.—Sonoma Co.; e. to San Joaquin Co. 3. P. nudiuscula Gray. Stems 6 to 12 in. high, the branches slender, puberulent; leaves 4 to 12 lines long, spatulate, obtuse, glabrous; whorls of flower-clusters distant; bracts linear-subulate, cuspidate, these and the calyx inconspicuously hirsute-ciliate; calyx-lobes lanceolate- or linear-subulate, cuspidate; corolla Y2 in. long, about twice as long as the calyx; anthers of the upper stamens smaller than the others b u t polleniferous. — San Diego. Apr.-June. 4. P. ziziphoroides Benth. Fig. 821. Stems short, commonly several from the base, 3 to 7 in. high; leaves obovate; bracts ciliate with white bristly hairs; whorls below distinct, with long internodes, above forming a short spike or sometimes capitate; corolla 3 to 4

820. Pogogyne douglasii Benth.; a, habit x % ;

l i n e s

long

(the

calyx-teeth

dis-

b, fl. x Hi; c, corolla spread out x IV2 ; tinctly shorter), light purple, the center of lower lip with white and d, calyx spread out x 2. dark purple markings; 2 lower stamens with large anthers, the 2 upper with very small anthers or none and with shorter (— filaments or wholly obsolete.—Low places V j l / - ^ J in fields: Sacramento Valley and e. to Sierra Nevada foothills, thence s. to \WTs/l' Mariposa Co. Apr.-May. \oiil i J f 5. P. serpylloides Gray. Stems many YvHW from the base, very slender, diffuse, 3 to Wl K 6 in. long; leaves obovate-oval or spatuI \K late, petioled, 2 to 4 lines long; whorls q except the terminal ones distinct, the lower with f e w or even solitary flowers; bracts sparsely hairy; calyx-lobes all longer than the tube, equaling or exceeding the violet or bluish corolla; corolla 1 % to 2 lines long, short-pubescent outside; sterile stamens small, with rudiments of anthers or with none; style a little bearded above. — Foothills, 500 to 2200 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to Humboldt Co., common; San Benito Co. to Mt. Diablo; Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Tuolumne Co. to Amador Co. May. 13. CLINOPdDIUM L. Ours a perennial herb. Flowers scattered or loosely clustered. Calyx tubular, about 13-nerved, the 3 upper teeth broader (and united slightly higher) t h a n the 2 Pogogyne ziziphoroides Benth.; a, lower; tube in ours with a band of erect 821. habit x % ; b, bract x lxh ; c, fl. x 3 ; hairs inside at the summit. Corolla d, pistil x 5.

875

MINT FAMILY

strongly 2-lipped, with a straight tube much exceeding the calyx. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair shorter; anthers conniving in pairs. (Greek kline, a bed, and podos, foot, the flower of one species likened to a bed-castor.) 1. C. mimuloides (Benth.) Ktze. Slender, 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage pilose and hirsutulose; leaves ovate, serrate, 1M> to 3 in. long, the petioles about % as long; calyx 6 to 7 lines long; axillary clusters 1 to 5-flowered, the pedicels V> to 1% in. long; corolla orange-red or pale crimson, 1% to 1% in. long, very Mimulus-like; upper lip erect, cleft; lower lip spreading, its middle lobe much longer t h a n the lateral; tube within at base very nectariferous.—Shady stream beds or moist places in thickets, 1000 to 4000 ft., near the coast f r o m Monterey Co. to S a n t a B a r b a r a Co. and s. to the San Gabriel Mts. July-Oct. (Calamintha mimuloides Benth.) 14. SATURÈIA L. Ours a suffrutescent plant. Flowers commonly in clusters of 2 to 4 in the axils. Calyx 10 to 15-nerved, 2-lipped, the 3 teeth of the upper lip equal and a little shorter t h a n the 2 ovate-acute teeth of lower lip. Corolla white, 2lipped. Stamens 4, scarcely exserted, the lower a little longer. Style hairy on one side. (The Latin name.) 1. S. chàndleri (Bdg.) Druce. Stems 3 f t . high, branching, "forming c l u m p s " ; herbage hirsutulose; leaves thick, round-ovate, obtuse, truncatish a t base, weakly crenulate, 5 to 7 lines long, the petioles 1 to 4 lines long; calyx tubular-turbinate, 15-nerved, 3% to 4 lines long, hairy without, glabrous within except on the teeth; upper lip of corolla cleft, lower lip 3-cleft, with 2 lines of hairs, all the lobes obtuse.—W. San Diego Co. (San Miguel Mt.). (Calamintha chandleri Bdg.) 15. MICROMÈRIA Benth. Trailing evergreen perennial with very slender stems. Flowers small, white, solitary and pediceled in the axils. Calyx tubular, about equally 5-toothed and striately 12 to 15-nerved. Corolla 2-lipped, the tube straight, shorter than or exceeding the calyx. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, shorter than the corolla. Style glabrous. (Greek mikros, small, and meros, part, on account of the small size of the flowers.) 1. M. chamissònis (Benth.) Greene. YERBA BUENA. Fig. 822. Stems slender, % to 2 f t . long; herbage slightly pubescent; leaves round-ovate, crenate, glandular-punctate, especially on the under surface, % to 1 in. long; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; flowers 3% to 4 lines long; calyx and corolla exteriorly short-hairy; lower pair of stamens longer.—Common in woods near the coast: Humboldt Co.; Marin Co.; Berkeley; S a n t a Cruz Mts.; Monterey and s. to Santa Monica Mts. June. The trailing stems root a t the tips in winter and thus multiply the plant vegetatively. (M. douglasii Benth.) 16. SPHACELE Benth. Low shrub or merely suffrutescent. Flowers solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves, thus forming a l e a f y raceme. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, naked within, about 10 to 15-nerved, reticulate-veiny, conspicuously inflated and membranous a f t e r flowering. Corolla large and rather sliowv, with

Willi

fifth

4 i

«short

siii-pid hi cr l n l i p s

tlìp

snort s p i e a a m g lobes, tlie and lowest lobe much longer

s22 o£

- Micromeria chamissonis Greene; o, sect. ; 6 , fl. X 3 ; c, corolla spread fl s t e m x %

open x 3; d pistil x 3.

876

LABIATAE arni e r e c t ; t u b e b r o a d , a h a i r y r i n g a t b a s e w i t h i n . S t a m e n s 4, somewhat ascending; filaments naked; anthers somewhat approximate, the cells d i v e r g i n g . ( S p h a k o s , t h e n a m e of t h e G r e e k s f o r s a g e , t h e p l a n t s of this genus h a v i n g similar foliage.) 1. S. SAGE.

calycina

Fig.

823.

Benth. Erect,

PITCHER 3 to

5

ft.

h i g h ; h e r b a g e p u b e s c e n t or e v e n somewhat woolly; leaves very veiny or s c a r c e l y r e t i c u l a t e d , broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse, dent a t e or s e r r a t e , t h e b a s e e n t i r e a n d v a r y i n g f r o m cordate to acute, 2 to 4 i n . l o n g , t h e l o w e r o n p e t i o l e s Vi in. long, the uppermost sessile; c a l y x in a n t h e s i s r a t h e r b r o a d a t base, its lobes triangular-lanceol a t e ; corolla w h i t e or p i n k - t i n t e d , % t o 1 % in. l o n g ; c a l y x in f r u i t o v o i d - i n f l a t e d , % to lVs i n . l o n g ; n u t l e t s b l a c k , finely p u b e s c e n t b u t 823. Sphacele calvcina B e n t h . ; a, fl. branchlet s m o o t h , e l l i p t i c a l in o u t l i n e , n e a r l y x % ; b, nutlet x 4. 2 lines long.—Hillsides and canons of t h e C o a s t R a n g e s : V a c a M t s . ; M a r i n Co.; S a n t a C r u z M t s . ; M o n t e r e y . M a y - J u n e . On t h e higher ridges t h e leaves are small and v e r y rugose. Passes i n t o : V a r . GRACILIS J e p s o n n . c o m b . L e a v e s o f t e n s u b e n t i r e , v e r y o b t u s e ; calyx in anthesis r a t h e r n a r r o w a t base.—Dry interior canons f r o m Mont e r e y Co. t o M t . D i a b l o . (S. g r a c i l i s E a s t w . ) V a r . WALLÀCEI G r a y . L o w e r cauline leaves t r u n c a t e a t b a s e ; calyx in a n t h e s i s n a r r o w - b a s e d , villous, its lobes l i n e a r - or n a r r o w - l a n c e o l a t e . — S a n G a b r i e l M t s . ; C a t a l i n a I s l . ; S a n t a C r u z I s l . (S. f r a g r a n s G r e e n e . ) V a r . GLABÈLLA G r a y . H e r b a g e a n d c a l y c e s s u b g l a b r a t e ; l e a v e s b r o a d l y c u n e a t e a t b a s e . — S a n t a B a r b a r a Co.; V e n t u r a Co. 17.

STÀCHYS

L.

HEDGE N E T T L E

O u r s h i s p i d or s o f t - p u b e s c e n t h e r b s w i t h t h e flowers f e w in t h e a x i l s of t h e floral l e a v e s , u s u a l l y f o r m i n g a n i n t e r r u p t e d s p i c a t e i n f l o r e s c e n c e . C a l y x t u b u l a r - c a m p a n u l a t e or t u r b i n a t e , 5 to 1 0 - n e r v e d or - r i b b e d , w i t h 5 n e a r l y e r e c t or s p r e a d i n g p o i n t e d e q u a l t e e t h , s o m e t i m e s t h e u p p e r l a r g e r a n d m o r e or less u n i t e d . Corolla w i t h c y l i n d r i c a l t u b e , n o t d i l a t e d a t t h e t h r o a t ; u p p e r l i p e r e c t or s l i g h t l y t u r n e d b a c k w a r d , o v e r - a r c h e d or c o n c a v e , e n t i r e or n o t c h e d ; l o w e r lip l o n g e r , s p r e a d i n g , 3-lobed, t h e m i d d l e l o b e l a r g e r , t h e l a t e r a l l o b e s o f t e n d e f l e x e d . S t a m e n s 4, in p a i r s , a s c e n d i n g u n d e r t h e u p p e r l i p of t h e c o r o l l a , or o n e or b o t h p a i r s s o m e t i m e s d e f l e x e d t o t h e sides of t h e t h r o a t and contorted a f t e r anthesis. N u t l e t s obtuse at the apex. (Greek s t a c h u s , a n e a r of c o r n , h e n c e a s p i k e ; g i v e n t o t h e s e p l a n t s on a c c o u n t of their spicate inflorescence.) Flowers large; corolla-tube nearly twice as long as calyx; floral whorls distant; stems retrorsely hispid or hirsute, especially on the angles. Corolla red, the tube 7 to 9 lines long 1. S. chamissonix. Corolla purplish, the tube ^Vz to 6 lines long 2. californu-a. Flowers smaller; corolla-tube little or not at all longer than the calyx (except in no. 7) . . Herbage white-woolly; floral whorls distinct or indistinct, the inflorescence 3 to 9 in. long; flowers whitish ' 3. albcns. Herbage not white-woolly. Floral whorls forming a dense spike ; herbage very hirsute ; flowers w h i t i s h . . . . 4. pifcnantha. Floral whorls distinct and rather remote. Herbage silky-villous or -hirsute ; flowers whitish ; corolla-tube with a hairy ring below its middle 5. S. ajui/oidee. Herbage hispid: flowers purplish Corolla-tube with an oblique ring of hairs at its middle; petioles of lower leaves 1 to 2 in. long 6. S. buliata. Corolla-tube with an oblique r i n g of h a i r s below its m i d d l e ; petioles of lower leaves very short 7. S. veronicaefolia.

MINT FAMILY

877

1. S. chamissonis Benth. Fig. 824. Stem erect, simple, ending above in 1 to 3 racemes, 3 to 8 f t . high, the angles of the stems retrorsely scabrous, the hairs pustulate, o f t e n viscid; leaves soft-pubescent, ovate, 3 to 6 in. long; calyx clavate-tubular, 5 to 7 lines long; corolla red, its tube 8 to 15 lines long, much exserted, with a hairy ring near base. •— Swamps or wet places near the coast: San Luis Obispo Co.; S a n t a Lucia Mts.; Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co.; San Francisco; P t . Beyes; Mendocino Co.; Elk Eiver Valley, Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. The herbage has a clinging disagreeable odor. 2. S. californica Benth. Stems slender, l ^ j to 4 f t . high, hispid, especially in the angles, with pustulate hairs; leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, ample, c o r d a t e or subcordate a t base, sparsely villous-hispid, 2 to 4 in. long, petioled, flower-whorls rather remote; corolla-tube 4% to 6 lines long, nearly twice as long as the calyx, the hairy ring a t base horizontal.—Shady woods near the coast: S a n t a Cruz „ „ , _ . . . . ,, .. . t i v j r . \r . . , ,, i. • , 824. Stacnys chamissoms Benth.; a, fl. stem M t s . ; M o n t e r e y Co.; s. to S a n Gabriel Mts. June.

% . b> l e £ f x y 2 ; c, fl. x 1; d, sect, corollatube spread out, showing hairy ring inside

x

x 11/2 3. S. albens Gray. Stem erect, ' strict, 2 to 5 (or 10) f t . high; herbage white-tomentose; leaves ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or cordate a t base, 1% to 4 in. long, sessile or subsessile, mostly the very lowest short-petioled; whorls many-flowered, the inflorescence dense and spike-like, 3 to 9 in. long, sometimes the whorls remote; calyces often somewhat yellow-green, the teeth a little over half as long as the tube, awn-pointed.—Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coast Ranges: Lake Co. to Pacheco Pass and s. to cismontane S. Cal.; also in the delta lowlands of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. May-Aug. Var. JULiiNSis Jepson n. var. Flower-whorls mostly remote; calyx-teeth as long as tube.—Springy spots in the mts., 2000 to 7000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Fresno Co. (McKinley Grove, A. L. Grant 1198, type). July. 4. S. pycnantha Benth. Stem erect, % to 1M f t . high; herbage mostly green b u t hirsute, the surface of the leaves somewhat granulate-glandular; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 1 to 4 in. long, obtuse or subcordate at base, mostly petioled; flowers in a dense eylindraceous bractless or nearly bractless spike 1 to 2 in. long; lowest whorls rarely separate; calyx-teeth deltoid, mucronate, commonly equaling the tube.—Near the coast, rather uncommon: Marin Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. July-Sept. 5. S. ajugoides Benth. Stem simple, mostly erect, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage densely soft-pubescent but usually green, sometimes glabrate; leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse or subcordate at base, 1 to 2% (or 4) in. long, petioled, the upper sessile; flower-whorls mostly distinct but not remote, or with 1 or 2 whorls below in the axils of the upper foliage leaves; calyx short-campanulate or turbinate, very silky-villous, often concealing the teeth; hairy ring below middle of corolla-tube very oblique, the tube slightly constricted below. —Everywhere common in low lands, wet valleys or springy canons, 5 to 5000 ft., throughout cismontane Cal. May-Aug. Var. STRiCTA Jepson. Small resinglands abundant beneath the short pubescence on the leaves; leaves thinnish, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3 to 3% in. long, only the uppermost sessile;

878

LABIATAE

calyx-teeth erect or somewhat connivent around the tube of the corolla; upper lip of corolla very short; corolla-tube without evident constriction, the ring of hairs horizontal, not oblique.—Knights Valley, Sonoma Co. Var. VELIJTINA Jepson. Pubescence short and close; leaves cordate-ovate; spike elongated, interrupted.—Suisun Marshes. Oct. This variety forms a transition to the preceding species. 6. S. bullata Benth. Fig. 825. Stem simple, or sometimes branched above, erect or ascending, 10 to 22 in. long; foliage densely or sparsely hispid, the stems retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles; leaves oblong-ovate, sometimes varying to elliptic, coarsely crenate, truncate or subcordate at base, 1 to 2 (or 3%) in. long, the lower on petioles 1 to 2 in. long; flowers about 6 in a whorl, the whorls rather remote (mostly 6 to 12 lines a p a r t ) ; calyx turbinate or campanulate-turbinate, the teeth triangular, cuspidate, in age spreading, somewhat indurated; corollatube 4 lines long, exserted about 1 line, bearing within at its middle an oblique ring of hairs interrupted on the upper side opposite the style and indicated exteriorly by a distinct although only partial constriction; filaments densely pubescent at the middle.—Low hills, 20 to 2500 f t . : Coast Ranges; coastal S. Cal. Mar .-Apr. When the flowers first open and the stamens stand erect, the lower pair of stamens are at that time distinctly although but slightly longer than the upper. 825. Stachys bullata 7. s. verdnicaefolia Davy. Stem simple or branched Benth.; fl.branchlet f r o m b a s 6 ) ^ to 2 ft h i g h . h e r b a g e s o m e w h a t hispid; leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, the upper sessile, the lower on very short petioles; floral whorls remote; corolla-tube 4 lines long, usually exserted for nearly half its length, with an oblique hairy ring within below its middle.—Placer Co. to Shasta and Modoc Cos. MnyAug. 18. PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT Glabrous or canescent perennial herbs with white flowers in densely crowded whorls, the whorls remote and leafy-bracted or the uppermost subtended by a pair of somewhat reduced leaves. Calyx oblong or tubular, its teeth equal. Corolla-tube little exceeding the calyx; upper lip almost entire, lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, nearly equal. (Greek pychnos, dense, and anthemon, flower, the inflorescence glomerate.) 1. P. californicum Torr. Stem simple, erect, 2 to 3Y> f t . high; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrulate along the sides, the acuminate apex and rounded or cordate base entire, 1% to 3% in. long; calyx pubescent, the tips of the teeth very woolly exteriorly; corolla white, sprinkled with resin dots, its throat hairy.—Chaparral slopes or mountain meadows, 2500 to 5300 f t . : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada; e. to Nev. July-Aug. (Koellia californica Ktze.) 19. IIAMIUM L. HENBIT Hairy herbs. Flowers in 1, 2 or 3 compact whorls. Calyx with 5 nearly equal awn-pointed teeth, much surpassed by the elongated corolla-tube. Corolla-tube much enlarged at the throat; upper lip erect or arched, entire or slightly notched; lower lip spreading, the middle lobe broad, the lateral lobes small and acute or tooth-like. Anthers hairy in ours. (Greek laimos, throat, the corolla gaping.) 1. L. amplexicclule L. GIRAFFE HEAD. Low annual, decumbent at base; internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves rounded, toothed or lobed, the lowest petioled and cordate, the floral sessile; corolla purplishred, the upper lip bearded, the lower spotted.—Introduced from Eur., occasional: F t . Bragg; Sonoma Co.; St. Helena; Mt. Eden; Little Arthur Creek, Gilroy; Columbia, Tuolumne Co.

MINT

879

FAMILY

MOLUCCELLA LAJJVIS L . Shell-flower. Molucca Balm. Annual; leaves roundish, crenate; whorls 6-flowered; bracts spinose; calyx-base campanula te, nerved, expanded above into a very broad wing; corolla white, 2-lipped, shorter than the calyx.—Foothills, w. Colusa Co.; adv. from Eur. 20. H i P T I S J a c q . Herbs or shrubs. Calyx with 5 subequal teeth. Corolla short, the lobes of upper lip and lateral lobes of lower lip similar, flat, equal; middle lobe of lower lip with a transverse ridge or narrow f o l d at the contracted base and produced beyond into a bowl-shaped sac. Stamens 4, the upper pair shorter, all fertile, declined, included in the sac of the lower lobe. (Greek, uptios, turned back, referring to the lower lip.) 1. H. 6moryi Torr. BEE-SAGE. Shrub, the numerous straight erect slender stems forming a compact clump 4 to 8 or 12 f t . high; herbage fragrant, white scurfy-tomentose; leaves ovate, truncate at base, crenulate, % to 1 in. long, on petioles half as long; flowers in short-peduncled axillary clusters at the ends of the branchlets; pedicels nearly as long as calyx; calyx narrowly turbinate, white-scurfy or white-woolly with pinnately branched hairs; corolla violet, 2 lines long, the upper lip with its lobes turned back to back; upper pair of stamens with densely hairy filaments, lower pair glabrous or nearly so.—Desert valleys and canon flats: e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to Mex. 21.

MONARD33LLA

Benth.

L o w herbs, f o r the most part pleasantly fragrant. Flowers in heads; heads terminal on the stems or branches, subtended by broad involucral bracts, which are often more or less colored. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla purple, lavender or dull white; upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower 3-parted, all the lobes linear or narrowly oblong. Stamens 4, all fertile, strongly or moderately unequal, exserted. (Diminutive of Monarda, on account of its resemblance to that genus.) A . FLOWERS LARGE AND RATHER LOOSE I N THE HEAD; COROLLA-TUBE MUCH LONGER T H A N L I M B ; PERENNIALS. C o r o l l a s c a r l e t or y e l l o w i s h ,

i n . l o n g , the tube g r e a t l y e x c e e d i n g the c a l y x 1. M. macrantha. % t o 1 H in. l o n g , the tube little e x c e e d i n g 2. M. nana.

C o r o l l a w h i t e , y e l l o w i s h o r t i n g e d w i t h rose, the c a l y x

B . FLOWERS SMALLER, MORE DENSELY CAPITATE; COROLLA-TUBE BUT LITTLE LONGER T H A N LIMB. 1. Perennials,

often

slightly

woody

at

base.

B r a c t s f o l i a c e o u s ; l e a v e s toothed. L e a v e s r o u n d - o v a t e to lanceolate, m o r e or less toothed. L e a v e s c i n e r e o u s , not v e n u l o s e ; r a r e 3. M. cinerea. L e a v e s g r e e n i s h a n d p u b e s c e n t above, m a r k e d l y v e n u l o s e ; c o m m o n . . 4 . M. villosa. L e a v e s r h o m b o i d a l to o b l o n g or oblanceolate, e n t i r e . L e a v e s densely l a n a t e b e l o w , m o d e r a t e l y so a b o v e , s t r o n g l y r e v o l u t e . . 5 . M. lanata. L e a v e s l a n a t e b e l o w , b r i g h t g r e e n above, n o t s t r o n g l y r e v o l u t e 6. M. viridis. B r a c t s m e m b r a n o u s , usually p u r p l i s h or p i n k i s h - t i n g e d ; l e a v e s mostly e n t i r e . L e a v e s s t r o n g l y r e v o l u t e , t o m e n t o s e b e l o w w i t h a close w h i t e f e l t . . . . 7. M. hypoleuca. L e a v e s n o t s t r o n g l y r e v o l u t e ; tomentose or w h i t e - p u b e r u l e n t c o v e r i n g , if p r e s e n t , n o t c o n f i n e d to the l o w e r s u r f a c e of the l e a v e s . H e r b a g e m o r e o r less w h i t e - p u b e r u l e n t or u n i f o r m l y c o v e r e d w i t h a fine s i l v e r y pubescence; leaves narrow, elongate. L e a v e s 1 to 2 i n . l o n g , l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e , distant, those s u b t e n d i n g the h e a d c o n s p i c u o u s l y l o n g e r t h a n the floral b r a c t s a n d flowers; bracts acute to s o m e w h a t a c u m i n a t e 8. M. viminea. L e a v e s % to 1 i n . l o n g , l i n e a r t o o b l o n g o r l a n c e o l a t e , a t least t h e l o w e r close t o g e t h e r , those s u b t e n d i n g the h e a d n o t l o n g e r t h a n the floral b r a c t s a n d flowers; b r a c t s acute o r obtuse 9. M. linoides. H e r b a g e glabrous, puDescent or tomentose, not white-puberulent or silvery-pubescent; leaves broader. L e a v e s plane. Stems 6 t o 18 in. h i g h ; l e a v e s % to l 1 /^ in. l o n g ; b r a c t s b r o a d l y o v a t e , acute 10. M. odoratissima. S t e m s 2 t o 5 in. h i g h ; l e a v e s smaller ( 3 to 7 l i n e s l o n g ) ; b r a c t s lanceolate-ovate, the u p p e r acute, the l o w e r a c u m i n a t e 11. M. australis. Leaves strongly undulate-margined 12. M. crispa.

880

LABIATAE

2. Annuals. Leaves strongly undulate-margined 13. M. undulata. Leaves plane. Bracts greenish or purplish, membranous or somewhat foliaceous, not white or thintransparent. Leaves subtending the head longer than the acute bracts and the calyx 14. M. lanceolata. Leaves subtending the head, if present, not longer than the abruptly acuminate bracts and the calyx 15. M. pringlei. Bracts partly white or transparent-scarious. Calyx-teeth white-tipped. Bracts with white tips and margins; calyx-teeth acute 16. M. candir nan. Bracts thin, transparent-scarious; calyx-teeth subulate, recurved 17. M. leucocephala. Calyx-teeth not white-tipped. Bracts strongly fenestrate, the veins broad; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. . 18. M. douylasii. Bracts not strongly fenestrate, the veins narrow; calyx-teeth acute 19. M. breweri.

1. M. macràntha Gray. Fig. 826. Stems simple or branched, 2 to 12 in. high, from creeping woody rootstocks; herbage more or less puberulent or villous, often purplish; leaves ovate, obtuse, revolute, entire or sometimes slightly toothed, more or less hispidpubescent, ciliate, lower surface punctate with dark dots, Vi to 1 in. long, petiolate; heads terminal, 2 to 18-flowered, the bracts leafy, narrowly ovate, acute or obtusish, 4 to 11 lines long, villous-ciliate; calyx 10 to 12 lines long, pubescent and somewhat glandular, sparsely villous within at the upper end, the 5 teeth nearly equal, subulate, the sinuses thickened; corolla scarlet, pubescent without, 1 to 1V* iu. long, the tube narrowly funnelform, the lips 2 % lines long, the lobes of the lower linear, obtusish; stamens much exserted, the lower pair the longer, filaments sometimes sparsely pubescent. —Montane, 1000 to 4500 ft.: Monterey Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cai. May-Aug. Var. longìloba Abrams. Corolla yellowish, the tube more slender, the lips 3 % or 4 lines long.—San Jacinto River and Mountains. Var. p i n e t ò r u m Hall. Stems 2 826. Monardella macrantha^&ray; a, habit x

to 4

^

long

.

herbage

ashy-pubescent;

' ' ' leaves 2 to 4 lines long, tending to be crowded; corolla pale yellow to almost white, conspicuously pubescent; stamens not exserted beyond the corolla-lobes.—Mt. San Jacinto, 6000 to 8000 ft. 2. M. nàna Gray. Stems from creeping rootstocks, woody at base, simple or somewhat branched, 4 to 10 in. high; corolla rose-tinged, white or yellowish, slender, % to 1% in. long, the lobes 3 lines long, the tube little exceeding the calyx; stamens little exserted.—Mts. of San Diego Co., 4000 to 8000 ft. June-Aug. Var. t é n u i f l ò R A Abrams. About 3 in. high ; leaves oblong or rotund, 2 to 4 lines long; flowers white or yellowish.—San Jacinto Mts. Var. à r i d a Abrams. Two to 3 in. high, densely branching from a woody base; leaves 2 to 4 lines long, much curled; bracts white, sometimes purplish-tinged. •—Santa Eosa Mts. 3. M. cinèrea Abrams. Dwarfish plant, the stems from a branching rootcrown, 1 to 4 in. long, very leafy; leaves ovate, sparingly or obscurely serrate, 2 to 4 lines long, subsessile; heads 6 to 7 lines broad; corolla-tube not exserted.—San Antonio Mts., 7000 to 9000 ft.

MINT FAMILY 4.

M.

villdsa

Benth.

COYOTE

881

MINT.

F i g . 827. Stems several f r o m t h e base, mostly simple, tough or somewhat s u f f r u t e s c e n t a t base, % to f t . high; herbage pubescent or tomentose; resin dots more or less conspicuous on lower s u r f a c e s of leaves and b r a c t s , or none; leaves round-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, commonly more or less s e r r a t e , g l a b r a t e or pubescent, veins conspicuous, % to 1 in. long; petioles 2 to 3 lines long; b r a c t s o v a t e to lanceolate, foliaceous, p i n n a t e l y v e i n e d ; calyx 4 lines long, pubescent or hirsute-pubescent, the t e e t h and upper end of t u b e h a i r y w i t h i n ; corolla pubescent w i t h i n and w i t h o u t , t h e t u b e exceeding t h e calyx, t h e limb more t h a n half as long; stamens exserted, or a b o u t equaling t h e linear lobes of t h e corolla; filaments glabrous or sparsely h a i r y ; flowers purple to p i n k or dull white. — D r y rocky hills, 300 to 2000 f t . : Coast Ranges f r o m San L u i s Obispo Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. in t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a to A m a d o r Co. I n typical f o r m near t h e 8 2 7 . M o n a r d e l l a villosa B e n t h . ; o, fl. stem sea, M o n t e r e y Co. to S a n Francisco, b u t x 1; 6, fl. x 1% ; c, calyx x 1%. v a r y i n g g r e a t l y in pubescence, f o l i a g e and general aspect. Var. INTERIOR Jepson. L e a v e s coarsely few-toothed, t h e t e e t h sometimes s a l i e n t ; heads large.—Vaca M t s . Var. LEPTOSIPHON Torr. Large-flowered, cinereous, w i t h a finer pubescence; leaves nearly entire, o v a t e to ovate-oblong.—Mt. Tamalpais. Var. TOMENTÓSA Jepson n. comb. Stems and lower s u r f a c e of leaves (especially t h e u p p e r ) and b r a c t s , also t h e calyx, covered w i t h g r a y t o m e n t u m ; b r a c t s foliaceous; heads terminal or sometimes smaller ones in t h e upper axils.—Dry flats or hill slopes: M t . H a m i l t o n ; M t . T a m a l p a i s ; N a p a E a n g e ; Mendocino Co. (M. tomentosa Eastw.) V a r . FRANCISCANA Epling. Stems reclining or diffuse, more or less woolly-pubescent; leaves b r o a d l y ovate, s e r r a t e to entire, pubescent above, especially t h e upper ones, woolly-pubescent below, % to 1% in. long; heads densely flowered.—Coast f r o m P t . Reyes to San L u i s Obispo. J u n e J u l y . (M. f r a n c i s c a n a Elmer.) V a r . S H E L T Ó N I I Jepson n. comb. L e a v e s oblong or ovate to lanceolate; b r a c t s mostly foliaceous; corolla nearly glabrous within, t h e lobes of t h e lower lip much more t h a n % t h e length of t h e tube, t h e upper lip c l e f t f o r more t h a n % i t s length.—Montane, 3000 to 5000 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. to S h a s t a Co., thence s. to Humboldt and L a k e Cos. (M. sheltonii Torr.) 5. M. l a n á t a Abrams. Stems branched, a b o u t 1 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e l a n a t e below t h e inflorescence; leaves oblong to obl&nceolate, obtuse, entire, revolute, % to 1 in. long, petioled, t h e veins inconspicuous; b r a c t s 4 lines long, densely pubescent, villous-ciliate; calyx 3% lines long, slightly villous above w i t h i n ; corolla pubescent, t h e t u b e equaling t h e calyx, t h e limb more t h a n % as long; s t a m e n s exserted, t h e filaments pubescent.—Mts. of s. San Diego Co. 6. M . v i r i d i s Jepson. Stems diffuse, 1 to 3 f t . long, woody a t b a s e ; leaves rhomboidal to oblong-obtusish, somewhat revolute, narrowed a t base to a slender petiole, t h e whole Vs to 1% in. long, b r i g h t green on t h e upper f a c e , white-lanate on t h e lower, both f a c e s conspicuously p u n c t a t e w i t h large dots; heads subglobose, 1 to 1% in. broad, on long and almost n a k e d peduncles; b r a c t s thick, little d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r o m t h e leaves, deflexed; calyx glandular-dotted, t h e teeth somewhat h i r s u t e ; flowers lavender.—Dry foothills: N a p a R a n g e and n. to L a k e Co. (M. ledifolia Greene.)

882

LABIATAE

7. M. hypoleüca Gray. Stems simple or somewhat branched, reddishbrown, pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, revolute, entire, obtuse, Yn to in. long, petioled, the lower surface densely white-tomentose, the upper green and glabrous, veins prominent; inflorescence a dense rounded head; bracts ovate, obtuse, pubescent, villous-ciliate, purplish, punctate below with resin dots, % in. long, longer than the calyx; heads 1 in. broad; calyx 3 lines long, villous without, glabrous within; corolla pubescent without, the tube equaling the calyx-tube, the limb more than % as long; filaments exserted, very sparsely hairy.—Mts. along the coast from Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co. Var. SAXÍCOLA Jepson n. comb. Stems % to 1 ft. high, stiffly branching from near the base, covered with a retrorse pubescence; leaves smaller, less strongly revolute, the lower surface densely puberulent; heads smaller, the bracts mostly shorter than the calyx.—San Antonio Mts. (M. saxicola J t n . ) 8. M. viminea Greene. Tall, at least 2 ft. high, the lower part of the stems woody; herbage puberulent; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, distant, 1 to 2 in. long, the uppermost subtending the head and much longer than the bracts; bracts 7 lines long, ovate, acute to somewhat acuminate, pubescent, resinousdotted, rather sparingly ciliate; calyx pubescent, resinous-dotted.—Mts. of San Diego Co. 9. M. linoides Gray. Stems in rather dense clusters, 8 to 12 in. high, from a woody base; herbage pale gray-green, evenly clothed with a very fine pubescence; leaves linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, 6 to 10 lines long, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; bracts varying greatly in size in a single head, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, membranous, pale or pinkish-tinged, pinnately veined, ciliate, glandular; calyx 3%/2 lines long, pubescent, with few resinous dots, the teeth short, subulate, pubescent or somewhat villous without and within; corolla-tube pubescent within and without, the upper lip cleft nearly to base.—Montane, 5000 to 7000 ft., San Jacinto Mts. s. to San Diego Co. June-July. Var. STRÍCTA Parish. Branching from base with many short leafy sterile branchlets; herbage pale green, pubescent; leaves entire or remotely denticulate, linear-lanceolate, those on the main branches 6 to 10 lines long, those on the sterile branchlets much shorter; heads solitary, terminal or sometimes racemose; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, often purplish-tinged; calyx pubescent, often somewhat hispid; corolla-tube strongly exserted, more or less hairy within; filaments more or less hairy toward base.—San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Providence Mts. Var. ANÉMONOÍDES Jepson n. comb. Stems thickly leafy below, above almost scape-like, the long-peduncled heads with somewhat enveloping petaloid bracts, thus giving the aspect of some 1flowered species of Anemone.—Argus Mts.; Greenhorn Mts.; Mt. Pinos. (M. anemonoides Greene.) Var. P A L M E R I Jepson n. comb. Bracts obtuse; calyxteeth linear-lanceolate.—Santa Lucia Mts. (M. palmeri Gray.) 10. M. odóratíssima Benth. Stems several from the base, commonly simple, 6 to 12 in. high; herbage often pale, glabrous or finely pubescent; leaves narrowly ovate to lanceolate, entire, punctate with dark dots, the veins often obscure, % to 1% in. long, petiolate; bracts ovate to lanceolate or often attenuate above, membranous, pinkish or purplish-tinged, pubescent, resinousdotted, 3 to 6 lines long, the lower often somewhat foliaceous, ciliate towards base, the upper membranous; calyx 3% to 4 % lines long, more or less pubescent, the acute .teeth white-hirsute without and within; corolla more or less pubescent below limb without and within, the expanded upper end of tube exserted from calyx, the lower lip 2 lines long, slightly exceeding the upper, about V2 the length of the tube, upper lip cleft for about % its length; stamens commonly slightly hairy at base, the longer pair exceeding the corolla-lobes.—Montane, 2300 to 9000 ft., from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Humboldt Co.; n. to "Wash., e. to Utah. June-Aug. Var. OVATA Jepson n. comb. Bracts thin and somewhat fenestrate, the subscarious portion purplish.—Siskiyou Co. (M. ovata Greene.) Var. NEGLÉCTA Jepson n. comb. Stem 2 to 8 in. high, glabrous or puberulent; leaves ovate, somewhat serrate, purplish, glabrous, 3 to 10 lines long; bracts and calyx purplish, nearly glabrous, the former ciliate, the latter with teeth hispidulous; corolla purple.—Tiburón hills, Marin Co. (M. neglecta Greene.)

MINT FAMILY

883

11. M. austrillis Abrams. Stems decumbent, f r o m a woody base, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage pubescent to hirsute, glandular; leaves 3 to 7 lines long, oblong to ovate, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed; bracts 3 to 6 lines long, ovate, acute to broadly acuminate, glandular, ciliate, the lower somewhat foliaceous, the upper petaloid, greenish or purplish; calyx pubescent or hispid with spreading hairs, glandular, o f t e n purplish; corolla-tube exserted, the upper lip cleft about half way to base.—San Jacinto Mts., 9200 f t . July. 12. M. crispa Elmer. Stems about 1 f t . high, much branched f r o m a woody base, tomentulose or the young p a r t s white-tomentulose; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, undulate, pubescent, punctate below, % to 1 in. long, petiolate; heads mostly solitary, compact, subglobose; bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, membranous; calyx villous-pubescent; corolla purple, the tube b u t little exserted.—Coast of S a n t a B a r b a r a Co. at Surf. May. 13. M. undulata Benth. Stems erect, simple or loosely branched, 5 to 15 in. high, reddish-brown; herbage puberulent or often somewhat hispid; leaves thickish, oblong-oblanceolate or linear, obtuse, narrowed at base, undulate-margined, % to 1% in. long; heads IV2 to 2 in. broad; bracts broadly ovate or almost round, thin and somewhat scarious, whitish or pinkish, obtuse or acute, without cross veinlets between the conspicuous parallel nerves; calyx-teeth triangular, or somewhat oblong, not cuspidate; corolla rose-purple.—Hills near the sea: P t . Eeyes; San Francisco; s. to S. Cal. June. 1 4 . M . l a n c e o l a t a G r a y . MUSTANG M I N T . P i g . 8 2 8 . S t e m 14 t o 2 % f t .

high, simple or branched, glabrous below, puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, entire, % to 2 in. long; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, glandular, minutely ciliate, the lower foliaceous, the upper often purplish; calyx pubescent, the acute teeth ciliate; corolla rose-purple, its lobes long and narrow.—Hill slopes or valleys, 1500 to 4000 (or to 6000) f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Shasta Co. to Mariposa Co.; Monterey Co. to the San Bernardino and San J a c i n t o mountains and San Diego

Co.

Yar.

MICROCSPHALA

Gray.

Much branched; heads much smaller; bracts not over % in. long. — San

x Vz; b, bract of involucre x 1 vii ; c, fl. x comb. More freely and divaricately branching; leaves more o f t e n ellipticlanceolate; corolla well exserted, dark red-purple.—Montane, 5000 to 6000 f t . : Cuvamaca Mts.; San Jacinto Mts.; s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. (Madronella sanguinea Greene.) Var. GLANDULIFERA J t n . Upper p a r t s of the stems, also the leaves and bracts, covered with stalked glands; corolla dark redpurple, the tube and throat glandular.—Browns Flats, San Antonio Mts. D i e g o Co.

V a r . SANGUINEA J e p s o n

n.

15. M. pringlei Gray. Stem simple or branched f r o m the base, 10 to 12 in. high; herbage finely pubescent, sometimes glandular above; leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate, entire or remotely toothed, % to 1 in. long, tapering to a petiole; heads small, very compact, terminating the main stem and branches; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, purple-tipped, strongly veined, without cross-veinlets, pubescent, ciliate, 4% lines long; calyx pubescent, the teeth strongly hairy within; corolla-tube exserted.—Sandy soil, San Bernardino Valley.

884

LABIATAE

M. £LMERI Abrams. Puberulent; leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate; calyx-teeth narrowly triangular-subulate, herbaceous or tinged with rosepurple (ex char.).—Acton, Los Angeles Co. 16. M. candicans Benth. Stem simple below, somewhat branched above, 5 to 13 in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves lanceolate to oblong, obtuse, puberulent, % to 1 % in. long, tapering to a slender petiole; bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, pubescent, greenish with" white tips and margins, the parallel nerves with cross veinlets between; calyx-teeth more or less villous, the tips white.—Foothills, 500 to 2500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Eldorado Co. May-June. Var. EXILIS Gray. Bracts often purplish, the apex acuminate, this and the margins white.—Sandy flats, deserts or arid mts., 2500 to 4000 f t . : Mohave Desert and bordering mountain slopes; s. Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. 17. M. leucocephala Gray. Stems branching, 6 to 7 in. high; herbage pubescent; leaves oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, 6 to 8 lines long, petiolate; heads many, small, terminal or axillary; bracts ovate to orbicular, acuminate, thin, white-scarious, the nerves pubescent; tips of calyx-teeth white, subulate, recurved, hispid.—Sandy soil, Merced plains. June. 18. M. douglasii Benth. Fig. 829. Stems loosely branched, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage below bracts pubescent, often hispidulous; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled, % to 1 % in. long, the upper somewhat resinous-dotted; heads on terminal or axillary peduncles; bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, resinousdotted, with strong pinnate ribs confluent along the margin, the spaces between them silvery-scarious; calyx sparingly hirsute-pubescent, the teeth hirsute within; corolla deep purple, the tube little exserted beyond the cuspidate triangular-lanceolate calyx-teeth; lobes of upper lip ending in a cup-like gland.—Hill slopes, 1500 to 2500 f t . : Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and Pacheco Peak ranges from Contra Costa Co. to San Benito Co.; e. slope Santa Cruz Mts. I t is remarkable for its fenestrate bracts. Var. PAIIRYI Jepson n. var. Stouter, about 6 in. high; bracts pur829. Monardella douglasii Benth.; a, habit plish, strongly hirsute-ciliate, broader, * b, bract of involucre X i y 2 ; c, fl. x w i t h l a r g e r f e „ e s t r a e . — Chico, B u t t e ' ' g Co. (C. C. Parry, type). 19. M. brfrweri Gray. Stem 6 in. high; herbage finely scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, short-petioled, the lower over 1 in. long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate, whitish-scarious, the outer pinnately 7 to 9-ribbed, the inner with the ribs parallel and converging to the point; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, not cuspidate; corolla rosecolor or rose-violet, the tube much surpassing the calyx.—Corral Hollow (inner South Coast Range). 22.

LiCOPTTS L.

WATER HOREHOUND

Perennial herbs similar to Mentha, but bitter and much less aromatic. Flowers small, white or whitish, in sessile capitate glomerules, apparently whoiled, the upper axils flowerless. Calyx campanulate. 4 or 5-toothed (naked in the throat). Upper lobe of corolla entire. Fertile stamens 2, the upper pair without anthers, the tips of the filaments in ours thickened. Nut-

885

MINT FAMILY

lets with thickened margius. (Greek lukos, wolf, and pous, foot, perhaps on account of t h e shape of the leaves in t h e original species.) Stems from creeping rootstocks, not bearing stolons; leaves petioled, irregularly and inciselv toothed 1. L. americanus. Stems from a root-crown, perennial by stolons; leaves sessile, regularly serrate 2. L. lucidus.

1. L. a m e r i c a n u s Muhi. Fig. 830. Stom erect, b r a n c h i n g above, 2 to 3 f t . high, very acutely 4-anyled, from creeping rootstocks, not b e a r i n g stolons; h e r b a g e n e a r l y g l a b r o u s : leaves broadly or n a r r o w l y lanceolate, incisely toothed or laciniate-pinnatilul, k 1 to 2 in. long, n a r r o w e d a t base into a slender p e t i o l e ; calyx-teeth a c u t e ; corolla-tube filled w i t h horizontally s p r e a d i n g h a i r s which close t h e tube jy as w i t h a fine mesh; r u d i m e n t s of sterile s t a m e n s conspicuous; inner angle of n u t l e t granulose a t apex.— San B e r n a r d i n o Valley; lower Sacramento R i v e r ; San F r a n c i s c o ; n. to B. C., e. to t h e A t l a n t i c . Sept.-Oct. (L. lacerus Greene.) 2. L . lucidus Turcz. Stems stoutish, not so s h a r p l y angled as in no. 1, a t base p r o d u c i n g stolons; leaves b r o a d l y or n a r r o w l y oblong, coarsely a n d incisely toothed, sessile, t h e lower 3 in. long and % in. wide, t h e upper reduced; calyx-teeth a t t e n u a t e - s u b u l a t e . •—Salt marshes a n d river b o t t o m s : San ' " & B e r n a r d i n o Valley; Los Angeles; San F r a n c i s c o ; B e n i c i a ; S u i s u n ; n. to O W a s h . ; ne. Asia. Aug. 23. M E N T H A L. M i n t

oon

..

„

„

( 830. tLycopus americanus Muni.; a. fl. stem

V e r y odorous perennial herbs, mostly * % ; 6, fl. x 2 a ; c, fruit and calyx x 10; nutlet ventral with slender creeping rootstocks, d - n u t l e t . d o r s a l ' usually tomentose or h a i r y and w i t h r a t h e r small flowers in whorls, which are either remote or spicate or c a p i t a t e . Calyx c a m p a n u l a t e or s h o r t - t u b u l a r , commonly 5-toothed, n e a r l y regular, or 2-lipped. Corolla w i t h a short t u b e ; upper lip e m a r g i n a t e or entire, scarcely or n o t a t all l a r g e r t h a n t h e lobes of t h e lower lip. S t a m e n s 4, erect and n e a r l y equal. N u t l e t s smooth. ( A n c i e n t Greek name.) Flower-whorls in the leaf axils, distinct. Herbage commonly light green; branches leafy to the ends; calyx-teeth similar and equal or nearly so 1. If. arvensis. Herbage somewhat grayish; leaves toward the end of the branches reduced and inconspicuous; calyx-teeth dissimilar, the 2 lower lanceolate-subulate 2. M. pulegium. Flower-whorls in terminal spikes or some in the upper leaf axils. Leaves petioled; spikes thick, dense or little interrupted 3. M. piperita. Leaves sessile or nearly so; spikes slim, mostly interrupted 4. M. spicata.

1. M . arvGnsis L . T u l e - M i n t . F i g . 831. Stems simple or much b r a n c h e d , 1 % to 4 f t . long, developing suckers a t b a s e ; herbage tomentose-pubescent or hoary to greenish and almost g l a b r o u s ; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, s h a r p l y s e r r a t e , 1 to 2% in. long, t a p e r i n g a t base into a short petiole; whorls of flowers o f t e n shorter t h a n t h e petioles; calyx pubescent, i t s t e e t h % to % as long as t h e t u b e ; stamens well exserted.—Common in marshes and meadows of valleys and mts.: e. to t h e A t l a n t i c . Aug.-Sept. Cymes sometimes raised out of t h e axils on peduncles. (M. canadensis Fl. W . Mid. Cal.) 2. M. pul£gium L . P e n n y r o y a l . Stems 1 to 2 f t . long, erect or p r o s t r a t e and r o o t i n g a t t h e j o i n t s ; h e r b a g e pubescent w i t h short w h i t e h a i r s ; leaves elliptic- to oblong-ovate, s e r r a t e or entire, % to 1 in. long, petioled; whorls

886

SOLANACEAE

dense, the leaves smaller or inconspicuous towards the ends of the branches; 3 upper calyx-teeth triangular, acute, the 2 lower lanceolatesubulate, ciliate-bristly. — Nat. from Eur.: Sonoma Co.; Marin Co.; islands of the lower San Joaquin. 3. M . piperita L . PEPPERMINT. Stem erect, commonly strict and unbranched below the terminal inflorescence; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparsely and sharply serrate, distinctly petioled; spikes dense, scarcely interrupted; calyx resinous-glandular, the lower teeth subulate, the upper ones triangular-acute; corolla white with a pink tinge or purple; lobes of lower lip spreading, similar to the upper lip.— Nat. from Eur., along streamlets in low fields: Berkeley; Hay wards; Alvarado. Sept. M. CITKATA Ehrh. Bergamot Mint. Stems producing leafy stolons at base; herbage glabrous; l o w e r leaves 831. Mentha arvensis L.; a, fl. branchlet x broadly ovate, truncatish at base; % ; b, fl. X 2*4 ; e, nutlets x 7%. and corolla glabrous; corolla calyx purple.—Adv. from Eur.: Mecca; San Bernardino; Fresno. 4. M. spic&ta L . SPEARMINT. Similar to no. 3; leaves sessile or subsessile; flower-whorls crowded; spikes very narrow, leafless, commonly interrupted; calyx campanulate, its teeth subulate, nearly as long as tube.—Nat. from Eur., rather common in wet places: Berkeley; Napa Valley; Lake Co. M. ROTtiNDirdiJA Huds. Apple Mint. Stems producing leafy stolons; herbage woolly-pubescent, the leaves often white beneath; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, serrate, subcordate at base, channeled on the upper side opposite the veins; calyx and corolla puberulent; corolla white.—Adv. from Eur.: San Bernardino Valley; Los Angeles Eiver. S O L A N A C E A E . NIGHTSHADE FAMILY Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves. Flowers complete and regular. Peduncles terminal or axillary, bearing an umbel, cyme or panicle, or a solitary flower. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed, usually persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes valvate or imbricate and mostly plicate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its divisions. Ovary superior, 2-celled; style 1; stigma entire or sometimes 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or capsule.— Datura has a falsely 4-celled capsule. Petunia has the upper leaves opposite. ( A family distinguished on the whole by its poisonous or acrid properties; includes such cultivated plants as Chilies, Cayenne Pepper, Tomato, Potato, Ground Cherry, Bitter-sweet, Belladonna, and Petunia.) F r u i t a capsule; corolla tubular or funnelform. Flowers solitary in the axils; herbs. Corolla very large; capsule spiny, falsely 4-celled 1. DATURA. Corolla very small; capBule smooth, 2-celled 2. P E T U N I A . Flowers in a terminal panicle; capsule 2-celled, smooth 3. NICOTIANA. Fruit a berry. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m ; spiny Bhrubs 4. L Y C I U M . Corolla rotate; herbs, or some species woody at base. Anthers connivent, longer than the filaments; calyx remaining small.5. SOLANUM. Anthers not connivent, mostly shorter than the filaments. Calyx herbaceous, not inflated, closely investing the berry 6. CHAMAESARACHA. Calyx in fruit becoming large and bladdery, and loosely enclosing the b e r r y . . 7. P H Y S A L I S .

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

887

1. DATURA L. THORN-APPLE Coarse rank-smelling herbs. Leaves large, ovate, mostly sinuate-dentate, petioled. Flowers large, solitary on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, in our species at length cutting through near the base, the lower part persisting as a collar or rim beneath the capsule. Corolla funnelform with ample limb, convolute-plicate in the bud. Stamens included; filaments long. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule prickly or spiny, 4-valved from the top or the valves indefinite. The placentae project from the axis into the middle of the cells and connect with the walls by a partition imperfect at the top and thus form a falsely 4-celled ovary and capsule. (The Hindoo name, dhatura.) Calyx not prismatic; corolla large (6 to 8 in. long), its limb 3 to 6 in. wide; capsule nodding on the short recurved pedicel, bursting irregularly, the calyx-rim rotate; seeds light-colored, flat, smoothish, with a cord-like m a r g i n ; perennial 1. D. meteloides. Calyx prismatic; corolla small (2 to 4 in. long), its limb 2 in. wide or less; capsule definitely 4-valved, the calyx-rim re flexed; seeds dark-colored, finely rugose and roughly pitted; annual. Capsule nodding, globose, pubescent as also the stout prickles 2. D. discolor. Capsule erect, glabrous. Corolla purplish or bluish; prickles subequal 3. D. tatula. Corolla white; prickles very unequal 4. D. stramonium.

1. D. meteloides DC. TOLGUACHA. Fig. 832. Erect branching plant 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage grayish; calyx with 5 lanceolate teeth; corolla white, tinged with violet, its limb 3 to 6 in. wide, provided with 5 slender teeth y2 to % in. long; anthers white, 6 lines long; capsule globose, 1 in. long, densely prickly, indefinitely valved or bursting irregularly; prickles short, to 2 lines long, dilated and pubescent at base. — Sandy valley lands, 20 to 4000 f t . : Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys to coastal S. Cal.; Inyo Co. to Colorado Desert; e. to Tex., s. to Hex. July-Sept. 2. D. discolor Bernh. Plants low, 1 to IV2 f t . high, more or less grayish-pubescent; leaves round-ovate, sinuately or laciniately few-toothed, 2 to 4 in. long; corolla white with indigo flush in throat, the limb with 5 slender subulate teeth; anthers white; capsule nodding.—Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz.; Mex. 3.

D . t i t u l a L . PURPLE THORN-

832. D a t u r a meteloides DC.; a, fl. branchlet; b, fi. x Yi.

APPLE. Plants 1 to 2 f t . high; stems purplish; corolla purplish; anthers purple, 2 lines long; capsule ovoid, with many very stout subequal prickles.—Nat. from trop. Am.; infrequent but widely distributed in the state. 4. D. stramdnium L. STRAMONIUM. Similar to the preceding, but the stems greenish and the flowers white; capsule with few prickles, the lower much shorter than the very stout upper ones which are % in. long.—Introduced f r o m trop. America and widely distributed in the state but infrequent. Also called Jamestown Weed and Jimson Weed. 2. PETUNIA Juss. Viscid herbs with small entire leaves, the upper disposed to be opposite. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnelform. Stamens 5, conspicuously unequal, 2 long, 2 shorter and a fifth still shorter,

888

SOLANACEAS

all inserted low in the corolla-tube. Hypogynous disk fleshy. Capsule ovoid, its valves elongating and separating f r o m the partition. (Petun, an Indian name of tobacco.) 1. P . parvifldra Juss. Diffusely branched f r o m the base, the stems 4 to 13 in. long, prostrate; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 4 to 7 lines long; calyx-lobes linear; corolla purplish-red or purplish-blue, 2% to 3 lines long, the lobes apiculate, the upper side with a white circular distended spot; f r u i t i n g calyx twice as long as the capsule; seeds reticulated.—Dried beds of pools and sandy stream bottoms: Santa Clara and Sacramento Cos. to Orange Co., thence to the Colorado River; e. to Tex. and Fla.; trop. Am. 3. N I O O T L A N A L .

TOBACCO

Heavy-scented usually viscid-pubescent herbs (except one) with entire leaves. Flowers in panicles or racemes. Calyx persistent, more or less investing the f r u i t , 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla f u n n e l f o r m or salverform. Filaments filiform, mostly included. Ovary 2-celled, with large and thick placentae. F r u i t a smooth 2-celled capsule, septicidal, and the valves promptly 2-cleft a t apex, thus seeming as if 4-valved. Seeds small, numerous. ( J e a n Nicot, French diplomat and author of the most ancient dictionary in the French language, but more celebrated as having introduced tobacco into France from Portugal.) Herbage glaucous; shrub; flowers yellow 1. if. glauca. Herbage viscid; annual herbs; flowers white to greenish. Leaves auricled at the sessile base; flowers open during the d a y . . . 2 . N. trigonophyUa. Leaves petioled or sessile, rarely auricled; flowers open at night. Corolla-limb 3 to 5 lines broad. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the longer once to twice the length of the tube; leaves petioled or sessile 3. N. clevelandii. Calyx-lobes subequal, shorter than the tube; leaves petioled.. 4. N. attenuata. Corolla-limb % to 1 in. broad; leaves tapering into a petiole or sessile 5. N. bigelovii.

1. N . gl&uca Graham. TEEE TOBACCO. Soft-woody evergreen shrub 6 to 15 f t . high, very slender and loosely branching, with glabrous and glaucous herbage; leaves ovate, on petioles about half as long; flowers in terminal panicles; calyx unequally 5-toothed, 5 to 6 lines long; corolla 1% in. long, its tube dilated above summit of the calyx, the stamens inserted at this point; throat of corolla constricted j u s t below the short shallowly 5 (occasionally 4)lobed limb; capsule oblong, % in. long. — N a t . f r o m S. Am.: waste places about interior towns and along flood-beds of interior streams. 2. N . trigonoph^lla Dunal. Slender, 1 to 3 f t . high; leaves broadly oblong to ovate, acute, sessile and auricled, 2 to 5 in. long, the lower ones a t t e n u a t e a t base into a shortly winged petiole; flowers in nearly naked racemes; calyx cleft nearly half way into lanceolate lobes, about half as long as the corolla; corolla cream-white, 8 lines long, its limb 3% to 5 lines broad; filaments hairy a t very base, inserted a t middle of the tube.— Desert washes: Inyo Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. 3. N . clevel&ndii Gray. H a b i t and leaves of N. bigelovii; corolla 5 to 9 lines long, its limb 4 to 6 lines broad; filaments equally inserted low on the corolla-tube, glabrous or slightly puberulent towards the base. — Summer-dry _ „ stream-beds, 100 to 1500 f t . : coastal S. L3a3nch,eCt0txla^ H e ™ x ° ^ 'corolfa Cal., n to Santa B a r b a r a , e. to Colorado spread open x 1.

.Desert.

NIGHTSHADE

FAMILY

889

4. N . 4ttenu4ta Torr. COYOTE TOBACCO. Fig. 833. Stem branching, 2 to 4 f t . high; herbage glandular-pubescent, ill-smelling; lower leaves broadly ovate, the upper varying to narrowly lanceolate, all petioled; flowers many, racemosely or paniculately disposed along the branches, vespertine; calyxteeth lanceolate to subulate, % to as long as the tube; corolla-tube 1 to 1% in. long, with narrow limb 3 to 5 lines broad; filaments equally or only slightly unequally inserted low in the tube, pubescent below the middle; capsule longer or commonly shorter t h a n the calyx.—Dry stream-beds and sandy flats or valley floors, 100 to 4000 f t . , common throughout Cal., especially towards the interior; e. to Utah and Tex. July-Sept. 5. N . bigeldvii Wats. INDIAN TOBACCO. Fig. 834. Stem commonly branching, 1 y 2 to 2 f t . high; herbage with glandular indument, very illsmelling; basal leaves oblong-ovate, acute, petioled, the cauline similar or lanceolate, sessile or tapering to a bigelovii W a t s . ; a, fl. branchshortly winged petiole; or t h e lower 8 3 4let. Nicotiana x %; b, leaf x Vz ; c, corolla-tube x 1. distinctly petioled; flowers fewer than in N. a t t e n u a t a , mostly scattered racemosely along the branches; calyx with slender teeth as long as the tube; corolla-tube in. long, the limb 1 in. wide; filaments unequally inserted high in the tube, glabrous; capsule obtuse, shorter than the calyx.—Flood-plains of rivers and open floors throughout the valleys and foothills; e. to Nev. and Ariz. This and N. a t t e n u a t a were used by the Indians as a smoking tobacco; some of the tribes certainly cultivated these plants—their only strictly agricultural practice. 4.

L Y C I U M L.

DESERT THORN

Shrubs, ours rough-spiny. Leaves small, entire, usually narrow, commonly with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Flowers white, pale violet or lavender, pediceled, solitary or fascicled in the axils or terminal. Calyx 5 (or 4)-toothed or -lobed, persistent beneath the globular or oblong berry. Corolla funnelform, with 5 (or 4) lobes. Stamens 5 (or 4). (The country Lycia, in Asia Minor.) Ovary and fruit 'without s u t u r e s ; corolla glabrous (or glabrous w i t h a hairy margin in no. 4 ) ; stamens exserted or nearly s o ; filaments hairy or pubescent at base, inserted low on the corolla-tube. Corolla large, trumpet-shaped, its limb nearly as broad as the tube is l o n g ; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; berry dull white or purplish 1 . L. pallidum. Corolla smaller, tubular-funnelform; berry red. Leaves thick and fleshy, that is, pear-shaped but a little flattened. Corolla-tube little or not at all exceeding the calyx; calyx-teeth % to V< length of the tube 2. L. californicum. Corolla-tube 2 to 3 times length of the calyx; calyx-teeth % length of the tube 3. L. andersonii. Leaves plane, not bulbous or pear-shaped; corolla-tube to 3 times length of the calyx. Calyx-lobes 'A to % as long as the tube. Corolla 3 to 3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes with a tomentulose m a r g i n ; herbage mostly glabrous 4. L. torreyi. Corolla 1% to 2 times as long as the calyx, wholly glabrous; herbage puberulent 5. L. fremontii. Calyx-lobes equaling or exceeding the tube . . 6 . L. richii. Ovary and fruit with a horizontal suture on each side just above the middle; corolla puberulent, the sides of its lobes revolute; stamens included or almost wholly included in the tube; filaments inserted high in corolla-throat, their free portion glabrous 7. L. cooperi.

890

SOLANACEAE

1. Ii. pallidum Miers.

RABBIT

THORN.

Fig.

TOMATILLA. 835. Densely-

branched excessively thorny shrub, 1% to 3 ft. high and as broad, the branchlets flexuous; herbage glabrous; leaves slightly glaucous, oblanceolate, % to 1 in. long (the lower leaves of young plants spatulate-obovate, 1 to 2% in. long); flowers pendulous from the under side of the spreading branches; calyx less than half the length of the corolla, its lobes oblong, spreading, equaling or exceeding the calyx-tube; corolla narrowly bell-shaped, pure white to lavender, fading to pale yellow, 7 to 9 lines long, its limb 7 to 9 lines broad; stamens exserted; berry slightly depressed-globose, purplish or greenish white, glaucous, 4 to 6 lines broad.—Dry stony hills, 2000 to 3000 ft.: central Mohave Desert; e. to N. Mex. Mar.-Apr. 2. L. calif6rnicum Nutt. Glabrous shrub; leaves fleshy, 1 to 3 lines long; flowers whitish, mostly 4-merous; calyx-teeth % to % length of tube; corolla 2 to 3 lines long, its limb nearly 835. Lycium pallidum Miers.; a, fl. branch' as broad, its tube not exceeding the let x % ; b, leaf x % ; c, fl. x % ; calyx or only slightly.—Seacoast, Los d, berry x 1. Angeles Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. The leaves are often much thickened and as large as a grain of wheat. 3. L. andersonii Gray. WATEK JACKET. Fig. 836. Intricately branched scraggly shrub with needle-like spines, 1 to 3 or 5 ft. high, usually glabrous; leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, at least those of the fascicles pear-shaped but a little flattened, that is very thick and watery, to 3 or 6 lines long, on short almost filiform petioles % to % line long; flowers 1 or 2 in a place, either 4 or 5-merous on same branchlet; calyx very small, % to Yi length of corolla, its teeth almost minute; corolla whitelavender, aging buckskin-color, tubular-funnelform, glabrous (or the lobes very minutely ciliate), 4 to 6 lines long, the lower part of its tube about " -limb L. ander% line wide, the sonii Gray; 2 to 2y 2 lines wide; fl.x1%. stigma green; berry elliptic, to 2 lines long, red or at first chrome-yellow.—Dry stony hills, Mohave Desert, n. to Inyo Co.; e. to southern Nev. and Ariz. I t is remarkable for its very small fleshy leaves, pear-shaped but a little flattened. 8

3

6

4. L. tfirreyi Gray. SQUAW THORN. Fig. 837. Boughish but often sparingly thorny erect shrub 4 to 8 ft. high; herbage mostly glabrous; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, mostly narrowed below to a short petiole-like base, % to IVi in. long; flowers mostly 3 to 7 in a fascicle; calyx-teeth minute, puber837. Lycium torreyi Gray; o, fr. branchlet x 1 ; ulent; c o r o l l a lavender-purple, b, fl. x 1%.

NIGHTSHADE

FAMILY

891

tubular-funnelform, 5 to 6 lines long; its rotately spreading lobes with a well-defined tomentulose margin; berry bright red, globose, 3 lines broad.— Along washes and dry stream-bottoms: Mohave Desert; e. to Tex. and Mex. Yar. WRIGHTII Jepson n. comb. "Very leafy-fascieulate, the leaves thin, plane, narrow-oblanceolate, % to 1 in. long.—Riverside and San Diego Cos.; e. to Ariz. (L. andersonii var. wrightii Gray.) 5. L. fremfintii Gray. Shrub 2 to 4 f t . high; leaves spatulate, % to % in. long; herbage and calyx viscid-puberulent; calyx cylindric with short-triangular teeth; corolla pale violet, similar to L. torreyi, glabrous (or the lobes sometimes minutely ciliate); berry oblong to globose, 3% to 4 lines long.— Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz. 6. L. richii Gray. Shrub 4 to 8 f t . high, the branches slender, pliable or some rigid and spinescent; herbage glabrous or minutely viscid-puberulent; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 2 to 6 lines long; calyx about half the length of the corolla, its lobes linear or lanceolate, acute, equaling or exceeding the tube; corolla funnelform, 4 to 5 lines long, its lobes about half the length of the tube; stamens a little exserted.—Santa Catalina Isl.; San Diego; s. to L. Cal. L. PARisHii Gray. Similar to no. 6; herbage and calyx puberulent; calyxlobes mostly ovatish and rather shorter t h a n tube.—San Bernardino; Elsinore. 7. L. cooperi Gray. PEACH THORN. Tig. 838. Thorny compact densely leafy shrub 2 to 4 (or 6) f t . high, the branches and branchlets set mostly at right angles; b a r k smooth, whitish, or commonly dark red, in age black; herbage minutely pubescent and more or less viscid; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, narrowed to a short petiole, % to 1 in. long; calyx cylindric or in f r u i t enlarged and bowlshaped, rather densely glandular-hispidulose with short spreading hairs, its broad lobes % to as long as the tube; corolla greenish-white, || Q funnelform, minutely and rather weakly puberulent, rarely quite glabrous, 5 to 6 lines long, about twice the length of the calyx, its 8 3 8 - Lycium cooperi Gray; a, fl.; lobes rotate, later recurving, the sides revolute ' r' x in such a way as to give a horn-like effect to each lobe; ovary with a horizontal sutural depression on each side above the middle; f r u i t short-cylindric or a little contracted at apex, subglobose, 3 to 4 lines high, hard or bony at maturity.—Desert mesas and mountain slopes, 2000 to 5000 f t . : Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to southern Nev. 5.

S O L A N U M L.

NIGHTSHADE

Herbs or sometimes suffrutescent. Flowers in umbels on short lateral or terminal peduncles. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, with scarcely any tube. Anthers almost sessile, lightly connate into a cylinder surrounding the style, opening by 2 small pores a t the apex or longitudinally dehiscent. F r u i t a berry with several seeds. (Latin name of the Nightshade, from solamen, quieting.) Stems unarmed. Peduncles longer than the pedicels; corolla small, 5-cleft. A n n u a l ; flowers 2 to 2?4 lines broad 1. S. nigrum. P e r e n n i a l ; flowers 3 to 5 rh lines broad 2. S. douglasii. Peduncles much shorter than the pedicels or almost none, thickened into a cupulate node at the insertion of the pedicels; corolla larger, 5-angled or lobed, with greenish glands at base; perennial. Leaves mostly hastate at base 3. S. tenuilobatum. Leaves not hastate. Herbage viscidulous; hairs unbranched. Leaves crenate; coastal 4. wallacei. Leaves entire; mostly of the interior 5. S. xantii. Herbage not viscid ; leaves entire ; hairs branched ; coastal 6. S. umbelliferum. Stems armed with long straight prickles. P e r e n n i a l ; berry not enclosed in the calyx; calyx not prickly. . . . 7 . S. elaeagnifolium A n n u a l ; berry wholly enclosed by the prickly calyx 8. S. rostratum

892

SOLANACEAE

1. S. nigrum L . BLACK NIGHTSHADE. Fig. 839. Low spreading annual, 1 to 2 (or 3) ft. across, dark green and glabrous, more or less conspicuously scabrous on the angles of the stem, otherwise quite smooth; leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, acute, entire or sparingly and irregularly toothed or angulate-sinuate, 1 to 3 (or the very lowest 5) in. 839. Solanum nigrum L . ; a, umbel; long; corolla whitish, aging purplish, 2 6, f r . branchlet. x to 2% lines broad, its segments oblonglanceolate and ciliolate toward the apex; filaments and style pubescent; fruiting peduncles 6 to 11 lines long, bearing 3 to 5 berries on more or less recurved pedicels; berries blue-black, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, poisonous.— Nat. from Eur.: waste ground, commonly in shade or moist places, flowering through the summer into early winter. S. VILLÓSUH Hill. Like no. 1 but villous and somewhat viscid; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate; berries yellow.—Santa Monica; adv. from Bur. 2. S. douglásii Dunal. Similar to S. nigrum, but perennial; herbage lightly puberulent; leaves triangular-ovate, shortly acuminate, 1% to 2 in. long, on petioles % to % as long; corollas 3 to 7 lines broad; fruiting peduncles % to 1% in. long; berries 3 to 4 lines in diameter.—Monterey Co. to coastal S. Cal., thence through the deserts to Death Valley and Ariz. 3. S. tenüilobátum Parish. Stems woody at base, slenderly angled; herbage glabrate below, hirsutulous above; leaves linear to narrowly oblong, all except the uppermost linear-hastate at base; corolla 6 to 7 lines broad.—W. Colorado Desert. 4. S. wallácei Parish. Bush, 2 to 3 ft. high, the stems with tawny viscid hairs; leaves thickish, cordate or the upper ovate, crenate; corolla 1 to 1% in. broad; berry dark purple.—Seacoast from San Luis Obispo Co. to Los Angeles Co.; Santa Barbara Isls. Var. VÍEIDE Parish. Herbage glabrate, or hispidulous above.—Coast from Marin Co. to Monterey Co. 5. S. xántii Gray. Stems herbaceous, several to many from a woody rootcrown, erect or decumbent, mostly simple, slender and sparsely leaved, 1% to 2 ft. long; herbage typically gray-pubescent, sometimes green, the hairs simple, short, those of the stem spreading and somewhat viscid; leaves thinnish, elliptic-ovate, at base obtuse, truncate or subcordate, on petioles 2 to 7 lines long; flowers few in an umbel; corolla light azure or fading darker blue, 5 to 10 lines broad.—Foothills and mts., 100 to 4000 ft.: cismontane Cal.; w. side Mohave Desert. Yar. INTERMEDIUM P a r i s h .

Leaves

cor-

date or subcordate at base.—Coastal S. Cal. and n. to Sonoma Co. Yar. GLABRÉSCENS Parish. Leaves small, more or less attenuate at base, mostly narrow.—Throughout Cal. 6. S . u m b e l l i f e r u m E s c h . BLUE WITCH. F i g . 8 4 0 . S t e m s m o r e or

840. Solanum umbelliferum Esch.; sect, of fl. branchlet x %.

less woody at base, deep green, mostly 5-angled or -ridged, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage finely pubescent-tomentose, the hairs branched; leaves elliptic-ovate, rarely pinnatifid at base, 1 to 2 in. long or less, thickish, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; peduncles short or almost none; corolla blue, sometimes white, 10 lines broad, shallowly 5-lobed with 5 pairs of greenish glands near the base; berry, when fully ripe, dull white with a greenish zone toward the base, 4 to 8 lines in diameter.—Hill country, especially along gulches or in cañons: Coast Ranges near the coast from Mendocino Co. to Santa Barbara Co. MayJune, but often flowering at all seasons. 7. S. elaeágnifdlium Cav. BULL NETTLE. TROMPILLO. Stem branching, 1 to 3 ft. high, prickles very slender, copious or wanting; herbage silvery-canes-

NIGHTSHADE

FAMILY

893

cent; leaves linear to oblong, entire or sinuate, 1% to 2 in. long, disposed to be somewhat conduplicate; calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube; corolla violet or blue; ovary white-tomentose; berry dull yellow; lower stamen much longer than the other 4.—Introduced from the Great Plains: Imperial Valley; Riverside; Los Angeles; San Pedro; Bed Bluff. 8. S. rostratum Dunal. BUFFALO-BUR. Stem erect, branched, % to 2% ft. high; herbage stellate-pubescent; leaves pinnately but irregularly 5 to 7lobed, the lobes entire or again 2 to 5-lobed; corolla yellow; calyx wholly enclosing the berry, densely prickly, the prickles long and slender.—Native of the Great Plains, locally adventive: Santa Monica; Los Angeles; Yreka. 6. CHAMAESARACHA Gray Low perennial herbs, the stems few to several from the branched crown of a cord-like taproot. Leaves entire or pinnatifid, their petioles margined. Flowers 1 or 2 on axillary pedicels. Calyx herbaceous, neither ribbed nor angled, somewhat enlarged in fruit, closely investing the berry but open at the top. Corolla white or yellowish-white, rotate, 5-angulate, with 5 pairs of tomentose spots at base alternate with the stamens. Pedicels recurved in fruit, the berries hugging the ground or hiding against it. Seeds reniform, flattened, rugose or pitted. (Greek chamae, low, and Saracha, a Solanaceous genus of Cent. Am. and S. Am.) 1. C. nana Gray. Fig. 841. Stems 1 to 3, erect, 2% to 4 (or 8) in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves ovate, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, rather abruptly tapering into petioles half to as long; peduncles shorter than the petiole; corolla white, with 5 large greenish spots at base, % to 1 in. broad; fruiting calyx hemispherical, its teeth distinct, subulate; berry dull white or when fully ripe yellowish, 5 to 6 lines in diameter; seeds smoothish.—Sandy flats in the mts. or opens in pine woods, 5000 to 6000 ft.: e. slope Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to southern Ore. 7. P H Y S A L I S L .

GROUND-CHERRY

Herbs with solitary axillary flowers. Corolla rotate from a short-campanulate base, yellow or yellowish, its limb 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens not connivent. Calyx in fruit membranous and bladdery-inflated, its teeth mostly connivent, completely and loosely enclosing the juicy berry. Seeds in ours smooth but finely pitted. (Greek, phusalis, a bladder, referring to the calyx.) Annual; anthers commonly purplish or purplish-tingfed. Herbage glabrous or nearly so, not viscid. 1. P . lanceifolia. Corolla small ( 1 to 1 % lines broad) Corolla larger ( 5 to 7 lines broad). Fruiting calyx shorter than the pedicels; corolla yellow without an eye 2. P. wrightii. Fruiting calyx much longer than the pedicel; corolla yellow with a purplish eye 3.P. ixocarpa. Herbage not glabrous. Stems and leaves puberulent 4 .P. pubescens. Stems and petioles short-pilose 5. P. greenei. Perennial; leaves or some of them cordate; anthers commonly yellow. Pedicels shorter than the flowers; herbage with branched or stellate hairs 6. P. fendleri. Pedicels long and filiform; herbage more or less minutely puberulent but without stellate hairs. Herbage green and seemingly glabrous 7. P. crassifolia. Herbage grayish-pubescent 8. P. hederaefolia.

894

SOLANACEAE

1. P. l&ncelfdlla Ness. Similar to P. wrightii but the leaves narrower and less toothed; calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than the tube; corolla narrowly campanulate, IV2 lines broad.—Bare, F t . Yuma; e. to Tex., s. to S. Am. 2. P. wrightii Gray. Eight to 13 in. high; herbage subglabrous; leaves c o a r s e l y or somewhat saliently toothed, 1 to 2% in. long, on long petioles; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, rather longer than the tube; corolla yellow, 5 to 6 lines broad, its tube glabrous; fruiting calyx ovateglobose, % to 1 in. long, 10-nerved, equaling or somewhat shorter than the pedicels.—Eare, Colorado Desert; e. to Tex. 3. P. ixoc&rpa Brot. TOMATILLO. Fig. 842. Much-branched, 1% to 2 f t . high, the stems angular; herbage glabrous or the younger parts finely pubescent; leaves ovate, toothed or a few sub-entire, V2 to 2% in. long; flowers on very short (1 to i y 2 lines long) pedicels; calyx-teeth shorttriangular;

corolla

lemon-yellow,

842. Physalis ixocarpa Brot.; a, fl. branchlet

with 5 brown spots towards base, its ; c, ir. calyx x 1. x 1; b, stamen x 2 limb rotate, % in. broad, its tube short and open, very hairy with white hairs which conceal 5 shallow pits alternating with the purple filaments; f r u i t i n g calyx globose-ovate, % to in. long, little angled.—Orchard weed, nat. from Mex.: s. San Benito Co.; Ojai Valley; Pomona; San Bernardino; Winchester. 4 . P. pubiscens L . H U S K TOMATO. Slender, diffuse, pubescent throughout or at least the stems scantily soft-pubescent; leaves thin, ovate, apiculate, nearly entire, often equaling the petioles; calyx-teeth lanceolate, equaling the tube; corolla 3 to 5 lines broad, yellow with dark center; fruiting calyx exceeding its pedicel.—Introduced from the se. U. S.: F t . Yuma; Visalia. o. P. grSenei Vasey & Rose. Erect-spreading, 1 to l1/^ f t . high; herbage viscid, the stems and petioles short-pilose, the blades puberulent; pedicels about 1 in. long; flowers 5 lines long; calyxteeth acute or acuminate, % as long as the tube; corolla greenish-yellow; fruiting calyx globose-ovate, the angles hispidulose. — Bare in coastal S. Cal.: Elsinore; Ysidora; s. to L. Cal.

...

..

.. .. „

..

-

843. Phvsalis crassifolia Benth.; a, n. branchlet; b, fr. calyx x % .

6. P. fendleri Gray var. cordifolia Gray. Similar to P. crassifolia; pubescence or most of it branching; leaves cordate-ovate, 1 to 2% in. long; pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth % to V2 as long as the tube, acute; fruiting calyx globose-ovate. •— Providence Mts.,> e. Mohave Desert; e. to southern

Utah.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

895

7. P. crassifólia Benth. Fig. 843. Stem diffusely branching, forming plants 1 to 3 ft. broad and % to 1 ft. high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves broadly ovate, % to 1 (or 1 % ) in. long, repandly few-toothed or entire, mostly truncate or subcordate at base and usually with one side decurrent on the petiole; pedicels 2 to 3 times length of flower; calyx-teeth triangular-acute, -/4 to % as long as the tube; corolla pale buckskin-yellow, with recurving limb 6 to 7 lines broad, its tube exceeding the short-cylindric calyx and with 5 hairy bands at summit, one opposite each lobe; filaments with branched spreading hairs; fruiting calyx 1 to in. long.—Washes or cañón beds, rather common in the desert ranges: Death Valley; e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; s. to Mex. 8. P. hedéraefólia Gray. Stem branching, 8 to 10 in. high; herbage finely pubescent (or "viscid-pubescent"), somewhat grayish on the young parts; leaves ovate, subentire to sinuate-toothed; pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth lanceolate, as long as the tube.—E. Mohave Desert: New York Mts.; Leastalk; e. to Tex. SCROPHULÁRIÁCEAE. FIGWORT F A M I L Y Ours herbs excepting Diplacus and some species of Pentstemon and Castilleia. Leaves simple, entire or toothed, rarely parted or pinnatifid. Flowers complete. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs (one pair shorter than the other), or one pair sterile, or stamens 2 only, always inserted on the corolla. Verbascum has 5 perfect stamens and in several genera the fifth stamen is present as a sterile filament or rudiment. Corolla commonly 2-lipped (sometimes nearly regular and 4 or 5-lobed); upper lip 2-lobed or with a snout-like, hooded or hooked prolongation (galea); lower lip 3-lobed, frequently 3-saccate. Calyx synsepalous or sometimes chorisepalous. Ovary superior, 2-celled; style 1; stigma 2-lobed or entire. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-valved capsule, with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence, or opening near the apex by pores; seeds numerous or often few, with a minute mostly straight embryo in abundant endosperm.—An interesting family biologically, the species in California numerous, many of them the showiest of West-American plants. A. Anther-bearing stamens 5; leaves alternate. Corolla nearly r e g u l a r , rotate, with short t u b e ; Tribe VERBASCEAE

filaments

( o r some of t h e m ) very h a i r y . — 1. VERBASCUM.

B. Anther-bearing stamens less than 5. 1 . COROLLA WITH A SPUR OR SAO AT BASE OF TUBE ON LOWER SIDE OR GIBBOUS AT BASE, OFTEN WITH A PROMINENT PALATE (SEE ALSO GENUS 1 1 , NO. 1 6 ) \ CAPSULE OPENING NEAR THE APEX, USUALLY BY PORES OR CHINKS. Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE. S t a m e n s 4, all with a n t h e r s . Corolla-tube with a s a c a t b a s e ; palate closing the throat 2. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla-tube with a spur at b a s e ; palate seldom closing the t h r o a t 3 . LINARIA. S t a m e n s 2, their a n t h e r s borne u n d e r the a r c h e d r i d g e of the upper lip 4. JIOHAVEA. 2 . COROLLA WITHOUT SPURS OR SACS AT BASE o r TUBE, 2-LIPPED TO NEARLY REGULAR; CAPSULE VALVATE. a. Upper

Up of corolla

not

galeate; leaves opposite (except no. 20), or the upper sometiw.es alternate. S t a m e n s with a n t h e r s 4 ; fifth stamen present as a sterile filament, scale, or mere g l a n d . — Tribe CHELONEAE. A n n u a l s ; fifth stamen present as a r u d i m e n t or gland. Corolla strongly declined, strongly 2-lipped; middle lobe of lower lip folded lengthwise into a s a c enclosing the stamens and style 5 . COLLINSIA. Corolla minute, little declined, the lobes rotately s p r e a d i n g ; some cauline leaves ternately divided or p a r t e d 6. TONELLA. Perennials. Corolla short, inflated, with 4 lobes erect and 1 reflexed; sterile stamen reduced to a scale adnate t o upper lip 7. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla tubular, from strongly to obscurely 2-lipped; sterile filament conspicuous, about equaling the fertile ones. Seeds not w i n g e d ; a n t h e r s woolly or glabrous 8. PENTSTEMOX. Seeds with a broad m e m b r a n o u s w i n g ; a n t h e r s woolly 9 . CHELOXE. Stamens 4 or 2 ; fifth stamen wholly absent. L e a v e s opposite, a t least the lower. Corolla 2-lipped ( 3 lobes in lower lip, 2 in u p p e r ) or subregular and 5 - l o b e d . — Tribe GRATIOLEAE. S t a m e n s 4, all with a n t h e r s (except no. 1 2 ) ; corolla 2-lipped. Calyx t u b u l a r or campanulate, 5-toothed.

896

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Corolla t u b u l a r o r f u n i i e l f o r m , o f t e n elongated. Caiyx 5-angled, p l i c a t e - c a r i n a t e or p r i s m a t i c . Shrubs 10. DIPLACUS. Herbs 11. MIMULUS. Calyx n o t p r i s m a t i c , slightly 5 - s u l c a t e ; s t a m e n s 4, 2 f e r t i l e ; annual 12. MIMETANTHE. Corolla o p e n - c a m p a n u l a t e ; stems creeping, b e a r i n g t u f t s of leaves a n d flower-scapes; d i m i n u t i v e a n n u a l . . . 13. LIMOSELLA. Calyx 5 - p a r t e d or -divided. Stems e r e c t o r a s c e n d i n g ; anther-cells s e p a r a t e a n d s t i p i t a t e 14.

STEMODIA.

Stems c r e e p i n g ; anther-cells u n i t e d 15. BACOPA. S t a m e n s w i t h a n t h e r s 2 ; sterile p a i r p r e s e n t o r n o n e ; corolla t u b u l a r , little or n o t a t all 2 - l i p p e d ; calyx of 5 almost d i s t i n c t sepals. Corolla-Hps n e a r l y e q u a l ; sterile filaments s h o r t or n o n e . . 1 6 . GRATIOLA. L o w e r lip of corolla l a r g e r t h a n u p p e r ; sterile filaments f o r k e d 17.

ILYSANTHES.

Corolla 4-Iobed, little or n o t at all 2 - l i p p e d ; calyx 4 - p a r t e d . — T r i b e VEROXICEAE. S t a m e n s 4, 2 sterile; corolla broadly c a m p a n u l a t e ; leaves in a basal t u f t . . . . 18.

SYNTHYRIS.

S t a m e n s 2 ; corolla s u b r o t a t e ; leaves m a i n l y c a u l i n e 19. VERONICA. L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e ; flowers in a one-sided r a c e m e ; s t a m e n s 4 . — T r i b e DIGITALEAE 20.

DIGITALIS.

b. Upper lip of corolla galeate.—Tribe EUPHRASIEAE. Anther-cells u n e q u a l , s e p a r a t e d ; leaves a l t e r n a t e . Calyx 2-cleft or 4-cleft; bract« m a i n l y w i t h colored tips. Calyx t u b u l a r , cleft b e f o r e a n d b e h i n d ; u p p e r lip of corolla l o n g a n d n a r r o w , v e r y m u c h longer t h a n the small 3-toothed lower l i p ; p e r e n n i a l s except two

2 1 . CASTILLEIA.

Calyx t u b u l a r - c a m p a n u l a t e , 4 - c l e f t ; u p p e r lip of corolla n a r r o w , not so g r e a t l y o r not a t all e x c e e d i n g the i n f l a t e d 3-saccate lower l i p ; a n n u a l s except three 22. ORTHOCARPUS. Calyx of 2 d i s t i n c t divisions, or t h e u p p e r division w a n t i n g ; corolla lips of n e a r l v equal l e n g t h ; b r a c t s n e v e r colored; a n n u a l s 2 3 . CORDYLAXTHUS. Anther-cells equal, p a r a l l e l a n d a p p r o x i m a t e . L e a v e s o p p o s i t e ; calyx c a m p a n u l a t e , deeply cleft b e f o r e a n d b e h i n d ; anther-cells mucronate; annuals. Corolla w h i t e a n d p i n k ; anther-cells n e a r m a r g i n s densely s h o r t - h a i r y ; l a t e r a l calyx-lobes notched 2 4 . BELLARDIA. Corolla yellow; a n t h e r s pilose; l a t e r a l calyx-lobes deeply d i v i d e d 25.

PARENTUCELLIA.

L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e o r b a s a l ; calyx n a r r o w l y c a m p a n u l a t e , cleft in f r o n t , sometimes b e h i n d , u n e q u a l l y 2 to 5 - t o o t h e d ; anther-cells n o t m u c r o n a t e ; p e r e n n i a l herbs 2 6 . PEDICULARIS.

1. VERBASCUM L. M U L L E I N Usually biennial herbs with tall virgate stems and alternate leaves. Flowers ephemeral, in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with 5 nearly equal segments, ours commonly yellow. Stamens 5, all with anthers; all of the three posterior filaments woolly-bearded. Stigma undivided or bilamellate. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves cleft at apex and the septa parting from the persistent axis, releasing many pitted or roughened seeds. (Corrupted from Barbascum, the old Latin name.) P l a n t s v e r y woolly; flowers sessile P l a n t s w i t h g r e e n h e r b a g e ; flowers pediceled. F l o w e r s u s u a l l y s o l i t a r y ; pedicels l o n g e r t h a n calyx F l o w e r s c l u s t e r e d ; pedicels n o t l o n g e r t h a n calyx

1. V. 2. Y. 3. V.

thapsus. blattaria. virgatum.

1. V. thapsus L. COMMON MULLEIN. Stout, densely woolly, 3 to 6 ft. high; basal leaves 6 to 12 in. long, obovate-lanceolate or -oblong; cauline leaves oblong, entire or crenate, crowded, the stem winged by their very decurrent bases; flowers in a very long dense simple spike; spike 1 to 3 ft. long, 1*4 in. thick, sometimes with one to several short spikes at base; lower filaments mostly naked; seeds pitted, the pits in rows.—Flats, valleys, mountain ridges or dry stream beds, nat. from Eur.: very common in the Sierra Nevada pine belt; North Coast Ranges. 2. V. blattiria L. MOTH MULLEIN. Slender, 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage green and glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-pubescent; leaves not decurrent, 4 in. long or less; upper leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate, cordateclapsing; lower leaves oblong, more coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, the basal ones narrowed to a short winged petiole; flowers yellow or white, 1 in. broad, in a long loose simple raceme; pedicels longer than the calyx; filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs.—Foothills and valleys throughout Cnl., not common; nat. from Eur.

FIGWORT

FAMILY

897

3. V. virg&tum Stokes. Simple or branching above, 3 to 4 ft. high; herbage pubescent, the raceme glandular; leaves lanceolate, sessile, clasping, crenate, to 3 in. long, the lower oblong-lanceolate, coarsely crenate or pinnately cleft, 6 to 12 in. long, petioled; spike interrupted, the bracts small; pedicels often in 2s or 3s, not longer than the linear or lanceolate calyx-lobes; otherwise very like a taller form of no. 2.—Roadsides and waste places near Los Angeles, nat. from Eur., not common: Alhambra; Eagle Rock Valley; Pomona; Sierra Madre; El Monte. 2.

ANTIRRHINUM

L.

SNAPDRAGON

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, the upper usually alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes or solitary in the upper axils. Corolla gibbous or saccate at base on lower side; palate often closing the throat. Fertile stamens 4, the filaments often dilated toward apex, the fifth stamen commonly represented by a gland. Capsule dehiscing by irregular apertures or pores at the base of the style; style deciduous or persistent. (Greek anti, like, and rhinon, nose, because of the snout-like flowers.) A.

Perennials.

S h r u b b y ; p e r s i s t e n t style b e n t b a c k w a r d s 1. A. speciosum. Not s h r u b b y ; p e r s i s t e n t style s t r a i g h t or b e n t f o r w a r d s . S t e m s climbing b y s l e n d e r tortile petioles a n d axillary p e d u n c l e s ; sepals equal, longer t h a n the globular c a p s u l e ; flowers scattered, on long p e d u n c l e s ; corolla 6 to 10 lines long, t h e p r o m i n e n t p a l a t e n e a r l y closing t h e orifice; style s t r a i g h t . . 2. A. maurandioides. Stems erect, in no w a y c l i m b i n g ; sepals u n e q u a l ; flowers r a c e m o s e - s p i c a t e ; corolla 6 to 7 l i n e s long, t h e p a l a t e closing t h e orifice; style b e n t f o r w a r d . G l a b r o u s t h r o u g h o u t ; leaves l i n e a r or l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e ; r a c e m e s m o r e o r less s e c u n d , t h e flowers discrete or n e a r l y s o ; lower p a i r of filaments w i t h dilated t i p s 3 .A. virga. G l a n d u l a r - p u b e s c e n t a n d viscid t h r o u g h o u t ; leaves l a n c e o l a t e ; r a c e m e s dense, n o t s e c u n d ; filaments all m o d e r a t e l y dilated u p w a r d s . 4 . A. glandulosum. B.

Annuals.

S t e m s erect, in n o w a y c l i m b i n g ; calyx-segments e q u a l ; style p e r s i s t e n t , i n d u r a t e d , s t o u t a t base 5. A. cornutum. S t e m s climbing. P e d u n c l e s filiform, elongated, n a k e d , prehensile, t h e p l a n t climbing exclusively by t h e m ; calyx-segments a b o u t e q u a l ; style p e r s i s t e n t or d e c i d u o u s ; c a p s u l e e q u a l or n e a r l y s o ; s t e m s very slender w i t h r e m o t e leaves. S t e m s o f t e n n e a r l y s i m p l e ; calyx a n d outside of corolla g l a b r o u s ; corolla violetp u r p l e , gibbous a t b a s e ; style p e r s i s t e n t , s t r a i g h t 6. A. strict-urn. Stems a t l e n g t h m u c h - b r a n c h e d ; cal.vx a n d outside of corolla s o m e w h a t pubesc e n t ; corolla yellow o r white, s a c c a t e at b a s e ; style d e c i d u o u s , or if persistent, much curved 7. A. filipes. Axillary b r a n c h l e t s s l e n d e r , tortile ( t h e p l a n t climbing by m e a n s of t h e m ) ; calyxs e g m e n t s u n e q u a l ; p e r s i s t e n t style or its base b e n t f o r w a r d . G l a b r o u s u p t o t h e i n f l o r e s c e n c e ; flowers in a spike or dense r a c e m e ; b r a c t s m i n u t e o r l a c k i n g ; 3 u p p e r sepals slightly longer t h a n the o t h e r s 8. A . coulterianum Usually s o m e w h a t h i r s u t e or p u b e s c e n t b e l o w ; flowers s c a t t e r e d to densely r a c e mose, b u t l e a f y - b r a c t e a t e ; u p p e r sepal longer t h a n t h e others. N e a r l y g l a b r o u s above, h a i r y a t b a s e ; leaves n a r r o w l y lanceolate to l i n e a r ; I n y o Co 9. A. kingii. M o r e o r less p u b e s c e n t t h r o u g h o u t ; leaves lanceolate or ovate to oblong-ovate. Corolla-tube gibbous or gibbous-saccate at b a s e ; seeds l o n g i t u d i n a l l y c r i s t a t e - c o s t a t e ; S. Cal 10. A. nuttallianum. Corolla-tube saccate a t b a s e ; seeds n o t cristate-costate. L e a v e s a c u t e o r obtuse a t a p e x . S t e m s s l e n d e r ; leaves a l t e r n a t e , d a r k g r e e n , a c u t e or obtuse a t b a s e ; u p p e r sepal 2 to 4 l i n e s l o n g ; c o m m o n . . . 11. A. vagans. S t e m s s t o u t ; leaves m a i n l y opposite, l i g h t green, s u b c o r d a t e or n e a r l y so a t b a s e ; u p p e r sepal 4 to 6 l i n e s long, v e r y c o n s p i c u o u s a n d leaf-like; r a r e 12. A. subcordatum. L e a v e s mostly r e t u s e a n d w i t h a c o r n e o u s spot a t apex, sessile or nearly so; rare 13. A. ovatum.

1. A. speciosum Gray. Evergreen shrub 3 to 8 ft. high, not climbing, glabrous below, hairy at nodes, pubescent above; leaves opposite or in 3s, oval to oblong, obtuse or acutish, mucronate, coriaceous, 1 to 1 % in. long, shortly petioled; sepals lanceolate, nearly equal, 4 lines long; corolla scarlet, pubea-

898

SCROPHULARIACEAE

cent, tubular, saccate, 3 times as long as the sepals, its lips about equal, % the length of thé tube; palate prominent, b u t not closing the t h r o a t ; filaments hairy a t base, dilated above; gland lobed; capsule opening by irregular perforations a t apex; seeds costate, the ribs winged.—Santa Catalina and San Clemente islands. 2. A. maurandioides Gray. Stems very slender, 1 y 2 to 2% f t . long, climbing by petioles and peduncles; herbage glabrous; leaves alternate, triangularhastate or the lower cordate-hastate, the lateral lobes o f t e n with a posterior tooth; sepals lanceolate, acute;. corolla purple or sometimes white, 6 to 10 lines long, hairy within, gibbous at base; fertile stamens with filaments dilated above, hairy especially at base, the fifth stamen with short filament and abortive a n t h e r ; seeds corky-ribbed.—Providence Mts., e. Mohave Desert. 3. A. virga Gray. Stems erect, virgate, several f r o m the base, 2% to 5 or 7 f t . high; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, sessile, 2 to 3y 2 in. long; flowers red-purple in a mostly secund raceme, with subulate bracts; sepals ovate, acute moderately unequal, scarcely % the length of the corolla; corolla purple, 6 to 7 lines long, the sac a t base mammaeform; filaments all geniculate at the very base and all hairy, especially at the geniculation, the gland truncate.— Mountain ridges, 2000 to 3000 f t . , in chaparral or chamise: Miyakma and Napa ranges and e. to Mt. Konocti. The known stations are few. 4. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stems several f r o m the root-crown, stout, woody a t base, 3 to 5 f t . high, very l e a f y ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1 to 2% in. long, those of the short lateral sterile shoots mostly linear, about half as long, gradually diminishing into the bracts of the inflorescence; bracts commonly conspicuous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, the posterior one equaling, the others shorter than the oblong corolla-tube, this 4 to 5 lines long, saccate near base; corolla pink, pubescent without and within, 6 to 9 lines long; upper lip parted into two lobes, the lobes turned backward so as to be conduplicate; palate yellow, forming a prominent inverted sac; filaments geniculate at base, hairy especially at geniculation, dilated above; gland small, capitate; seeds closely and irregularly fimbrillate-cristate.—Mountain slopes, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia mountains; San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; central Sierra N e v a d a foothills in Calaveras and Tuolumne Cos. 5. A. cornùtum Benth. Simple or branching, 12 to 15 in. high, viscidvillous; leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 1 in. long, the lower petiolate; flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so; sepals not longer than the ovate-globular capsule; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, yellowish or purplish, the sac prominent, the lips nearly equaling the tube, the palate glandular, hairy; filaments nearly glabrous, dilated at apex, the longer strongly so and curved; gland small, capitate.—Infrequent or rare: inner North Coast Ranges f r o m Napa Co. to Shasta Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada foothills to Mariposa Co. Var. VENÔSUM Jepson n. var. Stem 6 to 12 in. high, simple or much branched, more slender, very floriferous; herbage glandular-villous; leaves smaller and narrower; flowers 3Y> to 4% lines long, solitary in the axils of all the leaves; corolla dull white, closely purple-veined, a thickly glandularhairy band extending from the palate into the t h r o a t ; filaments somewhat hairy on one side.—N. Napa Co. to w. Lake Co. (Scott Yalley, Tracy 2377, type). 6. A. strictum Gray. Stem 1 to 2 (or 3) f t . high, erect, simple or branching, often becoming weak and lax and climbing by tortile filiform peduncles, hairy below, the herbage otherwise glabrous; lowest leaves % to lYi in. long, often filiform, % to % as long as the peduncles; calyx-segments linearlanceolate, little unequal; corolla violet-purple, 5 to 6 lines long, the hairy prominent palate nearly closing the t h r o a t ; filaments dilated above; gland small, acute; f r u i t i n g calyx about equaling the crustaceous capsule; the style of equal length.—Near the coast, Marin Co. to San Diego Co. Mar.-May. 7. A. filipes Gray. Stems hairy below, similar to but more slender than in A. strictum, 2 to 4 f t . high, climbing by filiform peduncles 2 to 3 in. long; lower leaves ovate or oblong, the upper linear to lanceolate; corolla % in. long, with saccate base and hairy palate, bright yellow (in depauperate specimens small, w h i t e ) ; early flowers often cleistogamous; filaments some-

FIGWORT FAMILY

899

what dilated upwards; gland minute; capsule nearly membranous; seeds with corky-winged ribs.—Colorado Desert; n. to the central Mohave Desert. Apr.May. 8. A. cbulteri&num Benth. Fig. 844. Stems erect, 1% to 4 f t . high, glabrous below the inflorescence; basal leaves narrowly ovate, % to 1% in. long, petioled, the cauline linear or lanceolate, shortly petioled or sub-sessile, distant; raceme rather loose, spike-like, virgate, naked or with minute bracts, often producing tendril-like branchlets, villous-pubescent, viscid and sometimes glandular; calyx 2 lines long, exceeding the pedicels, the segments linear or lanceolate; corolla 4 to 5 lines long, purplish to white with yellowish hairy palate; palate prominent b u t not closing t h r o a t ; lower lip broad, 3 to 4 lines long, at least twice as long as the upper; upper lip deeply lobed, the lobes rounded, divergent; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, gibbous at base, the gibbosity almost as broad as the tube, obtusely conical and slightly directed filaments all dilated up844. Antirrhinum coulterianum Benth.; a, upwards; infl. X y2 ; b, leaf x Mi; c fl. x 1% ; d, cap- w a r d s . gland minute; style persistent, x bent forward a t base; seeds tuberculate-favose.—Foothills and valleys, Los Angeles Co. to San Diego Co. Var. nevinianum Jepson n. comb. Seeds longitudinally cristate-costate.—Coast of Orange Co. (A. nevinianum Gray.) 9. A. kingii Wats. Slender, erect or somewhat twining, 9 to 12 in. high, more or less hairy at base, above nearly glabrous, lower leaves narrowly linear to narrowly lanceolate, Vs to 1 in. long; upper leaves minute; calyx somewhat glandular, at length equaled or exceeded by pedicels; corolla white, purple-veined, 2 to 3 lines long, the tube slightly gibbous a t base, % the length of the posterior sepal and about equaling the others, the throat closed, the lips small, about equal; longer pair of filaments dilated upwards; gland minute; style persistent, short, subulate; capsule globular, slightly oblique; seeds favose-tuberculate.—Canons in the desert, 3000 to 5000 f t . : Inyo Co.; e. through Nev. to Utah. 10. A. mitt&llianum Benth. Stem simple or a t length much-branehed and diffuse, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage viscid-pubescent or glabrous below; leaves broadly ovate to subcordate, % to 1 (or 2) in. long, mostly petiolate; pedicels slender, the lower somewhat tortile, o f t e n longer than the flowers; corolla blue or violet, with a white blue-reticulated spot on lower lip; lower lip somewhat longer and much larger than upper lip, broadly oblong, emarginate, erect but with the sides turned backward; corolla-tube 2 to 3 lines long, equaled by the posterior sepal, gibbous a t base; palate closing throat, very prominent, with two hairy lines running down into t h r o a t ; filaments somewhat dilated above; gland minute or lacking.—Coastal S. Cal., 100 to 2000 f t . : s. slope foothills of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; s. to San Diego Co. Var. e f f u s u m Gray. Stems slender, climbing by tortile l e a f y branchlets, 4 to 5 f t . high; peduncles filiform, mostly twice as long as the leaves; ribs of seeds less wing-like.—Cismontane S. Cal. Var. subsessile Jepson n. comb. Stem erect, stout, somewhat branched but less diffuse; leaves % in. long, ovate, sessile or nearly so; peduncles shorter t h a n the flowers, sometimes shorter than the calyx; earlier flowers white, scarcely exceeding the calyx; cleistogamy common.—Cismontane S. Cal. (A. subsessile Gray.)

900

SCROPHULARIACEAE

11. A. vigans Gray. Fig. 845. Stem at first simple and erect, at length branching and very diffuse, the branches % to 1 y 2 ft. long; branchlets slender; herbage varying greatly from copiously to sparingly glandular-hirsute; leaves ovate, mostly 3 to 5 lines long, oblong to lanceolate and mostly y 4 to 1 in. long, the uppermost (especially those of the prehensile branchlets) reduced and 1 line long or less; calyx-segments very unequal, linear, e x c e p t the large uppermost one, this oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, nearly equaling the corolla-tube; corolla purple to whitish, to 6 lines long, the lips not strongly unequal, the palate glandular-pubescent, the tube saccate or shortly spurred; filaments dilated at apex; gland obtuse; style slender, as long as the capsule; seeds muriculateroughened or muriculate-reticulate to fimbrillate-favose. — Open or brushy slopes in the foothills, 500 to 2500 f t . : Eldorado Co. to Tuolumne Co.; Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Los Angeles Co. Var. rim&rum Jepson n. var. Lower part of stem with spreading white bristles; raceme dense, secund; seeds densely muriculate.—Morrison Canon, Niles (Jepson, type). Var. BRfcwEKi Jepson. Slender and less diffuse, the leaves linear-oblong to ovate, % to 1 in. long; raceme often seeund; corolla smaller (3 to 5 lines long), considerably exceeding the less unequal sepals.—North Coast Ranges from Napa and w. Solano Cos. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada foothills to Tuolumne Co. July-Sept. 12. A. subcorditum Gray. Stems stout, 2V2 to 3 f t . high, climbing by prehensile axillary branchlets (these commonly sterile and nearly naked), whitebristly below, glandular hispid above and on the branchlets; leaves mainly opposite, broadly ovate, mucronate, entire, entirely glabrous (or very sparsely ciliate at base), 1 to 1% in. long, subsessile, the lowermost alternate and petioled; flowers in a dense but somewhat interrupted leafy-bracteate spikelike raceme (or a few solitary in the lower axils and on the branchlets); pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, becoming somewhat elongated in fruit; calyx-lobes hispid, unequal, the posterior 4 to 6 lines long, leaf-like, the others 3% lines long, subulate-lanceolate, nearly equaling the tube of the corolla; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, hairy without and within, the tube 4 lines long, saccate at base, longer than the lips; upper lip shallowly 2-lobed, surpassed by the lower; filaments hairy at base, the shorter pair slightly, the longer pair much dilated towards the apex, the anthers free or either or both pairs connivent; sterile stamen represented by a small somewhat lobed capitate gland; capsule unequal-sided, the style persistent, bent downward; seeds numerous, favosefimbrillate.—Foothills, w. side Sacramento Valley in Glenn and Colusa Cos. 13. A. ovitum Eastw. Simple or branching, */> to 1% ft. high, glandularhairy; leaves ovate, 5 lines long, obtuse or retuse, with a glabrous corneous spot at apex; flowers axillary on short peduncles; posterior calyx-segment large, oblong, leaf-like; corolla 6 to 9 lines long, the tube somewhat curved, prominently saccate at base, throat open, the upper lip pink, the lower white; stamens with filaments dilated above, free or the longer pair connivent; gland somewhat capitate.—E. San Luis Obispo Co.

FIGWORT F A M I L Y

901

A. EMARGINATUM Eastw. Apparently close to 110. 13; upper leaves induplicate, the notch at apex subtended by a peculiar gland forming a gusset (ex char.).—Fresno. 3 . LINARIA J U S S . Annual herbs. Lower leaves opposite and the upper alternate, entire in ours. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, its tube with a lower spur at base on the lower side; upper lip erect; lower lip spreading, its prominent palate sometimes closing the throat, the middle lobe the smallest. Stamens 4. Capsule dehiscing below the summit by pores or slits, many-seeded. (Name derived from Linum, flax.) 1. L . canadensis Dum. TOAD FLAX. Annual or biennial; flowering stems one or several, erect, 6 to 18 in. high; leaves linear, mostly alternate or the lower ones and especially those of the procumbent basal shoots opposite or whorled and often broader; racemes loose; pedicels erect, short; corolla blue, 1 to 2 (or 4) lines long, the spur 2 lines long, upper lip greatly exceeding the lower.—Sandy soil, rather uncommon, but widely scattered through the state; N. Am., S. Am. 4. MOHAVEAGray Annual with lanceolate leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils on short pedicels but the internodes short and so forming a dense leafy spike. Sepals lanceolate, distinct. Corolla pale cream-yellow, much exceeding calyx, with very short tube and very ample limb which is somewhat campanulate and seemingly 2-petaled, but really composed of two fan-shaped lips; upper lip distinctly 2-lobed, lower lip shallowly 3-lobed, its strongly inflated but small palate with a central elevated yellow short-hairy crest and a depression either side of it. Stamens 2, connivent by their anthers over the curved tip of the style, all under the arched ridge of the upper lip. Capsule thin-chartaceous, the equal cells bursting, irregularly at apex. (Named for the Mohave Eiver where collected by Capt. Fremont.) Corolla pale cream-yellow, its lobes erose-denticulate Corolla lemon-yellow, its lobes mostly entire

1. .If. confertiflora. 2. M. breviflora.

1. M. confertifl6ra (Benth.) Hel. Erect, 3 to 13 in. high, simple or branching, viscid-pubescent; leaves opposite or the upper alternate, tapering to base, acuminate at apex, entire, 1 to 2% in. long; sepals 5 lines long; corolla 10 to 14 lines long, both lips penciled with fine dots in lines; capsule 5 to 6 lines long; seeds with a flattish crest or margin on back and an involute wing forming a cavity on the ventral side.—Rocky desert slopes, 500 to 2500 ft.: Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert. Apr.-May. (Antirrhinum confertiflorum Benth. Mohavea viscida Gray.) 2. M. brevifldra Cov. Two to 5 in. high; leaves narrowly ovate, attenuate, % to i y 2 in. long; corolla sulphur-yellow, 6 to 9 lines long, less dotted than in no. 1; palate pubescent over its entire surface.—Inyo Co. 5. COLLiNSIA Nutt. Annuals with simple opposite leaves. Flowers whorled, forming a raceme, or axillary and scattered. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla declined (the proper tube very short and the abruptly expanded or gibbous throat forming an angle with it), deeply 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, with erect lobes; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the middle lobe conduplicate or keel-shaped and enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Filaments long and filiform, the lower pair inserted higher on the corolla than the others; the gland at base of corolla represents the fifth stamen. Capsule septicidal, the valves soon 2-cleft. (Zaccheus Collins, American botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831.) The corolla is a striking imitation of the papilionaceous type. A. Flowers short-pediceled or almost sessile, crowded in whorl-Wee clusters. Filaments (commonly only the upper pair) and often the interior of corolla bearded. Calyx-lobes acute, upper lip of corolla nearly as long as the lower, the saccate throat oblique to the tube 1. C. bicolor. Calyx-lobes somewhat obtuse; upper lip of corolla short. Herbage staining brownish; saccate-ventricose throat forming a right angle with the tube of the corolla 2. C. tinctoria.

902

SCROPHULARIACEAE

H e r b a g e not staining brownish. Stem commonly strict a n d e r e c t ; flower-clusters 2 to 5 ; u p p e r corolla-lip conspicuous 3. C. bartsiaefolia. Caespitose, b r a n c h i n g f r o m base and diffuse or decumbent; flowers mainly in a solitary capitate cluster; u p p e r corolla-lip almost obsolete 4. C. corymbosa. Filaments beardless or nearly so. Glabrous; calyx-tube a n d lower portion of calyx-lobes w h i t e ; lower corolla-lip equaling the u p p e r ; interior of corolla-tube somewhat bearded 5. C. davidsonii. Glandular-puberulent; calyx uniformly g r e e n ; lower corolla-lip about twice as long as the u p p e r ; interior of corolla-tube glabrous 6. C. ffreenei. B. Flowers long-pediceled, solitary or the upper in whorls. Filaments (commonly only the u p p e r p a i r ) hirsute. H e r b a g e minutely viscid-pubescent above; u p p e r leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers 8 to 12 lines long 7. G. franciscana. H e r b a g e glabrous or slightly puberulent, not at all viscid; u p p e r leaves oblong or l i n e a r ; flowers 3 to 6 (or 8 ) lines long 8. C. sparsiflora. Filaments glabrous (the u p p e r pair in nos. 1 1 and 12 sometimes slightly h a i r y ) . Inflorescence not glandular or viscid. Calyx nearly equaling corolla, lobes of the latter entire 9. C. parvifiora. Calyx scarcely more t h a n % length of corolla, lower lobes of the latter retuse or emarginate. Calyx-lobes broadly s u b u l a t e ; flowers 6 to 9 lines l o n g ; seeds smooth 10. C. grandiflora. Calyx-lobes obtuse; flowers 3 to 4 lines long; seeds reticulate. . . 1 1 . C. parryi. Inflorescence glandular or viscid. Cauline leaves oblong to acutely ovate; calyx broad and square at base, the lobes acute 12. C. callosa. Cauline leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; calyx r o u n d i s h at base, the lobes acute or obtuse. Leaves thinnish, the cauline oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtusely serr a t e ; corolla-throat longer t h a n lips, these about e q u a l . 13. C. childii. Leaves thickish, the cauline linear or oblong-linear, mostly e n t i r e ; corollat h r o a t shorter t h a n lower lip, this s u r p a s s i n g the u p p e r 14. C. torreyi.

1. C. bicolor Benth. CHINESE HOUSES. Pig. 846. Simple or branching from the middle, Ys to 1% f t . high, glabrous or finely pubescent and often viscid above; leaves broadly oblong, or the upper with the broad base narrowed to the apex, serrulate, 1 to 2 in. long; pedicels shorter than the oblong-acute or lanceolate calyxlobes; corolla r a t h e r less than 1 in. long, with lower lip violet or rose-purple, the upper lilac or white, a little shorter than / the lower, the lobes recurved-spreading d and with low but distinct crests at the point of junction with the tube; saccate throat very oblique to the tube, bristly within, usually with 3 longitudinal purple lines beneath each lobe of the upper lip; whole corolla sometimes varying to white; gland conical; seeds reticulate-rugose, about 6 in each cell.—Very common in the edges of woods in the foothills, 50 to 2800 ft., throughout cismontane Cal. from San Diego Co. to Tulare, Calaveras, Shasta and Humboldt Cos. Apr.-June. Yar. CÓNCOLOR Jepson n. comb. Leaves linear or oblonglinear; calyx-tube hoary with long villous arachnoid pubescence, the segments obtuse; flowers smaller.—San Diego Co. (C. concolor Greene.) 846. Collinsia bicolor B e n t h . ; a, infl. x

% ; b, lower leaf x % ; c, cauline leaf x % ; d, stamen of lower pair x 2 % ; e, stamen of u p p e r pair x 2Vs.

2. C. tinctoria Hartw. Fig. 847. Stems stoutish, simple or diffusely branching, V> to 2 f t . long; herbage glandular-viscid above, at least on the branches, and imparting a brownish stain; lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, with short petioles, the upper ovate or triangular-lanceolate, sessile by a broad or subcordate base, serrate or entire, 1 to 3 or 4 in

FIGWORT FAMILY

903

long; calyx-lobes linear or oblong, obtuse; corolla white to yellowish, declined a little below the horizontal; upper lip very short with 2 transverse purple lines and a transverse ridge or crest; lower lip with longitudinal pencilings or lines; throat as broad as long, very strongly saccate-ventricose, forming a right or obtuse angle with the tube; upper pair of filaments bearded on upper side; gland conical; seeds small, smoothish.—Wooded hillsides, 500 to 3700 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Kern Co.; Napa and Hoods P e a k ranges to Mt. Diablo. June. The herbage gives an iodinelike stain to the hands. Var. STRicTA Jepson n. comb. Stem slender; foliage and flowers smaller than in the species; segments of upper lip of corolla very acute and replicate as well as reflexed. —Calaveras Co. foothills. (C. stricta Greene.) 3. C. birtsiaefdlia Benth. Stem erect, 4 to 9 in. high; herbage finely puberulent and often glaudular; leaves thickish or even fleshy, ovate or ovateoblong to linear, about 1 in. long; 8 4 7 . Collinsia tinctoria H a r t w . ; a, infl. x V2 ; b, corolla x 1 ; c, stamen of upper flower-clusters 2 to 5; calyx usually pair x 2 % ; d, stamen of lower pair x 2V2• white-villous, its lobes broad and obtuse; corolla whitish, the lower lip tinged with lilac or purple, less declined t h a n in no. 1, the upper lip with few purple lines or dots above, about the length of the curved gibbous throat, with a transverse callous crest or ridge a t its origin; lateral lobes of the lower lip o f t e n emarginate or obcordate; upper portion of throat of corolla pubescent inside; upper pair of filaments bearded on the upper side to the middle or above; gland sessile and elongated. —Sands near the seashore: Mendocino Co. to San Francisco and s. to S. Cal.; also San Joaquin Valley. Apr.-June. 4. C. corymbosa Herder. Stems several from the base, diffuse, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage almost glabrous; leaves oblong or oval, rather fleshy; corolla straightish, white or yellowish, its upper lip blue or bluish, the lobes almost obsolete; lobes of lower lip entire; gland small, short-stipitate; seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, rugose-reticulated.—Central Mendocino coast. 5. C. davidsonii Parish. Stem erect or ascending, 4 to 8 in. high, cymosely few-branched; leaves ovate or oblong; calyx-tube and lower portion of the obtuse lobes white; upper lobe of corolla pale blue or nearly white, transversely callous, the ample lobes few-toothed; lower lip with lateral lobes violet, keel white with dark tip; filaments beardless or the upper pair often somewhat bearded; gland stipitate; capsule not surpassing calyx-lobes; ovules 4 in each cell; seeds rugose.—Antelope Valley, w. Mohave Desert. 6. C. grfeenei Gray. Stem slender, diffusely branched, 6 to 8 in. high; herbage puberulent below, glandular-puberulent above; leaves linear, or tapering to apex, entire or obscurely dentate; pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx; corolla deep azure-blue; upper lip much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower, and very prominently wing-crested or toothed at its origin; lateral lobes of lower lip small; gland small; filaments glabrous.—Eocky places in the North Coast Ranges, 2000 to 5000 ft., f r o m ne. Sonoma Co. to Lake and Humboldt Cos. June. 7. C. franciscana Bioletti. Stem simple or branching, % to IV2 f t . high, erect or reclining on other plants; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, oblong or ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed, the lower or lowest roundish, entire, dentate or

904

SCROPHULARIACEAE

3-parted; pedicels of varying length; calyx-teeth acute or obtuse, the tube with 2 linear-oblong submembranous spots below each lobe; upper lip of corolla white, purple-spotted a t base, throat longer t h a n wide, closed; gland subulate; seeds rugulose.—San Francisco and San Mateo Cos. 8. C. sparsiflòra F. & M. Fig. 848. Stem slender, branched f r o m near the base, 4 to 18 in. high; herbage subglabrous or slightly puberulent, reddish; lowest leaves elliptical, 3 to 9 lines long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side, on petioles nearly as long, the upper oblong to linear, remotely serrate or entire, % to 1Vi in. long, becoming gradually sessile; corolla 4 to 6 lines long; upper lip bluish or sometimes yellowish a t base, purple-dotted at throat, hardly shorter t h a n the lower lip; lateral lobes of lower lip purple; upper lip with an evident transverse ridge or crest; keel sometimes yellowish externally, more or less pilose-pubescent; upper pair of filaments pubescent on the upper side; gland conical or somewhat elongated; seeds concave on one side and convex on the other, acutely margined, 848. Collinsia sparsiflora F. & M. ; a, fl. about 2 in each cell.—Common in low branchlet x 1 ; b, lower leaves x 1 ; fields or in wet places on hillsides, 50 to 2000 f t . : Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. in the Sierra Nevada foothills to Placer Co. Apr.-May. Var. arvénsis Jepson. Seven to 12 in. high; nearly glabrous except the setulose-hairy leaves and minutely setulose-ciliate calyces; corolla 6 to 8 lines long.—Grainfields: Lake, Sonoma and Marin Cos. 9. C. parviflòra Dougl. Diffuse or spreading, 3 to 9 in. high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves commonly lanceolate, varying to oblong or oblongoblanceolate, mostly entire (or remotely denticulate), mostly 1 to IV2 (Ms to 1%) in. long, the floral o f t e n in whorls of 3 to 5; pedicels solitary or, above 2 to 5 in a whorl, usually longer than the flowers; calyx-lobes lanceolate and acute, or triangular-subulate, hardly longer t h a n the mature capsule; corolla blue or partly white, the oblong gibbous throat longer t h a n the limb; gland small, sliort-stipitate; seeds thickish, marginless.—Montane, 4500 to 8500 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; North Coast Ranges, 2500 to 4500 ft., f r o m Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Ariz, and Ont. Yar. c o l l ì n a Jepson n. var. Leaves small (3 to 6 lines long), narrow, mostly crenate; calyx-teeth spinulose-ciliolate.—Nevada Co. foothills (Penn Valley, Jepson, type). 10. C. grandiflòra Dougl. Stem erect, branching, 6 to 15 in. high; herbage minutely puberulent, as also the pedicels, the calyces glabrous; lower leaves rounded, serrate or entire, 4 to 6 lines long, petioled, the upper oblong to linear, entire, % to 1% in. long, sessile; flowers in whorls of 3 to 8; calyxtube commonly whitish or membranous, the lobes broadly subulate; corolla 5 to 8 lines long, white or purple with lower lip deep blue or violet; saccate throat as broad as long; upper lip 2-callous; lobes of the larger longer lower lip retuse or emarginate; capsule shorter t h a n calyx.—Montane, 1500 to 4000 f t . : Plumas Co. to Modoc Co.; Mendocino Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. and Ida. Var. p u s ì l l a Gray. Small form, 6 to 8 in. high; corolla 4 to 5 lines long, more blue or violet throughout.—Weaverville, Trinity Co. 11. C. pàrryi Gray. Stem erect, simple or branched from base, 7 to 13 in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves 7 to 12 lines long, the upper lanceolate or linear, obtuse, mostly entire, sessile, the lower ovate or oblong, crenate, petiolate; pedicels as long as flowers, much elongated in f r u i t ; calyx-

FIGWORT FAMILY

905

lobes equaling throat of the deep blue corolla, also equaling or slightly exceeding the capsule; lips of corolla almost equal, the lobes emarginate.-—Foothills on the s. side of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. J u n e . 12. C. callósa Parish. Stem stout, erect, branched, 4 to 11 in. high; herbage glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; leaves ovate to linearoblong, mostly entire, somewhat revolute, subcordate a t the sessile base or shortly petioled, % to IV2 in. long; flowers solitary or in 2s or 3s; corolla light blue, 2 to 4 lines long, the lips about equaling the moderately gibbous throat, the lobes entire and equal, the lower lip with prominent internal folds or callosities below the sinuses; gland filiform; capsule shorter than calyx-lobes. —Montane, 2500 to 6500 f t . : desert ranges of Inyo Co.; Sierra Nevada (Inyo and K e r n Cos.) and sw. to the mts. of Ventura Co. and the San Gabriel Mts. 13. C. childli P a r r y . Stem erect, branching, 4 to 12 in. high, subglabrous or puberulent below, glandular-pubescent above; lower leaves obovate-rotund or oblong, 3 to 12 lines long, the upper oblong-lanceolate with narrowed base, I to 21/4 in. long; inflorescence glandular-pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; corolla 2 to 3 lines long, light blue or whitish lilac, its lobes of about equal length and entire or emarginate.—Montane, 5000 to 6000 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare and K e r n Cos.; San Bernardino and San Antonio mountains; s. to Cuyamaca Mts. The herbage stains brown. 14. C. tórreyi Gray. Stem erect, simple or usually widely branching, 2 to I I in. high, puberulent below, glandular above; upper leaves linear to lanceolate, entire or serrulate, narrowed a t base, or) 1 to 2 % in. long, the lower spatulate or oblong and petioled; flowers in whorls of 3 to 6, the pedicels glandular; calyx lobes linear, obtusish; corolla 3 to 3% lines long, deeply blue or violet, r a t h e r strongly declined, 3 times the length of the calyx; upper lip equaling, the lower longer than the ventricose t h r o a t ; seeds 1 in each cell, smooth.—High montane, 3000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; high North Coast Eanges. Var. LINEARIS Jepson n. comb. Larger, % to 1 f t . high; cauline leaves 1V-2 to 3 in. long; calyx-lobes acute; flowers dull white or light blue, 5 lines long, the lips longer than throat and tube; ovary-cells 3-ovuled.—N. Humboldt Co. and n. to southwestern Ore. (C. linearis Gray.) Var. RATTINII Jepson n. comb. E i g h t to 12 in. high; cauline leaves 6 to 14 lines long; calyxlobes broad, lanceolate, obtusish; corolla violet, 3 lines long, lips equal to throat and tube; gland subulate; cells of ovary with 1 to 3 ovules; capsule equaling calyx; seeds meniscoidal, margined.—Humboldt Co. (C. r a t t a n i i Gray.) Var. WKÌGHTII J t n . Three or 4 in. high; leaves linear, oblong or lanceolate, entire, 1 to 1% in. long; flowers axillary or the uppermost in a naked umbel; calyx 2 lines long, lobes obtusish ; corolla but little longer, the tube and throat shorter than the lobes, the lower lip blue, the upper yellowish; capsule equaling or shorter than the calyx, 2-seeded; seeds oblong, nearly terete with a deep ventral sulcus.—San Antonio Mts.; Mt. Pinos; Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Mariposa Co. (C. wrightii Wats.) Var. BRACHYSÌPHON Jepson n. comb. Simple, IV2 to 2% in. high; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, about 1 in. long; calyx-lobes obtuse, about twice the length of tube; corolla small, the throat twice as long as wide; lateral divisions of lower lip almost twice as long as keel; gland sessile; capsule slightly longer t h a n calyx; seeds 2.—Mt. Lassen to Placer Co. (C. brachysiphon Eastw.) 6. TONÉLLA N u t t . Slender branching annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, dentate or ternately divided. Flowers small, almost like those of Collinsia. Corolla scarcely declined, in ours 2-lipped; lower lip consisting of one somewhat fanshaped lobe; upper lip of 4 equal oblong lobes, the lateral ones narrower. Filaments thickened upward, the upper third microscopically glandular. F i f t h stamen represented by a small gland. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell. (Origin of name unknown.) 1. T. tenélla (Benth.) Hel. Stem erect, branching, almost filiform, 5 to 12 in. high; leaves heteromorphic, the lowest rotund to ovate, entire or with a deep notch on each side near the apex, 2 to 4 lines long, on petioles longer than the blade, the upper palmately 3-parted or -divided into oblong segments, the middle segment longest; bracts entire, shorter t h a n the pedicels;

906

SCROPH U L ARIACEAE

pedicels in 2s or 3s, as much as 1 in. long; corolla minute, little exceeding the calyx, white or very pale blue, the lobes of some of them with a few purple dots; lower lip slightly concave; capsule exceeding the calyx; seeds 1 to each cell.—Openly wooded slopes, 500 to 2700 ft.: Santa Clara Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. to Butte Co.; n. to Ore. Mar.-Apr. (T. collinsoides Nutt. Collinsia tenella Benth.) 7. S C R O P H U L A R I A L .

FIGWORT

Bank perennial herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers small, dull reddish, cymose, the cymes disposed in a narrow terminal panicle. Calyx 5parted into broad lobes. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube, the two upper lobes longer than the two lateral, all erect except the short deflexed lower one. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth sterile and adnate to the tube of the corolla, appearing like a scale under the upper lip. C a p s u l e septicidal, many-seeded. (Latin scrofulae, the plant a one-time remedy for scrofula.) z % ; b, infl. x % ; c, fl. x 2 ; d, upper lip x 2. 1. S. calif6rnica Cham. Fig. 849. Tall, 3 to 6 ft. high, glabrous except the finely glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves ovate, cordate at base, serrate or incised-serrate; corolla about 4 lines long, with a nectar-disk at base of flower.—Moist slopes or along gulches in the hills, 100 to 6000 ft.: throughout Cal.; Nev. to Ore. MayJune. Yar. FLORIBTJNDA Greene. Panicle with very flexuous branches.—Dry hills, w. Solano Co. Yar. CATALINA Jepson n. var. Stout, 4 or 5 ft. high; upper parts viscid, densely clothed with long glandular hairs.-—Santa Catalina Isl. (T. Brandegee, type). Var. LACINIATA Jepson n. var. Rather stout; stems and leaves pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, deeply cut into laciniate divisions, these sharply serrate.—Tehachapi Valley (Davy 2158, type); Riverside. 8. PENTSTEMON Mitch. Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants of hilly districts. Leaves opposite, the upper sessile. Flowers mostly showy, in racemes, panicles, or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and often inflated, the limb either slightly or strongly 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens with anthers 4, declined at base, ascending above; fifth stamen represented by a conspicuous sterile filament which is often dilated or bearded. Capsule septicidal (the valves cleft at apex through the persistent base of the style), many-seeded. Seeds angled. (Greek pente, five, and stemon, stamen.) A. Anther-cells joined at apex, soon spreading or divaricate, slit from the base to apex or % the way to apex, when completely slit the anthercells confluent and soon explanate. I.

A N T H E R S D E N S E L Y LONG-WOOLLY ; L O W B U T WOODY AT B A S E , T H E

LEAVES

CORIACEOUS.

Corolla blue or lavender; upper lip with the anther pairs well concealed under it, divergent: throat open; leaves mostly entire; var. davidsonii of. . . 1 . P. Corolla crimson; upper lip with the anthers well-protruded or exserted, its lobes throat narrow; leaves mostly serrate 2. P. II.

ANTHERS

G L A B R O U S OR S L I G H T L Y H A I R Y , N E V E R

its lobes menziesii. parallel; newberryi.

LONG-WOOLLY.

1. Filaments all bearded and pubescent at base; anthers glabrous; shrubs Corolla red, tubular, the lips much shorter than the long and narrow tube. Leaves in opposite pairs.

or

bushes.

FIGWORT F A M I L Y

907

Sterile filament densely bearded above; leaves mostly subcordate at base 3. P . cordifoliu8. Sterile filament bearded its whole length; leaves acute or subacute at base 4. P . corymboHus. ternatus. Leaves chiefly in whorls of 3 ; sterile filament bearded 5 .P. Corolla yellow or yellowish or white, the widely spreading lips longer than the short tube. Flowers in a panicle; corolla strongly gaping. Sterile filament not bearded; upper lip of corolla longer than tube. Corolla pinkish-white; upper lip strongly arched with a small apiculation or minute tooth on the back below the notch, not constricted below apex; leaves % to 2 % in. long 6. P. breviftorus. Corolla yellow; upper lip inarched, slightly notched, constricted a little beneath the apex; leaves 3 to 8 lines long 7.P. antirrhinoides. Sterile filament densely bearded above; upper lip of corolla shorter than t u b e . . . . 8. P. lemmonii. Flowers solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves; corolla not gaping, the lips shorter than the narrow tube 9. P . rothrockii. 2. Fertile filaments not bearded at base, the upper pair sometimes obscurely puberulent at base. a. Flowers % to in. long, commonly borne in a strict narrow or racemose panicle; herbage glabrous. Anther-cells slit from base to apex, the cells confluent at apex. Corolla strongly or at least markedly 2-lipped. Pedicels and calyx glandular-puberulent; leaves narrowly ovate to lanceolate or oblong, dentate or denticulate. Upper leaves broadly sessile. Corolla-tube shorter than calyx or scarcely to 1 line) longer, abruptly and conspicuously campanulate-inflated into a very wide throat; sterile filament densely bearded; corolla white or purplish or pink-tinted 10. P. palmeri. Corolla-tube longer than calyx; sterile filament glabrous; leaves glaucous; corolla pink or pink-red 11. P. fioridvs. Upper leaves cordate-clasping; corolla-tube shorter than calyx. 12. P. rattanii. Pedicels and calyx glabrous and non-glandular. Leaves ovate or oblong, serrate (except the lower), connate-perfoliate; sterile.filament glabrous; corolla red-purple 13. P. spectdbilis. Leaves linear or narrow-oblanceolate, entire, not connate-perfoliate; sterile filament hairy; corolla white or pale pink 14. P. fruticiformis. Corolla nearly regular or at least not markedly 2-lipped, red or scarlet, its lobes short, roundish, subequal. Leaves sharply dentate, the upper or some of them commonly connate-perfoliate. Corolla 8 to 9 lines long; sterile filament hairy, rarely glabrous; w. side Colorado Desert 15. P . clevelandii. Corolla 11 to 13 lines long; sterile filament glabrous; e. side Colorado Desert. 16. P. pseudospectabilis. Leaves all distinct, entire; sterile filament glabrous; leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or serrulate. Corolla scarlet, tubular; abundant 17. P . centranthifolius. Corolla red, narrow, the throat funnelform-dilated; uncommon. 18. P . parishii. Anther-cells slit towards but not quite to apex. Corolla red. Sterile filament with a tuft of bristles at apex; corolla barely 2-lipped 19. P . eatonii. Sterile filament glabrous; corolla strongly 2-lipped 20. P . labrosus. 21. P . glaber. Corolla blue or blue-purple; sterile filament bearded or not bearded b. Flowers 5 to 8 lines long, glomerate, the glomerules more or less whorl-like. Leaves entire. Apex of leaves not mucronulate. Sepals green or greenish. Herbage glabrous; pedicels and calyx glabrous; calyx-lobes scarious-margined and denticulate or lacerate. Flowers sessile or nearly so in dense whorls; sterile filament bearded; herbage green; high montane, common 22. P. confertus. Flowers on pedicels 1 to 4 lines long, in loose whorls; sterile filament glabrous; herbage glaucous; deserts, rare in Cal 23. P. acumin a tus. Herbage densely or minutely cinereous, the inflorescence viscid-villous; sepals glandular-pubescent, narrowly lanceolate-attenuate, in age glabrate and finely lineate longitudinally; sterile filament densely yellow-hairy at least half-way to base. Inflorescence 3 to 6 in. long, leafy-bracteate; corolla 6 to 8 lines long. . . 24. P . divergens. Inflorescence Vz to % in. long, with small bracts; corolla 4 to 6 lines long 25. P . calcareus. Sepals with narrow scarious or white margins; sterile stamen glabrous; deserts. Leaves conspicuously white-margined 26. P . albomarginatus. Leaves wholly green; var. thurberi of 27. P. ambiguus. Apex of leaves mucronulate; herbage cinereous; sterile filament bearded; var. californicus of 28. P . linarioides.

908

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves dentate or denticulate. Corolla yellowish or dull white; sterile filament glabrous; herbage and inflorescence glabrous, sometimes pilose 29. P . deustus. Corolla purple-blue; sterile filament hairy or glabrous; herbage glabrous; inflorescence glandular-puberulent 30. P . ovatus.

B. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped, the cells joined at apex and there dehiscent by a slit which extends only y 2 to % the way down the cells, the lower or basal portion remaining closed or saccate, never woolly, sometimes hairy; margins of anther-cells denticulate or ciliate, unchanged in position (not becoming divaricate); leaves all entire. Sterile filament lightly bearded; corolla blue, slender-funnelform, moderately 2-lipped, 6 lines long; inflorescence viscid-pubescent 3 1 . p. gradients. Sterile filament glabrous; corolla ventricose-funnelform, strongly 2-lipped, 9 to 15 lines long. Corolla blue to purple. Inflorescence glandular-pubescent. Leaves 3 to 8 times as long as b r o a d ; herbage, or at least the stems, finely cinereous-puberulent; flowers in an open p a n i c l e . . . .32. P . laetua. Leaves, at least the lower, broader than long or nearly as broad as long. H e r b a g e glabrous and glaucous; panicle open, broad 33. P. caeavus. Herbage densely canescent; panicle racemose 34. P. purpuaii. Inflorescence not glandular; panicle racemose. Herbage glabrous and blue-glaucous; middle cauline leaves commonly very much unlike those of the sterile basal shoots. . . . 35. P. jaff rap anus. H e r b a g e minutely cinereous-puberulent, sometimes glabrous; leaves all essentially alike 36. P. heterophyllus. Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, very strongly 2-lipped 37. P . bridgesii.

1. P. menzifesii Hook. var. davidsdnii Piper. Stems prostrate, forming a l e a f y mat from which arise the leafybracted peduncles; peduncles 1 to 2 (or 4 or 5)-flowered, the flowers spreading horizontally; basal leaves ovate and obtusish, or the lowest orbicular, entire, glabrous, 2 to 5 lines long, on short petioles; sepals lanceolate, glandular-puberulent, 4 to 5 lines long; corolla blue-purple, to 1% in. long, its lobes very short, its throat ventricose on the lower side, a hairy band running down from middle lobe of lower lip; upper lip recurving, lower lip erect (extended in direction of tube); sterile filament densely bearded at tip, much shorter but not " h a l f - s h o r t e r " than the other filaments; anthers long-woolly. — H i g h montane, 7000 to 12,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; Siskiyou Co.; e. to western Nev., n. to Wash. ( P . davidsonii Greene.) 2. P. newhirryi Gray. MOUNTAIN PBIDE. Fig. 850. Stems simple, arising from a woody base, 8 to 20 in. high; leaves orbicular to round-ovate, serrulate, coriaceous or elliptic, % to 1% in. longj racemes short, sessile or 850. Pentstemon newDerryi G r a y ; a, fl. rather short-peduncled; sepals narbranchlet x % ; b, stamen x 2; c, sterile filament x 2. rowly lanceolate; corolla crimson or bright red, 1 to lVs in. long, its lips nearly equal; upper lip erect, the lower with equal recurving lobes; lower lip with two densely bearded folds; anthers slightly exserted, densely woolly; sterile filament bearded at apex.—Montane, on rocky ledges, 4000 to 10,000 f t . : Mt. Shasta to Lassen, Nevada and Tulare Cos.; North Coast Ranges. June-July. ( P . sonomensis Greene. P. newberryi var. sonomensis Jepson.)

FIGWORT

909

FAMILY

3. P. cordifolius Benth. Fig. 851. Stems long and straggling, 3 to 8 f t . long, half-climbing over shrubs, very l e a f y ; leaves ovate, subcordate or truneatish a t base, serrate, veiny, ^ to 1 or 2 in. long, on short slender petioles or sessile; panicle short and leafy, mostly 1-sided, its branches short, horizontal or declined; sepals ovate-lanceolate; corolla scarlet, tubular, 1^4 to 1% in- long; upper lip erect, notched, nearly % as long as the tube; lower lip spreading, cleft to the middle, the lobes dilated a t tip; filaments flattened with narrow-oblong dilations at base, the dilations short-hispid on the m a r g i n s ; sterile filament densely bearded above on one side. — Canons and hill slopes, 500 to 2000 f t . : coastal S. Cal. f r o m San Luis Obispo and Ventura Cos. to San Diego Co.; Santa B a r b a r a Isls.; s. to L. Cal. 4. P. corymbbsus Benth. Stems 10 to 16 in. high, arising from depressed or low shrubby evergreen mats; herbage glabrous except the glandularpubescent inflorescence; leaves oblong and acute at both ends or narrowly ovate or the lower obovate, denticu- 851. Pentstemon cordifolius Benth.; a, fl. late or entire, Vi to 1% in. long, short- branchlet x %; b, fl x 1; c, anther before .. t j j3 . . • , , dehiscing 6 x 3 : d, anther after dehiscing x 3 : petioled; flowers in terminal corymbs; e_ s { er ; le filamellt x 1%. sepals linear or somewhat narrowed above; corolla scarlet, tubular,2-lipped, 1 to 1% in. long; lower lip abruptly spreading, 3-parted into oblong lobes, the upper lip erect, 2-cleft; filaments all pubescent at the very base, the sterile one bearded its whole length on one side.—Rocky ledges and cliffs, 500 to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges from Mt. Hamilton Range, Santa Cruz Mts., Lake Co. and Mendocino Co. to Shasta and Siskiyou Cos. (P. intonsus Hel.) Var.

PUBERULSNTUS

Jepson

n.

var.

Leaves tending to be elliptic; herbage puberulent. — B u t t e Co. (Richardson Sprs., Hall 6763, type).

5. P. ternatus Gray. Straggly bush 4 to 6 f t . high, the flowering stems virgate, arising from the older woody base; herbage, pedicels and calyx glabrous, the stems glaucous; old bark fissured into long narrow deciduous strips; leaves linear-lanceolate (or the lowest ovate), serrulate, % to 2 in. long, subsessile, borne in 3s, except the lower; flowers in an elongated racemelike thyrsus; corolla terra-cotta color, or pale scarlet, tubular, 1 in. long, 2„ „ , „. „ „ lipped, the lips 2 to 3 lines long; upper 8a2. Pentstemon breviflorus Lmdl.; a, fl. nh;i, „e r e c t . . t . i a j . l . i , . . „-p +i,0 branchlet x % ; b, fl. x 1; «, anther x 3; d, P < shortly notched; lobes of the sterilefilamentx l y2. l o w e r l i p linear-oblong or ovate,

910

SCROPHULARIACEAE

spreading; fertile filaments bearded at base; sterile filament densely bearded along its whole upper side.— Montane, 1500 to 7000 f t . : San Diego Co. to the San J a c i n t o , San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; n. to the southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. Aug. 6. P . brevifldrus Lindl. Fig. 852. Stems simple, elongated, from a branched woody base, 3 to 6 f t . high; herbage glabrous and glaucous, the pedicels, calyx and corolla glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, denticulate (or the lowest entire), % to 2% in. long; panicle ample, 6 to 9 in. long; sepals ovate, acuminate, 2 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, white with pinkish marking, deeply 2lipped, the upper lip oblong, erect, galeate, notched (with a small reflexed tooth in the notch), longer than the tube, beset with viscid hairs; lower lip with widely spreading oblong lobes; filaments approximate in center so as to close tube, glabrous, abruptly dilated at base, 8 5 3 . Pentstemon antirrhinoides B e n t h . ; a, the dilation oblong, densely hispidufl. branchlet x % ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, anther x 5 ; d, sterile filament x 2. lose-margined above; sterile filament glabrous; stamens exserted.—Dry hills, 1000 to 6500 f t . ; inner Coast Ranges from Ventura and San Luis Obispo Cos. to Shasta Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare Co.; e. to western Nev. 7. P . antirrhinoides Benth. Fig. 853. Much-branched evergreen shrub 1 to 8 f t . high; herbage minutely puberulent or subglabrous; leaves linear or oblong, 3 to 8 lines long, on a short but slender petiole; panicle ample, leafy; sepals round-ovate, acute; corolla yellow, very broad, 9 to 10 lines long, strongly gaping, its tube short and broad, shorter than the lips; upper lip erect, cleft, strongly incurved-arched, very slightly notched; lower lip deeply parted, its lobes turned downward; stamens exserted; filaments somewhat dilated at the middle, arising from an oblong dilation, the dilation densely short-hairy on its upper margins; sterile filament densely bearded on one side at apex.—Mesas, valley flats and canons, 1000 to 3000 f t . : coastal S. Cal. from the San Bernardino foothills to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. Apr.-May. . .. „ , leaves x % ; 6, infl. x % ; e, fl. x 1; d, anther X 3; e, sterile filament x 1 %. 8 5 4 . Pentstemon lemmonn G r a y : a. lower

8.

P . l e m m d n i i G r a y . B U S H BEARD-

TONGUE. Fig. 854. Bush 2 to 4 ft. high. ... , . , ° with vigorous erect glaucous stems from a woody base, rather remotely

FIGWORT FAMILY

911

leaved; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sparsely serrulate or entire, light green, glabrous, % to 2 in. long; sepals narrowly ovate, acuminate; corolla brownish-buff or purplish and dull yellow, small in. long), with short tube, campanulate-dilated throat and spreading lips; lower lip with 5 longitudinal purple lines running down into throat; sterile filament strongly bearded on one side of the curved apex; capsule 2 lines long.—Along streams in caiions, 800 to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Placer Co. July-Aug. 9. P . rothr6ckii Gray. Woody at base, forming a bush 10 to 20 in. high and twice as broad; stems of the season and calyces glandular-puberulent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, mostly subcordate at base, subentire or undulate-dentate, 3 to 6 lines long, subsessile; flowers sessile in the upper axils of the simple stems, the inflorescence thus spike-like, leafy below; corolla dull yellow or yellowish-white, sometimes purple-tinted outside, sparsely pubescent, 5 to 6 lines long; upper lip arched, notched, about half the length of the tube, the lower lip shorter than the upper, its lobes broadly oblong, recurving; filaments dilated at base, somewhat pubescent at base; sterile filament glabrous, pubescent at base.—Mountain slopes, 6000 to 8000 f t . : s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare, Inyo and Kern Cos.; San J a c i n t o Mts. (P. scabridus Eastw. P. jacintensis Abrams.) 10. P . p&lmeri Gray. Stems to 3 f t . high, woody at base; herbage glabrous, often glaucous, the peduncles, pedicels and calyx sparingly glandularpuberulent; leaves narrowly ovate to lanceolate (or the lowest obovate), sharply or spinulose-dentate, 1 % to 4 in. long, shortly petioled or subsessile; sepals ovate; corolla dull or cream-white, streaked or tinted with violetpurplish or pink markings, 1 to 1% in. long, the short tube not longer than the calyx, rather abruptly expanded into the broadly ventricose-campanulate throat; lips short, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower lip widely spreading, hairy on the palate; filaments glabrous or the upper pair obscurely puberulent at base; sterile filament densely yellow-hairy at tip, slightly exserted; style with rusty short hairs below.—Mountain slopes and flats, 2100 to 8000 f t . : mts. of coastal S. Cal.; n. in inner Coast Ranges to San Benito Co.; Mohave Desert; s. Sierra Nevada in Kern and Tulare Cos.; e. to southern Utah. JuneJuly. 11. P . floridus Bdg. Stem simple, 1 % to 3 f t . high; herbage glabrous, somewhat glaucous; leaves oblong to ovate or lanceolate, 1 % to 3 in. long; panicle virgate, the pedicels and calyx glandular-pubescent; corolla pink or pink-red, 11 to 12 lines long, its tube 3 to 4 lines long, the throat abruptly and strongly ventricose on the lower side, the upper side of the corolla nearly straight, the mouth a little constricted; upper lip erect or slightly bent backward; deeply cleft; lower lip deeply cleft, its lobes subequal, deflexed-curving; all the lobes very short (1 to 2 lines long) and very obtuse; sterile stamen glabrous.— Mountains bordering the northern Owens "Valley in Inyo Co., 6000 to 8000 f t . : e. slope Sierra Nevada; White Mts. 12. P . rattanil Gray. Stems several from the branched root-crown, erect, lVt to i y 2 ft. high; herbage glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; basal leaves ovate, dentate, V2 to 4 or 7 in. long, on petioles % to as long; cauline leaves oblong- or more commonly triangular-ovate, subcordately clasping, V2 to 214 in. long; flowers loosely glomerate in an open panicle, the glomerules long-peduncled from the axils; corolla slightly oblique, strongly 2-lipped, lavender or pale purple, 9 to 11 lines long, the throat campanulatedilated above the narrow tube; lower lip hairy on the palate; sterile stamen sparsely hairy.—Canons, 3000 to 4500 f t . : Mendocino Co. to Trinity Co. July. Y a r . mInor Gray. Inflorescence spike-like; flowers 6 to 7 lines long; sepals attenuate.—Del Norte Co. Var. k l 4 e i Gray. Sepals oblong.—Ben Lomond, Santa Cruz Mts. 13. P . spectabilis Thurber. Fig. 855. Stems slender, simple, 3 to 4 ft. high; herbage glabrous even to the calyx and corolla; leaves ovate to oblong, acutely dentate, coriaceous, glaucous, 2 to in. long, sessile or the lowest petioled, the upper connate-perfoliate; panicle open and elongated, 6 to 17 in. long; sepals oval, subacute; corolla blue or blue-purple, moderately 2-lipped, the

912

SCROPHULARIACEAE

throat red-purple to lilac, 10 to 15 lines long, the tube narrow, twice as long as the calyx, then abruptly dilated into the campanulate or ventricose throat; corolla-lobes truncatish or roundish, subequal, spreading, 2 % to 3 or 4 lines long; upper lip deeply cleft; sterile stamen glabrous.—Dry hills and valleys, 2000 to 4500 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to coastal S. Cal., thence e. to N. Mex. Var. gilmanii Jepson n. var. Leaves entire; corolla narrower/—Mt. San J a c i n t o (M. F . Gilman 744, type). 14. P . fruticiformis Cov. Stems 1 to 3 f t . high, only slightly woody at base; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, sessile or shortly petioled, l 1 /^ to 2 % (or the lowest to 5 % ) in. long; herbage glabrous throughout, a little glaucous; panicle open but somewhat narrow; corolla white or pale pink with deeper pink or lavender lobes, the throat ventricose-dilated on the lower side, the upper side of corolla nearly straight above the short (2 lines long) proper tube, the tube shorter than the calyx; lips widely gaping, the lower lip spreading, white-hairy at base; tion of leafy stem x % ; b, infl. x y 3 ; c, fl. upper lip notched, erect; sterile filax 1 ; d, anther x 3 ; e, sterile filament x 1. ment hairy at the dilated tip.—Arid montane slopes, 4000 to 6000 f t . : Panamint Mts.; Argus Mts. May-June. "Var. spicif&rmis Jepson n. var. Flowers in glomerate whorls, the inflorescence thus spike-like, the peduncles and pedicels only 1 to 2 lines long; corolla-lobes erosulate.—Upper Kern Kiver (near Trout Mdws., 6300 ft., Jepson 1045, type). "Var. i n c £ r t u s M. & J . Leaves 1 to 1 % lines wide; pedicels and calyces glandular-puberulent; proper corolla-tube twice as long as calyx.—Southern Sierra Nevada in Inyo Co. and K e r n Co. (P. incertus Bdg.) 15. P . clevelandii Gray. Stems slender, 1 to 2y 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous throughout or essentially so; leaves fleshy or coriaceous, oblong to ovate, commonly truncatish or subcordate at base, denticulate, 1 to 2 % in. long, the lower petioled, the upper or some of them connate-perfoliate or sometimes distinct; panicle virgate, rather densely flowered, % to IV4 ft. long; sepals ovate, acute, 1 % to 2 lines long; corolla red, tubular-funnelform, 8 to 9 lines long, the throat narrow but a little distended on the lower side, the lobes subequal, quadratish, spreading or sometimes closely reflexed; sterile filament moderately hairy at the dilated apex, rarely glabrous; capsule ovoid, twice as long as the calyx.—Easterly slopes and canons, 1000 to 4000 f t . : Santa Rosa Mts. s. to Cuyamaca Mts. and L. Cal. Apr.-May. "Var. connatus M. & J . Upper leaves connate-perfoliate; sterile filament densely bearded.—Canons on w. side Colorado Desert. Var. STEPHiNsn M. & J . Upper leaves connate-perfoliate; sterile filament glabrous.—Providence Mts. (P. stephensii Bdg.) 16. P . pseiidospectabilis Jones. Very near no. 15; stems erect, 3 to 4 f t . high; herbage glabrous and glaucous, the inflorescence sparingly glandularpuberulent; leaves oblong-ovate, sharply dentate, sessile or the lower petioled, or the upper connate-perfoliate, lYz to 4 in. long; panicle narrow, strict, the glomerules distinct, the bracts very small or foliaceous; corolla pink, tubular-funnelform, 11 to 13 lines long; sterile filament glabrous.—Chuckwalla Mts., e. Colorado Desert; e. to western Ariz. 17. P . centranthifolius Benth. S c a r l e t B u g l e r . Fig. 856. Stems slender, simple, 1 to 4 f t . high, ending in a virgate panicle; herbage glabrous and

FIGWORT FAMILY

913

glaucous; leaves ovate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire, sessile or subcordate-clasping; panicle v i r g a t e ; pedicels very slender, % to % in. long; sepals roundovate; corolla b r i g h t vermilion, tubular, 1 in. long, the lobes nearly equal, turned backward in sets of 2 and 3 and in this way obviously 2lipped; sterile filament glabrous; capsule 6 to 7 lines long. — Cliffs, sandhills or sandy flats, 600 to 4700 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; n. to San Carlos Range, e. Contra Costa Co. and Yaca Colorado Mts.; Mohave Desert; Desert; e. to Ariz, and southern Utah. Apr.-June. (P. subulatus Jones.) 18. P. parishii Gray. Stems slender, virgate, 2 to 3 f t . high, from a woody base; herbage g l a b r o u s throughout; leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, entire or serrulate, 1% to 2% in. long, the upper auriculateclasping, the lower sessile, the lowest short-petioled; panicle narrow, elong a t e d ; sepals ovate, acute; corolla red, tubular-funnelform, glabrous, 10 to 12 lines long, its lobes roundish, 11/, to 2 lines long; anthers slit f r o m 856. Pentstemon centranthifolius Benth.; a, end

to

end, not

denticulate;

sterile

Portion of leafy stem and infi x y4 ; 6, A. x 1 ;

i i i. tvi • A i j c, anther x 3; d, sterile filament x IV2. filament glabrous.—Plains, flats and valleys, 1000 to 3000 f t . : s. side San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains to e. San Diego Co. Apr.-May. 19. P. eatonii Gray. Stem simple, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, sessile or clasping, 1% to 4 in. long, the lower ovate to narrowly obovate or broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles V2 to as long; panicle v i r g a t e ; corolla vermilion, tubular, obscurely 2-lipped, 1 to 1% in. long, its subequal lobes broad and rounded, IV2 to 2 lines long; fertile filaments glabrous, the upper ones dilated a t base; sterile filament with a t u f t of bristles a t apex; anthers scrobiculate, cleft f r o m the base % of the way to the apex, the margin denticulate.— Mountain slopes bordering or in the deserts, 4000 to 6000 f t . : n. side Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert; e. to southern Nev. and Utah. May-June. P. MTJNZII J t n . Corolla red, funnelform-tubular, its lower lip reflexed; sterile filament glabrous (ex char.).-—-Providence Mts. 20. P. l'abrdsus Hook. Stems simple, slender, erect, IV4 to 2% f t . high, ending above in a virgate panicle; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves mostly basal or sub-basal, narrowly linear to oblanceolate, glaucous, entire, 2 to i r / i in. long, gradually narrowed a t base (especially the lower) to a broad petiole; sepals ovate, acute, the margin denticulate, flowers spreading or horizontal; corolla crimson, tubular, little enlarged upward, 1 to 1% in. long, its equal lips % or over % the length of the tube; upper lip erect, cleft about its length; lobes of lower lip widely spreading, linear, 5 to 6% lines long; sterile filament glabrous.—-In chaparral and forest, the leafy bases m a t t i n g the ground in opens, 4000 to 6000 f t . : Mt. Pinos and Ojai Valley s. through the San Bernardino, San Gabriel, and San J a c i n t o mountains to L. Cal. 21. P. glaber Pursh. Stems several f r o m a vertical rootstock, erect, 1% to 2 f t . high, the leaves chiefly basal; herbage, pedicels and calyces glabrous, rarely minutely puberulent; leaves narrow-oblanceolate, drawn down to a long petiole-like base, 2 to 4 in. long, the upper ones oblong to linear, sessile;

914

SCROPHULARIACEAE

g l o m e r u l e s sessile or s h o r t l y p e d u n c l e d a l o n g t h e m a i n a x i s , t h e i n f l o r e s c e n c e t h u s s p i k e - l i k e ; s e p a l s o v a t e , s e a r i o u s - m a r g i n e d , a c u m i n a t e ; corolla b r i g h t b l u e or p u r p l e , 1 t o 1% i n . l o n g , t h e t h r o a t f u n n e l f o r m , e n l a r g e d a b o v e t h e tube; anthers dehiscent not quite to apex; sterile stamen densely hispid a t a p e x or g l a b r o u s . — M o u n t a i n slopes a n d flats b o r d e r i n g t h e d e s e r t s , 2800 t o 8500 f t . : n . slope S a n B e r n a r d i n o a n d S a n G a b r i e l m o u n t a i n s ; M t . P i n o s ; T e h a c h a p i M t s . ; W h i t e M t s . ; S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o S i e r r a Co. a n d n. to S i s k i y o u a n d M o d o c Cos.; e. t o N e v . a n d W y o . , n. t o Ore. M a y J u l y . V a r . UTAHiNSis W a t s . H e r b a g e p r u i n o s e - p u b e r u l e n t , a s also t h e p e d i cels a n d c a l y c e s . — E . slopes or s u m m i t s of S i e r r a N e v a d a i n N e v a d a a n d E l d o r a d o Cos.; e. t o U t a h . 22. P . c o n f e r t u s D o u g l . S t e m s f r o m a r o o t - c r o w n ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; l e a v e s e n t i r e ; flowers g l o m e r a t e , t h e g l o m e r u l e s f o r m i n g w h o r l s ; c a l y x - l o b e s d e n t i c u l a t e or l a c e r a t e a t a p e x ; c o r o l l a y e l l o w , t h e l o w e r l i p w i t h a d e n s e l y h a i r y p a t c h i n c e n t e r ; s t e r i l e filament d e n s e l y y e l l o w - h a i r y a t a p e x . — W a s h , a n d Ore. R e p r e s e n t e d w i t h u s o n l y b y t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i e t i e s : V a r . P R O C E R U S Cov. S t e m s f e w f r o m t h e b r a n c h i n g r o o t - c r o w n , 1 % t o 1 % f t . h i g h , t h e l e a v e s b a s a l a n d cauline, the cauline leaves only m o d e r a t e l y reduced u p w a r d s , their b l a d e s l o n g e r t h a n t h o s e of t h e b a s a l l e a v e s ; i n f l o r e s c e n c e g l a b r o u s ( i n o u r s ) or g l a n d u l a r - p u b e s c e n t ; b a s a l l e a v e s o b l o n g or o b o v a t e , m o s t l y a c u t e a t b o t h e n d s , 1 t o 2 in. l o n g , g r a d u a l l y n a r r o w e d t o a p e t i o l e % t o % a s l o n g or s o m e t i m e s s u b s e s s i l e ; c a u l i n e l e a v e s o b l o n g t o o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e or l a n c e o l a t e , sessile b y a n a c u t e or b r o a d b a s e , 1 t o 3 i n . l o n g ; g l o m e r u l e s f o r m i n g 3 to 5 distinct a n d o f t e n remote whorls, the whorls thus interrupteds p i c a t e ; c a l y x - l o b e s d e n t i c u l a t e or lacerate a t a p e x ; corolla blue, tubul a r , s l i g h t l y 2-lipped, 6 t o 8 l i n e s l o n g , t h e lips about 1 line long.—Mount a i n slopes, 5000 t o 8000 f t . , u n c o m mon in Cal: Sierra N e v a d a f r o m F r e s n o Co. t o N e v a d a Co.; n. to Wash. (P. procerus Dougl.). I t passes by i n t e r g r a d e s into the var. caeruleop u r p u r e u s . V a r . RiGiDus J e p s o n n. var. Stems several f r o m the branched c r o w n of a s t o u t v e r t i c a l r o o t , e r e c t , r i g i d , 10 t o 13 i n . h i g h ; w h o r l s of inflorescence condensed, capitate-obl o n g , % t o 1 in. long.-—E. side S i e r r a N e v a d a i n E l d o r a d o Co. ( B r o c k w a y , L a k e T a h o e , J e p s o n 7742, t y p e ) . V a r . CAERirLEO-PUKPtiREUS G r a y . F i g . 857. S t e m s s e v e r a l or m a n y i n t u f t s f r o m a h o r i z o n t a l r o o t s t o c k , 6 t o 15 in. high, the foliaceous bases o f t e n f o r m i n g a loose l e a f y m a t ; p e d i c e l s a n d c a l y x g l a b r o u s or s o m e t i m e s minutely glandular-puberulent; basal l e a v e s n a r r o w l y o b o v a t e , Ys t o 1% i n . long, on petioles % as long; cauline 857. Pentstemon confertus var. caeruleo-pur- l e a v e s l i n e a r t o l i n e a r - o b l o n g or pureus Gray; a, base of plant x M ; b, fl. stem o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e , 1 % i n . l o n g ; flowx Vi ; c, fl. x 1% ; d, lower lip spread open • ° o tn 4 d i s t i n c t and nftpn rpand 4 stamens ers m ^ t o 1 d i s t i n c t a n a o i t e n re mote whorls; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, b l u e - p u r p l e t o p a l e b l u e , t h e t u b e r e d - p u r p l e . — H i g h m o n t a n e slopes a n d ridges, 7 0 0 0 to 1 0 , 0 0 0 f t . ; common: W h i t e Mts.; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. t o M o d o c Co.; Y o l l o B o l l y M t s . t o S i s k i y o u Co.; n . t o W a s h . ( P . h e t e r o d o x u s G r a y . ) V a r . G E N I C U L A T U S J e p s o n n. comb. M u c h c o n d e n s e d , IV2 t o 2 ( o r 4 ) i n . h i g h , t h e i n f l o r e s c e n c e r e d u c e d t o 1 (or 2) w h o r l s . — A l p i n e i n t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a , 9 0 0 0 t o 1 2 , 1 0 0 f t . , f r o m T u l a r e Co. t o M a r i p o s a Co. _ ( P . g e n i c u l a t u s G r e e n e . ) V a r . M O D £ S T U S J e p s o n n. comb. S t e m s 6 t o 8 i n . h i g h ; inflorescence usually dense (the whorls congested), t o IVi i n . l o n g ; corolla

FIGWORT FAMILY

915

very small (3y 2 lines long).—East side Sierra Nevada in Lassen Co.; e. to Nev. (P. modestus Greene.) 23. P. acuminatus Doug], Stems few from the branched root-crown, 9 to 18 in. high, l e a f y below the inflorescence to the base; herbage, pedicels and calyces glabrous and glaucous; cauline leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or ovate, commonly with rounded or subcordate sessile base, 1 to 3 in. long, the lower or basal linear or oblanceolate, commonly very much narrower, more or less petioled; flowers in whorled glomerules, the axis with 5 to 7 distinct and mostly approximate but loose whorls; bracts subcordate, mostly broader than long; corolla lilac or blue, tubular-funnelform, very moderately 2-lipped, 7 to 8 lines long; sterile filament dilated and densely yellowhairy.—Plains and valleys, 4000 to 6000 f t . : rare, Inyo Co.; n. to eastern Ore. and Wash. 24. P. divergens Jones. Stems few or several from a thick heavy rootstock, 7 to 10 in. high; herbage densely or minutely cinereous, the inflorescence densely viscid-villous; leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic, entire, coriaceous, 1 to 3 in. long, the cauline sessile or nearly so, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate, the lower ones on petioles % to 1 in. long; flowers in dense whorllike barely discrete glomerules, the inflorescence thus spike-like and only a little interrupted, 3 to 6 in. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate-attenuate; corolla red, narrow-campanulate above the short tube, 6 to 8 lines long; sterile filament densely yellow-hairy.-—Desert ranges, 5000 to 6000 ft., Inyo Co.: Coldwater Canon, White Mts.; Bishop; Hunter Eanch Mts.; Darwin. (P. monensis Hel.) 25. P. calcareus Bdg. Stems tufted on a woody root-crown, i y 2 to 3 in. high; herbage densely puberulent, becoming purplish in age; pedicels and calyces glandular-villous; leaves ovate to elliptic or lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or with a few remote minute teeth, % to l 1 ^ in. long, the petioles % to as long; flowers in a small panicle, the panicle dense, viscid-villous, V2 to % in. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate-attenuate; corolla pink, nearly tubular, 4 to 6 lines long; sterile filament hairy.—Providence Mts., e. Mohave Desert. 26. P. albomiirginatus Jones. Stems several from the root-crown, erect, 5 to 9 in. high; herbage glabrous, shining; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, entire, white-margined, drawn down to a short petiole-like base, % to 1 % in. long; panicle spike-like, l e a f y , the whorls distinct; sepals lanceolate, narrowly white-margined; corolla pink, tubular-funnelform, 5 to 7 lines long, its palate densely yellow-bearded; sterile stamen glabrous.—Deserts, rare: e. Mohave Desert ( L a v i c ) ; e. to southern Nev. 27. P. ambiguus Torr. var. thurberi Gray. Stems erect, branching, 2 to 5 f t . high, woody at base; herbage glabrous; pedicels and calyx glabrous; leaves very narrowly linear, entire, sessile, % to IVi in- long; panicle narrow; sepals with narrow scarious margins, % to 1 line long; corolla rose-color or pink, tubular-funnelform, 5 lines long, with ample limb; sterile stamen glabrous.—W. edge of Colorado Desert in San Diego Co. (San Felipe); Ariz, to N. Mex. 28. P. linarioides Gray var. californicus M. & J . Stems several from the branched root-crown, ascending, 4 to 9 in. high; herbage silvery-canescent; leaves oblanceolate, mucronulate, 3 to 5 lines long, drawn down to a short petiole; corolla purple or lilac, 6 to 7 lines long; sterile filament bearded.— Dry rocky hillsides, 4000 to 5000 ft., rare: San Jacinto Mts. 29. P. deustus Dougl. Stems several to many from the branched rootcrown, simple, erect, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage and inflorescence glabrous, the pedicels and calyces scantily and minutely puberulent or sometimes a little glandular; leaves ovate to linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, % to 1% in. long, sessile or the lower drawn down to a very short petiole; flowers glomerate in the opposite axils and thus whorl-like, the whorls discrete, forming a spike-like panicle 3 to 7 in. long, bracteate above, l e a f y at base; corolla blue, 4 to 5 lines long; filaments rather markedly dilated; sterile stamen glabrous; anthers glabrous, the margins not ciliate.—High montane, 4500 to 7000 ft., n. Cal.: Nevada Co. to Tehama and Modoc Cos., thence w. to

916

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Siskiyou and n. Humboldt Cos.; n. to Ore. June-July. Var. arenárius Jepson n. comb. Herbage pilose, rarely glabrous, the pedicels and calyx viscid-pilose; sterile filament glabrous or a little hairy.—Lassen Co.; also Esmeralda Co., Nev. (P. arenarius Greene. P. sudans Jones.) 30. P. ovátus Dougl. Flowering stems 1 to 2*4 ft. high, somewhat leafy, arising from a basal cluster of short leafy shoots; herbage glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; basal leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolateovate, denticulate, 1 % to 2 % in. long, on petioles % to % as long; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, remote, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly subcordate at the sessile base, 1 to 3 in. long; flowers in dense whorls, the whorls discrete or sometimes remote; corolla purple-blue, 6 to 7 lines long, its lobes short, obtuse or subacute, the upper and lower lips equal or nearly so; lower lip with a few sparse hairs; fertile filaments glabrous, the sterile much longer than the fertile, glabrous or plainly hairy but the hairs discrete.—Montane slopes, 6000 to 7000 f t . : Yollo Bolly Mts. and n. Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. 31. P. graciléntus Gray. Stems slender, erect from a woody base, 10 to 18 in. high, leafy at base or on lower portion, the upper portion of the stem with reduced leaves or nearly naked; herbage glabrous, the pedicels and rachis minutely glandular-puberulent; l e a v e s linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, or linear-oblong to linear, entire, 1% to 2 % in. long, narrowed below to petiole Vi to y2 as long; flower-clusters remote, forming a narrow thyrsus or loose panicle; corolla blue, 6 to 8 lines long, tubular, but enlarged upward a little, 2-lipped, the lips short (1% to 2 lines long); upper lip notched, the lower lip parted into 3 oblong lobes; sterile filament yellowish-hairy on one side above the middle, as long as the stamens; anthers deeply sagittate, cleft only at apex, glabrous.—Open forest b slopes, 7000 to 7500 ft.: n. Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; nw. Nev. to s. Ore. July-Aug. Yar. UKSÓRUM Jepson n. var. Leaves glaucous; corolla-throat more dilated (3 lines broad).—Bear Valley, Nevada Co., 4500 ft. (Jepson, type).

858. Pentstemon laetus Gray; o fl branchlet x %; b, lower lip z 1 c, anther x 4.

32. P. laétus Gray. Fig. 858. Stems of the season erect or ascending, 4 to 14 in. high, borne on an abbreviated woody b

'

herbage *

cinerulous ,. ,

or ,

minutely . í

puberulent, the pedicels and calyces minutely and rather sparingly glandular-puberulent; leaves oblanceolate to linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, % to 3 in. long; panicle racemose, loose; sepals linear or lanceolate to narrowly ovate; corolla funnelform, 9 to 16 lines long, blue to bluish-purple with 2 oblong white patches on throat below sinuses of lower lip; lobes of lower lip oblong, i y s lines long, those of the upper round-ovate; sterile filament glabrous; anthers commonly hairy at point of insertion on the filament.—Open dry slopes or flats, 3200 to 8000 ft.: n. Ventura Co.; Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. to Humboldt Co.; w. Nev. to s. Ore. June-July. (P. cinerascens Greene.) Var. leptosépalus Greene. Leaves glabrous; sepals linear-attenuate, 4 to 5 lines long.—Lassen Peak. Var. róezlii Jepson n. comb. Sepals acuminate; corolla 6 to 7 lines long.—Montane, 5000 to 6500 ft., Placer Co. to Trinity Co. (P. roezlii Regel.) 33. P. caésius Gray. Stems erect from a branched woody base, 12 to 15 in. high, the leaves mostly basal or sub-basal; herbage glabrous and glaucous,

FIGWORT FAMILY

917

the pedicels and calyx glandular-puberulent; leaves ovate or orbicular, coriaceous, 4 to 12 lines long, the petioles half to as long; upper leaves oblanceolate; panicle open, rather broad, 4 to 10 in. high; corolla tubular, blue, 10 to 11 lines long; sterile stamen glabrous.—Rocky montane flats or rocky slopes, 6500 to 9800 f t . : San Gabriel Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. 34. P. purpüsii Bdg. Stems diffuse or ascending from a woody base, 4 to 6 in. high; herbage, especially the leaves, densely white-canescent; leaves oval or roundish-ovate, very obtuse, 2 to 3 lines long, abruptly drawn down to a petiole Vi as long; upper leaves obovate or oblanceolate, scarcely petioled, 4 to 5 lines long; inflorescence spike-like, 1 to 3 in. long, glandularpubescent; sepals linear; corolla violet, tubular-funnelform, 1 to 1% in. long; sterile filament glabrous; anthers hairy in the sinus.—-Yolly Bolly Mts. to high mts. of n. Lake Co. (Mt. Sanhedrin, Snow Mt.). July. 35. P . j a f f r a y ä n u s Hook. Stems several, erect f r o m a woody base, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage glabrous and blue-glaucous; lower leaves obovate or spatulate, gradually drawn down to a narrow or petiole-like base, 1 to 1% in. long; middle cauline leaves commonly elliptic, broadly ovate or rarely ovatelanceolate, % to 1 (or 1%) in. long, sessile, sometimes a little subcordate a t base; flowers in a narrow panicle, the lower clusters on peduncles com monly 6 to 9 lines long; corolla lilac or purplish-blue, % to l 1 / ' in. long, the throat campanulate; sterile stamen glabrous.—Rocky ridges or slopes, 5000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Butte and Shasta Cos.; inner North Coast Ranges f r o m Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co. July-Aug. Yar. pärvultjs Jepson n. comb. Leaves 6 to 8 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long.—-High montane: Tulare Co.; Siskiyou Co. (P. azureus var. parvulus Gray.) 36. P . heterophyllus Lindl. Fig. 859. Stems erect or ascending, many f r o m the base, often reddish, % to 2 f t . high; herbage, pedicels and calyx minutely puberulent, sometimes glabrous and green; leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long, mostly % to 2 lines wide; flowers spreading or horizontal, solitary in the axils of the opposite bracts and thus forming a strict or spike-like panicle, the lower clusters on peduncles commonly 2 to 6 lines long; sepals ovate, acumin a t e ; corolla blue or purple, rather abruptly ventricose-dilated above the narrowly tubular base, % to 1% in. long; upper lip short, more or less reflexed, the lower longer, spreading; sterile filament glabrous. — Open places, rocky hillslopes, flats in the hills or mountain valleys or in beds of winter streams, 200 to 5500 f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills from Amador Co. to Mariposa Co.; Coast Ranges f r o m Mendocino and w. Colusa Cos. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. to Vent u r a and San Diego Cos. May-June. Yar. azitreus Jepson n. comb. Herbage cinereous-puberulent, o f t e n glaucous; leaves mostly 1 to 3% lines wide.—Sierra N e v a d a foothills and middle altitudes, Mariposa Co. to B u t t e Co. (P. azureus Benth.) 37. P . bridgesii Gray. Flowering stems simple, 1 to 2% f t . high, arising f r o m short woody bases; leaves linear or narrow-oblanceolate to oblong, acute or obtuse, 1 to 3 in. long, nifmu-ofl « ot, 859. Pentstemon heterophyllus L i n d l . s e c t , n a n o w e d below to a shoit petiole; of s t e m w i t h l e a v e s x ^ - b i n f l . aa. lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, therx4%.

918

SCROPHULARIACEAE

r a t h e r short; herbage glabrous, the pedicels and calyx glandular-puberulent; panicle narrow or virgate, more or less secund; corolla red or scarlet, 1 to 1*4 in. long, tubular-funnelform, markedly 2-lipped, the lips % to % as long as the tubular portion; upper lip erect, notched; lower lip spreading or recurving, with 3 broadly linear or oblong lobes; sterile filament glabrous.— Talus or rock outcrops, 4500 to 8500 f t . : high coastal mts. of S. Cal. and n. to northern V e n t u r a Co.; Tehachapi Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Kern Co. to Tuolumne Co.; White Mts.; e. to Col. and Ariz. June. 9. CHEL6NE L. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, acutely serrate. Flowers large. Anthers long-woolly. Sterile filament conspicuous. Seeds surrounded by a broad membranous wing. (Greek chelone, tortoise, the corolla resembling the head of t h a t pedestrian.) 1. C. nemordsa Dougl. Stems simple, to 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous up to the inflorescence, this more or less glandular-pubescent; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 1% to 2 in. long, petiolate; flowers pediceled in an open 3 to 12flowered panicle with lanceolate bracts; calyx 5 lines long, the sepals lanceolate, about equal; corolla violet-purple, 1 in. long, with widely open orifice; upper lip short, 2-cleft, the lower spreading, 3-cleft; sterile filament hirsute a t apex, the fertile filaments glabrous or pubescent above, hirsute at base.— Along wooded mountain streams: Marble Mt., Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. 10. D i P L A C U S N u t t . Evergreen glutinous shrubs with branching pubescence, one species an herb with mainly simple hirsute-glandular pubescence. Leaves opposite, revolute in the bud. Flowers red or yellow, solitary in the axils. Calyx tubular, 5angled, 5-toothed. Corolla with f u n n e l f o r m tube and rather broad 2-lipped limb. Stamens 4. Stigma of two flat lobes, closing together when irritated. Capsule firm-coriaceous, ovatish-oblong to linear-oblong, included in the calyx, with a woody enlargement a t the pointed apex, opening down the upper suture only or mainly, the valves spreading out nearly flat and bearing the placentae on their middle. (Greek, di, double, and plakous, a cake, referring to the placentae.) H e r b ; pubescence hirsute-glandular with mainly simple hairs; corolla golden-yellow 1. D. clevelandii. Shrubs; more or less glutinous, the pubescence almost none to dense, of mainly branched hairs. Corolla cream-color to salmon-color. Corolla-throat broad, somewhat gibbous, abruptly narrowed to slender tube 2. D. longiflorus. Corolla-throat narrow-funnelform, gradually narrowed to tube. Pedicels rather fleshy, about M in. long; calyx-teeth spreading. .3. T). aridus. Pedicels Blender, about in. long; calyx-teeth mainly erect 4. D. aurantiacua. Corolla red or shaded with red. Leaves linear-lanceolate 5. D. puniceua. Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate 6. D. parvifiorua.

1. D. clevelindii (Bdg.) Greene. Stems several, erect, simple, herbaceous, 1 to 2 f t . high f r o m a woody base; herbage yellowish-green, glandular-hirsute with mainly simple hairs; leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute, more or less serrate along upper half, sessile, % to 3 in. long; pedicels slender, scarcely 2 lines long; calyx narrow-campanulate, constricted j u s t above the ovary, 10 to 11 lines long, increasing a little in f r u i t , the lanceolate lobes becoming somewhat foliaceous; corolla golden-yellow, 1 y 2 in. long, the tube included, narrow a t base, expanding gradually into a long open throat, the lobes rounded, entire, nearly equal; capsule 5 to 6 lines long, ovatish-oblong.— High ridges, 4000 to 6000 f t . , w. Biverside Co. and San Diego Co. May-July. 2. D. longifldrus N u t t . Much branched shrub 1 to 3 f t . high; leaves late to linear-lanceolate or -oblong, plane to revolute, entire or more evidently toothed, pubescent beneath, 1 to 3 in. long, with smaller f r e q u e n t l y fascicled in the axils; younger branches, pedicels, and

lanceoor less leaves calyces

FIGWORT FAMILY

919

villous with branched hairs; calyx with expanding throat, its teeth narrow, obtuse; corolla salmon yellow, 1% to 2% in. long, the throat broad, somewhat gibbous a t base, funnelform, the tube slender; capsule oblong, somewhat acuminate, 8 to 10 lines long.—Foothills, 500 to 5000 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to cismontane S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. Var. cal^cinus Jepson n. comb. Leaves commonly broader, obovate to oblong, obtuse; herbage with more conspicuous pubescence, the hairs longer, very fine and somewhat matted; calyx-teeth broader, somewhat foliaceous.—Foothills, 1000 to 2500 (or 6000) f t . : Fresno Co. to Tehachapi Mts. Apr.-July. (D. calycinus Eastw.) "Var. grandifl6rus Jepson n. comb. Lower than the species, the branches ascending, 8 to 10 in. or rarely 2 f t . high; branches and pedicels puberulent with some glandular hairs, and with f e w long simple hairs, the latter more abunda n t at the upper nodes; leaves oblong to obovate, obtuse, slightly toothed or entire, somewhat revolute, essentially glabrous, more or less coated with a glossy resin, the larger 1 to 2 in. long, 5 to 8 lines wide; corolla very pale salmon-color to pale cream-color.—Foothills, 2000 to 3500 f t . : Plumas Co. to N e v a d a Co. June-July. (D. grandiflorus Groenl.) 3. D. ¿Lridus Abrams. Decumbent, the short l e a f y branches 6 to 9 in. high, resinous-glandular, the cortex yellow; leaves oblanceolate to oblong, % to 1% in. long, remotely toothed, revolute-margined; pedicels slightly fleshy, glabrous, about 3 lines long; calyx tubular below, constricted at throat, the plicate teeth abruptly spreading; corolla pale buff to yellow, 1% to 2 in. long, the slender tube 1 in. or a little more, exserted, abruptly expanding to a wide throat, the limb short, its lobes rounded, slightly notched.—Dry hills, San Diego Co.: J a c u m b a ; E l Cajon. 4. D. aurantlacus Jepson n. comb. Busii Monkey-flower. Fig. 860. Low shrub 2 to 4 f t . high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1% to 5 lines wide, revolute, denticulate, deep green and nearly glabrous above, pubescent beneath with branching hairs; pedicels slender, commonly glandular-puberulent, about % in. long; calyx tubular, the plicate throat spreading b u t little, the orifice margined with branching hairs; corolla buff or salmoncolor, i y 2 to 1% in. long, the throat narrowfunnelform, the lower lip shorter t h a n upper, the lobes emarginate, w i t h more or less irregular margin; capsule linear-oblong, 5 to 860. Diplacus aurantiacus Jepson; x % ; b, leaf 9 lines long.—Dry hills and canon sides, 20 a, sect, xof1;fl.c,branchlet capsule x 1 Yi to 1500 f t . : Ventura Co. to Del Norte Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills f r o m Tuolumne Co. to Placer Co. Apr.-Sept. (Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis. Diplacus glutinosus N u t t . ) 5. D. puniceus N u t t . Shrub 1 Ys to 5 f t . high; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, firm, with revolute margins; calyx narrow-cylindric, the teeth not spreading; corolla brick-red, v a r y i n g to yellow faintly shaded with red, lVa to 2 in. long, the lobes quadrate, notched or toothed; capsule cylindric, obtuse, nearly as long as calyx.—Dry hillsides, Ventura Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. Some forms approach D. aurantiacus, others D. longiflorus. 6. D. parvlfldrus Greene. Eigidly shrubby, 14 to 2 f t . high; leaves narrowly ovate or rhombic-ovate, the larger 6 to 11 lines wide, serrate; calyx tubular, the lobes somewhat spreading, especially the upper; corolla brickred, nearly tubular, 1 to 1 in. long, the small entire quadrate lobes but little spreading; stamens exserted.—Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands. Jan.-Aug.

920

SCROPHULARIACEAE 11. M i M U L U S L . MONKEY-FLOWER

H e r b s w i t h o p p o s i t e l e a v e s . H e r b a g e g l a b r o u s or w i t h s i m p l e hairs. F l o w ers m o s t l y s h o w y , y e l l o w or red, s o l i t a r y a n d a x i l l a r y , or i n t e r m i n a l r a c e m e s . C a l y x p r i s m a t i c , 5 - a n g l e d , 5 - t o o t h e d . Corolla t u b u l a r to f u n n e l f o r m , s t r o n g l y 2-lipped or w i t h s l i g h t l y u n e q u a l lobes, a p a i r of b e a r d e d or n a k e d r i d g e s r u n n i n g d o w n t h e l o w e r side of t h e t h r o a t . S t a m e n s 4. S t i g m a m o s t l y of 2 flat l o b e s c l o s i n g t o g e t h e r w h e n i r r i t a t e d . Capsule d e h i s c e n t b y b o t h s u t u r e s , d e h i s c e n t on o n e side o n l y , or c a r t i l a g i n o u s a n d i n d e h i s c e n t . S e e d s m a n y . ( D i m i n u t i v e of t h e L a t i n m i m u s , a c o m i c a c t o r , on a c c o u n t of t h e g a p i n g or g r i n n i n g corolla.) A.

P E D I C E L S I N C O N S P I C U O U S , 1 L I N E LONG OR L E S S .

1. Calyx-lobes connivent over capsule in fruit; capsule cartilaginous. Plants glabrous or nearly so; corolla very large for the size of the plant; capsule ovate to oblong-obtuse. Corolla with well developed lower lip; calyx-lobes foliaceous. Corolla-tube ending in short throat and limb spreading abruptly; capsule shortovate, not flattened 1. M. angustatus. Corolla-tube expanding into long open-funnelform throat and limb spreading gradually; capsule oblong, obtuse at apex, flattened 2. M. tricolor. Corolla with lower lip almost none; calyx-lobes short in flower, thickened, continuing from prominent calyx-ribs 3. M. douglasii. Plants usually viscid-puberulent; corolla of moderate size for size of plant, with lower lip % as long as upper. Capsule arcuate-gibbous 4. M. latifolius. Capsule oblong-linear 5. M. kelloggii. 2. Calyx-lobes not connivent over capsule in fruit. Inflorescence with leaves or bracts not exceeding flowers. Calyx increasing conspicuously in fruit. Calyx-teeth at first oblong-linear, % to % the length of calyx-tube, widening to triangular as ovules develop and calyx-tube increases. Corolla-tube and throat thrice the length of calyx; herbage scentless; corolla commonly crimson 6. M. nanus. Corolla-tube and throat about twice the length of calyx; herbage strongscented; corolla yellow 7. M. mephiticus. Calyx-teeth triangular acute to accuminate from opening of bud; corolla-limb red or pink. Branches slender. Calyx-teeth acuminate; capsule long-pointed, exserted. . . .8. M. layneae. Calyx-teeth triangular; capsule obtuse or abruptly pointed, more or less exserted 9. M. torreyi. Stems, and branches (if any) stout; calyx-teeth unequal. Capsule exceeding calyx-teeth; corolla-tube slender 10. M. bigelovii. Capsule not exceeding calyx-teeth; corolla-tube rather wide 11. M. bolanderi. Calyx increasing but little in fruit. Corolla-limb not white-mottled or bordered; calyx not gibbous. Inflorescence not subsecund. Capsule much exserted 12. M. rattanii. Capsule usually shorter than calyx-teeth 13. M.fremontii. Inflorescence subsecund; capsule about equaling calyx-teeth. 14. M. subsecundus. Corolla-limb white-mottled or bordered; calyx gibbous. Stem not dense with flowers and fruit 15. M.pictus. Stem dense with flowers and fruit 16. M. mohavensis. Inflorescence with leaves greatly exceeding the flowers; corolla 3 to 4 lines long; calyx-teeth triangular 17. M.leptaleus. B.

P E D I C E L S CONSPICUOUS, MORE T H A N 2 L I N E S LONG.

1. Corolla regular to slightly 2-lipped. Capsule not splitting at apex. Herbage with evident pubescence. Perennial from creeping rootstock 18. M. moschatus. Annuals. Stems flexuous or slender; fruiting calyx chartaceous. Calyx more or less villous; stems very leafy 19. M. fioribundus. Calyx glabrous to minutely hispid; cauline leaves few and smaller 20. M. arenarius. Stems rigid, usually 6 to 10 in. high; fruiting calyx dense. Corolla yellow and white or orange 21. M.bicolor. Corolla reddish purple 22. M. bioletti. Herbage apparently glabrous; annuals, 2 to 6 in. high. Calyx-teeth equal 23. M. pulsiferae. Calyx-teeth unequal 24. M. latidens.

FIGWORT FAMILY

921

Capsule with supra*placental tissue splitting at apex. Annuals. Herbage viscid-pubescent to apparently glabrous. Calyx-teeth unequal; cauline leaves ovate 2 5 . M. inconspicuua. Calyx-teeth equal; cauline leaves linear or oblong to lanceolate. Corolla 2 to 3 lines long 26. M. rubellus. Corolla 6 to 10 lines long. Corolla crimson, to purple 27. M. palmeri. Corolla yellow, red-dotted or partly crimson. . . . 2 8 . -If. montioides. Herbage slimy-villous; corolla pale pink, only the limb exserted. . 2 9 . M. parishii. Perennial with pubescent stolons and glabrous rootstocks; pedicels scape-like; corolla yellow 30. M. primidoides. 2. Corolla strongly 2-lipped. Herbage minutely pubescent or apparently glabrous. Leaves palmately veined. Plants with distinctly basal leaves as well as cauline leaves. Corolla 2 to 8 lines long. Leaves rhombic-orbicular, shallowly erose-dentate, all petioled 31. M. alsinoidea. Leaves lyrate to deeply laciniate or pinnatifid, all, except the highest floral, petioled 32. M. laciniatus. Corolla 9 to 15 lines long; leaves orbicular to oblanceolate, the upper sessile or short-petioled, the basal petioled, often with ragged lobes at base 33. M. guttatus Plants with cauline leaves only; leaves never lobed at base; stems from coralloid rootstocks. Leaves thin, not slimy; calyx campanulate 34. M. tilingii. Leaves thickened, clammy or slimy; calyx broad-campanulate, purple-dotted. 35. M. implexus. Leaves pinnately veined; stems 10 to 12 in. high from slender rootstocks 36. M. dentatus. Herbage markedly viscid-pubescent; stems erect, commonly 1 to 2 ft. high. Corolla yellow; leaves lanceolate; capsule stout-walled, coriaceous. . . . 3 7 . M. brevxpes. Corolla scarlet or pink; capsule chartaceous. Corolla scarlet; leaves ovate to obovate-lanceolate 38. M. cardinalis. Corolla rose-pink; leaves lanceolate to oblong 39. M. lewisii.

1. M. angustatus Gray. Leaves and flowers in a basal tuft (the tuft sessile on the root-crown); herbage glabrous; leaves linear, Vz to 1 in. long; calyx 3 to 4 lines long, the teeth very little unequal, green-foliaceous, oblong, acute; corolla crimson, purple and yellow-dotted, the filiform tube 1 to l1/^ in. long, 4 to 6 times the length of the short-funnelform throat; limb broad, the upper lip exceeding the lower; capsule short-ovate, not flattened, almost as long as thick; seeds favose-pitted.—Gravelly stream borders, 1500 to 3500 ft.: Napa Co. to Mendocino Co.; Mariposa Co. to Modoc Co. (Eunanus pulchellus Drew.) M. PYGMA£US Grant. Perhaps a reduced form.—Egg Lake, Modoc Co. 2. M. tricolor Hartw. Fig. 861. Dwarf plant, the stem % to VJ in. high erect or the branches 3 to 4 in. long and decumbent; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, % to 1 in. long; calyx 6 to 8 lines long with green-foliaceous lobes; corolla rosepurple, 1% to 2 in. long, with little unequal lips and broadly funnelform throat bearing markings of crimson and yellow; capsule oblong, slightly gibbous, compressed.— Edges of vernal pools, plains and valley floors, 50 to 500 ft.: San Benito Co.; e. side San Joaquin Valley, rare; Sacramento Valley, common; Sonoma and Lake Cos.; n. to Ore. Apr.-May. 3. M. douglasii Gray. Dwarf plant about 1V2 in. high, the leaves and flowers in a tuft on the ground or on a very short stem; leaves rhombic-ovate to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, entire or crenate-toothed; calyx 4 to 5 lines long, membranous and sulcate between the ribs, the ribs thickened and ending in short blunt un- 861. Mimulus tricolor Hartw.; habit x 1.

922

SCROPHULARIACEAE

equal teeth; corolla crimson or red-purple, in. long, the slender tube twice or thrice the length of the calyx, the throat oblong-urnshaped or campanulate; upper lip conspicuous, erect; lower lip reduced to a narrow 2 or 3crenate border or consisting of a more prominent tooth-like middle lobe and the lateral lobes obsolete; capsule oblong, acute, 2 to 4 lines long, very gibbous.—Wet hillsides in the foothills, 500 to 2500 f t . : Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; Tulare Co. to B u t t e Co.; n. to Ore. (M. subuniflorus Jepson.) 4. M. latifdlius Gray. Stem erect, seldom branched, 1 to 3 in. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate, 2 to 6 lines broad; calyx oblong with oblique t h r o a t ; corolla reddish-purple, 9 to 15 lines long, the upper lip erect, twice as long as the lower; capsule arcuate-gibbous, pointed, laterally compressed, 3 to 5 lines long, 1 to 2 lines broad a t base.—Santa Cruz Isl., S. Cal. coast; Guadalupe Isl., L. Cal. 5. M. kelloggii Curran. Fig. 862. Stem erect, simple, 1 to 5 in. high, or occasionally 7 or 8 in., with several branches f r o m the base; herbage viscidpubescent; leaves broadly ovate to oblong (the lowest elliptic-ovate), mostly a t t e n u a t e a t base to a petiole, % to 1 in. long, generally dull purple beneath; calyx narrowly cylindrical (6 lines long and 1 line broad), sometimes strongly gibbous, white-membranous and sulcate between the purplish ribs so as to appear striped, very oblique, the teeth very short and obtuse; corolla-tube very long and slender, twice as long as the calyx, expanding into the short-funnelform throat and broad limb, the lower lip only as long as the upper and more spreading; capsule 4 to 5 lines long, slender, bisulcate, slightly curved outwardly (with the calyx), or sometimes contorted, simulating t h a t of Oenothera micrantha.—Hillslopes, 800 to 3000 f t . : North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tulare Co. to Eldorado Co. Apr. 6. M. nanus H. & A. Stem % to 4 in. high, simple or freely branched f r o m below with upper internodes usually reduced so t h a t inflorescence is 8 6 2 M i m u l u s k e l l o g g i i C u r r a n . 0_ b a s e o f crowded; herbage viscid-puberulent; fruiting plant x 1; b, fls. x c, fr. calyx leaves obovate to lanceolate, entire, or x l t t ; d, capsule x l l i . crenate at apex, to 1 in. long; flowers usually in pairs; calyx a t first about 2 lines long, about % the length of corolla-tube and throat, increasing as ovary matures, the linear teeth % the length of calyx-tube, widening to triangular; corolla red with yellow markings in throat, 5 to 8 lines long, the throat gradually narrowing to a long slender tube; anthers hispid; stigma broad, crimson, exserted.—Granite sand in the mts., 5000 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Nevada Co. and n. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. 7. M. mephiticus Greene. Stem simple, slender, later often densely branched above with crowded inflorescence, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage viscidpuberulent, strongly scented; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, commonly entire; calyx a t first about two lines long with nearly linear teeth, later as ovary develops, increasing to 3 (or rarely 5) lines long and widening, whitemembranous between the green ribs, the teeth becoming triangular; corolla yellow, 5 to 7 lines long, the throat sometimes reddish-dotted; capsule oblongovate, 3 to 3% lines long (in r a n k individuals longer), exserted.—Montane, 5000 to 11,000 ft,, Sierra Nevada f r o m Plumas Co. to Tulare Co. July-Sept.

923

FIGWORT FAMILY

8. M. layneae Greene. Stem at first simple, later with many spreading branches, 4 to 7 in. high, viseidpubescent and somewhat nigrescent; leaves narrowly ovate to oblong, acute at base and apex, about 6 or 7 lines long; calyx 4 lines long, its teeth sharply acute, slender, exceeding y2 line; corolla red, tubular-funnelform, 6 to 10 lines long, the tube tapering to a narrow base, 2 to 3 lines long, much exserted; anthercells minutely hispid; capsule acuto, exserted.—Valley or montane flats, 500 to 5000 ft.: Napa Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Fresno Co. to Lassen Co. JuneJuly. 9. M. t6rreyi Gray. Fig. 863. Stem at first low, simple, single-flowered, 1 to 2 in. high, later becoming evenly branched, many-flowered and 3 to 10 in. high, with rather long internodes; herbage viscid-pubescent; l e a v e s oblanceolate, entire or subdentate, 6 to 9 or 12 lines long; calyx at first less than % the length of the corolla but increasing in age; corolla pink8 6 3 . Mimulus torreyi G r a y ; a, habit x purple with a purple-dotted creamb, pair of stamens x 7. color area between throat-folds, 6 to 8 lines long, the throat funnelform, gradually widening into the limb; capsule coriaceous, more or less exserted at maturity.—Montane, 4500 to 6000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Plumas Co. June-Aug.

a

10. M. bigeldvit Gray. Stems 1 to 4 from the base, nearly erect, simple or with a pair or more of ascending branches, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves oblong to lanceolate, (sometimes ovate-acuminate); calyx 3 lines long in flower, increasing in fruit, cleft into acute subulate teeth for its length, most deeply cleft in front; corolla crimson with yellow purple-dotted throat, % to 1 in. long; capsule oblong-lanceolate, exserted.—Arid or desert mountain slopes or flats, 500 to 6000 ft.: w. side Colorado Desert; n. side San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; Mt. Pinos; Tehachapi Mts.; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to southern Utah. Apr.-June. (M. johnstonii Grant, a mature or fruiting form.) 11. M. bolinderi Gray. TOBACCO M I M U L U S . Fig. 864. Stem simple or much branched with erect branches, 5 to 16 in. high; herbage glandular-pubescent and very viscid; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sometimes obovate, sparingly denticulate at apex, 1 to 1% in. long, sessile; calyx 2 to 3 lines broad, 5 to 6 lines long, strongly plicate-angled, somewhat contracted at the very oblique orifice, its teeth acute, the upper much the longest; corolla dark red or sometimes with the palate dotted red and white, 6 to 9 lines

864

. fl. b, capsule i I K .

Mimulus bolanderi Gray

branchlet x

924

SCROPHULARIACEAE

long, the tube not slender, moderately exserted; limb about 4 lines broad, the lips of nearly equal length; capsule not exceeding the calyx-teeth, slender, and narrowed to the pointed apex, about 5 lines long, 1 line broad.—Coast Ranges, 2500 to 4500 ft. from Monterey Co. to Mendocino and Lake Cos. J u l y . 12. M. rattanii Gray. Stem erect, branched from the base, 4 to 5 in. high; herbage glandular-viscid with a nigrescent indument; leaves obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly tapering above and below, 6 lines long or less; corollatube scarcely exserted from the narrowly campanulate or in age somewhat urnshaped calyx; calyx-teeth little unequal; apex of capsule narrow, somewhat curved, exserted.—Montane, rare: Santa Cruz Mts.; Mt. Diablo; M t . Tamalpais; L a k e Co.; w. Colusa Co. 13. M. fremontii Gray. Stem at first shorter than the flowers, becoming much-branched, rather spreading from the base, 2 to 6 in. high, more leafy than in no. 12; herbage viscid-hispid; leaves oblong, 4 to 9 lines long, or the lowest sometimes longer, entire or toothed near the apex; calyx hardly oblique, not quite % as long as corolla, increasing but little in fruit, teeth rather short, triangular; corolla crimson, 7 to 9 lines long, the throat gradually funnelform; capsule usually shorter than calyx-teeth.—Foothills, 1000 to 5300 f t . : South Coast Ranges from Mt. Diablo to the San Carlos Range; s. to the mts. of coastal S. Cal. on both the desert and inner sides from Tehachapi Mts. and n. Ventura Co. to San Diego Co. May. Var. visciDUS Jepson li. comb. Corolla with shorter limb, often paler pink, the palate sometimes bearing a white spot.—Sierra Nevada, 2000 to 5500 ft., from Calaveras Co. to Fresno Co. and s. to Tehachapi Mts. (M. viscidus Congdon. M. subsecundus var. constrictus Grant.) 14. M. subsecundus Gray. Stems few to several from the base, 3 to 5 in. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves oblong, the lower less than 1 in. long, the upper shorter than the fruiting calyces; branches of inflorescence elongated with flowers rather subsecund and spicately disposed; calyx somewhat plicate with acute to acuminate teeth, 2 % lines long, becoming 3 % to 4 lines long in fruit; corolla deep red with nearly regular limb, about % in. long; capsule cylindric, taper-pointed.—Foothills, 1500 to 2000 f t . : Contra Costa Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. 15. M. pictus (Curran) Gray. Stem nearly erect, lightly wing-angled, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves obovate to oblong, % to % in. long; flowers numerous, not densely crowded; calyx rather viscid-villous, oblong, gibbous, the teeth obtuse, very unequal; corolla reddish-purple, 5 to 6 lines long, scarcely exceeding the calyx; capsule linear-oblong, pointed, the apex splitting, about equaling calyx-teeth, 6 % lines long, slightly constricted above a flat base, on a somewhat contorted pedicel.—Rare: Tehachapi Mts.; n. to foothills of Tulare Co. 16. M. mohav£nsis Lem. Dwarf plants; stem simple, 1 to 2 % in. high, or well-branched, 5 in. high; herbage minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 11 lines long; inflorescence dense, spicate; calyx strongly plicate, with triangular acuminate teeth, about 4 lines long in flower, increasing in fruit to 6 lines; floral bracts shorter than calyx; corolla with white-bordered limb and crimson throat, the throat saccate on the lower side at the point of insertion of the stamens, the proper tube short. —Desert flats or valleys, 2000 to 3000 ft., central Mohave Desert: Barstow; Calico Mts.; Ord Mts. 17. M. lept&leus Gray. Stem freely branched from the base, erect, 2 to 4 in. high, leafy throughout, bearing flowers in all the axils except the lowest, or towards the ends of the branches the flowers congested and the leaves reduced to bracts; plants sometimes simple-stemmed dwarfs; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to linear or lanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long, the lowest narrowed to short petioles; bracts linear, about equaling flowers; calyx in flower cylindric, a little more than 2 lines long, the lanceolate teeth 1 line long, in fruit becoming campanulate; corolla crimson or yellow, 31/» lines long with oblique limb, cylindric throat and narrow tube; capsule cylindric, bluntly pointed, sometimes slightly curved, about equaling calyx-teeth.'— Montane, 7000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Lassen Peak to Tulare Co.

FIGWORT FAMILY

925

18. M. mosch&tus Dougl. Stems weak, b u t ascending or erect, 6 to 10 in. high, from a perennial creeping rootstock which often ends in short tuber-like joints (shortened internodes), pubescent, the lower portion of stems and petioles of lower leaves woolly with long white hairs, musk-scented, slimy-viscid; leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate, 1 to 2 in. long, apparently pinnately veined, all petioled; calyx tubularcampanulate, with unequal ovatea c u t e teeth, becoming plicateangled, a little more t h a n half as long as the corolla-tube; pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves ascending, 1 in. long; corolla yellow, 9 to 12 lines long, slightly 2lipped but the lobes nearly equal, rounded or slightly emarginate; c a p s u l e sessile, oblong - ovate, abruptly acuminate to the base of the persistent style, half as long as the calyx. -— Stream banks and springy places, 10 to 7500 f t . : mts. , throughout Cal.; n. to B. C. and , , , ^ Mont moschatus Dougl. var. sessihfohus iviont. iVar (.var. lrniffiflnriKi longmorus O u raa vy . ; Var var. G865. Mimulus fl b r a n o h l e t x y 2 ; ft, fl. x l ; c, long. SESSILIFOLIUS Gray. Fig. 865. Stems s e c t. 0f corolla x l. weaker or reclining, sometimes slender with long internodes, rooting at the nodes, 1 to 2 f t . long, from perennial creeping rootstocks; herbage commonly more clammy and viscid t h a n in the species; leaves sessile or on very short petioles; calyx-teeth lanceolate, 1 to 3 lines long, sometimes YJ the length of the tube; corolla yellow, twice the length of the calyx; capsule ovate, acute.—Beside streams and springs, 10 to 4000 f t . : Santa Cruz Co. to Lake and Humboldt Cos. 19. M. floribundus Dougl. Annual; stems slender, at first erect, later diffuse, (2 or) 5 to 15 in. long; herbage more or less slimy-viscid and muskscented, more or less pubescent with cobweb-like hairs; leaves ovate, % to 1 in. long, dentate, short-petioled; pedicels mainly longer, sometimes shorter than the leaves; calyx narrowly campanulate (in f r u i t urnshaped), more or less villous, 2 to 3 lines long, the teeth acute (or in Sierra Nevada plants acuminate to subulate), % line long, hardly unequal; corolla light yellow, exceeding the calyx, mostly twice as long; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse to acute.—Springy places and stream shores in foothills or the mountains, 2000 to 8000 f t . : almost throughout Cal.; e. to Col., n. to B. C. May-June. 20. M. arenarius Grant. Stems slender, one to several from base, pubescent, somewhat purplish, viscid, 1% to 8 in. high; leaves 3 to 6 lines long, the basal orbicular-elliptic, petioled, the upper ovate-acute to lanceolate, subsessile; pedicels slender, divaricate, ascending, usually twice as long as the leaves; calyx narrow-campanulate, in f r u i t slightly urnshaped, sometimes purplemottled, minutely hispid or almost glabrous except for the finely ciliate margins of the short, somewhat subulate calyx-teeth;-corolla yellow, 5 to 7 lines long; capsule oblong-acute, % to % as long as calyx, apex not splitting. —Sandy banks and lake margins, 5000 to 7000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Fresno Co. 21. M. blcolor Hartw. Stem rather robust, simple to much branched, 6 to 10 (or 1% to 10) in. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; calyx usually narrowly campanulate, strongly plicate-angled, o f t e n purplisli-dotted, with acuminate somewhat subulate teeth, becoming hardened and thickened in f r u i t ; corolla with upper lip usually white, lower yellow, the throat well bearded with yellow scale-like hairs and commonly red-dotted; capsule somewhat narrowly

926

SCROPHULARIACEAE

rhomboidal, 2/> to % as long as calyx, its walls chartaceous, somewhat wrinkled, much thinner than the closely fitting calyx; style entire, persistent, supra-placental tissue not splitting. — Montane, 2000 to 5000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Butte Co. 22. M. biol6tti Eastw. Similar to M. bicolor in every way, except the corolla reddish-purple, blotched with red and with yellow patches in throat. —Montane, 3400 to 6000 ft., Tuolumne Co. to Mariposa Co. 23. M. pulsiferae Gray. Stem simple or loosely branching with rather long internodes for the size of the plant, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage viscid but hardly pubescent; leaves ovate to lanceolate, slightly repand-dentate, 3 to 9 lines long, often purplish, contracted at base into margined petioles; calyx cylindric-campanulate, shortly toothed, 2 lines long, in fruit with tube somewhat dilated and summit contracted, 3 to 4 lines long; corolla yellow, 5 lines long; capsule oblong-ovate, equaling the calyx-tube, not splitting at apex.— Gravel bars and meadow margins, 2000 to 4500 f t . : Napa Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. to Plumas Co.; n. to Wash. 24. M. latidens Greene. Stem simple or branched from base, erect or diffuse, 2 to 12 in. high, the internodes rather long; herbage glandular, apparently glabrous though usually minutely puberulent, especially on the narrowly wing-angled stems and branches; leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or shallowly erose-dentate, 2 to 12 lines long, the cauline usually sessile, the basal petioled; calyx cylindric, strongly plicate, the angles purplish, 2 to 3 lines long in flower, in f r u i t expanding below and teeth somewhat contracting, becoming inflated and ovate in outline, the teeth short, unequal, often somewhat subulate; fruiting pedicels 3 to 9 or (in rank specimens) 10 lines long; corolla nearly white or somewhat yellowish to flesh-color or pinkish, little exserted, its lobes small, almost regular; capsule elliptic, shorter than calyx, apex not splitting.—Wet depressions, foothills and valleys, 50 to 1000 f t . : Sacramento and Napa valleys to San Diego Co. 25. M. inconspicuus Gray. Stem rather slender, somewhat flexuous, 1 to 9 in. high, somewhat wing-angled; herbage glabrous or minutely glandularpuberulent; leaves ovate, % to 1 in. long, shallowly erose-dentate, the cauline sessile, the basal short-petioled; calyx-teeth acute; corolla pale pink to rose-color, 4 to 10 lines long, well exserted, its lobes deeply emarginate; capsule narrowly elliptic, the apex splitting. — Higher foothills, 2000 to 5000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. 26. M. rub§llus Gray. Stem erect, with branches rather strictly ascending, 1% to 8 in. high; herbage somewhat viscid-pubescent, rather reddish; leaves linear or lanceolate, usually entire, % to % in. long; calyx oblongcampanulate, the reddish ribs often continued in short apiculae at the summit of the teeth, the teeth short, linear to triangular; corolla rose-color or yellow, only slightly irregular, 2 to 3 lines long; capsule o b l o n g w i t h abruptly acuminate summit, hardly longer than the calyx-teeth; style slender, splitting, the lower or basal part often persistent on the supra. _ placental tissue which divides at apex ^ a ^ S " " ™ " I T c X ™ i T V , o f c a p s u l e - M o n t a n e , 6000 to 9600 f t , capsule x 2. San Jacinto, San Bernardino and ban

927

F1GW0RT FAMILY Gabriel mountains; Sierra N e v a d a ; Yollo Bolly n. to B. C., e. to N. Mex. Yar. B R £ W E R I Jepson n. more viscid-pubescent, 2 to 10 in. high; flowers to 10,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Cov.)

Mts. to n. Humboldt Co.; comb. Pig. 866. Commonlv rose-color.—Montane, 4800 Siskiyou Co. (M. breweri

27. M. palmeri Gray. Stem more or less branching, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage nearly glabrous to finely pubescent, viscid; leaves lanceolate, entire or crenate, 4 to 9 lines long; pedicels slender, longer than the leaves; calyx cylindric-campanulate, 3 lines long, the teeth short, obtuse or (sometimes in same plant) acute with a subulate apex; corolla crimson to purple with yellow and purple throat markings, 6 to 10 lines long; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx, with persistent bases of splitting style forming points at summit, the supra-placental tissue splitting.—Foothills and middle altitudes. 1000 to 5800 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Kern Co.; s. to the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, Palomar and Cuyamaca mountains. 28. M. montioldes Gray. Stem simple or with a few lateral branches, usually weaker, % to 3 or 4 in. high; herbage viscid, but so minutely pubescent as to be apparently glabrous; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long; calyx cylindric-campanulate with short usually blunt subulate teeth, sometimes with purple markings; pedicels slender, nearly erect in flower, curving or even decumbent as f r u i t matures; corolla showy, yellow, commonly purple-dotted, 6 to 8 lines long, its lobes emarginate; capsule oblong with supra-placental tissue splitting at the acute summit, the splitting base of the style often persistent.—Montane, 6000 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co.; n. to nw. Nev. 29. M. parishii Greene. Stems 2 in. to 2 f t . high; herbage villous, slimyviscid; leaves lanceolate, erose-dentate, all b u t the basal clasping, % to lVi in. long; calyx tubular-campanulate, becoming somewhat plicate, its teeth equal, short, triangular, somewhat subulate; corolla pale pink, the tone deeper in center of each lobe, or white, sometimes 2 yellow lines in open throat, 2-lipped, only the limb exserted, the equal rounded lobes emarginate; capsule oblong-ovate, equaling the calyx-tube, the supra-placental tissue splitting as also, at times, the base of the style.—Arid mts., 3000 to 6000 f t . : mostly desert bases or desert slopes of San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; s. to L. Cal. 30. M. primuloldes Benth. Fig. 867. P l a n t s 1% to 4 (or 5) in. high, with pubescent surface stolons and glabrous creeping underground rootstocks, the stems to 3 in. high; herbage more or less hairy-pubescent; leaves orbicularelliptic to oblong, obovate or oblanceolate, % to 1% in. long; calyx campanulate, rather plicate and o f t e n a little urnsliaped, glabrous except the ciliate teeth and sparsely pubescent ribs, the short-triangular teeth slightly subulate; capsule oblong, shorter t h a n the calyx, dehiscent loculicidallv, the supra-placental tissue splitting and sometimes, also, the persistent style-base. — Montane meadows, 4000 to 10,000 f t . : San St^—^^f /w J a c i n t o and San Bernardino mountains; ' _ a |^ Mt. Pinos; Sierra Nevada f r o m K e r n yvSs — t Co. to Plumas Co.; n. Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ore. June-Aug. Salli^ & 31. M. dlslnoldes Dougl. Stems weak, becoming slightly .angled, simple or diffusely branching at base, 1 to 8 in. l i i g h ; herbage apparently glabrous,

^

\ ; i / m

l1] \ V 8 6 7 . Mimulus primuloides Benth.; a, habit x % ; ¡,f stamen x 7; c, pistil x 1

928

SCROPHULARIACEAE

glandular; leaves rhombic-orbicular, all shallowly erose-dentate, 1 in. long, narrowed below to a petiole; pedicels becoming % to 1 in. long; calyx cylindric, with blunt apiculate unequal teeth, expanding in f r u i t ; corolla yellow, 2-lipped, with a red-purple spot in center of lower lip, well exserted, 6 to 7 lines long.—Wet banks and rocks in streams, Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. 32. M. liiciniatus Gray. Stem slender, ascending, a t first weak, solitary, less t h a n 6 in. high, later stems several to many, becoming rigid f r o m a somewhat woody base, 8 to 12 in. high; herbage mostly glabrous except on the petioles of the leaves; leaves on younger stems % to 1 in. long, lyrate with 1 or 2 pair of basal lobes, on older stems to 3 in. long, deeply laciniate to pinnatifid; flowers on slender curving pedicels; calyx campanulate, sharply toothed, the upper tooth largest, in f r u i t with the lower teeth curving toward the upper so t h a t the calyces become gibbous; corolla yellow, 2 to 5 lines long.—Sandy beds of former streams, 4000 to 5500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Tulare Co. 33. M . g u t t a t u s DC. COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER. F i g . 868. A n n u a l or p e r e n -

nial by the production of stolon-like stems at base; stems simple or sometimes branching, one to several from the base, about 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves more or less elliptical, thinnish, irregularly serrate or dentate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; petioles mostly shorter than the blades; flowers in a terminal raceme; pedicels shorter t h a n or equaling the flower; calyx in anthesis 3 to 5 lines long, in f r u i t often nodding, somewhat longer and nearly or quite twice as broad; calyx-teeth often disposed to be approximate or connivent in age, the upper the longer; corolla yellow, with purple or brown dots in throat, % to IV2 in. long; capsule ovate, its walls thin-chartaceous.— Moist rich soil along streams and ditches, 20 to 6000 f t . : throughout Cal.; e. to Mont, and N. Mex., n. to Alas. Apr.-Aug. (M. langsdorfii Donn.) I t is a highly variable b u t exceedingly interesting species, which in our region has developed a remarkable array of forms. Var. DEPAUPERATUS Grant. Like the species b u t dwarfed, with slender stems 2 to 12 in. high; 868. Mimulus guttatus DC.; a, fl branch- leaves smaller; corolla Vi to % in. let x b, leaves x % ; c, pistil x 1; d, cap- 1 „ „ „ _ f i t „ a n , ' long.—Stream margins and meadows, eule x % ; e, cross sect, of capsule x 2% 2000 to 6000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Wyo. (M. luteus var. depauperatus Gray.) Var. GLAUCESCENS Jepson n. comb. Upper most leaves orbicular, becoming connate-perfoliate, these and a d j a c e n t cauline leaves more or less glaucous, basal leaves green.—Foothills of Sierra N e v a d a from Nevada Co. to Tehama Co. (M. glaucescens Greene.) Var. A R V £ N S I S Grant. Herbage usually more reddish or purplish; lower leaves often with several pairs of small leaflets near the main blade; floral leaves sometimes soft-villous; orifice of the mature calyx broad-campanulate, commonly truncate.—Low wet fields, 100 to 2500 f t . : w. Alameda Co. to Napa Valley and n. to western Colusa Co. and to Mendocino Co. Apr. (M. langsdorfii var. arvensis Jepson.) Var. NAsfJTUS Jepson n. comb. Stems % to f t . high; herbage usually reddish or purplish; teeth of the calyx in mature f r u i t often very strongly turned towards the upper one which is thrice the length of the others.—Rivulets and springs, valleys and mountains, throughout Cal. (M. langsdorfii var. nasutus Jepson.)

FIGWORT F A M I L Y

929

34. M. tilingii Kegel. Stems usually several from coralloid rootstocks, 3 to 7 in. high; herbage sometimes moist but not slimy; leaves ovate to orbicular, dentate, thin, the lower ovate to cuneate, long-petioled, the upper orbicular, sessile; pedicels slender, 1 to 2 in. long; calyx campanulate; corolla 1 in. long, the middle lobe of lower lip twice the size of the lateral ones.—Mdws. and stream banks, 6000 to 9000 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Plumas Co.; n. to Ore., e. to Col. (M. corallinus Greene.) 35. M. implexus Greene. Similar to no. 34; stems usually much t u f t e d , arising from a mass of coralloid rootstocks, Vi to 6 in. high; herbage clammy or slimy; leaves thicker; pedicels usually as long or longer than stems; calyx spreading-campanulate, 4 lines broad, the dorsal tooth 1 line longer than the other 4, these latter with the tube 5 lines long, conspicuously purple-dotted.— On rocks in alpine stream beds, 9000 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Calaveras Co. and Mt. Shasta; n. to Ore. 36. M. dentatus Nutt. Stems flexuous, arising from long slender perennial rootstocks, 7 to 15 in. high; herbage finely pubescent to glabrous; leaves ovate-acute, evenly and strongly serrate, 1 to 2 % in. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile or subsessile, pinnately veined, lateral veins about 2 pair, tending to be parallel with midrib; pedicels somewhat shorter than the leaves; calyx campanulate-spreading, cleft % its length into subequal acute teeth; corolla 1 to lYa in. Jong, deep yellow, the throat bearded and purple-dotted; capsule elliptic-oblong, a little shorter than calyx-tube.—Kedwood belt from Humboldt Co. to Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 37. M. brevipes Benth. Stem erect, simple or branching, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage pubescent, viscid; leaves lanceolate, the lower often broadly so, dentate or subdentate, sometimes nearly glabrous, the upper leaves narrowto linear-lanceolate, entire; pedicels and calyces heavily pubescent; calyx sharply cleft into acuminate segments, the upper segment much exceeding the lower 4; corolla yellow, 1 to 1% in. long; capsule ovate-acuminate, stout-walled, coriaceous, loculicidal, splitting through the axis.—Foothills and mesas, 1000 to 2000 f t . : Santa B a r b a r a and Ventura Cos. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. 38. M . c a r d i n a l i s D o u g l . Stems usually simple, 2 to 4 ft. high, arising from a perennial rootstock; herbage h e a v i l y p u b e s c e n t , v i s c i d ; l e a v e s erosedentate, the upper ovate, acute, the lowest obovate-lanceolate; pedicels 1 to 3 in. l o n g ; c a l y x l o n g - c a m p a n u l a t e , i t s l o b e s n e a r l y e q u a l , a c u t e ; c o r o l l a scarlet, 1 ¥> to 2 in. l o n g , t h e u p p e r l i p erect w i t h revolute lobes, the lower lip reflexed; stamens with anther-cells adorned with scale-like hairs; capsule ovate-acuminate, firm-walled, dehisc e n t . — A l o n g streams and ditches, footh i l l s a n d m i d d l e a l t i t u d e s in t h e m t s . , 1 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 f t . : a l m o s t t h r o u g h o u t C a l . ; n. t o Ore., e. t o U t a h a n d A r i z .

869. Mimulus lewisii Pursh; a, fl. branchlet x % ; 6, anther x 4.

39. M. lewisii Pursh. Fig. 869. Stems simple, usually several from an underground rootstock, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage viscid-pubescent; upper leaves lanceolate, remotely repand-dentate, the very lowest oblong, scale-like; pedicels to 4 in. long; calyx campanulate, its lobes acuminate; corolla rosepink with lobes very regularly spreading; anther-cells with scale-like hairs; capsule walls less firm than in no. 38.—Moist places, 7000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Eldorado Co.; n. to B. C., e. to the Rocky Mts.

930

SCROPHULARIACEAE

12. MIMETANTHE Greene Low white-villous annual. Flowers small, yellow. Calyx short-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube slightly 5-suleate, not prismatic-angled or even carinate. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, its lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2 fertile, or all 4 fertile. Capsule pointed, loculicidal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper side and on the lower side along the apical attenuation; placentae tardily separating, borne on the shortly 2-cleft valves. (Greek mimetes, an imitator, and anthos, blossom, on account of the resemblance to Mimulus.) 1. M. pildsa (Benth.) Greene. Stem erect, a t length much branched, leafy, flowering f r o m near the base, mostly about 8 to 10 in. high; herbage glandular-viscid and with disagreeable solanaceous odor; leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; flowers on slender pedicels, the lower pedicels surpassing the leaves; upper tooth of calyx often longer than the others, equaling the tube; corolla bright yellow, its lower lobe usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding the calyx, 3 to 4 lines long; capsule oblongovate, attenuate.—Moist summer beds of winter streams, 100 to 2500 f t . : throughout Cal.; Ore. to Nev. and Ariz. July-Sept. (Mimulus pilosus Wats. M. exilis Dur.) 13. LIMOSfiLLA L. Mudwort Diminutive t u f t e d annuals. Stems creeping in the mud (never ascending), bearing a t intervals clusters of leaves and scapes. Leaves narrow, entire, fleshy. Scapes naked, 1-flowered. Calyx 5-toothed Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style short. Capsule globose, 2-celled only at base, many-seeded. (Latin limus, mud, and sella, seat, the species growing in moist localities.) 1. L. aqu&tica L. T u f t s 1 to 2 in. high; leaves exceeding the scapes, narrowly oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, on long petioles ( % to IV2 in.); corolla very small (less t h a n 1 line long), white or purplish.—Muddy shores of lakes and ponds, mostly n«ar the coast, f r o m Marin Co. to Kern Co. and San Jacinto Mts. I t is found in all continents, the most widely distributed species of the family. June-July. Var. tenuif&lia Hoffm. Leaves narrowly linear (no distinction of blade and petiole).—San Bernardino Mts. 14. STEM6DIA L. "Viscid-pubescent herbs with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils, sometimes becoming spicate or racemose at the ends of the stems. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes narrow and nearly equal. Corolla with short cylindric tube, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included. Anther-cells separate and stipitate. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule with valves entire or at length 2-parted, the placentae l e f t in the axis. Seeds numerous. (Abbreviated from Greek stemon, stamen, and diacra, two tips, in reference to the separated anther-cells.) 1. S. durantif&lia Swartz. Annual or perennial; stems simple or branched below, 8 to 14 in. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves opposite or whorled, lanceolate, serrate, narrowed below and with a dilated partly clasping base, % to 1 in. long; inflorescence spike-like, densely glandular; calyx with 2 bractlets; corolla purplish, 3 to 4 lines long, hairy within.—Wet ground, San Diego to w. side Colorado Desert; s. Ariz.; trop. Am. 15. BACdPA Aublet Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. Calyx of 5 almost distinct imbricated sepals, the upper broadest. Corolla eampanulate, its upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Capsule thin, 2-valved, the valves 2-parted. Placentae remaining united in the axis, the valves of the capsule separating from them. (Thought to be an aboriginal name.) 1. B. rotundifolia (Michx.) W e t t s t . Stems succulent, creeping, 10 to 14 in. long, villous-pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves rotund, sessile, flabellately many-nerved from the base, V2 in. long; pedicels 1 or 2 in the axils, longer t h a n the white flowers; corolla little irregular.—Aquatic or in muddy situations: San Joaquin Valley (Stockton to F r e s n o ) ; e. to Tex., thence n. to 111. (Herpestis rotundifolia Pursh. Monnieria rotundifolia Michx.)

FIGWORT F A M I L Y

931

16. GRATiOLA L. Low annual with opposite sessile leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils, peduncled. Calyx of 5 almost distinct unequal sepals. Corolla tubular, the tube yellow, the white lips short; upper lip entire or bifid, the lower 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, posterior; anterior pair none or reduced to sterile rudiments. Stigma dilated or with 2 flat lobes. Capsule 4-valved, the valves separating f r o m the placenta-bearing axis. (Latin gratia, grace or esteem, in reference to its medicinal virtues.) Calyx with a pair of foliaceous bractlets close to it; corolla about 2 times as long as the calyx x . G. virginiana. Calyx without bractlets; corolla shorter than or equaling the calyx 2.0. ebracteata.

1. G. virginiana L. Stems 3 to 6 in. high, erect, branched from below, puberulent, somewhat viscid; leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or toothed, glabrous, 1 to IV2 in. long; corolla yellow with white lips, 4 lines long; stamen rudiments minute or none; capsule ovate, about equaling the calyx.—Montane, 5500 to 6500 f t . : rare, Placer Co.; e. to the Atlantic. July. 2. G. ebracteata Benth. WALLOW-HYSSOP. Stems somewhat succulent, ascending, 2 to 5 in. high; herbage obscurely glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire, 3 to 8 lines long; sepals lanceolate, 2 to 3% lines long, surpassing the globular and somewhat 4-angled capsule; upper corolla lip shortly bifid, with a patch of short glandular hairs beneath the notch, the lobes of the lower lip short and broad, notched.—Wet soil, 200 to 5000 f t . : North Coast Range valleys; Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Wash. 17. I L Y S A N T H E S Raf. Small annuals with opposite sessile leaves. Flowers small, axillary, on filiform naked peduncles (or the upper becoming racemose). Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals. Corolla t u b u l a r ; upper lip short, erect, 2-cleft; lower lip larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, posterior, inserted low down; anterior stamens sterile, inserted high in the throat, forked, one of the divisions glandular and obtuse, the other acute and sometimes bearing the rudiment of an anther. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded, septicidal or septif r a g a l . (Greek ilus, mud, and anthos, flower, the species a denizen of wet places.) 1. I. dubia Barnh. Stems one to several f r o m the base, very slender, diffusely branching, 3 to 5 in. high; herbage essentially glabrous; leaves ovate or oblong, 4 to 7 lines long, sparingly denticulate or entire; peduncles long and slender, several times longer than the flowers, solitary in the axils or subracemose above by the reduction of the subtending leaves to bracts; calyx 1 line long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, bluish.—Moist stream bottoms or valley lowlands, 10 to 4000 f t . , rare in Cal.: lower Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys; Yosemite; e. to Atlantic; S. Am. July-Sept. (I. gratioiloides Benth.) 18. S i N T H Y R I S Benth. Perennial herbs f r o m rootstocks with the rounded petioled leaves in a basal t u f t . Flowers racemose. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with very short tube and 4-lobed rotate-campanulate limb. Stamens 2, inserted close to the upper sinuses, exserted. Anther cells parallel, not confluent. Capsule compressed, loculicidal. (Greek sun, together, and thuris, a little door, re-

% ; b, capsule x l ' i ; c, sect, of capsule x IV2

932

SCROPHULARIACEAE

f e r r i n g to the continued adherence oí the base of the valves to the placentae.) Herbage

appressed-scabrulose; capsule divaricately 2-lobed; seeds 2 in each cell 1. rotundifolia. Herbage glabrous; capsule emarginate; seeds more than 2 in each cell 2. 5 . reniformis.

1. S. rotundifolia Gray. Fig. 870. P l a n t s 2Y> to 5 in. high; herbage appressed-scabrulose; leaves roundishor ovate-cordate, doubly crenate, % to 2 in. long, shorter t h a n the petioles; peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves; inflorescence loosely corymbose-racemose, the bracts small and S nÍ ormÍsBent ; r ch fletj 1x; W f Í , r ¿ ? -5 r the pedicels, a t least the , lower, sev% b, leaf x % ; c, capsule x 2 ; d, long. , . „ ' sect, of capsule x 2.

e r a

l

times

longer

than

the

flowers;

corolla white, 2 lines long, its tube hairy within.—North Coast Eanges from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. Mar.-May. 2. S. renifórmis Benth. Fig. 871. Flowering stems 4 to 9 in. high, bearing several bract-like fanshaped leaves; basal leaves persistent, orbicular-reniform, 1 to 2 in. wide, crenate and crenately incised, the lobes sharply toothed; petioles stout, 2 to 4 in. long; raceme dense; pedicels slender, exceeded by the subtending lanceolate bracts; calyx-lobes lanceolate, somewhat unequal, about 1 line long; corolla blue changing to purple, 3 lines long, its tube seldom hairy within; capsule truncate, emarginate.—Modoc Co.; n. to Wash, and Ida. July. 19. V E R Ó N I C A L . SPEEDWELL

Ours herbs with cauline leaves and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, or solitary. Pedicels without bractlets. Calyx in ours 4-parted. Corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, the upper lobe commonly broader t h a n the lateral lobes or the lower one. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper corolla-lobe, exserted. Stigma entire. Capsule flattened, emarginate, obcordate or 2-lobed, septicidal. Seeds f e w to many. (Name thought to be in memory of St. Veronica.) A. Perennials from rootstocks or stolons; leaves opposite; flowers borne in racemes. Racemes several, axillary; corolla pale blue, often purple-striped. Leaves all or mostly short-petiolate 1. V. americana. Leaves all sessile. Racemes loose and elongate, commonly from opposite axils; capsule orbicular, emarginate, many-seeded; seeds compressed or plano-convex 2. V. anatjallis. Racemes filiform, flexuous, commonly from alternate axils; capsule biscutelliform, deeply emarginate, several-seeded; seeds very flat 3. V. scutellata. Raceme one, terminal. Pedicels longer than bracts Í.V. cusickii. Pedicels equaling or shorter than the bracts. Pedicels shorter than bracts; stamens close to the upper s i n u s e s ; capsule elliptical, emarginate 5 .V. alpina. Pedicels equaling or shorter than bracts; stamens borne midway between the upper sinuses and the base of the corolla-tube; capsule somewhat orbicular, obcordate 6. V. serpyllifolia. B. Annuals; leaves alternate or the lowest opposite; flowers solitary in the axils leaves, or the inflorescence appearing racemose above by the reduction of the leaves to bracts.

of the upper

Pedicels longer than the leaves; lobes of capsule strongly divergent 7. V. buxbaumii. Pedicels shorter than the leaves; capsule obcordate, its lobes not divergent. Stem and branches erect; lower leaves oblong or oval, entire or dentate. 8. V. peregrina. Stem and branches soon spreading; lower leaves ovate, crenate 9. V. arvensis.

1. V. americána Schwein. AMERICAN BROOKLIME. Fig. 872. Stems branching, erect or ascending, y 2 to 2% f t . high; herbage glabrous, leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, 1 to 3 in. long; pedicels filiform, exceeding the linear-oblong

FIGWORT FAMILY

933

b r a c t s and much longer than the rotund capsule; calyx-segments 1 to IV2 lines long; corolla bright blue with white center, 2 lines broad; capsule biconvex, slightly emarginate at the apex, 1 % lines long; seeds many, flat, borne on a short placental surface at the center of the axis. — S p r i n g s and rivulets in the hills and mountains, throughout cismontane Cal.; f a r e. and n. J u n e - S e p t . 2. V. anagallis L . S t e m 6 to 10 in. high, simple or b r a n c h i n g ; herbage glabrous or the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; leaves lanceolate, remotely serrate, 1 to 2 in. long; racemes short, few-flowered; peduncles and pedicels filiform, the l a t t e r 2 to 4 lines long, exceeding the lanceolate b r a c t s ; calyx-segments barely 1 line long, exceeded b y the corolla-lobes; corolla 8 7 2 . V e r o n i c a a m e r i c a n a S c h w e i n . ; a, fl. b r a n c h l e t x Vz ; ¡>, capsule k I V 2 . blue or purplish-striped. — Rivulets or swamps, rare in Cal.; S h a s t a Co.; N. Am.; Eur., Asia. M a y . 3. V. scutelliLta L . F i g . 873. Stems slender, 3 to 16 in. high, simple or somewhat branched; herbage glabrous or sparingly h a i r y ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, remotely denticulate or entire, % to 2 % in. long; racemes equaling or exceeding the leaves; bracts lanceolate, 1 line long, exceeding the calyx-segments; pedicels several times as long as the bracts, slender, spreading; corolla blue, its lobes 2 lines long, equal; stamens inserted between upper sinuses and base of corolla-tube; capsule 1 % lines long; seeds 6 to 8 in each cell; placental surface located toward upper end of axis.—Common in wet places: Sierra N e v a d a ; North Coast R a n g e s ; n. to B . C., e. to L a b . ; Eur., Asia. J u n e - J u l y . 4. V. cusickii Gray. Stems slender, simple, erect, 8 or 9 in. high; herbage glabrous or pubescent; leaves sessile, suborbicular below, ovate or oblong above, entire, 4 to 8 lines long; raceme 3 to 9-flowered; bracts 1 % to 2 lines long, equaling calyx-segments; corolla 4 to 5 lines broad, with ample rounded lobes; stamens borne in upper sinuses, exserted together with the filiform s t y l e ; capsule elliptical, e m a r g i n a t e ; seeds many.'—Siskiyou 8 7 3 . V e r o n i c a seutellata L . ; a, sect. of fl. b r a n c h l e t x b, capsule x 1 1 5 .

Co.; n. t o O r e .

Aug.

5. V. alpina L . var. unalaschensis C. & S.

ALPINE SPEEDWELL. S t e m s s l e n d e r , 4 % to 1 0 %

in. high, erect or procumbent at base; herbage hirsute-pubescent to g l a b r a t e ; leaves ovate or oblong, crenulate-serrate to entire, obtuse, sessile, V> to 1 V> in. long; raceme simple, dense or interrupted below; pedicels shorter than calyx-lobes; corolla light blue, 2 to 3 lines broad; stamens and style included; placental surface centrally located on axis; seeds numerous.—Montane meadows, 4000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Alas., e. to N. E n g . J u l y - S e p t . 6. V . serpyllifolia L . THYME-LEAF SPEEDWELL. Stems 2 to 11 in. high, simple or branching at b a s e ; herbage glabrous or pubescent; leaves sessile or petiolate, ovate or oblong, entire or crenulate, 3 to 10 lines long; raceme loose, few to many-flowered; b r a c t s ovate to linear; pedieels erect, filiform, as long as the c a l y x ; calyx-lobes 1 to 1 % lines long; corolla pale blue (with darker stripes) to almost white, 2 lines broad; stamens together with the filiform style exserted; stigma c a p i t a t e ; capsule 1 % lines long; seeds many,

934

SCROPHULARIACEAE flat, oblong, borne on placentac located a t center of axis. —Montane, 3000 to 6000 f t . : throughout Cal.; n. to Alas., e. to Lab. and 6 a . ; S. Am., Eur., Asia. May-Aug. 7. V. buxbaumii Tenore. Stems branched from the base, % to 1 f t . long, diffuse or procumbent; herbage pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves roundish or oval, often broader than long, 5 to 7 lines long, on petioles 1 to 3 lines long, rather deeply toothed above the base; corolla blue with a small white center, to 3 lines broad, its short tube closed with a barrier of hairs; upper and lateral lobes subequal, larger than the lower lobe; filaments thickfleshy; capsule 4 lines broad, with two strongly divergent lobes, appearing as if twins; placentae near the upper end of the axis; seeds about 9 in each cell, oblong or roundish, wrinkled, with a fissure on one side, 1 line long.—-Native of Eur., escaped f r o m gardens: Eel River valley; Woodland; Newark; San Bernardino. Apr. 8. V. peregrma L. NECKWEED. Fig. 874. Stem erect, 4 to 12 in. high, simple or branched from the base; herbage finely puberulent; leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, oblong, % to 1 in. long, entire or dentate, only the lowest petioled; flowers solitary in the axils of the alternate leaves, sometimes in one of the axils of the opposite leaves, appearing racemose above by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts; pedicels shorter than the small flowers or capsules; corolla white; stamens and short style not exserted; capsule orbicular, 1% lines long; seeds oblong, flat, 8 or 10 in a cell; placentae central to axis. •— Low places in valley fields, 50

874.

Veronica

per- t o

4000

ft.:

throughout

egrina L.; a, habit x Cal.; N. Am., S. Am. Mar.a ; i>, capsule i l S . July. 9.

V. arvgnsis

L.

CORN SPEEDWELL.

Fig.

875. Stems slender, simple or branched, erect or slightly decumbent a t base, 3 to 10 8 7 5 . V e r o n i c a a r v e n s i s L . ; a, lower in. long; herbage pubescent; leaves ovate to c a u l i n e leaves x 2 ; b, capsule x 6. lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long; calyx-segments lanceolate, 1% lines long, glandular-hairy; corolla shorter than calyx; capsule 1 to IV2 lines long, ciliate; placentae above center of axis; seeds numerous, flat.—Native of Eur., an escape from gardens: Humboldt Co.; Siskiyou Co. Mar.-June. 20. DIGITALIS L. Tall biennial with alternate leaves, topped by long terminal commonly 1sided racemes of showy flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with inflated tube and very short limb. Stamens 4, included. (Latin digitalis, referring to the fingers of a glove, which the tubular corollas remotely resemble.) 1. D. purpurea L. FOXGLOVE. Stem stout, 3 to 4 f t . high; herbage pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate, 3 to 7 (or 8) in. long; corolla white or purple, declined, 1% in. long.—European garden plant, naturalized on the Humboldt and Mendocino coasts. 21. C A S T I L L i i l A Mutis B y E L S I E M . ZEILE

Boot-parasitic herbs or sometimes suffrutescent plants, of hilly districts. Leaves alternate, sessile, entire or more commonly laciniate. Flowers dull yellowish or greenish, in terminal spikes (sometimes pediceled). Bracts and calyx-lobes scarlet, red or yellow, commonly more showy than the dull yellow, red or greenish corolla. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, cleft before and usually behind (in one species on the side), the divisions entire, emarginate or 2-cleft. Upper lip (galea) of the corolla long and narrow, flattened laterally (or conduplicate) and enclosing the style and the 4 unequal stamens. Lower

FIGWORT F A M I L Y

935

lip v e r y short, 3-lobed or -toothed. A n t h e r cells unequal, t h e outer v e r s a t i l e , t h e inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded. (D. Castillejo, Spanish b o t a n i s t . ) A. Annuals;

upper bracts linear, red, longer than flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers pediceled; calyx about equally cleft before and behind. Corolla 1 to in. long; galea well exserted beyond the calyx, equaling the corolla-tube; lower lip exposed 1. G. stenantha. Corolla % to % (or 1) in. long; galea slightly exserted, about % as long as the corolla-tube; lower lip not or scarcely protruding beyond the cleft of the calyx 2. G. minor. B. Perennials. Calyx about equally cleft before and behind (but see no. 3 ) . Galea included or somewhat exserted, the lower lip never or scarcely exposed. Spikes strict; leaves mostly laciniate. Calyx cleft at the sides deeper than before or behind, floccose-tipped, its lobes 2-cleft, the inner or lower lobes shorter than the outer or upper ones; S. Cal 3. C. plagiotoma. Calyx equally cleft before and behind, not floccose-tipped, its lobes equally cleft % the length of calyx; Marin Co 4. G. neglecta. Spikes broad. Plants 2 to 8 in. high from a thick caudex; galea very short, shorter than corolla-tube; high montane. Leaves mostly entire; herbage pubescent; upper leaves 1-nerved 5. G. culbertsonii. Leaves mostly laciniate; herbage hispid; upper leaves 3-nerved 6. O. breweri. Plants mostly over 8 in. high; galea about equaling tube. Calyx-lobes mostly 2-cleft to the middle, or rarely 2-toothed; upper bracts deeply cleft. Calyx cleft to middle; herbage villous-hirsute (puberulent in v a r . ) . . 7. G. parviflora. Calyx cleft % or less its length. Herbage pilose-hispid; leaves mostly laciniate; mostly of Great Basin or of desert region 8. G. angustifolia. Herbage cinereous; leaves mostly entire, lanceolate; n. Cal.. . 9. G. pruinosa. Calyx-lobes entire or with slightly 2-lobed summit. Leaves oval or obovate (or broadly lanceolate in var.) ; herbage viscid-pubescent; calyx cleft to middle; coastal 10. G. latifolia. Leaves linear to lanceolate; calyx cleft % or less its length; suffrutescent; herbage white-woolly. Galea scarcely exserted; common throughout Cal 11. G. foliolosa. Galea somewhat exserted; Santa Barbara Isls 12. G. hololeuca. Galea conspicuously exserted (but tardily exserted in no. 1 5 ) , about equaling the tube, the lower lip usually exposed; montane. Bracts much longer than calyx; spikes showy, broad; calyx cleft a little deeper before than behind, the lobes deeply linear-cleft 13. G. miniata. Bracts about equaling calyx; spikes long and narrow (broadened at top in no. 15) ; calyx equally cleft, the lobes 2-toothed. Leaves mostly entire, linear to oblong-linear, 1 to 3-nerved; bracts narrow; Sierra Nevada and n 14. C. pinetorum. Leaves mostly trifid, broadly linear to ovate, 3 to 5-nerved; bracts broad; S. Cal 15. G. oblongifolia. Calyx much more deeply cleft before than behind; galea well exserted, the lower lip exposed; leaves mostly entire (except in var.) 16. G. a finis. 1. C. sten&ntha G r a y . S t e m simple, e r e c t , v i r g a t e , 1 % to 2 y 2 f t . high, the whole p l a n t g l a n d u l a r - p u b e s c e n t a n d w e t as i f w i t h d e w ; l e a v e s ascending, l i n e a r - l a n c e o l a t e , l 1 / * to 3 in. long, all e n t i r e ; lower l e a v e s w i t h long linear tips, these coiling spirally when w i l t i n g ; b r a c t s linear, e n t i r e , t h e uppermost w i t h s c a r l e t t i p s ; lower flowers p e d i c e l l a t e ; c a l y x equally c l e f t o r c l e f t slightly deeper b e h i n d ; c a l y x - l o b e s incisely 2 - c l e f t a t a p e x ; corolla wholly g r e e n ( e x c e p t t h e lower l i p ) or sometimes slightly yellowish, s t r a i g h t , welle x s e r t e d f r o m c a l y x - t u b e , e x p o s i n g t h e b r i g h t s c a r l e t t e e t h o f t h e lower lip; corolla-tube equaling t h e g a l e a . — M o i s t r i v u l e t s in t h e mts., 1000 to 7 0 0 0 f t . : L a k e a n d N a p a C o s . ; V e n t u r a Co. to w. R i v e r s i d e Co. 2. C. m i n o r G r a y . S i m i l a r t o no. 1 b u t n o t so t a l l ; corolla s h o r t e r , the g a l e a only s l i g h t l y e x s e r t e d . — M o n t a n e , 5 0 0 0 t o 7 5 0 0 f t . : M a r i p o s a a n d T u l a r e Cos.; I n y o R a n g e . 3. C. p l a g i 6 t o m a G r a y . S t e m s e r e c t or spreading, 1 to 1*4 f t . h i g h ; herb a g e more or less woolly-pubescent, the inflorescence w h i t e - w o o l l y ; lowest

936

SCROPHULARIACEAE

leaves linear, the upper divided to the middle into 3 linear lobes, the middle lobe broadest; spikes narrow; flowers ascending, distant; upper bracts green, shorter than the calyx, cleft more than half way, the middle lobe broadest; calyx floccose-tipped, about equaling the corolla; corolla yellow, 6 to 8 lines long, the upper lip emarginate; galea not or scarcely protruding, as long as the tube.—Montane, 3500 to 5500 f t . : w. side Mohave Desert; San Gabriel Mts. 4. C. neglecta Zeile n. sp. Near no. 10 b u t the herbage puberulent, not viscid, and the spikes erect, slender and narrow; leaves linear to ovate, laciniate; upper bracts broad, yellow, often tipped with red, deeply cleft, the middle lobe broadest; lower flowers pediceled; calyx-lobes broadly cleft % the length of calyx; corolla frequently red; galea scarcely exserted, shorter than the tube.—Hillsides, Tiburon, Marin Co. (K. Brandegee, type). 5. C. culbertsonii Greene. Stems erect, simple f r o m the base, solitary or when several a little remote; leaves linear, % to 1 in. long, somewhat appressed to the stem; spikes and flowers large f o r the size of the plant, the spikes as if forked at the apex; floral bracts thin, longer than the flowers, cleft to middle or below, the lobes red, middle lobe broad, lateral lobes linear; galea not or scarcely exserted, not much longer t h a n the lower lip and very much shorter than the corolla-tube.—Alpine or montane meadows, 10,000 to 11,000 f t . : Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co. 6. C. breweri Fer. Erect alpine plants 4 to 6 in. high, the few lowest leaves entire, the upper divided into 3 lobes, the middle lobe broadest; galea scarcely exserted, very short, scarcely half as long as tube.—High montane, 10,500 to 11,000 f t . : Mariposa Co.; Modoc Co. 7. C. parviflora Bong. var. douglasii Jepson. I N D I A N P A I N T B R U S H . Stems f r o m base rather f e w ; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves linear, varying to linear-lanceolate or -oblong, 1% to 3% in. long, entire or with a few linearlaciniate lobes, the lower often entire; bracts petal-like above, equally 3parted or the middle lobe somewhat larger and 3-cleft at summit; spikes lax below; calyx-lobes colored red, rarely yellow, laciniately 2-cleft at summit or to below the middle; corolla straight, the galea about as long as tube, little or not at all exserted.—Wooded canons, 100 to 7000 f t . : Los Angeles and Ventura Cos. to Humboldt Co.; Placer Co. to Shasta, Modoc and Siskiyou Cos. Var. CALIF6RNICA Zeile n. comb. Stems erect, slender, 8 to 15 in. high; herbage puberulent; spikes compact, 1 in. long in flower, as much as 6 in. long in f r u i t , the capsules distant; calyx cleft almost to middle, each lobe 2toothed; corolla subfalcate, galea a little shorter than tube.—Coastal mts. of S. Cal. (C. californica Abrams.) 8. C. angustifolia G. Don. Stems erect, mostly simple, 7 to 12 in. high, arising f r o m a caudex; herbage pilosehispid; leaves cleft mostly to below the middle into linear lobes, tending to spread widely; calyx cleft % its length, the lobes 2-toothed; upper bracts cleft to or below the middle, the outer lobes linear, the middle lobe broad and often 3-cleft, spikes dense, 1 to IV2 in. long; galea slightly exserted, about equaling tube; capsules 4 to 5 lines broad, 6 to 9 lines long.— Desert ranges and arid slopes of mts. ana n . , , . , , . „ , , v v borderingb the deserts, 2800 to 6000 f t . : 876. Castilleia latifolia H. & A.: a,fl.branch- „ , , , „ , , let X y2 ; b, two views of fl. x 1; c, fl. with Colorado and Mohave deserts; 11. Sierra calyx removed x 1; d, capsule x 1. Nevada; Inyo Co.; e. to Great Basin.

FIGWOKT F A M I L Y

937

9. C. pruinósa Fer. Stems erect, mostly simple, sometimes branching above, 12 to 16 in. high; herbage pubescent-cinereous; leaves entire, linear to lanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long; bracts 3lobed above the middle, longer than the calyx; calyx equally cleft % its length, lobes 2-cleft not quite to middle; galea exserted, almost equaling the tube, the lower lip not protruding.—Siskiyou Co. 1 0 . C. l a t i f ò l i a H . & A . SEASIDE PAINTED CUP. F i g . 8 7 6 . S t e m s Y 2 t o 1 Y 2

f t . high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves thick, oval or obovate or sometimes narrower, mostly less than 1 in. long, or the upper larger and 3-lobed at apex; bracts sometimes yellow, shorter than flowers, broad (about 9 lines long and 5 lines wide) with oblong lobes, the middle lobe twice as large as the lateral; calyx-lobes broad, entire or notched at apex, almost equaling the corolla; corolla 9 to 12 lines long; lower lip very short.—Sea cliffs and rocky headlands along the coast, 10 to 500 f t . : Monterey Co. to Mendocino Co. Var. WÌGHTII Zeile n. 877. Castilleia foliolosa H. & A. ; a, fl. stem comb. Stems more or less densely x Vz ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, fl. with calyx removed x 1. branched above, very leafy, herbage more densely viscid-pubescent; spikes erect, narrower and longer than in the species; flower structure similar to the species, but the bracts and calyx tipped with yellow.—Near coast, San Mateo Co. (C. wightii Elmer.) 1 1 . C. f ò l l o l ò s a H . & A . WOOLLY PAINTED CUP. F i g . 8 7 7 . Suffrutes-

cent, with many stems from the base, mostly 10 to 18 in. high, whitewoolly throughout; leaves linear and entire, rather crowded below and fascicled in the lower axils, 4 to 12 lines long, the upper cauline and bracts 3-parted into linear lobes; bracts with lobes spatulatedilated at apex, the middle lobe largest and again shallowly 3lobed; spikes dense; flowers about 9 lines long, only slightly curved; galea protruding from calyx only 1 or 2 lines, shorter than or as long as tube of corolla; calyx-lobes truncate or merely retuse; capsule 5 to 7 lines long; seeds bluish-green.-— Dry hills, 200 to 4500 ft., mostly in rocky situations or gravelly soil, in some places exceedingly abundant, occupying many acres of open hillside: San Diego Co. to Solano and Mendocino Cos.; Amador Co. to Eldorado Co. Apr.-May. „

„

t

,,

8 7 8 . Castilleia miniata Dougl. ; a, fl. branchlet x 1 ; 6, fl. x 1 ; c, fl. with calyx removed x 1 ; d, anther x 3.

12. C. hololeùca Greene. Shrubby,

» t „ i « v.;™!, flPT,oPlvwhitp-wnnllv f t0 4 ftigh,clensely wftite woolly, leaves % to 1 % in. long; b r a c t s

938

SCROPHULARIACEAE

narrow, entire or the upper ones 3-cleft; calyx 8 lines long, cleft deeper on the upper side; galea shorter than tube.—San Clemente, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Santa Catalina islands. 13. C. miniita Dougl. Fig. 878. Stems erect, branched above, 1 to 3 ft. high; herbage pubescent to nearly glabrous; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, acuminate; inflorescence hairy; spikes dense and short, 1 to 2% in. long in flower, lengthening in fruit, showy; calyx-lobes deeply cleft into linear lobes; corolla 1 to l1/^ in. long, falcate, the galea exserted, longer than tube.—Montane, in wet places, 3500 to 10,000 ft.: San Jacinto Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; San Gabriel Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Plumas Co., thence to Siskiyou and Humboldt Cos.; n. to Alas., e. to Col. (C. montana Congdon. C. oreopola Greenm.) 14. C. pinetdrum Fer. Fig. 879. Stems erect, often branching above, 6 to 12 in. high from a woody caudex; herbage pilose-glandular; leaves oblonglinear, entire or sometimes trisected, V2 to 1 in. long; spikes narrow; bracts divided to middle, the 2 outer linear, the middle lanceolate, all about equaling the calyx; calyx cleft equally % or y 2 its length, the lobes 2-toothed; galea about equaling the tube. — Montane, 4 0 0 0 to 9 0 0 0 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Tulare Co., s. to the San Gabriel, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains. (C. trisecta Greene.) Var. FRAGILIS Zeile n. comb. Stems very slender, branched from base and above; leaves entire or laciniate into 3 lobes at apex, prominently 1 to 3ribbed beneath; spikes very narrow, 2 to 5 lines broad.—Siskiyou Co. (C. fragilis Eastw.) 15. C. oblongifolia Gray. Similar to no. 14; herbage less viscid; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 8 lines broad, mostly divided nearly to the middle into 3 spreading lobes, the middle one broadest; bracts thin, similarly cleft, equaling calyx or a little longer; calyx equally cleft before and behind, about % its length, the lobes 2-toothed; galea equaling or slightly 8 7 9 . Castilleia p i n e t o r u m F e r . ; a, fl. longer than tube, lower lip at length exstem x i i ; 6, fl. x 1 ; c, fl. w i t h calyx serted. — Montane, San Diego and San removed x 1. Bernardino Cos. (C. martini Abrams.) 1 6 . C. iffinis H . & A . SCARLET C U P . Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, with few virgate branches from the base, rather leafy below; herbage nearly glabrous, somewhat villous, or slightly scabrous-puberulent; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, 1 to 4 in. long, the lower with 3 strong callous nerves; raceme loose below; bracts scarlet, very long, 3-parted, the lobes rather narrow, not broader above, the middle lobe largest and 3-cleft at apex; flowers pediceled, 1% in. long; calyx-lobes notched or 2-cleft at apex, the teeth acute; corolla yellowish, falcate, much exserted from the anterior cleft of the scarlet or scarlet-tipped calyx, and exposing the lower lip; galea about as long as tube, villous, bearded towards apex on the back.—Borders of woods, 10 to 500 ft.: San Diego Co. to Napa and Humboldt Cos.: extending e. to Kern Co. and ascending to 8300 ft. Var. LINARIAEFOLIA Zeile n. comb. Stems simple, erect from a woody crown; herbage glabrous, inflorescence a little pubescent; leaves linear, % to 3 in. long, the upper in fascicles, sometimes divided to below the middle into 3 linear lobes.—Montane, 4000 to 8 5 0 0 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Modoc Co. to Kern Co. and s. to Los Angeles Co. (C. linariaefolia Benth.) 2 2 . ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. O W L ' S CLOVER Annual herbs, or 3 species perennial. Leaves sessile, mainly alternate, entire, incised or laciniate, the floral frequently colored. Flowers in terminal

FIGWORT

939

F A M I L Y

spikes. Calyx tubular or short-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft before and behind and the divisions 2-lobed. Corolla tubular, the upper lip (galea) snout-like, but not greatly (or not at all) exceeding the lower one. Lower lip more or less 3-saccate, inflated, often very conspicuous. Stamens 4; anthers 1 or 2-celled. (Greek orthos, upright, and karpos, fruit.) A. Perennials; lower lip of corolla not saccate or only slightly so; anthers 2-celled.—Subgenus C O L A C U S . Leaves entire or mostly so; rare. Middle lobe of bracts spatulate-dilated, very obtuse; S. Cal Middle lobe of bracts lanceolate, acute; Siskiyou Co Leaves cleft or divided; common

B . Annuals; lower lip of corolla saccate.—Subgenus 1. ANTHERS

1-CELLED.

2.

2-CELLED.

1.0. cinereus. 2. O. schizotrichus. 3. O. pilosus. EUORTHOCARPUS.

Seeds with a close coat. Stamens in anthesis exserted from galea; flowers not more than % in. long. Stems 2 to 4 in. high, weak; flowers scattered, the corolla 2 to 3 lines long, dark red, inconspicuous 4. 0 . pusillus. Stems 5 to 12 in. high, more vigorous; flowers mostly in dense spikes, the corolla 6 lines long, cream-color or yellow 5. O. floribundus. Stamens in anthesis not exserted from galea (except in a var. of no. 7) ; flowers mostly more than in. long. Herbage greenish; corolla yellow or white, the galea whitish. .6. O. faucibarbatus. Herbage more or less purplish; galea purple. Corolla sulphur-yellow 7. O. erianthus. Corolla white or pink or parti-colored; vars. of 7. 0. erianthus. Seeds with a loose cellular coat; corolla golden yellow with purple galea 8.0. bidwelliae. ANTHERS

a. Corolla more or less

3-saccate. Bracts herbaceous. Bracts entire 9. O. campestris. Bracts cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes. Lower lip of corolla very broad, the sacs 2 % to 3 lines deep, deeper horizontally than long 10. O. lithospermoides. Lower lip of corolla less broad, the sacs not deeper horizontally than long. Galea densely white-villous; corolla 1 in. long 11. O. lasiorhynchus. Galea not white-villous; corolla Vz to % in. long. Sacs barely 1 line deep, longer than deep; infrequent. . . 1 2 . O. hispidus. Sacs 1 Vz lines deep, nearly as deep as long. Flowers lemon-yellow; divisions of leaves and bracts narrowly linear; common 13. O. lacerus. Flowers white and purplish; divisions of leaves and bracts broader or the leaves entire; rare 14. 0 . rubicundulus. Bracts with purplish or whitish tips. Corolla with lower lip conspicuously 3-saccate, the teeth minute or small. Galea subulate; sacs longer than deep 15. O. linearilobus. Galea truncate at tip; sacs deeper than long 16. O. gracilis. Corolla with lower lip plicate-saccate or moderately 3-saccate, the teeth conspicuous, erect (in O. purpurascens small). Filaments glabrous; galea nearly straight, pubescent. Spikes virgate, lax below; flowers dull white; stigma not exserted from galea. 17. O. attenuatus. Spikes stout, often subcapitate, dense; flowers purple and white; stigma exserted from the tip of galea. Leaves 1 to 2Vz in. long, mainly with a pair of lanceolate divisions; stem simple or little branched 18. O. densiflorus. Leaves Vz to 1 % in. long, entire or with linear divisions; stem usually castilleioides. with many ascending branches 19. O. Filaments hairy; galea long, hooked at apex, densely bearded; flowers pinkish purple; stigma exserted from galea below its tip. . . 2 0 . O. purpurascens. b. Corolla simply saccate or nearly so. Bracts herbaceous, somewhat similar to the leaves, palmately 3-lobed, the middle lobe cuneate-lanceolate. Corolla golden-yellow; lower lip not much broader than the upper 21. O. luteus. Corolla rose-purple; lower lip much broader than the upper 22. O. bracteosus. Bracts colored, strikingly different from the leaves, roundish to elliptic, commonly with a lanceolate tooth on each side. Bracts mostly dilated above and rounded at the apex; galea incurved at tip 23. O. tenuifolius. Bracts not dilated above, acute at apex; galea straight or nearly so 24. 0 . pachystachyus.

1. O. cinereus Jepson n. comb. Stems several from the perennial root-crown, ascending or diffuse, 7 to 9 in. high; herbage cinereous-pubescent; leaves nar-

940

SCROPHULAKIACEAE

rowly linear-lanceolate, entire or the upper sometimes divided into 3 linear lobes, ereet or somewhat appressed to the stem, 3 to 9 (or 12) lines long, sessile; spikes rather dense, % to 2 in. long; bracts (at least the upper) 3-lobed, the lateral lobes narrow, the middle one very broad and very obtuse or truncatish (or spatulate-dilated), yellow, viscid; calyx equally 4-cleft; lower lip almost as long as galea; calyx and corolla yellowish; corolla 5 to 6 lines long; stigma large, conspicuously exserted.—San Bernardino Mts., 6000 to 7200 f t . (Castilleia cinerea Gray.) 2. O. schizotrichus Jepson n. comb. Stems many f r o m a perennial rootcrown, erect, 3 to 7 in. high; stems whitish-lanate, the leaves and bracts dusky lanate; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or sometimes 3-divided above, 1 to 1% in. long; spikes dense; bracts 3-cleft below middle, the outer lobes linear and shorter than the broader lanceolate middle lobes; calyx equally 4-cleft; lower lip of corolla shortly 3-lobed, a little shorter t h a n the galea.—Marble Mt. region, Siskiyou Co. (Castilleia schizotricha Greenm.) 3. O. pildsus Wats. Pig. 880. Stems numerous from the crown of a stout perennial root, leafy, 6 to 8 in. high; herbage soft-villous to hirsute-pubescent; leaves pinnately 3 to 5-parted into linear lobes, or the lower entire; bracts f r o m yellowish or whitish to dull crimson; calyx deeply cleft into linear lobes; flowers white, pink or reddish; lower lip only slightly saccate, strongly 3-toothed, the teeth white; galea purplish, somewhat recurved at tip, a little longer than the lip; stigma very large and black, just exserted from tip of galea. — Montane,5000 to 10,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to Mt. S h a s t a ; Ore. July-Aug. Var. MONENSIS Jepson n. var. Somewhat diffuse, 2% to 3% in. high; racemes very dense; galea twice as long as the large lower lip.—High montane, 9500 to 10,600 f t . , Mono Co.: Mono P a s s ; Bloody Canon (Jepson 4431a, type). Var. ARACHNOIDEUS Jepson n. comb. Stems many f r o m the perennial rootcrown, erect, 3 to 7 in. high; herbage and inflorescence thinly arachnoid; leaves 3-lobed, 1 to 1% in. long, the segments narrowly linear or filiform, entire or the middle one incised or c l e f t ; bracts broad, cleft to below 8 8 0 . O r t h o c a r p u s pilosus W a t s . ; o , h a b i t x % ;

middle;

lower lip a little

inflated.—

b, fl. X iy 2 ; c, bract x U ; d, stamen x 4. Marble Mt., Siskiyou Co. to Salmon Mt., Trinity Co. (Castilleia arachnoidea Greenm.) 4. O. pusillus Benth. Stem slender and weak, 2 to 4 in. high; herbage purplish, sparingly hispidulous-pubescent; leaves pinnately cleft into linear or filiform divisions; bracts longer than the scattered inconspicuous dark red flowers; corolla 2 to 3 lines long.-—Hillsides and fields, 10 to 1500 f t . , coloring moist spots with a dull red hue: Santa Clara Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. Mar.-Apr. I t is often parasitic on grasses. 5. O. floribundus Benth. Stem erect, somewhat corymbosely branched from near the base or the middle, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage nearly glabrous; leaves (especially the upper) pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, some again parted; spikes short and dense, the upper bracts not surpassing the calyx; corolla white or cream-color, 6 lines long, its tube much exceeding the calyx; lower lip with 2 hairy lines within.—Hillsides near the coast, 10 to 500 f t . : San Francisco Co. to San Mateo Co.

941

FIGWORT FAMILY 6. O. faucibarbsltus Gray. Fig. 881. P l a n t s 7 to 20 in. high, commonly with ascending branches from the middle; herbage greenish, glabrous, or puberulent above; leaves oblong or ligulate a t base, pinnately cleft above into several linear divisions; spikes at length elongated and lax; bracts shorter than the flowers, palmately cleft or parted into lanceolate segments; corolla sulphur-yellow or pinkish white or white, 9 to 10 lines long, its tube whitish, very slender, pubescent, twice the length of the calyx; sacs of lower lip nearly 2 lines deep, deeper t h a n high; folds of throat bearded w i t h i n ; anthers connivent.—Low moist fields in the Coast Range valleys, 10 to 1500 f t . : Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co. Apr.-May.

7. O. erianthus Benth. J O H N N Y TUCK. Fig. 882. Stem commonly branching, 4 to 10 in. high; herbage, particularly the bracts and stems, reddish; leaves pinnately divided into filiform divisions; spikes slender, flattopped; bracts much shorter t h a n the flowers; corolla 8 to 9 lines long and sulphur-yellow except the dark purple 881. Orthocarpus faucibarbatus Gray; a, fl. subulate galea, its filiform tube at least branchlet x 1 , b, leaf x 1 ; c, cross sect, of twice the length of the calyx; sacs of ovary x 5. the lower lip 2 lines deep, deeper than high, each sac commonly with 2 greenish ' yellow spots at the base of the tooth; 4 . J» .« folds of the throat densely bearded; v ... ' i f e . , , anthers connivent.—Low hills and valv Nttr ' ¡ ' ' i f \ ' leys, 10 to 2000 ft., throughout cismon^ tane Cal.; also sw. Ore. I t is very abun~ V"' ri " dant on the plains of the Sacramento and \ V » Pdfi jfgi'San Joaquin valleys, in the Sierra Nevada v y foothills and on the low hills of the Coast V^W. x j ^ i A jwL Ranges, often coloring wide stretches WSU», "^MBUp&ilf / , //' with streamer-like bands of yellow in "V

t /

'%-f«.^ ' ]/ V *J. ¡/ V - \ J

"

Apr. and

n

May.

Y a r . MICRANTHUS

Jepson

- comb. Smaller, about 4 in. high; corollatube much shorter; stamens early exserted from galea, the anthers not connivent.-— Foothills and plains: Madera Co.; Fresno Co.; w. to eastern Monterey Co. (O. micranthus Greene.) Var. GRATI6SUS Jepson & Tracy n. var. Two lateral sacs white, the middle one yellow, the galea and throat dark.—Sandhills, Humboldt Co. (Eureka, Tracy 2035, type). Var. VERSICOLOR Jepson. Popcorn Beaut}'. \ I J Corolla white, excepting the purple galea, C V often with a transverse purple band across the throat below the sacs; otherwise like the species.-—San Francisco. "Var. / , ' , . R6SEUS Gray. Corolla rose-color. — San Francisco sand hills. Var. INOPINUS Jep882. Orthocarpus erianthus Benth.; a, s o n n " v a r " U P P e r l e a v e s a n d b r a c t s f a n : habit x %; b, flower x shaped with linear divisions; sacs or

942

SCROPHULARIACEAE

corolla very large, rose-purple with a yellow spot above.—Mendocino (H. E. Brown 700, type). 8. O. bidwelliae Gray. Very similar to O. erianthus, b u t the foliage less pubescent, the corolla tube more slender, 6 to 7 lines long; lower lip rather smaller, golden-yellow, the throat and galea dark purple; seeds with loose cellular arilliform coat.—Foothills, Butte Co. to Placer Co. 9. O. campestris Benth. Stem 2 to 4 in. high, simple or f e w branched; herbage glabrous below; leaves and bracts narrowly linear, entire or nearly so; spike thickish, dense above; calyx markedly hirsute; corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, the galea subulate, the sacs ample, very ventricose, 2 lines deep, the teeth scarious, slender, rather conspicuous; capsule ovate.—Fields, B u t t e and Plumas Cos. to Modoc Co. 10. O. lithospermoides Benth. C R E A M S A C S . Stem erect and simple, rarely with a few branches above the base, 8 to 12 (or 14) in. high; herbage hirsutepubescent above, less so below; lower leaves lanceolate, entire; upper oblong, with a few slender lobes; spike very dense and thick; bracts nearly equaling the flowers, the upper large, almost as broad as long, concealing the calyx, dilated at the base, palmatifid into 7 or more narrow lobes; corolla rich cream-color, 9 to 13 lines long, strongly 3-saccate, the tube dilated upwards; capsule ovate.— Plains and low hills, 20 to 1500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to Humboldt Co.; Sacramento Valley and bordering foothills. Var. BICOLOR Jepson n. comb. Flowers white, turning rose-pink.—Butte Co. foothills. (O. bicolor Hel.) 11. O. lasiorhynchus Gray. Stem 3 to 15 in. high, simple or sparingly branched; herbage soft-hirsute; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, entire or 3-parted, M> to •% in. long; spike cylindric, loose, rather few-flowered; bracts 4 or 5-cleft, exceeded by the flowers; corolla yellow, 8 to 10 lines long; galea narrowly subulate, surpassing lower lip, densely white-villous; teeth of the lip very short; capsule 3 lines long; seeds many, with loose reticulated coat. — Montane, 5000 to 6500 f t . : San Bernardino and San J a c i n t o mountains. O. hispidus Benth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage soft-hirsute; leaves entire or with few slender divisions, i/j to i y 2 in. long; spike lax; bracts palmately cleft into 3 or more lanceolate divisions; calyx 4 to 5% lines long, the teeth lanceolate; corolla pale yellow (or white), 5 to 8 lines long, the tube filiform; lower lip surpassed by galea, teeth short, sacs longer than deep, throat with d a r k dots, folds hairy w i t h i n ; capsule ovoid, obtuse, longer t h a n the calyx-tube; seeds obovoid, dark gray.—Montane, 3000 to 5000 f t . , i n f r e q u e n t : Palomar Mt.; both slopes Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to B. C. J u n e . 13. O. Iacerus Benth. Fig. 883. Stem 3 to 8 in. high, erect, simple or sparingly branched; herbage soft-hirsute, viscid above; leaves % to 1% in. long, alternate or the lowest opposite, linearlanceolate, entire or pinnately 3parted; spike loose, cylindric, f e w to many-flowered; bracts palmately 3 to 7-cIeft into narrow divisions; calyx 3 lines long, cleft into lanceolate divisions; corolla bright or lemon yel883. Orthocarpus Iacerus Benth.; a, habit x low, 6 to 8 lines long, the lip iy> V4 ; b, fl. x lYz ; c, calyx spread open x l'A ; lines deep, 2 lines long; galea glad, stamen

FIGWORT FAMILY

943

brous or puberulent on back; lower lip often dark-dotted; teeth short, surpassed by galea; capsule 3 lines high.—Foothills and middle altitudes, 700 to 4700 ft., common: Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Modoc Co. May-July. 14. O. rubicúndulus Jepson n. sp. Stem simple or branched above, 4 to 9 in. high, pilose; leaves lanceolate, entire or 3-cleft, hispid, 1 in. long; inflorescence dense above, lax below; bracts all green, 7 to 9 Unes long, broad at base, 3 to 5-cleft into lanceolate divisions, hispid or somewhat pilose; calyx 4 lines long, cleft for nearly half its length into subulate segments; corolla white, turning a light rosy-pink, 9 lines long; sacs conspicuous, 2 lines deep, as deep as high, each sac with a deep longitudinal crease so deep as to make each one almost 2 distinct sacs; main folds of the sacs inside very hairy-pubescent; 2 yellow spots at base of saccate lower lip; teeth very short (the apices of the sacs rising above them), with greenish-yellow spots on the inside at apex, surpassed by the straight subulate galea.—Inner North Coast Range montane valleys from Lake Co. (Indian Valley, Jepson 9001, type) to ne. Napa Co. May. 15. O. linearilobus Benth. Stem 6 to 9 in. high, simple or branched; herbage hirsute or nearly hispid; leaves alternate, 1 to 2 in. long, lanceolate, entire or pinnately parted into long slender divisions; spike dense; bracts nearly equaling the flowers, the long slender divisions sometimes purplish-tipped; calyxlobes much longer than the tube; corolla 7 to 9 lines long, white or yellowishwhite, commonly with a few purple dots on the sacs; galea exceeding lower lip, teeth short, sacs deeper at upper part, narrowing gradually downward; capsule 4 lines long; seeds many, with loose reticulated coat.—Sierra Nevada foothills, Yuba Co. to Mariposa Co. Apr.-May. 16. O. grácilis Benth. Stem 4 to 10 in. high, simple or branched from the base; herbage glabrous below, minutely pubescent above; leaves mostly 3parted, linear-filiform; spike rather dense, slender; upper bracts shorter than the flowers, purplish-tinged at tip; corolla scantily puberulent, purplish, 6 to 7 lines long; tube slender, twice the length of the calyx; galea little exceeding the purple teeth of the lower lip, truncate at tip; sacs white, changing to purple, deeper than long, somewhat conical; lower anther-cell mostly imperfect; capsule oblong, obtuse.—Santa Lucia Mts. to San Diego Co. 17. O. áttenuátus Gray. V A L L E Y T A S S E L S . Stem slender, strict or more rarely with a few branches, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage hirsute-pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, entire or the upper with one or more filiform lobes above the middle, 1 to 3 in. long or less, mostly 1, or sometimes 5, lines wide; spikes slender, loose below, denser above; bracts with white tips or almost wholly herbaceous; calyx-lobes 4, filiform, the divisions of nearly equal depth; corolla dull white, sometimes yellow, not deeply 2-lipped; lower lip shallowly saccate, purple-dotted, its lanceolate teeth large for the size of the corolla, almost as long as the saccate portion and nearly or quite equaling the galea; capsule oblong, about 3 lines long; seeds white.—Valleys and foothills, 10 to 2100 ft.: Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Tehachapi Mts.; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to Butte Co. May. 18. O. densifldrus Benth. O W L ' S CLOVER. Stem strict or strictly branched, 5 to 15 in. high, finely pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1 to 2% in. long, with mainly a pair of filiform or slender divisions; spike dense, 4 in. long or less; bracts 3-cleft with purple and white tips; calyx-segments spatulate-dilated, purple; corolla 8 to 10 lines long, purple and white; lower lip with large crimson dots, the conspicuous purple (sometimes white) teeth nearly as long as the rather short galea.—Valley fields and low hills, 20 to 2500 ft., common: Coast Eanges from Mendocino and Solano Cos. to San Luis Obispo Co. and s. to San Diego Co.; Mariposa Co. foothills. Apr.-June. 19. O. castilleioxdes Benth. JOHNNY-NIP. Stem corymbosely branched from the base, commonly 6 to 11 in. high; herbage somewhat hirsute-pubescent; leaves shorter and mostly broader than in O. densiflorus, mostly 1 to 4 lines wide, entire or with lacinia te linear divisions; spikes short and dense, or even subcapitate, the bracts with white or yellowish tips; calyx-segments linear; corolla 6 to 10 lines long, dull white with purple marks or the sacs

944

SCROPH ULARIACEAE ¡1 yellow; galea scarcely longer than the B bright rose purple teeth; capsule oblong, \ i 5 to 6 lines long, obtuse or emarginate; seeds oblong or longer, dark brown.— to 3 % in. long; calyx a n t e r i o r l y c l e f t entirely to b a s e ; corolla 8 to 9 lines long, t h e t u b e gibbous a t base, w i d e n i n g lines long, t h e lower deeply 3-crenate, t h e upper i n c u r v e d ; u p w a r d , t h e lips stamens 2; a n t h e r s 2-celled, c o n n i v e n t ; filaments glabrous; anther-cells h a i r y a t b a s e ; style long, hooked a t apex, e x s e r t e d ; seeds r e n i f o r m , reticulatefavose.—Salt marshes b o r d e r i n g San Francisco B a y and i t s arms. Aug. 8. C. m a r i t i m u s N u t t . Corymbosely b r a n c h e d , 5 to 12 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e glaucous and more or less h o a r y - p u b e s c e n t ; leaves linear or lanceolate to oblong, 1 in. long, e n t i r e ; flowers in short r a t h e r thick spikes, about as long as t h e loosely i m b r i c a t e d e n t i r e or unequally 2 or 3-cleft b r a c t s ; calyx sheathlike, c l e f t to t h e base a n t e r i o r l y , entire or notched a t a p e x ; corolla purplish, pubescent w i t h o u t , 2-lipped a t summit, t h e lips a b o u t equal, t h e lower lip deeply 3-crenate, t h e upper incurved a t apex, t h e t u b e n a r r o w ; stamens 4 in v e r y u n e q u a l p a i r s ; a n t h e r s of t h e longer pair connivent, 2-celled, of t h e s h o r t e r pair f r e e w i t h only t h e lower small cell, t h e other cell usually represented b y a filamentous or somewhat flattened process, all t h e cells h a i r y a t t h e b a s e ; filaments glabrous or t h e shorter pair somewhat p u b e s c e n t ; style hooked a t apex, e x s e r t e d ; seeds reticulate-favose.—Salt marshes or saline meadows: cismontane S. Cal. and n. along t h e coast to H u m b o l d t Co. J u l y . V a r . c a n £ s c e n s J e p s o n n. comb. Canescent w i t h s o f t villous pubescence; corolla w h i t e . — E . side Sierra N e v a d a : Owens L a k e ; Modoc Co. (C. canescens Gray.) "Var. pArryi Jepson n. comb. A taller more b r a n c h i n g f o r m w i t h t h e upper leaves and b r a c t s n a r r o w e r , lanceolate, entire.—Honey L a k e Valley. (C. p a r r y i Wats.) 24. B E L L A B D I A All. E r e c t finely pubescent a n n u a l w i t h opposite leaves. Flowers in a dense t e r m i n a l spike, solitary and sessile in t h e axils of broad imbricated bracts. Calyx campanulate, deeply c l e f t b e f o r e and behind into 2 shortly notched lobes. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, t h e upper lip galeate, a l i t t l e shorter t h a n t h e lower; lower lip very broad, shallowly 3-lobed, t h e p a l a t e w i t h 2 narrowlyinflated longitudinal folds. S t a m e n s 4, with broad filaments, t h e lower pair slightly longer; a n t h e r s densely short-hairy n e a r t h e m a r g i n s of t h e valves. Ovary white-hairy. Capsule t u r g i d . (C. A. L . Bellardi, 1740-1826, P r o f e s s o r of B o t a n y in T u r i n U n i v e r s i t y . ) 1. B. trix&go (L.) All. Stems % to 1% f t . high, retrorsely p u b e s c e n t ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, coarsely t o o t h e d ; spike dense, thick, somewhat 4-sided; b r a c t s ovate-cordate, a t t e n u a t e ; corolla white, or t h e

948

SCROPHULARIACEAE

galea pink, 8 to 9 lines long, the calyx half as long.—Nat. from Eur. in old fields: Pacheco; East Oakland; Berkeley; Napa. May. 25. PARENTUCÉLLIA Viv. Erect annual herbs with toothed leaves. Flowers in a terminal leafy spike. Calyx campanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the front and back sinuses a little deeper than the lateral. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper helmet-shaped, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-cells approximate, mucronate at base. Capsule lanceolate, loculicidal. (Meaning obscure.) 1. P. viscósa (L.) Car. Stem slender, simple or somewhat branching, % to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, % to in. long; corolla yellow, 8 to 9 lines long.—Native of s. Eur., introduced in valley lands from Areata to Blue Lake, Humboldt Co. 26. PÉDICUIiÀRIS L.

LOUSEWORT

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or basal, pinnatifid or pinnate (or simple in P. racemosa). Flowers in a bracteate raceme or spike. Calyx 2 to 5-cleft or -toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; upper lip galeate, strongly arched; lower lip of 3 small rounded lobes or teeth, the middle lobe the smallest. Stamens 4, under the galea; anthers with equal cells. Capsule flattened, oblique at apex, loculicidally 2-valved. (Latin pediculus, a louse; of uncertain application.) Calyx split to the base in front, 2-toothed behind; galea beaked; stems branching; leaves not divided, merely crenulate 1. P . racemosa. Cal.vx 5-cleft or -toothed; stems strictly simple, usually several from the root-crown; leaves pinnatifid or pinnate. Stems without basal leaves; galea shortly beaked 2. P. howellii. Stems always with a basal tuft of leaves. Upper lip of corolla blunt and beakless; raceme or spike little surpassing or shorter than the simple leaves. Corolla red; flowers in a raceme raised on a stem 3. P . densijlora. Corolla yellow; flowers in a spike (or spike-like raceme) on the ground 4. P . semibarbata. Upper lip of corolla produced above the galea into a slender curving proboscis-like beak; flowers in a spike, much exceeding the leaves, these chiefly in a short basal tuft. Calyx-teetb l/'z to as long as the tube; beak closely recurved on the galea; spike woolly 5. P . attollens. Calyx-teeth very short; beak curving forward beyond the galea and then upward ; spike glabrous 6. P . groenlandica.

1. P. racemósa Dougl. Stems 8 to 20 in. high, many from a woody rootcrown, with very slender branches; herbage glabrous; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base into a petiole, minutely and doubly crenulate, 1 % to 3 % in. long; flowers on short pedicels, in a leafy-bracteate loose raceme; calyx split to the Dase in front, 2-toothed behind, 3 lines long; corolla pink or white, 7 to 9 lines long; lower lip 6 lines broad, twice as broad as long; upper lip strongly incurving and prolonged into a tapering hooked beak which nearly touches the lower lip; anthers sagittate.—Montane, 6000 to 7000 ft.: Placer Co. to Trinity and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to B. C., e. to Eocky Mts. 2. P. howéllii Gray. Stems 12 in. high, simple, several from the scaly buds of the root-crown, naked below, leafy above, ending in a dense shortcylindric spike 1 in. long; herbage glabrous; leaves pinnate with 5 (or 3) serrate leaflets, the lateral oblong-ovate, 8 to 9 lines long, the terminal leaflets much larger; uppermost leaves simple; bracts entire or obscurely lobed, villous on lower half, shorter than the flowers; calyx villous, its lobes very short, mostly toothed; corolla white, 4 lines long, strongly arched, with a short recurved beak; lobes of the lower lip very small, equal, denticulate; filaments glabrous.—Dry ridges, Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft. 3. P. densiflòra Benth. INDIAN WARRIOR. Fig. 885. Stems simple, erect, 9 to 12 in. high, commonly several from the scaly root-crown; herbage softpubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves pinnately divided or parted, the segments oblong and doubly serrate-toothed or incised; flowers in a dense raceme; bracts linear, ciliate or serrulate towards the apex, mostly shorter

BIGNONIACEAE

949

than the flowers, crimson or crimson-tipped; calyx-teeth b r o a d l y lanceolate, 1% to 2 lines long, half as long as the tube; corolla crimson, bent downward above the calyx, 10 to 12 lines long; galea large, slightly broader upwards, strongly arched; lower lip very small, of 3 rounded teeth; anther-cells acute at base.-— Wooded hills: Coast Eanges from Humboldt Co. to Santa Clara Co., s. to the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. 4. P. semibarb&ta Gray. Stems few, short and mostly subterranean, arising from the root-crown and bearing on the ground a few short spikes (or spicate racemes) surrounded by a rosette of leaves; leaves twice pinnatifid, 2 to 6 in. long, their petioles equaling or exceeding the spikes; corolla yellowish, purplish-tinted, 9 to 10 lines long; upper lip rounded, little longer than the lower lip; lower filaments villous above the middle, the upper pair only slightly so.— 8 8 5 . Pedicularis densiflora B e n t h . ; a, habit Mountain forests, 5000 to 7200 f t . : x Y4. ; b, fl. x 1 ; c, lower lip of corolla x 2. Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Tulare Co.; Mt. Pinos; San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Bosa mountains. 5. P. att611ens Gray. ELEPHANT SNOUTS. Fig. 886. Stems simple, 6 to 13 in. high, one or several from a cluster of slenderfusiform roots; herbage glabrous or somewhat woolly above; leaves mostly in a basal cluster (the cauline few and more or less reduced), pinnately divided with toothed segments; corolla white or pink with purplish markings; upper lip strongly saccate-galeate, the sac produced into an abruptly and rather closely upturned slender proboscis, this 2 to 3 lines long; middle lobe of lower lip very small, half the size of the lateral. — Wet meadows, 8900 to 12,000 ft.; Sierra Nevada; White Mts.; San Bernardino Mts. 6. P . groenlandica Eetz. ELEPHANT HEADS. Stems 6 to 14 (or 25) in. high; corolla crimson; herbage glabrous; upper lip galeate, produced into a long beak at first bent downward but soon curving forward and upward; galea more or less covering the middle lobe of lower lip, its beak 4 to 5 lines long, much longer than the lower lip; lower lip with 3 short roundish lobes.—Wet meadows, 7500 to 10,600 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Tehama Co.; Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., thence e. to Lab.

886. Pedicularis attollens Gray; a, fl. stem x % ; 6, leaf x % ; c, fl. x 1 % .

BIGNONIACEAE. BIGNONIA F A M I L Y Trees or shrubs. Corolla large and showy, usually 2-lipped. Stamens 4, in 2 sets. Style 1, stigmas 2. Fruit a large woody 2-valved capsule resembling a silique, the valves separating from the broad partition which bears the large winged seeds. Ovary superior, in ours 2-celled.

950

LENTIBULARIACEAE

1. CHXL6PSIS G. Don Leaves simple, linear. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Corolla funnelform, bilabiately 5-lobed, the lobes broad, spreading, erose. Stamens 4; also a fifth as a rudiment. Capsule long-linear, terete. Seeds with the wing at each end dissected into long hairs. Seeds long-hairy. (Greek cheilos, lip, and opsis, resemblance.) 1. C. linearis DC. DESERT WILLOW. Stems 2 to 10 in. in diameter, few to many from a common base, sprawling, ascending or erect, forming a broad crown (8 to 25 f t . high) resting on the ground; leaves alternate or the lower opposite or whorled, linear or linear-lanceolate, falcately curving, to 6 in. long; calyx inflated, usually deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip minutely 3toothed, the lower 2-toothed; corolla pink, i y 2 in. long, its long throat curving horizontally f r o m the short tube; pods 4 to 8 in. long.—Sandy washes or near springs, mostly in the deserts, 10 to 2000 f t . : e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; San J a c i n t o Valley; Eedlands; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. Apr.-May.

MARTYNIAcEAE.

MARTYNIA FAMILY

Herbs with trailing or ascending stems. Leaves simple, chiefly opposite. Flowers perfect, irregular, ours in racemes. Calyx 4 to 5-cleft or -parted, sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla 2-lipped, the 2 lobes in upper lip and 3 lobes in lower lip nearly equal. Stamens 4, 2 long and 2 short, perfect, or the upper pair sterile. Ovary superior, in ours 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, each expanded into 2 broad intruded plates. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed, very sensitive. Seeds flattened; endosperm none.

1. MARTiUIA L.

UNICORN PLANT

Calyx-lobes mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, funnelform-campanulate. Capsule 4-celled by the extension of the placentae, curved, beaked, loculicidally 2-valved, the outer part fleshy, the inner part woody-fibrous, crested below or also above; beak longer than the body, splitting into 2 elastically diverging curving spines. ( J o h n M a r t y n , 1693-1768, Professor of Botany in Cambridge University.) Pod with the endocarp crested on the upper (posterior) side Pod with the endocarp crested on both sides

1. M. 2. M.

proboscidea. althaeafolia.

1. M. proboscidea Glox. UNICORN PLANT. Annual, roughish puberulent; leaves roundish cordate, shallowly lobed or nearly entire, l \ i to 4 or more in. broad; corolla deep yellowish or reddish, 1% to 1% in. long; body of f r u i t 3 or 4 in. long, the long curving claw about twice as long.—Mexican species, an escape or possibly naturalized in a few places: Keene, Kern Co.; Meinert, Ignacio Valley; Sacramento Valley. Also called Devil's Claw. M. FRIGRANS Lindl. Perennial, less stout; leaves roundish to oblong-cordate, 1 to 2 in. broad; corolla nearly campanulate, 1 to 1% in. long and as broad, reddish purple.—Mexico; apparently also a t Agua Caliente, Colorado Desert. 2. M. althaSafdlia Benth. Small low perennial, the stems 6 to 10 in. long; leaves roundish-cordate or -ovate, sinuately 3 to 7-lobed, % to 3 in. broad; corolla yellowish or brownish, 1 to in. long.—Colorado Desert: Chocolate Mts. (Milpitas); Vallecito.

LENTEBULARlACE AE.

BLADDERWORT FAMILY

Ours aquatic insectivorous plants. Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base. Stamens 2, anterior. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a f r e e central placenta bearing several ovules. F r u i t a 2-valved capsule. Seed with a straight embryo and no endosperm.

1. UTRIOUTIARIA L.

BLADDERWORT

Leaves capillary-divided and bearing little bladders which possess a kind of valve-like opening. Scapes with minute auricled scales, 1 to several-flowered. Flowers (in ours) yellow. Calyx-lips entire. Corolla with a projecting palate on the lower lip, o f t e n closing the t h r o a t ; upper lip erect.—The bladders are provided with a valve opening inward, so t h a t small aquatic animals

OROBANCHACEAE having entered are unable to escape. leathern bottle.)

951

(Latin utriculus, a little skin or

Pedicels recurved in fruit ; scapes 5 to 12-flowered ; leaves with bladders. Spur nearly as long as the lower lip; bladders numerous 1. 17. vulgaris. Spur very short or almost none; bladders few 2. V. minor. Pedicels erect in fruit; scapes 1 to 4-flowered; bladders few, on short root-like branches, not on the leaves 3. TJ. intermedia. 1. TJ. v u l g a r i s L . COMMON BLADDERWORT. I m m e r s e d s t e m s 1 t o 2 y > f t .

long, sparingly branched; leaves bi- or tri-pinnately divided, 7 to 10 linos long , bearing many bladders; scapes 5 to 15-flowered; corolla closed, 6 to 9 lines broad, the lower lip a little longer than the upper; spur conical, upwardly curved, somewhat shorter than the lower lip.—Widely distributed in Cal. but rather infrequent: Bear Yalley, San Bernardino Mts.; Kern River; Bouldin Isl.; Olema; Santa Rosa; Tuolumne Mdws.; Lake Tahoe; Honey L a k e ; Alturas; n. to Alas.; Eur., Asia. 2.

TJ. m i n o r L .

L E S S E R BLADDERWORT.

Stems

c r e e p i n g on t h e b o t t o m

in

shallow water; leaves with few divisions, bearing 1 to 5 bladders each; some ljirgor leaves sometimes with flat segments and without bladders; scapo :¡ to ü (or 8)-flowered; upper lip of corolla minute (1 to 2 lines long), the lower twice as long; spur short, saccate.—Rare in Cal.: Plumas Co.; n. to Alas., thence circumpolar. 3. TJ. intermèdia Hayne. Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water, giving rise at one end to the erect scapes; leaves without bladders, very much crowded on the stems, 2-ranked, 2 to 3 times divided, 2 to 3 lines long, the linear-subulate divisions microscopically bristle-toothed; bladders large, borne on separate leafless branches; scape 1 to 4-flowered; upper lip of corolla 21/£ to 3 lines long, half as long as the lower (which is 7 to 8 lines broad), the conical-subulate spur about % as long as the lower lip.—Mountain swamps, 4500 to 5000 ft., rare in Cal.: Plumas Co.; n. to B . C., e. to Newf.; Eur., Asia. OROBANCHÀCEAE.

BROOM-RAPE F A M I L Y

Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green color, with alternate scales in place of leaves. Flowers complete. Calyx persistent. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary superior, 1-celled, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex. Capsule ovoid, 2 to 4-valved, each valve bearing on its face 1 or 2 placentae. Seeds numerous, very small, with endosperm; embryo minute. Stamens not hairy at base ; anther-cells separated from below upward, mucronate at base ; capsule 2-valved 1. OROBANCHE. Stamen-filaments with a dense tuft of hairs at base, as if forming a ring in corolla-tube ; anther-cells parallel, blunt at base ; capsule 4-valved 2. BOSCHNIAKIA. 1.

OROBÁNCHE L.

BROOM-RAPE

Low commonly viscid-pubescent plants with violet-purple or yellow flowers. Calyx 5-cleft into acute or acuminate lobes. Corolla tubular, curved, obscurely or manifestly 2-lipped; upper lip erect or arching inwards, in ours 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens included. Style deciduous; stigma peltate or with anterior and posterior lobes. Placentae 4, 2 on each valve of the capsule. (Greek orobos, vetch, and anchone, choke.) Flowers in a raceme, or subspicate, or thyrsoid, each with 2 bractlets; corolla manifestly 2-lipped; placentae in contiguous pairs. Herbage light colored or somewhat purplish ; flowers pedicelate ; calyx equally cleft. Lobes of lower lip spreading ; corolla commonly yellow or purplish. Corolla-lobes 3 to 6 lines long; pedicels long l . O . comosa. Corolla-lobes 2 to 2Ys lines long; pedicels short 2. O. californica. Lobes of lower lip nearly erect; upper lip dark purple, the corolla otherwise yellow or nearly purplish 3. O. cooperi. Herbage dark reddish brown; flowers subsessile or short-pediceled; stems with a thickened tuber-like base. Puberulent with very short stiff h a i r s ; spikes of the inflorescence short and dense; not infrequent 4 . 0 . tuberosa. Puberulent with soft or curly hairs; spikes of the panicle open, loose; very r a r e . . 5. O. pinorum.

952

OROBANCHACEAE

Flowers on long slender peduncles from a short more or less subterranean caudex without bractlets ; corolla obscurely 2-lipped ; placentae not closely approximate in pairs Peduncles f e w or o n e ; corolla bluish or purplish; calyx-lobes subulate 6 0 unifiora Peduncles m a n y ; corolla commonly yellow; calyx-lobes broader 1.0. fasciculata.

1. O. comòsa Hook. Low (2 in. h i g h ) ; herbage glandular-puberulent, as alao the calyx and corolla; flowers in a corymb or corymbose raceme; bractlets on the pedicel or at the base of the flower; calyx parted into filiformsubulate lobes y 2 to % as long as the corolla; corolla dull white or pinkish, 1 to 1% in. long, its lips about 6 lines long; upper lip erect, 2-cleft to thé middle with a narrowly V-shaped sinus; lower lip 3-parted into subulate lobes, the lip a t base of the sinuses developed into tubular folds which project within the corolla; anthers woolly-pubescent.—Montane, 6000 f t . Eldorado Co.; n. to Wash. Var. VIOLÀCEA Jepson n. comb. Fig. 887. Inflorescence capitate-corymbose; calyx-lobes linear-subulate; corolla lurid purple to dark violet, to 2 in. long; upper lobes mostly obtusish; lower lobes narrowly ovate or linear; palatal folds narrow or laminate, projecting into the throat, truncate at the end.—Slopes or headlands facing the sea, Mendocino Co. to San Mateo Co. (Aphyllon violaceum Eastw.) Var. VALLÌCOLA Jepson n. var. Yerba Amargor. Stout and very compact, 3 or 4 to 12 in. high, glandular-puberulent; flowers in racemes, the racemes 2 to 7 in. long, the pedicels Vz to 1% in. long or the uppermost sometimes only 2 to 4 lines long; calyx deeply parted into long linear-attenuate lobes % as long as or nearly equaling the corolla; corolla whitish, pinkish or purplish, brownish tinged or veined, 1 to in. long, upper lip recurving, notched or bifid, lower lip spreading, 887. O comosa var viola- 3-parted into narrow or lanceolate lobes; anthers cea jepson; fl. x l. woolly.—Dry hills or low valleys, 100 to 5500 (or 7500) f t . , parasitic on Artemisia and other shrubs: Colusa Co. to San Joaquin Co.; Santa Clara Co. (Coyote, on Baccharis douglasii, Jepson 6196, type) to Riverside Co.; Inyo Co. 2. O. califórnica C. & S. Stems usually simple, 2 to 6 in. high; viscidpubescent; flowers crowded in a dense raceme; pedicels 1 to 3 (or the lower 6 to 12) lines long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, % to % as long as the corolla; corolla yellowish or purplish, % to 1 in. long, its lobes shorter and less spreading t h a n in O. comosa; upper lip erect, lower lip slightly spreading; anthers glabrous or only slightly hairy. — Open hills, 2000 to 7000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; inner Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to Wash., e. to Nev. The following additional characters may be noted: corolla rather more slender and less membranous t h a n in O. comosa; lips about 2 to 2% lines long, in O. comosa about 3 to 4 (or 8) lines long; notch in upper lip o f t e n V-shaped and the lobes obscurely emarginate; palatal folds tubular, probably always appearing as if inside the corolla throat. The observed distinctions between this species and O. comosa var. vallicola tend to f a d e out, apparently, in specimens f r o m certain areas. Var. PARÌSHII Jepson n. var. Calyx and bracts submembranous, with many parallel nerves.—Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts. (Parish, type). 3. O. cóoperi (Gray) Hel. P l a n t s 6 to 9 in. high, the stem stout or fleshytuberous and often scaly-imbricate, ending in a single spike or raceme, or branched into many such; flowers sessile or (especially the lower) pediceled, mostly 9 to 12 lines long; calyx-lobes barely half the length of the corolla; upper lip of corolla purple, the remainder yellow, purplish, or purplish inside; upper lip erect, 2-lobed; lower lip little spreading, all the lobes acute; palatal folds yellow; anthers very slightly hairy.—Desert mesas, 25 to 2700 f t . : Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Ariz. Apr.-May. 4. O. tuberósa (Gray) Hel. Stout dark-colored plant 3 to 4 in. high, puberulent or (especially on the b r a c t s ) somewhat hoary-scabridulous; inflorescence a dense pyramidal thrysoid or globose cluster of short spikes or racemes; calyx unequally cleft, the lobes as long as or longer than the tube; corolla yellowish, dark purple, bluish or brown, 5 to 7 lines long, its lobes 1 line long, scarcely

BROOM-RAPE

FAMILY

953

spreading; anthers very white, glabrous or a f t e r dehiscence somewhat hairy.—Summits of peaks and ridges, 500 to 4000 f t . : inner Coast Ranges from Mendocino and Solano Cos. to Monterey Co.; s. to San Bernardino Mta. and S a n t a Eosa Isl.; foothills Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. to Tuolumne Co. I t is parasitic on Adenostoma fasciculatum and other shrubs. May. The white anthers and pruinose puberulence are distinctive. 5. O. pinorum Geyer. Four to 6 in. high, softly puberulent; inflorescence a panicle of loose spicate racemes; calyx about half the length of the corolla, its slender teeth mostly shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla 5 to 6 lines long.—Mountain valleys, e. Humboldt Co., 1000 f t . ; n. to Wash, and Ida. I t is parasitic on conifers. 6 . O. uniflora L . N A K E D BROOMRAPE. Peduncles f e w or one, slender, 1 I /) to 5 (or 9) in. high from a short scaly nearly subterranean stem; calyx-lobes subulate, often attenuate, longer than the tube; corolla violet- 888. Orobanche fasciculata Nutt.; a, habit x tinged or blue-purple, 6 to 8 (or 12) Vi ; b, anther x 6 ; c, pistil x 1 ; d, cross sect, of ovary x 3. lines long (twice the length of the calyx or more), the lobes obovate and rather large Sierra Nevada, 2000 to 7600 ft., from Tuolumne Co. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; Napa Range, about 1000 f t . ; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic. 7. O. fasciculata N u t t . Fig. 888. Scaly stem emerging from the ground 1 or 2 in. and bearing numerous fascicled peduncles 3 to 4 or 9 in. long; plants more pubescent and glandular than in no. 6; calyx-lobes broadly or triangular-subulate, usually shorter than but o f t e n exceeding the tube; corolla yellow, sometimes purple or reddish tinted, 1 to 1% in. long.—Montane, 2000 to 9000 f t . : throughout cismon' tane Cal. I t is parasitic on Eriogonum Phacelia, Artemisia and other plants. June.

„„„ — > .... , , T 889. Boschniakia tuberosa J e p s o n : habit x %; fl. x 1%; c, cross-sect, ovary x 5% ; d. pistil x 1.

a. of

2. BOSCHNlAKIA C. A. Mey. Stems thick, simple, arising f r o m rather large globose tubers which are developed at the point of attachment of the parasite to the root of the host plant. Flowers without bractlets, sessile or pedicellate, more or less concealed by scaly subtending bracts, the whole forming a dense spike. Calyx short, cup-shaped, truncate behind and with teeth in f r o n t , or entirely truncate. Corolla ventricose; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire or bifid; lower 3-parted. Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma bilamellate, the lobes right and l e f t , or 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, each , , , • •» • /T> valve with 1 placenta. (Boschniaki, a Russian botanist.)

954

ACANTHACEAE

1. B. tuberósa Jepson n. comb. Fig. 889. P l a n t s 6 to 10 in. high; tubers 2 to 3 in. in diameter, bearing 1 to 13 spikes; spikes deep red-brown in age; scales (bracts) much imbricated, very broad and obtuse; lower flowers rarely with bractlets; calyx truncate or with 1 to 4 teeth anteriorly and laterally disposed; upper lip of corolla entire, emarginate, or bifid; filaments densely bearded a t base.—-Ridges, 3000 to 9000 f t . : San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co. (where a b u n d a n t ) ; South Yuba River, Sierra Nevada; n. to B. C. I t is commonly parasitic on Arctostaphyllos or Arbutus roots. May. (B. strobilacea Gray. Orobanche tuberosa Hook.) ACANTHÀCEAE. A C A N T H U S F A M I L Y Ours shrubs with opposite undivided leaves. Flowers complete, perfect, ours with a pair of bractlets a t the base of the 5-parted calyx. Corolla 2lipped. Stamens 4 or (in ours) 2. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the ovules few. F r u i t a 2-celled capsule. Seeds without endosperm. 1. BÉLOPERÒNE Nees Shrubs, ours with opposite leaves. Flowers in rather dense clusters, but really solitary in the axils of the small opposite bracts and thus forming a 4-rowed raceme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, subtended by a pair of small bractlets. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the lower side of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, the cells separated, the lower one with a small b u t distinct spur a t base; connective broad. Capsule d a v a t e , having a long empty stalk-like base; cells 2-seeded. (Greek belos, an arrow or dart, and perone, something pointed.) 1. B. califórnica Benth. Stems a t last becoming leafless and somewhat rushlike; herbage minutely canescent; leaves ovate, 5 to 8 lines long, on petioles about 1 line long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 2 lines long; corolla dull red, 1% to 1% in. long, the lips % to % in- long; lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip bearing a pair of longitudinal ridges, emarginate at apex ; stamens exserted from the tube, minutely puberulent.—Western Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cai. Apr.May. PLANTÀGINÀCEAE. PLANTAGO F A M I L Y Low herbs with the flowers borne on scapes and the leaves all basal. Leaves 1 to several-ribbed or -nerved. Flowers complete, regular, 4-merous, the scarious and veinless sympetalous corolla commonly withering-persistent. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, superior; style long-stigmatose, simple and filiform. 1. PLANTÀGO L. P L A N T A I N Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, each subtended by a bract, disposed in spikes or heads which are raised on a leafless scape. Sepals 4, persistent. Corolla small, salverform, with a short tube, or nearly rotate. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, alternating with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube. Ovary 2 or falsely 4-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell. Capsule circumscissile, the seeds attached to the face of the loose partition which falls away with the lid. Seed-coat mucilaginous. (Latin name of the Plantain.) A. Perennials ; stamens 4; seeds not hollowed in the face (except no. 4). Corolla-lobes closed over the mature capsule, forming a sort of beak; spike 6 to 12 in. long; leaves oblong-oblanceolate 1. P. hirtella. Corolla remaining expanded, not closed over the mature capsule. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate to obovate; corolla glabrous. Ovules 8 to 1 8 ; leaves ovate, not fleshy 2. P. major. Ovules fewer ( 1 or 2 in each cell) ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate. Leaves somewhat fleshy; bracts roundish; ovules 4, 2 in each cell 3. P. eriopoda. Leaves not fleshy; bracts attenuate into a long point; ovules 2, 1 in each cell. 4. P. lanceolata. Leaves linear, fleshy ; corolla-tube externally pubescent ; capsule 2 to 4-seeded 5. P. maritima. B. Annuals (or perhaps biennial in no. 6) ; leaves linear or oblanceolate. Stamens 4 ; capsule 2-seeded. Spikes pendulous in flower, at least at first, erect in fruit ; posterior sepals keeled ; seeds glaucous 6. P. coronopus.

PLANTAGINACEAE

955

Spikes always erect; sepals not keeled; seeds hollowed on the face, boat-shaped, not glaucous. Bracts linear, not scarious-margined. . . 7 .P. xerodea. Bracts ovate, scarious, with central midrib. Seeds reddish or brown, smooth, s h i n i n g ; herbage mostly silky insularis. 8. P. Seeds brown, puncticulate; herbage pubescent, less commonly hirsute 9. P. erecta. Stamens 2 ; spikes linear or slender. Seeds w i n g e d ; capsule commonly 4-seeded; saline marshes or alkaline flats 10. P. bigelovii. Seeds not winged. Capsule commonly 4-seeded; scapes filiform, mostly erect 11. P . pusUla. Capsule 10 to 28-seeded; scapes stout, flexuous or ascending. . . 1 2 . P. heteraphylla.

1. P. hirt611a H.B.K. P l a n t s 8 to 24 in. high; scapes commonly stoutish, from thick roots; herbage roughish-pubescent, especially the scapes and leaf-ribs; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or obovate, acute, tapering below into a broad petiole, 3 to 12 in. long and % to 1% in. wide; spikes 6 to 12 in. long, dense except at the base; corolla persistent, its lobes closed over the capsule, forming a sort of beak; seeds 3, flattisli on one side.—Clay banks along the coast, Humboldt Co. to San Diego Co. 2. P. m i j o r L . COMMON P L A N TAIN. F i g . 890. P l a n t s 6 t o 12 i n .

high; herbage glabrous; leaves narrow- to round-ovate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire or toothed, prominently 5 to 7-ribbed, < the ribs converging at base intcf a broad petiole 4 to 5 in. long; scapes commonly curvedascending, not as long as the leaves, rarely longer, bearing an elongated spike 3 to 6 in. long; sepals green in the middle, the edges scarious; capsule 2-celled with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell, circumscissile near the middle.—Nat. from Eur., common in low fields and waste places. I t is called by the Indians ' ' White M a n ' s F o o t , ' ' since it has closely followed the advance of civilization, springing up about the earliest frontier settlements. Var. ASIATICA Dec. Leaves thin, upright; scapes 890. Plantago major L.; a, habit x % ; b, pro erect, surpassing the leaves; spike togynous flower, showing pistillate stage, followed by staminate stage, c, x 3. below less dense; capsule circumscissile near the base and well within the calyx.—Stockton; Sierra Nevada. 3. P. eriopoda Torr. Plants 4 to 13 in. high, the scapes exceeding the leaves; root-crown usually with a mass of brownish wool; leaves oblonglanceolate to oblong-ovate, fleshy-coriaceous, mostly glabrous, 3 to 7-nerved on stout, rather short petioles, 3 to 5 in. long; scapes mostly puberulent; spikes dense or sparsely flowered, % to 4 in. long; bracts broadly ovate or roundish, scarious-margined, sometimes pubescent-ciliate; capsule ovoid, 2 lines long, slightly exceeding the calyx; ovules 2 in each cell; seeds as many or fewer.—Moist saline soil, Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Can. 4 . P. lanceolata L . RIBWORT. E N G L I S H P L A N T A I N . Erect, 1 4 to 2 8 in. high, the scapes sulcate and angular, longer t h a n the leaves; herbage somewhat villous with short hairs, often rusty-pilose; leaves erect or spreading, oblonglanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole strongly 3 to 5-ribbed, 3 to 8 in. long; spike short-cylindric, % to (or 2%) in. long; bracts ovate, abruptly a t t e n u a t e into a point half as long to as long; sepals scarious, the two lower often combined into one; corolla nearly rotate; stamens twice as

956

P L A N T AGINACEAE

long as the corolla; capsule 2-seeded.—Moist agricultural lands throughout Cai.; nat. from Eur. 5. P. maritima L . GOOSE-TONGUE. L O W , 2 to 9 in. high, the many leaves and the scapes borne on a stout taproot; leaves linear or narrowly linear, thick and fleshy, 2 to 3 (or 8) in. long; spike cylindrical, 1% to 2 in. long; sepals somewhat carinate; corolla-tube pubescent externally; capsule 2 to 4seeded.—Ocean shore f r o m Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas.; Eur., Asia. Also called Sea Plantain. 6. P . corònopus L. P l a n t s 8 to 10 in. high, the scapes much exceeding the leaves; herbage coarsely hairy, very densely hairy at the summit of the scapes, more or less glabrate; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, sparingly and saliently incised, 3 to 5 in. long, the root-crown woolly-pilose between the leafy bases; spikes slender-cylindric, very dense, 3 to 3% in. long, a t first pendulous, erect in f r u i t ; bracts ovate, a t t e n u a t e or long-acuminate; sepals ovate, ciliate, the 2 posterior keeled on the b a c k ; corolla-lobes broadly lanceolate, the tube pubescent; seeds 3, glaucous.—Sea cliffs: Santa Cruz and Monterey Cos.; sparingly introduced f r o m Eur. 7. P. xeròdea Morris. Stems f e w to many from the base, 1 to 4 in. high ; herbage very silky when young, pilose when older; spikes dense, the bracts % to IV2 times longer t h a n the flowers; sepals oblong, the outer very narrowly scarious-margined, the inner more broadly and the two sides often unequally margined; corolla-lobes ovate, acute.—Desert plains and mesas, 2500 to 4500 f t . : Mohave and Colorado deserts; P a n a m i n t Eange. 8. P. insulàrio Eastw. H a b i t and spikes of P. erecta; herbage more or less silky; bracts ovate, scarious with brown midribs, the midribs pubescent or villous; seeds red or yellowish, smooth and shining.—Coastal S. Cai. Var. FASTIGIÀTA Jepson n. comb. Scapes and leaves from a short stem, very l e a f y ; leaves 2 to 3 lines broad; herbage densely silky; seeds red-brown.—Colorado Desert, about sea level. (P. f a s t i g i a t a Morris.) Var. SCARIÒSA Jepson n. comb. Habit and spikes of P. erecta; leaves and scapes basal; bracts glabrous or only the midrib puberulent; seeds smooth, red or yellow.—Mohave and Colorado deserts and bordering mts., 2000 to 4000 f t . ; upper San Joaquin Valley, 500 f t . : San Diego. (P. scariosa Morris.) 9. P. erecta Morris. Fig. 891. P l a n t s 2M> to 5 (or 12) in. high, commonly very erect but sometimes spreading, the scapes few to many; herbage soft-pubescent and green, or the scapes sometimes silky at summit at first; spikes oblong, sometimes very short (capitate) or sometimes elongated, % to 1V2 in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide; bracts ovate, the green midrib with a scarious border; sepals roundish or ovate, obtuse, scarious with broad central midrib, the midribs more or less hairy b u t the scarious border usually glabrous; seeds 2.—Common on hillsides and grassy flats: valleys and foothills of central and n. Cai., 25 to 1500 f t . ; S. Cai., up to 4500 f t . Apr.-May; f r . June.

891. Plantago erecta Morris; o, habit x l ; b, fl. x 4Ì4.

10. P. bigelòvii Gray. Similar to P. pusilla but stouter; plants 2 to 7 in. high; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear-filiform, % to as long as the scapes; spikes to 1% in. long, 2 to 2% lines wide; bracts commonly fleshy-keeled; seeds 4 (1 to 7), black, winged at one end or narrowly all around, or the wing scarcely evident.—Low valleys, 10 to 500 f t . : Sacramento and Sail Joaquin valleys; Contra Costa Co. to Monterey Co. Apr.-May. 11. P . pusilla Nutt. Inconspicuous plant 1 to in h i h - g - ^ e scapes very slender; scapes and leaves erect; leaves filiform to linear, % to %

957

RUBIACEAE

as high as the plant; spikes very slender, 1 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1% lines wide; bracts with thickened or fleshy keel; sepals obovate; corolla minute; stamens 2; seeds 4, dark-brown or black, coarsely pitted, not winged.—W. San Diego Co.; said to be introduced from Atlantic coast. 12. P . héterophylla Nutt. Small slender annuals 1 to 3 in. high; herbage puberulent; leaves very narrowly linear, 1 to 2 in. long, occasionally with a few denticulations or divergent lobes; spikes slender, 2 to 5 in. long; capsule conical-oblong and at length considerably surpassing the bract and calyx, 10 to 28-seeded; seeds oblong, usually angled by mutual pressure, obscurely rugose-pitted.—Low sandy ground, rare in Cal.: Deer Creek, Tulare Co. foothills; Tex. to Fla. and N. J . RUBIÁCEAE.

MADDER FAMILY

Shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled entire leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamous, rarely unisexual. Calyx, corolla and stamens 4-merous (5-merous in Sherardia). Calyx coherent with the ovary, its limb sometimes obsolete. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube. Ovary in ours 2-celled, in fruit splitting into 2 (or 4) indehiscent 1-seeded portions; styles 1 or 2. Embryo in fleshy or horny endosperm.—A very large family including the Cinchona and Coffee Plant. Herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. Flowers in cymes or solitary, pediceled. Corolla rotate; leaves in apparent whorls I.GALIUM. Corolla funnelform; leaves opposite 2. KELLOGGIA. Flowers in involúcrate heads; corolla funnelform 3. SHERARDIA. Large shrub; corolla tubular-funnelform; flowers in dense globose long-peduncled heads. . . 4. CEPHALANTHUS.

1.

G A L I U M L.

BEDSTRAW.

CLEAVERS

Herbs or some species slightly suffrutescent, with slender square stems. Leaves in apparent whorls; stipules large and leaf-like, resembling the blade of the leaves, so that the leaves appear to be placed several in a whorl. Flowers cymose, peduncled. Calyx-limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4 (or 3)cleft. Stamens 4, short. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-ovuled; styles 2. Fruit didymous, of two globular halves, dry or fleshy, separating when ripe into 2 seed-like indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. (Greek gala, milk, certain species being used to curdle milk.) A . L E A V E S 6 TO 8 I N A W H O R L ; F R U I T H I S P I D OR R U G O S E - P A P I L L A T E .

Slender plants, the stems with filiform diffuse branches; leaves linear, 2 to 3 lines long; fruit hispid; annual 1. G. parisiense. Coarser plants, the stems mostly simple, commonly erect, sometimes diffuse or reclining or branching; leaves oblanceolate, Vz to 1 in. long. Fruit large (2 lines in diameter), papillate-rugose, on short stout recurved pedicels; annual 2. G. tricorne. Fruit small (Vz to 1 % lines in diameter), on slender straight pedicels, hispid (sometimes subglabrous in no. 4 ) . Annual, with a taproot; flowers 1 to few, cymose on long axillary peduncles or more numerous and becoming cymose-paniculate; fruit hispid 3. tí. aparine. Perennial, from slender creeping rootstocks, often arising from a taproot. Flowers many to numerous, cymose-paniculate; fruit hispid with short scattered hairs or nearly glabrous 4. G. asperrimum. Flowers 2 or 3, cymose, the cymes on axillary peduncles; fruit densely whitehispid with long hairs 5. G. triflorum. B . L E A V E S I N W H O R L S OP 4

( S O M E T I M E S 5 OR I N NO. 6 REDUOED TO

2).

1. Plants from slender or filiform roots. Animal, 3 to 5 in. high; upper leaves often reduced to 2 ; fruit hispid 6. G. bifolium. Perennial; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5 ; fruit glabrous. Slender erect plants 5 to 18 in. high; fruit on elongated capillary pedicels, the pedicels 2Vz to 6 lines long 7. G. trifidum. Low matted plants 2 to 4 in. high; fruit on short thick pedicels, the pedicels 1 to 1 lines long 8. G. brandegei. 2. Plants from woody rootstocks; perennial. Fruit glabrous or sparsely hairy with short hairs. Mature fruit fleshy or berry-like, large (or small in no. 1 1 ) . Plants forming low dense tufts (2 to 5 in. high) ; stems densely leafy . Leaves narrowly linear-subulate, aceróse, glabrous 9. G. andrewsii. Leaves narrowly linear, abruptly acute, cuspidate, hairy. . . 1 0 . G. ambiguum.

958

RUBIACEAE

Plants with the stems more open, always taller, rarely tufted. Stems slender at the base ; herbage hispid-ciliate ; leaves small, ovate, 2 to 5 lines long 11. G. calif ornicum. Stems often coarse woody at the base. Fruit glabrous ; plants glabrous to decidedly scabrous. Flowers in cymes, the cymes paniculate; plants Vs to ft. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong; flowers purple 12. G. bolanderi. Leaves broadly ovate; flowers white 13. G. sparsiflorum. Flowers on axillary peduncles, mostly solitary ; long woody climbers 14. G. nuttallii. 2 to 5 ft. long Fruit sparsely hispid or hispidulose (or glabrous in age) ; flowering branchlets open, the cymes few-flowered or reduced to one ; cinereous-pubescent throughout 15. G. pubens. Mature fruit dry. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes, terminal or borne in the uppermost axils of very leafy much compacted branchlets ; Santa Barbara I s l s . . . . 16. G. catalinense. Flowers numerous in a compact panicle ; sterile branchless below very leafy, very conspicuous; n. Cai 17. G. boreale. Fruit, at least when mature, densely hispid with hairs longer than or equaling the diameter of the fruit. Leaves linear to lanceolate. Plants erect or tufted; leaves linear, dark green. Leaves usually 6 to 14 lines long, glabrous or scabrous ou the margin 18. G. angustifolium. Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 lines long, hispid throughout 19. G. siccatum. Plants diffuse with long woody branches; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long, light green 20. G. stellatum. Leaves ovate. Plants diffuse, reclining, with long woody branches 21. G. hallii. Plants erect or tufted ; herbaceous. Fruit to 2 lines in diameter, the hairs whitish or tawny, considerably longer than the body; leaves broadly ovate, 4 to 7 lines long 22. G. multifiorum. Fruit 1 line or less in diameter, the hairs white, about equaling the body in length ; leaves ovate, 2 to 3 lines long. Plants 8 to 12 in. high, usually glabrous (except in var.) 23. G. matthewsii. Plants dwarf, less than 6 in. high, densely scaberulous-pubescent throughout 24. G. parvifolium.

1. G. pàrisiénse L . W A L L G A L I U M . Stem branched from the base, the b r a n c h e s and particularly the branchlets very slender or almost filiform, 6 to 10 or 12 in. high, finely scabrous; leaves in whorls of 6, oblong-spatulate or linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, 2 to 3 lines long; cymes several-flowered, paniculate, the peduncles and pedicels filiform; flowers whitish, very small, % to Vi line broad; fruit small, less than Vi> line long, decidedly hispid. — Humboldt and Mariposa Cos.; nat. from Eur. Var. À X G L I C U M Huds. Diffusely branching, 6 to 18 in. high, very leafy below; leaves 3 to 5 lines long; fruit merely granulate, not hispid. — Native of Eur.; introduced into Sonoma, Humboldt and Eldorado Cos.

2. G. tricòrne Stokes. C O R N Stems stout, rather simple, 6 to 18 in. long, the angles callous, with stoutish recurved prickles; leaves in whorls of 6 to 8, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, callous-mar„„„ „ ,. . T . . ., . ,, . 6gined and thickly1 beset with re892. Galium aparine L . ; a, fr. branchlet x 4 , . . . , n i„„„. ft,fl.x 4; ò, fr. x4. curved prickles 6 to 9 lines long; GALIUM.

MADDER

FAMILY

959

axils mostly fruit-bearing throughout; fruit on stout recurved pedicels (4 to 6 lines long), mature fruit comparatively large, 1% lines long, 2 lines or more broad, papillate-rugose, not hairy.—Grain fields, Sonoma Co. and Mariposa Co.; nat. from Eur. Fr. June. 3. G. aparlne L. GOOSE GRASS. Pig. 892. Stems with a slender taproot, diffuse or climbing over herbaceous plants, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. long, forming rather thick coarse mats, or sometimes erect and only 6 in. high in dry situations; whole herbage setulose or hispidulous-roughened; stems acutely quadrangular, internodes 1% to 3 (or sometimes 4) in. long; leaves 6 to 8 in a whorl, oblong-oblanceolate to almoBt linear, obtuse, or the upper acute, mucronate, tapering to a narrow base, % to 1% in. long, decidedly scabrousroughened; flowers usually few, 1 or 2 in a cyme on long axillary peduncles (1 to 2 in. long), or more numerous and becoming cymose-paniculate; fruit 1% to 1% lines in diameter, densely hispid with short stiff hooked bristles which are usually shorter than the body.—Half-shaded or grassy places, foothills and montane valleys, 100 to 4500 ft., throughout Cal., introduced from Eur.; Atlantic coast; Eur., Asia. 4. G. asp£rrimum Gray. Stems diffuse or reclining, 1% to 3 ft. high, from a weak slender rootstock, smooth or minutely scabrous on the margins, the internodes 2 to 3 in. long; leaves 6 to 8 in a whorl, broadly linear to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, abruptly mucronulate, % to 1 in. long, tapering to a narrow base, scabrous along the margins and midrib, or glabrous, rather thin in texture; flowers many to numerous, cymose-paniculate, borne on axillary or terminal branchlets; fruit less than 1 line in diameter, hispid with short scattered hairs (shorter than the body) or almost glabrous.— Shady places in the foothills, 1700 to 3000 ft.: Santa Clara Co. to Humboldt Co.; Mariposa and Plumas Cos.: n. to Ore., e. to Nev. 5. G. trifl&rum Michx. SWEET BEDSTRAW. Fig. 893. Stems slender, erect or reclining, 8 to 18 in. high, leafy, smooth or somewhat scabrous on the angles, arising from a slender creeping rootstock, the fibrous rootlets often red in color; internodes about 1% to 2 in. long; leaves in whorls of 6, ovate-oblong to broadly obovate, 6 to 14 lines long (those on the branches sometimes 4 lines long), cuspidate, very thin in texture and usually glabrous or minutely scabrous on the margins and midrib; flowers 2 or 3 in a cyme, the cymes borne on axillary peduncles 1 to IV2 in. long; fruit small, % to 1 line broad, densely covered with soft white slightly hooked hairs which exceed the body in length.— Woody thickets, 200 to 6300 ft.: San Bernardino Mts.; Coast Ranges from San Mateo Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Placer Co. and n. to Modoc Co.; e. to Atlantic and n. to Can. 6. G. bifdlium Wats. Stem erect, simple or slightly branching, glabrous, unarmed, 3 to 5 in. high; leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, mostly in whorls of 4, the large pair about % in. long (5 to 7 lines), the alternate ones smaller, or the uppermost whorls with leaves reduced to a single pair; pedicels axillary and terminal, 1-flowered,. in fruit about equaling the leaves; fruit 1 to 1% lines in diameter, hispid with whitish hooked b r i s t l e s . — M o n t a n e , 5 0 0 0 to 8000

ft.:

Trinity and Humboldt Cos. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Fresno

8 9 3 . Galium triflorum Michx.; a, i r . branchlet x 1 ; b, fl. x 4 ; c, fr. x 6.

960

RUBIACEAE

Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Col. 7. G. trifidum L. CROUP-WEED. Fig. 894. Stems from very slender rootstocks, ascending, slender and weak, 5 to 18 in. high, much branched and intertangled, 4-angled and comparatively smooth; branches commonly in 2s; leaves in 4s or 5s, oblong to linearspatulate, obtuse, not bristle-pointed, 2 to 9 lines long, very thin, obscurely scabrous on the margins; flowers minute, on capillary pedicels; f r u i t glabrous, dry, about 1 to lines broad. —Marshes or boggy places, 10 to 5400 ft., almost throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to B. C., e. to Lab. and N. Eng.; Eur., Asia. 8. G. brandfegei Gray. Closely related to G. trifidum f r o m which it is distinguished by its peculiar habit of forming dense low mats, the weak stems prostrate or ascending, 2 to 4 in. long, very l e a f y ; leaves obovatespatulate, in whorls of 4, 2 to 3 lines long, equaling or exceeding the short internodes; f r u i t glabrous on short 8 9 4 . Galium trifidum L . ; a, fl. stem x 1 ; stocky pedicels, the pedicels often not b, fl. x 3 ; c, fr. X 4. exceeding the f r u i t in length.—Montane, 5200 to 8500 f t . , rare: Sierra Nevada f r o m Mariposa Co. to Modoc Co.; e. to N. Mex. 9. G. andrewsii Gray. Fig. 895. Plants commonly densely matted, the leafy flowering stems erect, 2 to 4 in. high, the prostrate stems rooting at the joints; herbage grayish, glabrous or sparsely scabrous; leaves in whorls of 4, crowded, subulate, pungent, rigid, cuspidate-acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long; flowers solitary or in 3s, terminating the branchlets, very small, p e r f e c t ; corolla white; f r u i t on short somewhat recurved pedicels, 1 to lines wide, glabrous, berry-like, purple in age. — High dry ridges, 1500 to 4600 f t . : Coast Ranges, mostly the inner, from Lake Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. to San Diego Co. k / /

10. G. ambiguum Wight. Caespitose, 2 to 5 in. high, the branches densely clothed with stiffish leaves; herbage dark green, sparsely hairy; leaves narrowly linear, abruptly acute, cuspidate, 3 to 6 lines long; flowers apparently few, solitary in the axils; f r u i t black (when dry),glabrous.—High peaks,Trinity and Humboldt Cos.: Yollo Bolly; Buck Mt. 11. G. californicum H. & A. Plants usually low, erect, 3 to 6 or 8 in. high, or sometimes diffuse and the stems 1 f t . long; stems slender a t the base, arising from a more or less slender rootstock; herbage more or less hispid with Jepson, M a n u a l , pp. 7 6 9 - 9 6 0 , Sept. 2 3 , 1 9 2 5 .

8 9 5 . Galium a n d r e w s i i G r a y : a, habit x 1 ; i>, f r . x 3 ; c, fl. x 3.

MADDER FAMILY

961

widely spreading hairs; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval, apiculate-acuminate, 2% to 5 or sometimes 6 lines long, usually hispidulose, especially on margins and midrib; flowers dioeeiously polygamous, the fertile ones solitary on short pedicels at the ends of the branches or in the upper forks, recurved in f r u i t , the sterile ones terminal and usually in 3s; corolla yellowish with ovatelanceolate lobes; f r u i t small, berry-like, purple, glabrous or nearly so.—Common on open hills, 300 to 1500 f t . : Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co.; s. to Riverside Co.; Santa Cruz Isl. Var. M I G U E L £ N S E Jepson n. comb., a very small shiny-leaved form f r o m San Miguel Isl. (G. miguelense Greene.) 12. G. bolanderi Gray. Stem erect or diffuse from a woody root, 6 to 10 or 14 in. high, forming a thick t u f t or sometimes elongated and climbing; angles of the stems scabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acute, usually narrowed a t the base, glabrous or hispid-ciliate, 2% to 5 lines long; flowers in small usually terminal cymes, or sometimes cymose-paniculate; pedicels slender, 2% to 3% lines long, often recurved in f r u i t ; corolla deep red-purple; f r u i t fleshy, glabrous, purple in age, often 2 lines in diameter.—Mountain valleys or flats, 1800 to 4600 f t . : Solano Co. to Humboldt Co., and n. to Siskiyou Co., thence s. in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co. 13. G. sparsiflorum Wight. Erect perennial, 8 to 12 in. high; herbage hispidulose to nearly glabrous: leaves in 4s, unequal, oval or broadly ovate, mostly rather large, 4 to 6 or 8 lines long and 3 to 5 lines broad, cuspidatepointed, often indistinctly 3-nerved, thin and membranous, sparsely hairy above with short straight hairs; flowers several to numerous, cymose-paniculate; pedicels capillary; f r u i t glabrous.—Mountain meadows, 6200 to 7000 f t . : Fresno and Tulare Cos. 14. G. nuttaUii Gray. Suffrutescent from a woody root, with long woody branches, often climbing 2 to 5 f t . high; branches often tinged red or purple; plants glabrous and nearly smooth or angles of the stem and margins of the leaves scabrous or hispidulous; branches very leafy, the internodes of flowering branchlets % to % in. or less long; leaves in whorls of 4, thickish, oval to linear-oblong, mucronulate or obtuse, mostly small, 2 to 4 lines long (1 to 2 lines on the branchlets); flowers mostly solitary, occurring in the axils of the leafy branchlets; peduncles short and thick, 1 to 2 lines long; f r u i t smooth, fleshy, purple in age, often 2 lines in diameter and usually equaling or exceeding the pedicels.—Common in thickets: Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. and s. to San Diego Co., 200 to 2400 f t . ; Sierra Nevada, 2000 to 7000 ft., from Tuolumne Co. to Fresno Co. 15. G. pubens Gray. Stems herbaceous, erect or diffuse, 1 to 1% f t . high, distinctly 4-angled and rather sparsely leafy, the internodes often 1% to 2 in. long; herbage cinereous with a fine partly soft, partly scabrous pubescence; leaves in 4s, broadly oval to oblong-linear on the branchlets, thick, Yi to % in. long, mostly not pointed; flowers dioecious, axillary or terminal, the sterile in several-flowered cymes, the fertile fewer, often occurring singly or in pairs; young f r u i t minutely pubescent, becoming fleshy and glabrous, purple in age.—Sierra Nevada, 2000 to 5000 f t . , from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. Var. GRANDE Jepson n. comb. Diffusely branching and densely cinereouspubescent; leaves narrowly ovate, mostly less t h a n 5 lines long; mature f r u i t hispid with fine hairs.—Shady places, 2000 to 4000 f t . : San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. (G. grande McCl.) 16. G. catalinense Gray. Stems stoutish, erect, 3 to 4 f t . high, woody below, quadrangular, the nodes with a swollen ring, the mostly f e w branches bearing numerous short slender compacted branchlets, thus forming very thick tops to the plants; herbage minutely soft-puberulent or almost glabrous, not scabrous; leaves mostly in 4s, the uppermost often in pairs, narrowly oblong, obtuse or mucronate, 1-nerved, % to 1 in. long on the main branches, 2 to 4 lines on the terminal branchlets, either sessile by a contracted base or shortpetioled; flowers on short slender pedicels, solitary or in a few-flowered cyme, borne terminally on the very leafy branchlets or in the uppermost axils; corolla white; f r u i t dry, sometimes glabrous, sometimes sparsely covered with soft straight hairs.—Rocky slopes and cliffs, Santa Barbara Isls.

962

RUBIACEAE

17. G. boreHle L. Stems erect, 1 to 2 f t . high, arising from slender woody rootstocks, with conspicuous very leafy sterile branchlets below; herbage glabrous; leaves linear to broadly lanceolate, thick, distinctly 3-nerved, mostly obtuse, y2 to in. long, those of the sterile branchlets often much smaller; flowers numerous in a more or less condensed terminal panicle of cymes; corolla white; f r u i t small (less than % line in diameter), hispidulous.-—Montane, 3500 to 7000 f t . : e. Humboldt Co.; Shasta Co.; n. to Alas, and Can., e. to N. J . ; Eur., Asia. 18. G. angustifolium Nutt. Erect shrubby perennial 1 to 4 f t . high, with rigid virgate branches; herbage minutely scabrous-puberulent; leaves in whorls of 4, narrowly linear, mucronulate, % to 1 in. long or shorter on the branches; flowers numerous, polygamo-dioecious, greenish white, in more or less condensed cymes, these forming a narrow panicle; f r u i t densely covered with long silky white hairs which are longer than the body.—Foothills and mts., 100 to 5500 ft., from Monterey Co. to San Diego Co. Var. SUBQLABRUM Jepson n. var. Lower more t u f t e d form with usually broader leaves; mostly glabrous throughout.—Pine belt in mts. of S. Cal.: Whitewater Basin (C. M. Wilder 1113, t y p e ) ; n. to Monterey. 19. G. sicca turn Wight. " P e r e n n i a l , 1 to 4 f t . high, erect and branched or bushy when growing in some situations; cinereous-puberulent throughout; leaves in 4s, not rigid, linear, 4 to 8 lines long, mucronulate; inflorescence cymose-panieulate; flowers polygamous, greenish yellow, numerous; f r u i t a line broad, densely hispid with straight b r i s t l e s " (ex char.).—Del Mar, San Diego Co.; perhaps also in San Jacinto and San Antonio mountains. Var. ANOTINUM Jepson n. var. Dwarf t u f t e d form less than 6 in. high; leaves denselv clothing the branches, 2 to 4 lines long.—Mt. San Antonio (Peirson 215, type). 20. G. stell&tum Kell. Stems diffuse and spreading from the woody base, 5 to 10 in. long, the b a r k whitish or cream-color as in G. hallii, exfoliating in age; herbage minutely puberulent throughout; old leaves whitish, very thin, often y2 in. long, persisting on the main branches; leaves of the season green, rigid, ovate to narrow-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate, 2 to 4 lines long, midrib prominent, lateral veins not developed; flowers paniculate, crowded; corolla white, about 1 line broad; f r u i t small, the body dark, about % line broad, covered with white silky hairs nearly a line long.—Rocky canons and dry hills, 4000 to 8000 f t . : Colorado Desert to Inyo Co.; e. to Nev. and Ariz. 21. G. hallii J t n . Stems reclining, from a perennial root-crown, 1 to 2 f t . long, woody below; herbage minutely to densely scabrous-pubescent; b a r k thin, exfoliating, white-shining in age; leaves spreading in whorls of 4, densely clothing the lateral branchlets, very thin and o f t e n turning tawny or creamy white in age, broadly ovate, obscurely mucronulate, 3 to 5 lines long, midrib prominent; flowers creamy white, numerous on the drooping tips of the lateral branchlets; f r u i t large, the body dark, about 1 line across and densely covered with white or creamy white silky hairs which slightly exceed the body in length.—Montane, 5000 to 7000 f t . : San Gabriel Mts.; M t . Pinos; mts. of Kern Co.; Providence Mts. 22. G. multifldrum Kell. Stems 6 to 12 in. high, from a suffrutescent base, often in t u f t s ; herbage glabrous, pruinose-puberulent or sometimes pubescent; leaves in whorls of 4, broadly ovate, 4 to 7 lines long and 2 to 3 lines broad, midrib and one or two lateral nerves more or less prominent; flowers short-pediceled, cymose-paniculate or crowded in the upper axils; f r u i t densely clothed with long tawny hairs, the hairs straight, considerably longer than the body, making the f r u i t and hairs often 2% to 3 lines in diameter.—Arid slopes, 4000 to 4500 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; Lassen Co.; w. Nev. Var. HIRSIJTUM Gray. P l a n t s low, t u f t e d , 3 to 8 in. high, cinereous-pubescent throughout.—High montane, 5900 to 10,000 f t . : n. Lake Co. to Yollo Bolly Mts.; Sierra Nevada, mostly east summits or east slopes, f r o m Inyo Co. to Modoc Co. 23. G. matthSwsii Gray. Stems erect, branching, 8 to 12 in. high, from a woody base; herbage mostly glabrous; leaves rigid, ovate-lanceolate, cuspi-

963

MADDER F A M I L Y

date-acute, 2 to 3 lines long, with a very prominent midrib and no lateral veins; flowers numerous, cymose-paniculate, short-pediceled; corolla less than 1 line broad; f r u i t small, % to IV2 lines in diameter, densely clothed with very short white hairs.—East slope of Sierra Nevada in Inyo Co., 8000 to 9000 f t . ; e. to Nev. Var. SCÁBKIDUM Jepson n. var. P l a n t s densely hirsute throughout.—Silver Cañón, White Mts., 7500 f t . (Jepson 7210, type). 24. G. parvifólium Jepson n. comb. Dwarf t u f t e d plants 2 to 6 in. high, scabrous-puberulent throughout, with thick woody rootstocks and branchlets densely clothed a t base with old leaves; leaves in whorls of 4, minute (1 to 2 lines long), ovate, acute, abruptly mucronate; basal leaves turning tawny with age and closely sheathing the base of the branches, very small, usually less than 1 line; upper whorls more distant (the nodes V2 in. or more a p a r t ) , their leaves narrowly to broadly ovate and often 2 lines long, midrib prominent, the lateral veins not developed; flowers small, dioecious, reddish purple, cymose and short-pediceled; f r u i t less than % line in diameter, covered with short straight silky hairs about equaling the body in length.—Arid montane slopes, 6700 to 10,000 f t . : Santa Rosa, San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; e. to southern Nev. (G. multiflorum var. parvifolium Parish.) 2. K E L L Ó G G I A T o r r .

Slender perennial herb with opposite leaves and interposed stipules. Flowers in loose f o r k i n g terminal cymes. Calyx-tube obovoid, somewhat laterally flattened, covered with stiff short bristles. Corolla funnelform. Ovary 2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. F r u i t densely uncinate-hispid, splitting a t maturity into 2 closed carpels. (Dr. Albert Kellogg, pioneer botanist, one of the founders of the California Academy of Sciences.) 1. K. gálioides Torr. Fig. 896. Stems several, o f t e n many from the base, 8 to 14 in. high; leaves lanceolate (rarely narrowly ovate), % to 1 i n . long; corolla pinkish, 2 to 3 lines long, its lobes 4 (rarely 5).— Dry ridges and meadow borders, 896. Kellogpa galioides Torr.; a fl branchlet X /2 4000 to 7200 f t . : San Jacinto and ' ' ' ' C' ' ' San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co., thence n. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Utah and Ariz. 3.

SHERÁRDIA

L.

Slender annual with square stems and whorled leaves without stipules. Flowers small, blue or pinkish, in heads surrounded by a deeply divided involucre. Calyx-limb of 4 to 6 teeth, which grow a f t e r flowering and crown the f r u i t . Corolla funnelform, the limb 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5. Style filiform, slightly 2-cleft. F r u i t dry, didymous, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. (Dr. Wm. Sherard, a patron of Dillenius and friend of John Bay.) 1. S. arvénsis L. FIELD MADDER. Three to 6 in. high, hispidulous-roughened or nearly glabrous; leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, lanceolate to oblong, pungent; flowers subsessile, 2 or 3 in a head; involucre in f r u i t 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes 6 to 8, ovate or ovate-lanceolate.—Native of Eur., naturalized in pasture lands near the coast from San Mateo Co. to Marin Co., often closely m a t t i n g the ground.

964

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

4. CEPHALANTHUS L. BUTTON

BUSH

Shrub or small tree with opposite or t e m a t e leaves. Flowers densely aggregated into spherical peduncled heads. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla narrowly funnelform, slender, the small limb 4-cleft. Style filiform, much exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, obpyramidal, at length splitting from the base upwards into 2 to 4 one-seeded achenelike portions. (Greek kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower.) 1.

C.

occidentalis

L.

BUTTON-

WILLOW. Fig. 897. Shrub or tree, 6 to 20 (or 30) f t . high; bark claygray, young branches reddish; leaves elliptic- to oblong-ovate, slightly attenuate, truncate or obtuse at base, entire, 2% to 5 in. long, on petioles 2 lines long, with short or minute intervening stipules; peduncles 1 to 3 in. long; heads % to 1 in. in diameter; calyx greenish; corolla white, 4 lines long, 897. Cephalanthus occidentalis L . ; a, fl. the segments obtuse, tipped with branchlet x Va ; b, fl. x 1 Vz ; c, fr. x 1V2. black; f r u i t nearly 2 lines long; seed 1 line long, flattened, acutely margined.—Along living streams, 10 to 1000 f t . : Great Valley, common; Sierra Nevada foothills, less f r e q u e n t ; n. to Can., e. to the Atlantic. Aug.-Sept. The f r u i t i n g heads and f r u i t s recall those of the Sycamore. CAPRIFdLlACEAE.

HONEYSUCKLE F A M I L Y

Erect or twining shrubs, or small trees. Leaves opposite, without stipules or with false foliaceous appendages resembling stipules. Flowers complete. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the toothed limb commonly insignificant. Corolla tubular or rotate, regular or irregular, 5-lobed or rarely 4-lobed. Stamens (in ours) as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube or base. Ovary inferior, 2 to 5 (rarely 1) -celled; style 1. F r u i t a berry or berry-like drupe, or sometimes a dry pod. Endosperm fleshy; embryo small. Corolla rotate to deeply saucer-shaped, regular; style short; flowers in compound cymes. Leaves c o m p o u n d ; f r u i t berry-like. 3 to 5-seeded 1. SAMBUCUS. Leaves simple; fruit a 1-seeded drupe 2. VIBURNUM. Corolla tubular to f u n n e l f o r m ; style commonly elongated; leaves simple. V e r y low c r e e p i n g v i n e ; flowers in p a i r s on a thread-like p e d u n c l e 3. LINNAEA. Shrubs, erect or twining. Berry snow-white, 1 or 2-seeded; corolla open-campanulate or tubular-funnelform, regular; stamens 4 or 5 4. SYMPHORICARPOS. Berry red or black, few to several-seeded; corolla tubular, commonly irregular and gibbous at base; stamens 5 5. LONICERA.

1. SAMBUCUS L. ELDERBERRY Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Leaves compound, odd-pinnate, with serrate leaflets. Flowers small, white, in a terminal compound cyme, jointed with their pedicels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla regular, rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Ovary 3 to 5-celled; style short; stigmas 3 to 5; ovules solitary, suspended from the summit of each cell. F r u i t a small berry-like drupe, containing 3 to 5 cartilaginous nutlets. (Greek sambuke, a musical instrument, made of Elder wood.) Cymes flat-topped; berry blue with a bloom; winter buds small. Leaves glabrous, the leaflets commonly equal-sided at base 1. S. glauca. Leaves finely pubescent beneath, the leaflets unequal-sided at base 2. S. velutina. Cymes dome-shaped or thyrsoid; berry red; winter buds large with large scales 3. S. racemosa.

HONEYSUCKLE

965

FAMILY

1. S. glàuca N u t t . B L U E ELDERBERRY. Fig. 898. Roughish thickety bush 6 to 10 f t . high, or eventually developing into a small tree with distinct trunk, up to 25 f t . high; leaves glabrous; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate to oblong-laneeolate, serrate except at the abruptly acuminate apex, 1 to SV2 in. long; cymes flat-topped, 2 to 6 or 9 in. broad; flowers white, 2% to 3Y2 lines broad; berries 2 to 3 lines in diameter, blue beneath the white bloom. —Open woods, cañons or moist flats of the lower hill country or middle altitudes, and along stream-banks in the valleys, 10 to 5400 f t . : throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to B. C., e. to Utah. May-Aug., f r . Aug.-Sept. (S. coerulea E a f . ) Var. ARIZÓNICA Sarg. Leaves 3 (or 5)-foliolate; leaflets elliptic, acuminate, glabrous or puberulent.—Stream-banks: coastal S. Cal.; K e r n Co.; e. to N. Mex. (S. mexicana Sarg.) 2. S. velùtina D. & H. Shrub or small tree 6 to 15 f t . high; branchlets densely short-pubescent or sometimes glabrous; leaves thick or coriaceous, finely and .„„ _ ,

,

,

,

,

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,

,

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898. Sambucus glauca Nutt. ; a, fl. branch-

often densely short-pubescent, especially let x & • b fl. x 4%. beneath, or sometimes glabrous; leaflets 5 to 7 or 9, thickish or coriaceous, oblong-ovate, abruptly a t t e n u a t e a t apex, finely serrate, one side continued f a r t h e r down the petiolule t h a n the other and so very unequal at base, 3 to 6 (or 8) in. long, the lower leaflets not infrequently with a supplementary leaflet; cymes flat-topped, 4 to 8 or 16 in. broad; flowers yellowish; berries black with a bloom, 1 to 1% lines in diameter.—Dry open slopes, 3000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; mts. of S. Cal. Aug. (S. mexicana Trees of Cal.) 3. S. racemósa L. Thick spreading bush 1 to 3 (or 4) f t . high; leaves thin, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 5, ovate to elliptic, equal-sided at base, narrowed at apex to a slender entire point, serrate, ÍV2 to 3 (or 5) in. long; cymes round-ovate, 1% to 3 in. high; flowers cream-color; berries red, 2% lines in diameter.—Moist places and especially margins of surface streams 011 mountain slopes, 7000 to 10,500 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Placer Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Atlantic and Eur. July. Var. CALLICARPA Jepson. Fig. 899. Low shrub or small tree 8 to 14 or 20 f t . high; leaves thinnish, pubescent beneath and often above* with short appressed hairs; leaflets thinnish, oblong-ovate 899. Sambucus racemosa var. callicarpa or obovate, acuminate, sharply serJepson ; a, fl. branchlet x Ys ; fl. x 1 Yi. rate to the very apex, 2 to 7 in. long; berries scarlet, without bloom, 2 lines broad; f r u i t i n g clusters 2 to 5 in. across, very showy.—Cañón beds or flats along the coast: San Mateo Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Wash. (S. callicarpa Greene.) 2. VIBÚRNUM L. Shrubs with simple leaves. Flowers white, in a terminal compound cyme, jointed on the pedicels. Cyme in ours peduncled, with 5 to 7 primary rays.

966

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Calyx-limb 5-parted. Corolla deeply saucer-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled witli 1 ovule. F r u i t a drupe with a flattened stone, which (in ours") is broadly sulcate on both faces. ( L a t i n name of the W a y f a r i n g T r e e . ) 1. V . ellipticum Hook. Slender deciduous shrub 4 to 12 f t . t a l l ; herbage minutely pubescent and a little glandular; leaves orbicular or elliptical, dentate except at base, 3 to 5-nerved f r o m the base, 1 to 2 % in. l o n g ; petioles 3 to 6 lines l o n g ; cymes % to 1 in. high; corolla 3 to 4 lines broad; f r u i t black, oval, nearly % in. l o n g ; stone w i t h 2 grooves on one f a c e and 3 on the other (the median g r o o v e divided by a longitudinal r i d g e ) , 4 to 5 lines long.—Canons, 1000 to 4200 f t . : Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co.; Eldorado Co.; n. to Wash. Apr.-June. 3. L I N N A i J A

L.

Creeping somewhat woody little evergreen herb w i t h opposite leaves. Flowers nodding, pink or purplish, borne in pairs at the f o r k e d summit of thread-like upright peduncles. Calyx-teeth 5, subulate, deciduous. Corolla white, tinged with pink, slender bell-shaped to f u n n e l f o r m , regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube. O v a r y 3-celled, 2 of the cells with several a b o r t i v e ovules, the third w i t h a p e r f e c t ovule. F r u i t a dry 3-celled pod w i t h one seed. ( N a m e d b y Gronovius f o r Linnaeus.) 1. L . b o r e i l i s L . var. a m e r i c i n a Rehder. Stems slender, trailing, % to 1 f t . long; peduncles erect, 2 % in. l o n g ; leaves oval, serrate above the middle, 6 to 9 lines long, on petioles 1 line long; corolla % in. long.—Montane, 2500 to 8400 f t . : Humboldt and T r i n i t y Cos. to Plumas and Modoc Cos.; n. to arctic circle. 4. S Y M P H O R I C A J t P O S L . WAXBERRY L o w branching bushes. L e a v e s small, simple, short-petioled, deciduous. Flowers 2-bracteolate, w h i t e or rosy-tinged, in close short spikes or clusters. Calyx with a globular tube and 4 or 5-toothed l i m b ; limb short, persistent. Corolla regular, open-campanulate or tubular-funnelform, 4 or 5-lobed, the stamens inserted on its throat, in ours included. O v a r y 4-celled, each of the 2 lateral cells w i t h a single f e r t i l e ovule, the two median cells containing several ovules, none of which develop. F r u i t a w h i t e berry w i t h bony seeds. (Greek sumphoreo, to bear together, and karpos, f r u i t , the berries in close clusters.) Corolla deeply bowl-shaped, 2 to 3 lines long. Leaves nearly glabrous, mostly 1 in. long, entire or lobed 1. S. albus. Leaves densely soft-pubescent, mostly Vz in. long, commonly entire 2 5. mollis. Corolla tubular- to oblong-campanulate, 3 to 6 lines long. Style glabrous. . . .3. S. rotundifolius. Style bearded 4. S. lonyitlonjs.

„ 900.

,

_ .

.

Symphoricarpos albus Blake; a, fl. branch-

let x 1; b, long. sect, of fl. x 3 % ; c, fr. cluster x l.

1. S. i l b u s ( L . ) Blake. SNOW BERRY. F i g . 900. E r e c t or spreading shrub w i t h slender branches, 2 to 4 (or 6 ) f t . high; leaves roundoval to ovate or oblong, entire or on the same branchlet sinuately few-toothed or saliently lobed, glabrous or the lower surface pubescent, commonly 1 (less commonly as much as 2 ) in. long, short-petioled; calyx-lobes ciliate; corolla pinkish, jj.ip_jp(i

t j . . i „ w ( , r qifle

2 lines

clistenaea on w e lower siae, ^ " n e s

long,

5-lobed

above

the

middle.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

967

densely villous-hirsute within; berry globose, 4 to 6 lines in diameter; pulp snowy, nearly tasteless.—Foothills, 10 to 2000 f t . : Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada foothills; n. to B. C., e. to N. Eng. and Pa. May-June. (S. racemosus Michx.) The leaves of sterile shoots are very variable in size, shape, toothing and lobation. 2. S. mollis N u t t . Low diffuse shrub about 1 f t . high, of somewhat more delicate habit than the preceding and with thinner leaves; leaves oval or elliptic, on the fertile shoots mostly % in. long and seldom other than entire, pubescent on both surfaces or more so on the lower surface; corolla whitish or rose-red, barely pubescent within, otherwise like the last.—Montane slopes, 5000 to 8400 ft., or near the coast down to 600 f t . : mts. of S. Cal.; Sierra N e v a d a ; Coast Ranges; n. to Wash. Apr.-May. 3. S. rotundifolius Gray. Straggling shrub 1 to 3% f t . high; herbage finely pubescent to glabrate; leaves orbicular or ovate to oblong-elliptical, obtuse or more commonly acutish at both ends, 5 to 10 lines long; flowers in pairs at the upper nodes, nodding; corolla tubular-campanulate, white, yellowish or pink-tinged, 3 to 5 lines long, the tube pubescent within below the stamens, 3 to 4 times the length of the broad lobes; style glabrous; nutlets of the berry oblong, obtuse at both ends.—High montane, 6000 to 10,000 f t . : inner North Coast Range from Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Modoc Co. to Tulare Co., thence sw. to the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; e. to N. Mex. (S. parishii Rydb. S. parvifolius Eastw.) Var. ORE6PHILUS Jones. Diffuse bush 1 to 4 f t . high, minutely pubescent, indistinguishable from the species by any constant character unless it be t h a t of the nutlets which are acutely pointed a t base.— Montane, 6300 to 9000 f t . : high easterly flats or east slopes of the Sierra Nevada f r o m Mono and Mariposa Cos. to Lake Tahoe; e. to Col. (S. oreophilus Gray.) 4. S. longifldrus Gray. Similar to no. 3; leaves very glaucous; corolla 5 to 6 lines long, glabrous within; style long hairy.-—Mohave Desert and Inyo Co.; e. to Utah. 5 . LONiCERA L . HONEYSUCKLE Erect or twining shrubs with simple entire leaves, one or two pairs beneath the inflorescence often connate-perfoliate. Flowers spicate a t the ends of the branches or in small axillary clusters. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or truncate, deciduous or persistent, mostly small, sometimes none. Corolla 5-lobed and nearly regular, or strongly 2-lipped with 4 lobes in the upper lip and one lobe in the lower Hp, its tube more or less gibbous at base. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary ovoid or almost globose, 2 or 3celled, becoming a few- to several-seeded berry. (Adam Lonitzer, a German herbalist of the 16th century.) Erect deciduous shrubs; flowers borne in pairs on a common peduncle in the leaf axils. Ovaries and berries of the pair distinct. Ovaries not enclosed in a sac. Corolla yellow or reddish, nearly regular, its lobes Va to % length of tube. . . 1. L. involucrata. Corolla white, strongly 2-lipped, its lobes as long as tube 2. L. utahensis. Ovaries of the pair seemingly connate but really enclosed in an urnshaped sac and appearing to form a single berry 3. L. coerulea. Ovaries and berries of the pair connate; corolla nearly black 4, L. conjugialis. Twining or trailing shrubs; flowers sessile, in whorls. Leaves ciliate, otherwise glabrous, deciduous 5. L. ciliosa. Leaves not ciliate, evergreen; flower-whorls in terminal interrupted spikes. Leaves all distinct; corolla yellow, pubescent 6. L. subspicata. Leaves next the inflorescence united into a connate-perfoliate disk. Corolla yellow, glabrouB without; leaves without stipule-like a p p e n d a g e s . . . . 7. L. interrupta. Corolla pink, hispidulous-glandular without; leaves with stipule-like appendages 8. L. hispidula.

1. L. involucrata Banks. Low upright shrub 2 to 3 f t . high; leaves ovate, more or less abruptly a t t e n u a t e a t apex, hairy-pubescent beneath, 1 y 2 to 3 or 5 in. long, on short petioles; peduncles 6 to 8 (or 12) lines long, the flowers subtended by large and conspicuous broad bracts which become reddish in age; corolla clear yellow, viscid-pubescent, 6 to 8 lines long, its spreading lobes subequal, about 1 line long, its tube saccate-gibbous a t base; tips of

968

caprifoliaceae

anthers exserted; style puberulent; berries black, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, disagreeable to the taste. — Montane, 6500 to 9500 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co.; n. to B. C. Var. LfeDEBoirctil Jepson n. comb. Fig. 901. Erect, 4 to 7 f t . high; bracts crimson in age; corolla dull yellow or reddish-tinged, its tube saccate a t base; anthers included. — Canon bottoms and river flats, Coast Banges near the sea f r o m Santa Barb a r a to Humboldt Co. Mar.-June. (L. ledebourii Esch.) 2. L. utahSnsis Wats. Spreading shrub 3 to 5 f t . high; leaves green, the glaucescence scarcely perceptible, oblong-ovate, commonly cordate at base, glabrous or rarely obscurely ciliate towards the base, 1 to 21/4 in. long, 9 0 1 . Lonicera invohicrata var. lede- shortly petioled; flowers in pairs on axillary bourii J e p s o n ; a, fl. branchlet x %; peduncles, the peduncles 6 to 9 lines long, flowers; bracts narrowly b, long. sect, of fl. x 1; c, cross-sect, longer t h a n the of ovary x 3V3linear, as long as the ovaries; bractlets round, minute; corolla pure white, f a d i n g in age to a pale salmon-yellow, glabrous; tube 3 to 4 lines long, somewhat saccate on one side a t base, the sac marked with pink; corolla-lobes oblong, about as long as the tube, those of the upper lip and t h a t of the lower lip not unlike in shape and scarcely a t all in size but strongly 2-lipped as to position of the lobes; middle lobes of upper lip not so deeply parted f r o m each other as from the lateral ones; a d n a t e portion of filaments slightly h a i r y ; ovaries divergent; berries red.— Wooded slopes, 2700 f t . : Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to U t a h . 3. L. coerulea L. Low, 1 to 2 f t . high; leaves thin, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 to 1% in. long; peduncles 1 or 2 lines long, much shorter t h a n the flowers; corolla yellowish, f u n n e l f o r m , r a t h e r deeply lobed but little 2-lipped; ovaries distinct but tightly enclosed by the sac-like united bractlets or cupula which becomes juicy in f r u i t , so t h a t the whole looks like a single globular black berry.—Montane, 7000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co.; n. to Alas.; Eur., Asia. 4. L. conjugiilis Kell. Fig. 902. Slender shrub 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage with s h o r t spreading pubescence; leaves mostly oblong-obovate, 1 to ZV4, in. long, on petioles only 1 or 2 lines long; peduncles 8 to 10 lines l o n g ; bracts minute; corolla black-purple, 3 to 4 lines long, strongly 2lipped, the tube gibbous b e l o w the lower lip; n^...•.•. . j / t ^ upper lip erect, shallowly ^ 4 - t o o t h e d ; l o w e r l i p deflexed, oblong, entire;

902. Lonicera conjugialis Kell.; fl. branchlet x 1.

t h r o a t of corolla filled with s o f t white hairs, the lower p a r t of filaments and of style also white-hairy; ovaries about % joined; berries red, the pair transversely oblong, 5 to 6 lines broad and about 3 lines long.—Montane, 6200 to 9500 f t . : n. Humboldt Co.; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Wash., e. to western Nev. J u l y ; f r . Sept. 5. L. cilidsa Poir. Low, trailing along the ground, the stems 1 to 2 or 10 f t . long; leaves oval or ovate, mostly obtusish, green above, very glaucous beneath, glabrous except the ciliate margin, to 4 in. long, on petioles x h to 3 lines long; flowers in a single terminal whorl (rarely 2 or 3), the whorl sessile or shortly peduncled; corolla red to yellow, slightly 2-lipped, 8 to 14 lines long, its t u b e swollen or ventricose below.—Montane, 2500 to 4000 f t . :

969

DIPSACEAE

Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. to B u t t e Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Mont. June-July. 6. L. súbspicáta H. & A. MOBONEL. Woody-based b u t climbing jor reclining on shrubs and a t t a i n i n g a height of 3 to 8 f t . or sometimes a distinct erect shrub 4 to 6 f t . high; leaves oblong or oval to ovate, short-petioled, coriaceous, lightly or densely pubescent beneath and often glandular, % to 1 (or i y 2 ) in. long, all distinct, the uppermost pair rarely connate; inflorescence often paniculate, the whorls 2 to 6-flowered; corolla pale yellow, pubescent, 4 to 6 lines long, its lips coiling or recurved, the stamens exserted; berries red or yellow.—Chaparral slopes, 100 to 5500 f t . : cismontane S. Cal.; n. in the South Coast Eanges to Mt. Diablo; Tehachapi Mts. 7. L. i n t e r r ú p t a Benth. CHAPARRAL HONEYSUCKLE. Plant with a rigid woody trunk 1 f t . or so high, the branches climbing or reclining ou bushes; leaves orbicular to elliptic-oblong or -ovate, green above, glaucous beneath, to 1 in. long, on petioles 1 to 3 lines long, mostly without interfoliar appendages; spikes 2 to 5 in. long, peduncled, terminal and solitary or with several additional from the axils of the uppermost leaves, 1 to 3 pairs of which are connate-perfoliate; corolla cream-yellow, 4 to 5 lines long, glabrous exteriorly, nearly g 1 a b r o u s within; filaments hairy towards the base; berries red. — Dry slopes and ridges, 1500 to 4000 f t . : middle and inner Coast Eanges; Sierra Nevada; s. to the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; e. to Ariz. 8. L. hispidula Dougl. var. califórnica Jepson. Fig. 903. CALIFORNIA HONEYSUCKLE. Stems slender, % to % in. in diameter, climbing bushes or trees 6 to 20 f t . high; leaves oblong, ovate, or elliptic-oblong, truncate or subcordate a t base, green above, whiteglaucous below, IV2 to 3 in. long, shortpetioled; uppermost leaves connateperfoliate, the others except the lowest w i t h connate-perfoliate stipule-like (often conspicuous) appendages; 9 0 3 . Lonicera hispidula var. californica J e p s o n ; a, fl. branchlet x % ; b, fl. * spikes very glandular, especially in 1 ü ; c, fr. x 1 1 4 . f r u i t ; corolla pink, 6 to 8 lines long, glandular-hispidulous without, the tube within and the lower portion of the filaments very hairy; berries scarlet.—Cañons and along streams in the foothills, 100 to 2000 f t . : Sierra Nevada foothills; Coast Eanges; rare in S. Cal. July-Aug. DIPSÁCEAE.

TEASEL F A M I L Y

Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers in dense heads or short spikes surrounded by an involucre. Calvx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped or divided into bristles. Corolla borne on the calyx-limb, with 4 or 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4 (or 2 by abortion), inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments exserted. Ovary 1-celled; style filiform; ovule 1. F r u i t an achene, crowned with the persistent calyx. Bracts of the spike or head conspicuous, rigid, prickly-pointed, exceeding the flowers

1. D I P S A C U S .

Bracts of the head herbaceous, inconspicuous, concealed among the flowers. . . .2. SCABIOSA.

1. DÍPSACUS L. Stout coarse and prickly biennial herbs. Cauline leaves united at base. Flowers pinkish white, in á dense oblong head or short spike, surrounded by

970

VALERIANACEAE

an involucre of elongated bracts much surpassing the pointed bracts subtending the flowers. Bracts in f r u i t very rigid and spine-like. Calyx-limb cupshaped, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed. Acliene surrounded by a 4 to 8-ribbed involucel. (Greek name of the Teasel.) 1. D. fullonum L . F U L L E R ' S TEASEL. Erect, 4 to 5 f t . high; basal leaves broadly oblong, arcuate, f t . long or less; upper cauline connate-perfoliate; spikes 3 or 4 in. long; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, tapering to the acute apex, 1 to 4 in. long; bracts of the spike with recurved tips.—Nat. from Eur. in low waste lands, especially near the coast. 2. SCABIdSA L. Large herbs with opposite leaves and the flowers in hemispherical heads on long peduncles. Involucre of many distinct bracts. Involucel cylindrical, not lobed. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, produced slightly beyond it and bearing 5 long slender awns. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyxtube, slender-funnelform or salverform, with 5 short equal lobes, the marginal corollas much larger with the upper lobes much smaller than the lower. (Latin scabiosa, meaning scurfy, the plant used for affections of the skin.) 1. S. atropurpurea L. MOURNING BRIDE. Stems branching, 2 to 3 f t . high; lowest leaves l y r a t e ; upper leaves pinnately divided or the uppermost oblonglanceolate and coarsely serrate or the narrower ones disposed to be entire; peduncles 8 to 12 in. long; heads 1% in. broad; flowers black-purple to pinkish white, the regular corollas 5 or 6 lines long; calyx-awns 3 lines long; f r u i t an achene, enclosed in the persistent involucre and bearing the exserted calyx-awns.—Native of Eur., naturalized by waysides: Sacramento Valley; Napa Valley; Alameda Co.; San Bernardino Co. VAIiilRIANACEAE. VALERIAN F A M I L Y Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers mostly perfect, borne in a cymose inflorescence. Corolla epigynous, 2-lipped to regularly 5-lobed, the 1 to 3 stamens borne on its tube. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb obsolete or in one species pappus-like. Ovary commonly 3-celled, the two lateral cells reduced to mere nerves, or enlarged and forming wings to the central cell which in f r u i t is 1-seeded and indehiscent. Style simple, slender; stigmas 1 to 3. P e r e n n i a l s ; l i m b of calyx-tube pappus-like A n n u a l s ; limb of calyx-tube obsolete

I.VALERIANA. 2. PLECTRITIS.

1. VALERIANA Tourn. Perennial herbs. Calyx-limb of 5 to 15 bristle-shaped lobes, which are coiled up and inconspicuous until the f r u i t i n g stage when they unroll and form a conspicuous plumose and pappus-like crown to the f r u i t . Corolla campanulate-funnelform to salverform, the tube often gibbous or slightly saccate anteriorly. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled, with mere vestiges of 2 lateral cells, ripening into a flattened achene. Roots with a peculiar scent. (Mediaeval Latin name.) 1. V. sylvsttica Banks. Stems erect, simple, from rootstocks; herbage more or less puberulent; basal leaves mainly undivided, obovate; cauline leaves pinnate or pinnately divided, with 3 to 13 leaflets; corolla white or pinkish, 2 to 3 lines long, the tube short.—Wet places in pine woods, 8000 to 10,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co. and n. to Siskiyou Co. Var. GLABRA Jepson n. var. Herbage glabrous.—Hockett Mdw., Tulare Co. (Culbertson, t y p e ) ; Jackson Lake, Siskiyou Co. 2. PLECTRiTIS DC. Annuals with glabrous herbage. Stems angled, simple or with slender branches. Leaves entire or sparingly toothed, the cauline commonly sessile. Flowers small (1 to 2% lines long), borne in glomerules a t the end of the stem or branches, or the glomerules in interrupted or dense spikes. F r u i t winged, except in one species, the wings incurved and forming a circular hollow on the ventral side.—Species similar in size, habit, leaves and inflorescence. (From Latin plecto, to plait or interweave, on account of the involved inflorescence.)

971

CAMPANULACEAE

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Fruits wingless 1. P . samolifolia. Fruits winged. Fruits hispid, pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. Spur rather short, not prolonged below the ovary; back of fruit hispid, pubescent or giabrous 2. P. macrocera. Spur prolonged below the ovary; fruit with a row of short equal bristles bordering the ribbon-like carina and perpendicular to it. 3. P. ciliosa. Fruits very woolly 4. P . jepsonii.

^

1. P. samolifolia (DC.) Hoeck. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped; spur short; f r u i t triangular, wingless, hispid or glabrous, about 1 line long.— ... „.,.,,„„,„.„ t r, Coast Ranees near the coast f r o m Santa Cruz Co. 904. Plectritis macrocera T. 4s ° . 0 1 4. n G • a fl • b fr x 5 to Humboldt Co., thence e. to Shasta Co. 2. P. macrocera T. & G. Fig. 904. Slender, simple or branched, 3 to 15 in. high; leaves linear, ovate or oblong; spur of corolla equaling or somewhat exceeding tube; f r u i t hispid to nearly glabrous, dorsally carinate; wings broad, more or less lobed a t apex, spreading or incurved, the margins often grooved and often ciliate.—Common and widely distributed in the foothills and middle altitudes of the mountains: Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. to Butte Co. I t is very variable, especially in pubescence of f r u i t . 3. P. ciliosa Jepson n. comb. Fig. 905. Slender, 3 to 12 in. high; corolla small, distinctly 2-lipped, deep pink, very long; keel broad, ribbon - like, glabrous or hispidulose, dense/X\* l s v ly and regularly eili\ ate along both marl 1 gins.—San Diego Co.; 3 nortliw. through the J f C o a s t Ranges and K^r S i e r r a Nevada to Tehama Co. (Valeria- 905. Plectritis ciliosa Jepson; a, habit x ri ; 906. P. jepsonii nella ciliosa Greene. b, fl. x 4 ; c, dorsal view of fr. x 6V2 ; d, ventral view of fr. x 6 \ 2 . Davy; fr. x 8. P. davyana Jepson.) 4. P. jepsonii Davy. Fig. 906. Stem simple, about 10 in. high; f r u i t conspicuously covered with woolly hairs; incurved margin of wing thickish, marked lengthwise on the outside by a groove.—Foothills of the Vaea Mts. CAMPANULACEAE.

BELL-FLOWER

FAMILY

Slender or small herbs with milky juice, alternate simple leaves and regular complete flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb commonly 5parted, usually divided down to the ovary and persistent. Corolla o-lobed or -parted, inserted with the 5 stamens where the calyx becomes f r e e from the ovary. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; style 1, long, with 2 to 0 stigmas. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Capsule dehiscent on the side or close under the calyx; leaves mostly broad (narrow in Campanula uniflora). Capsule opening by small valves or circular perforations. Corolla more or less campanulate; ovary short and broad 1. CAMPANULA. Corolla rotate; ovary somewhat elongated 2. SPECI'LARIA. Capsule opening by irregular fissures; ovary short and broad 3. HETEROCODON. Capsule dehiscent at the apex within the calyx; ovary club-shaped; leaves mostly narrow. 4. GITHOPSIS.

972

CAMPANULACEAE

1. C A M P A N U L A L. BELL-FLOWEB Herbs with blue flowers. Calyx with broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly so. and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Capsule under the calyx by 3 to 5 small valve-like campana, a bell.)

5 narrow lobes, its tube short and Filaments dilated at base. Stigmas short, opening on the side or close perforations. (Diminutive of Latin

Style longer than corolla; capsule openings near the middle or base; perennials. Stem leaves sessile or on very short petioles; corolla lobes narrowly lanceolate 1. C. prenanthoides. Stem leaves on petioles at least % as long as blade; corolla lobes ovate-oblong 2. C. scouleri. Style not longer than corolla. Annual, diffusely branched f r o m base; capsule urnshaped, the openings just above the middle; on peaks near the coast 3. C. exigua. Perennials. Stems 2 to 5 in. high f r o m a branched root-crown; capsule oblong-turbinate, the openings near the summit; montane species 4. G. unijlora. Stems % to 2 ft. high f r o m a slender rootstock; capsule globular to obconic, the openings near the middle or base. Stem leaves linear or lanceolate, entire; montane species. . . 5. C. rotundifolia. Stem leaves oval or ovate-oblong, crenate; coast species. . . .6. C. linnaeifolia.

1. C. prenanthoides Dur. CALIFORNIA HARE-BELL. r i g . 907. Stem slender, erect, to 2 f t . high, often much branched; herbage minutely rough-puberulent or almost glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, sessile, or short-petioled, % to 1 Yz in. long, sharply serrate; flowers mostly in clusters on short pedicels; clusters axillary, or the upper leaves reduced and the inflorescence racemose; corolla cylindrical in the bud, 4 to 5 lines long, 2 to 3 times the length of the subulate calyx-lobes, parted into linearlanceolate lobes; capsule hemispherical or short - turbinate. — Wooded slopes, 800 to 6000 f t . : near the coast, from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to southern Ore. July-Aug. 2. C. scouleri Hook. Stem slender, erect, or decumbent at base, mostly simple, 6 to 12 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate, % to 1% 907. Campanula prenanthoides Dur.; a, leaves i n . long, tapering at base into a x % j 6. fl. stem x % j long. sect, of 11. x 114. m a r g i u e d p e t i o l e at least % as long as blade; flowers on filiform peduncles, solitary in the axils or terminal, or the upper leaves reduced to minute bracts and the inflorescence paniculate; corolla exceeding or twice as long as the subulate calyx-lobes, deeply cleft into ovate-oblong lobes.—Montane, 1500 to 5000 f t . : Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. in the Sierra Nevada to Sierra Co.; f a r n. to Alas. 3. C. exigua Rattan. Stem branching from the base and diffuse, 2 to 4 (or 6) in. high, short-hispid, especially at base; leaves obovate, linear, or the uppermost subulate; flowers erect, lateral or terminal on the branchlets, of two kinds, one with slender and rather short style having 3 revolute stigmas at apex and with the dilated bases of the filaments not ciliolate; the other kind with the style longer, conspicuously club-shaped and merely notched at apex, the dilated bases of the filaments ciliolate; corolla of both kinds light blue, 2 to 4 lines long; calyx-lobes subulate-linear, nearly twice the length of the turbinate tube; capsule somewhat urnshaped, with 3 valve-like open-

BELL-FLOWER

FAMILY

973

ings just above the middle.—Coast Range peaks and ridges, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Mt. Hamilton; Mt. Diablo; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. St. Helena. 4. C. vmifldra L . Steins 1 or more from the branched root-crown, to 5 in. high, the larger ones 2 to 4-flowered; herbage puberulent to glabrous; leaves thickish, the basal spatulate, 6 to 8 lines long, the upper cauline linear; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, the ovate-lanceolate lobes as long as the campanulate tube; capsule oblong-turbinate, not narrowed at summit.—Scott Mts., Siskiyou Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Col. and Lab.; Eur., Asia. Aug. (C. scabrella Engelm.) 5. C. rotundifolia L. Stems diffuse or erect, from slender or filiform rootstocks, % to 2 ft. high, 1 to 9-flowered; lowest leaves orbicular or ovate to cordate, minutely serrate, slender-petioled; cauline leaves linear, entire, sessile, to 2% in. long; flower-buds erect on slender pedicels; flowers drooping or spreading; calyx-lobes subulate, spreading, longer than the shortturbinate tube; corolla blue, campanulate, 6 to 9 lines long; capsule obconic or ovoid, nodding, opening by short clefts near the base.—Montane, 5000 to 8000 f t . : Trinity and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Alas., e. to Allegheny Mts.; Eur. July-Sept. 6. C. linnafeifolia Gray. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched at summit, 4 to 12 in. high; leaves ovate-oblong, crenulate except at base, sessile or subsessile, 6 to 11 lines long, the margins retrorsely seabrous, as also the angles of the stem; flowers few, the peduncles as long or much longer; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla pale blue, 6 to 7 lines long; capsule globular.-—Swampy places along the coast line: Pt. Reyes to Mendocino Co. June-July. 2 . SPECULARLY Heister. V E N U S LOOKING-GLASS Annuals with leafy stems. Flowers solitary or in clusters, sessile in the axils of the leaves, blue or purplish, 1 or 2-bracteolate. Our species with two kinds of flowers: the earlier fertilized in the bud, with undeveloped corolla and 3 or 4 calyx-lobes; the later with a conspicuous blue corolla and 5-lobed calyx. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule dehiscent by 2 or 3 small valve-like openings. (Latin speculum, a looking-glass.) Leaves ovate; sessile; openings of the capsule close under the calyx 1. S. hi flora. Leaves round-cordate, clasping; openings of the capsule at or below the middle 2. S. perfoliate.

1. S. bifldra (R. & P.) Gray. Stems slender, simple or with many branches from the base, 8 to 15 in. high, retrorsely scabrous-hispidulous on the angles; internodes rather short; leaves ovate, mucronate, sessile, entire or somewhat crenate, 3 to 6 (or the lowermost 8 or 9) lines long; corolla blue, exceeding the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes; capsule prismatic or cylindric, 3 to 4 lines long, sessile, the valve-like openings close under the calyx.—Low open hills or valley fields, 200 to 4000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Coast Ranges; Great Valley; Sierra Nevada; n. to Ore., e. to Va. and Fla., s. to Mex.; n. S. Am. 2. S. p£rfoliita A.DC. Stems commonly stouter than in S. biflora, simple or branched from the base, 8 to 20 in. high, very leafy throughout, hirsute or hispid on the angles; leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping, veiny, 3 to 8 lines long; corolla blue., usually equaled by the calyx-lobes; calyx-lobes of the close-fertilized flowers short, of the later flowers as long as the ovary; capsule oblong or somewhat obconical, 2 to 4 lines long, the 2 or 3 valve-like openings at or below the middle; seeds lenticular.—Open ground and fields, 200 to 3000 f t . : Humboldt Co.; n. to B . C., e. to the Atlantic. June-July. 3. HETEROCdDON Nutt. Delicate annual with solitary axillary flowers of two kinds as in Specularia. Calyx-lobes of the earlier flowers 3 or 4, of the later 5 (when 4 or 5 one or two smaller), all foliaceous and much longer than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla open-campanulate. Capsule short and broad, 3-celled, 3-lobed, bursting by mostly irregular lengthwise fissures in the thin spaces between the ribs. (Greek heteros, different, and kodon, bell, the flowers campanulate and of two different kinds.)

974

LOBELIACEAE

1. H. rariflorum N u t t . Stems filiform, i y 2 to 9 (or 16) in. high; leaves roundish, IY2 to 5 lines long, sessile, truncate or subcordate a t base, sharply toothed, the teeth bristle-pointed and the margin between the teeth frequently ciliate-bristly; calyx sparsely hispid, its lobes ovate, sparingly toothed, 1 to 3 lines long; corolla of earlier flowers scarcely evident, of the later flowers well developed, light blue (the short lobes darker), the tube IV2 to 2 lines long.-—Wet places and open fields, 300 to 5500 f t . : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Tehachapi Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Coast Eanges from Alameda Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. and Ida., e. to Nev. Apr.-June. 4. GITHbPSIS N u t t . Small annuals with blue flowers terminating the stems or branches. Calyxtube cuneate, strongly 10-ribbed, adnate up to the summit of the ovary, with 5 linear foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate. Filaments short, dilated a t the base; anthers long and linear. Ovary 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule clavate, coriaceous, crowned with rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscing at apex by a perforation at the place where the style falls away. (Name from Githago, the calyx resembling that of the Corn-Cockle.) Calyx lobes equaling or longer than capsule; upper leaves 3 to 5 lines long Calyx-lobes shorter than capsule; none of the leaves over 2 lines long

1. G.

specularioides.

2. G.

diffusa.

1. G. specularioides N u t t . Fig. 908. Stem simple or with 1 to several proliferous branches, these in turn sometimes proliferous, 4 to 7 in. high; herbage retrorsely rough-pubescent; upper leaves oblong, or narrower, 3 to 5 lines long, the lowermost obovate, 1 to 2 lines long, all sharply few-toothed; calyxlobes 3 to 8 lines long, eventually callous-ribbed, shorter t h a n or 3 to 4 times as long as the corolla; corolla6. lobes shorter than the tube; capsule 908, G-ithopsis specularioides Nutt.; a, two kinds of fls. x 1. rigid, tapering into a short and stout peduncle.—Open ground in hill country, 200 to 4000 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Coast Eanges from Santa Clara Co. to Humboldt Co.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Plumas Co.; n. to Wash. Var. GLABRA Jepson n. var. Glabrous or nearly so; sinuses of the calyx hispidulous.—Amador Co. (Antelope, Hansen 494, t y p e ) ; Humboldt Co. 2. G. diffusa Gray. Stems slender, weak, diffusely branched, 2 to 6 in. long; herbage glabrous; leaves small and scale-like, almost lacking on the upper portions of the stem; calyx-lobes lanceolate, shorter than the capsule; corolla blue, 2 lines long.—San Diego. LOBELIACEAE.

LOBELIA F A M I L Y

Herbs, mostly annuals, with alternate simple entire leaves. Flowers in racemes, complete. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its free border with o distinct lobes or teeth. Corolla epigynous, 2-lipped, 2 lobes in the upper Hp and 3 in the lower. Stamens 5, inserted with the corolla, but generally free from it and alternate with its lobes; anthers and filaments usually united into a tube about the style. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; style 1; stigma capitate and girt with a rim of hairs. Juice mostly milky and acrid. F r u i t in ours a many-seeded 1 or 2-celled capsule.—Flowers in capitate clusters in Parishella and corolla rotate. Ovary partly or wholly free in Neinacladus. Anthers distinct; flowers minute. Flowers solitary on filiform pedicels borne on zig-zag stems; stems erect. 1. NEMACLADUS. Flowers subsessile in capitate clusters; stems prostrate 2. PARISHELLA. Anthers united and forming a tube; flowers larger. Corolla-tube cleft to the base on one side 3. LOBELIA. Corolla-tube not cleft at all. . ^ ,. , Filaments distinct below; corolla-tube several times longer than the MMD 4.

PALMERELLA.

LOBELIA F A M I L Y

975

Filaments united. Tube of corolla equaling or nearly as long as the limb; ovary thick (oblong or o b c o n i c a l )

5. LAURENTIA.

Tube of corolla very short, shorter than the ample limb; ovary long and slender (stalk-like). Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped 6. DOWNINOIA. Corolla-segments only slightly unequal 7. HOWELLIA.

1. NEMACLADUS N u t t . Low and diffusely branched annuals with very small basal leaves and minute cauline ones. Flowers minute, borne on long capillary pedicels, racemosely arranged on the very slender zig-zag branches. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-parted, the upper 2-parted, or the segments almost distinct. Filaments united above the base; anthers distinct. Style incurved at tip; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2 or 4-valved from the tip, few to manyseeded. (Greek nemos, thread, and clados, branch, referring to its capillary habit.) Tube of corolla elongated (1 to 1 H times as long as lobes) ; calyx free from ovary; filaments very deeply divided, without appendages 1. N.longi/torus. Tube of corolla very short (Vs to as long as the lobes) ; calyx-tube more or less adnate to the ovary, the lobes about as long as the tube. Filaments without appendages 2. N. glanduliferus. Anterior pair of filaments with appendages or rod-like structures. Rods borne on an extended process of the filament. Corolla-lobes not ciliate; stamens about as long as corolla; pedicels usually ascending; vars. of 3. N, rigidus. Upper corolla-lobes generally ciliate; Btamens well exserted . . 4. -V. rubescens. Bods borne on a knob-like swelling or sessile dilation, the whole somewhat palmate 5. N. ramosiasimus.

1. N. longifl&rus Gray. Stems 1 to several from the base, branching, 3 to 6 in. high; calyx free f r o m the ovary, its lobes equal, linear-oblong, acute, nearly distinct; corolla-tube elongated (2 to 2% lines long), its lobes subequal, much shorter than the tube, the palate short-hairy; capsule long and narrow, 2-valved from top to bottom.—Mostly cismontane S. Cal., 1000 to 5500 ft., from V e n t u r a Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. May. 2. N. glanduliferus Jepson n. sp. Plants compact, 3 to 4 in. high, the stems several from the base and very zig-zag; leaves oblong-obovate, entire; calyxtube partly adnate to the ovary, its lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla white, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; filaments without appendages; ovary surrounded by 5 glands (3 large and 2 small), forming a sort of disk, the stamen filaments arising between the glands.—W. Colorado Desert (Wagon Wash, near Sentenac Canon, Jepson 8766, type). 3. N . rigidus Curran var. montanus Munz. Stem diffusely branched, zigzag, 4 to 8 in. high; herbage glabrous or minutely puberulent; basal leaves oblanceolate, dentate; pedicels ascending; corolla white, 1% lines long, strongly 2-lipped, its lobes almost twice as long as the sepals; capsule about equaling calyx; seeds with broad flat ridges, each with about 30 cells.— Montane: Butte Co.; Lake Co. to Napa Co. (N. montanus Greene.) Var. I N T E R I 6 R Munz. Similar to var. montanus; seeds smaller, A line long, its low narrow ridges with 10 long regular cells in rows between.—W. slope Sierra Nevada, 2 0 0 0 to 6 0 0 0 ft., from Sierra Co. to Tulare Co. Var. C A P I L L A R I S Munz. Stem not zig-zag usually; corolla 1 line long; calyx-tube long-turbin a t e ; capsule swollen above, exceeding the calyx; seeds few (5 to 12).— Napa Co. to Humboldt Co.; Shasta Co. to Tulare Co.; Mohave Desert. (N. capillaris Greene.) 4. N . rubescens Greene. P l a n t s 3 to 4 in. high, the stems very slender; calyx-lobes linear, acute, the tube adnate to the ovary; corolla white, the upper lobes lanceolate, with brownish-purple tips or a brownish-purple spot near the tips; lower corolla-lobes oblong, acute, the upper portion redbrown and ciliate-fringed; anterior pair of filaments each with a process near the base; process thread-like, bearing 3 usually divergent slender translucent rods nearly as long; seeds with 8 or 9 longitudinal sinuous striae.— Central Mohave Desert to the western Colorado Desert. (N. adenophorus Parish.)

976

LOBELIACEAE

5. N . ramosissimus Nutt. Stems many from the base, several times forked and ending in racemose flexuous flowering branches with long spreading pedicels; leaves linear, sessile, entire or slightly toothed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; upper corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, pinkish white; lobes of lower lip narrow-ovate, whitish or pink-tinged with red-brown markings; two anterior filaments bearing a bundle of 6 (or 5) cylindric rods arising f r o m a swollen or knob-like base; ovary bearing laterally 2 large rounded or wart-like protuberances, one on each side, which are visible between the upper and lower sets of filaments; ovary 1-celled, ovules 8; style barely c l e f t ; stigmas 2, roundish.—Coastal mts., 1000 to 5000 f t . , Monterey Co. to San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cal. (N. montanus Greene.) Var. PiNNATfi'iDUS Gray. Stems slightly zig-zag; basal leaves pinnatifid; corolla very slightly exceeding sepals; capsule acutish; seeds longer than broad.—Cismontane S. Cal.; s. to L. Cal. "Var. GRACILIS Munz. Similar to var. pinnatifidus; stems zigzag; basal leaves dentate to entire; capsule obtuse.—Monterey Co. to San Diego Co. and e. through the Mohave Desert to Inyo Co.; Nev. to Ariz. (N. gracilis Eastw.) 2. PARISHiiLLA Gray Small annual. Flowers pediceled or subsessile, borne in capitate clusters, 2 or 3 heads successively proliferous from the central sessile head. Calyxtube campanulate, its lobes spatulate, twice as long. Corolla rotate, shorter than the foliaceous calyx-lobes, almost equally 5-parted. Stamens free from the corolla; filaments united into a slender tube (except a t base), strongly incurved at apex. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary inferior except at apex. Capsule turbinate, its low-conic apex circumscissile just above the calyx-lobes. (S. B. and W. F. Parish, pioneer botanical collectors in Southern California.) 1. P. calif6rnica Gray. Stems % to 1% in. long; leaves spatulate-obovate, 2 to 3 lines long; corolla white, 1% to 2 lines long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute.—Mohave Desert to w. Nev. 3. LOBELIA L. Perennial herbs (ours) with the flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube short, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube split to the base on the upper side, the lobe on each side the cleft smaller, erect or recurved, the 3 others pendulous. Stamens 5. Anthers and upper portion of the filaments united around the style. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. (Mathias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a botanist of Flanders.) 1. L. splindens Willd. Stem simple, erect, 1% to 214 f t . high; leaves linearlanceolate to oblanceolate, narrowed below to a petiole or the upper sessile, 3% to 5% in. long; raceme % to 1 f t . long; calyx-tube hemispherical, its lobes slenderly linear-subulate; corolla intense red, 1% in. long; 2 of the anthers strongly bearded at tip; capsule subglobose, 3 lines long.—Montane slopes, 1000 to 5500 f t . : s. slopes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains to San Diego Co.; e. to Tex., s. to Mex. Aug.-Sept. 4. PALMERELLA Gray Perennial herbs with the flowers in a terminal raceme. Calyx-tube turbinate, its lobes slender-lanceolate. Corolla with a long straight tube, its limb abruptly spreading; upper lip deeply cleft into 2 lanceolate lobes; lower lip parted into 3 obovatish lobes. Lower % of filaments adnate to the corollatube, the upper % f r e e and monadelphous. Two of the anthers tipped with a close t u f t of short but unequal bristles. (Dr. Edward Palmer, early botanical collector in Mexico and the Southwest.) 1. P. d£bilis Gray var. serritta Gray. Stems simple or branching, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage glabrous or the inflorescence puberulent; leaves diverse in shape, varying from obovate to oblong and lanceolate or linear, 1% to 2% in. long, the broader ones serrate, the narrower ones disposed to be entire; calyx-lobes over half the length of the corolla-tube; corolla % to % in. long, limb blue, its tube whitish, pubescent within.—Along streams in the hills, 500 to 3000 f t . : Monterey Co. to San Diego Co.

LOBELIA

FAMILY

977

5. L A U E f i N T I A M i d i . Small annuals resembling Downingia in habit and in the flower. Corolla blue, its tube as long as the limb. Ovary thick, oblong or obconical. Stamens completely united. Capsule 2-valved at apex. ( M . A . Laurenti, University of Bologna.) 1. L. carndsula ( H . & A . ) Gray. Somewhat succulent, glabrous, diffusely branching, 2 to 5 in. high; leaves sessile, lanceolate, about 3 lines long; peduncles filiform; calyx-lobes linear; upper corolla lip erect, with 2 lanceolate diverging lobes; lower lip deeply 3-cleft into roundish-obovate lobes; border bright blue with white or yellow center which is folded at throat, forming 2 prominent ridges; stamen-tube somewhat extruded from corolla-tube and bristle-tipped.—Montane, 5000 to 6000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Lassen Co.; nw. to Wyo. and Mont. (Porterella carnosula Torr.) 6. D O W N i N G I A Torr. Dwarf annuals. Corolla with a short tube and commonly ample 2-lipped limb; lips spreading, the larger 3-lobed, the smaller 2-cleft with narrow divisions. Ovary v e r y long and stalk-like, 2-celled, becoming a 1-celled capsule with 2 parietal filiform placentae. Capsule long and linear, crowned Downingia pulchella T o r r . ; a, fl. with the persistent calyx-lobes, dehiscent b, face view of fl. x 2; c, antherbelow the apex by 1 to 3 long fissures.— column x 6. These plants are found on low plains in the valleys and on flats in the mountains or sometimes in saline marshes, growing in the margins of vernal pools or in " h o g w a l l o w s " or in their moist beds a f t e r the water is gone and flowering from M a y to July. ( A . J. Downing, an American horticulturist.) Corolla strongly 2-lipped. Lower lip of corolla concave, the tube campanulate; stamen-column long-exserted, the anther-tube much incurved, nearly hook-shaped 1. D. elegans. Lower lip of corolla plane, forming a platform spreading at right angles to the tube which is more narrow; stamen-column little or not at all exserted, the anther.tube straight or only slightly curved. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx-lobes. Sinuses of corolla not cut below platform; lobes of upper Hp of corolla long, lanceolate and divergently spreading 2. D. pulchella Sinuses of corolla cut below platform. Lobes of upper lip of corolla coiled into a ring; main sinuses (betweei the lips) cut straight down; lower lip with yellow spots; calyx lobes ascending 3. D. ornatissima Lobes of upper lip of corolla not coiled; main sinuses (between the lips) cut far forward so that lower lip is hinged; calyx-lobes rotate. Lobes of upper lip parallel; angle of lower lip at throat with two nipples or folds; lower lip with a central quadrate maroon spot, but no yellow 4. D. concolor. Lobes of upper lip divergent, forming a V-shaped sinus; angle of lower lip at throat with 4 nipples or folds; lower lip with 2 yellow spots on a central white field. . .5. D. bicornuta. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx-lobes; no nipples or processes on angle of lower lip 6. D. cuapidata. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, shorter than the calyx, its lobes subequal 7. D. humilw.

1. D. elegans ( L i n d l . ) Torr. Four to 7 (or 12) in. high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long; corolla light blue, veiny, the concave palate of lower lip with 2 greenish-yellow spots on a field of white; corollatube very short-campanulate; upper lip cut % of the way down, the segments ascending and somewhat divergent; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, the lobes parallel; side of throat next to lower lip frequently with purple spots and yellow lines; stamen-column long-exserted, about equaling the upper segments, the anther-column down-curved and bearing 2 recurved bristles on

978

LOBELIACEAE

the lower side.—San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys; Mendocino Co. to Shasta Co.; Sierra Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Wash. 2. D. pulchilla Torr. Fig. 909. Erect or ascending, 2 to 10 in. high; leaves oblongovate or narrower, % in. l o n g ; calyx-lobes rotate; corolla a deep bright blue; center of lower lip white with two obovate yellow spots, contracting into narrow folds at the throat, either side of and in interval between the folds 3 dark violet spots; upper lip deeply 2-eleft, the long oblanceolate lobes very divergent a n d spreading; corolla-tube 1 line long, lower lip ample (6 lines broad), plane and at right angles to 910. Downingia ornatissima Greene; a, fl. x 3; b, face the tube, its lobes quadratish, view of fl. X 3; c, anther-column x 9. divergent or trefoil-shaped; stamen-column n e a r l y o r quite equaling the upper lip; anther-tube with 2 short bristles at apex.—South Coast Ranges; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Co.; n. to southern Ore. Yar. ARCANA Jepson. Like the species but the lobes of upper lip spreading backward; anther-tube not exserted.—W. San Diego Co.; w. Riverside Co. 3. D. ornatissima Greene. Fig. 910. Erect, slender, 2 to 6 in. high, simple or branched from the base; leaves linear or subfiliform; calyx-lobes ascending; corolla very light or pale blue; lower lip with squarish white center bearing 2 yellow spots which contract into crests or folds at angle of the throat; lobes of the upper lip coiled backward into a ring, the cleft between them projected backward so as to appear like a short horn; somewhat similar horn-like folds or undulations occur laterally at base of sinuses between upper and lower lips; stamen-column exserted a little from corolla-tube, anthers standing between the coils of the upper lip.—Low spots on the plains of the Sacramento Valley and lower San Joaquin Valley. 4. D. concolor Greene. Fig. 911. Branched from the base and somewhat tufted or nearly simple, 1 to 2 (or 4) in..high, minutely puberulcnt; calyx-lobes rotate; flower 4 to 4% lines broad; corolla blue, the lower lip with a velvety purple quadrate spot on the white central field (or the white mostly absent), its lobes apiculate; nipples 2, arising on the angle of the lower lip from the purple spot and guarding the entrance to the throat; lobes of upper lip lanceolate, parallel, more or less ciliate, curving horizontally backwards; no processes at lateral sinuses; stamen-column included; anthertube with 2 short bristles at apex. •—Abundant locally in low spots,

b. face view of fl. x 3: c, anther-column x £

COMPOSITAE

979

Santa Clara Valley to Lake Co. and the plains of the Sacramento Valley. 5. D. bicornuta Gray. Fig. 912. Erect, 2 to 3 in. high; calyx-lobes rotate; corolla blue, 5 lines broad, the lower lip with a white central field and two yellow spots; lower lip with 2 ascending horns or nipples a t inner angle of the lip, the lateral margins folded back at the throat into 2 less prominent nipples, making 4 in all in a transverse line; lobes of upper lip deep violet purple, very short and broad, acute and curving backwards; sinuses between corolla-lips running f a r forward, so t h a t the lower lip appears hinged; stamencolumn not exserted from tube, bristle at apex of anther-tube bent forward.— Low plains of the Sacramento Valley. Var. MONTANA Jepson. Lobes of upper lip sub-parallel, longer than in the species; sinuses not so deeply cleft.— Montane, 3000 to 5000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. 6. D. cuspidàta Greene. Stems very slender, 6 to 7 in. high; leaves mostly 1 to 2 lines long; flowers f e w ; corolla violet, the lower lip with a basal yellow spot bordered by white; lower lip broadly trefoil-shaped, broader t h a n long, plane or nearly so, without protuberances or folds or nipples at the angle; lobes broadly ovate, retuse or somewhat obcordate, cuspidately pointed; lobes of the upper lip 1*4 lines long, spatulate-obovate, cuspidately acute, slightly divergent; anther-tube scarcely exserted from the comparatively long (1% lines) and narrow corolla-tube.—Valley fields, N a p a and Sonoma Cos. May-June. 7. D. humilis Greene. Very dwarf, 1 to 2 in. high; calyx-segments unequal, exceeding the corolla in length; corolla minute, white, 1 line long, obscurely 2-lipped, the ovate-oblong acute segments not very unlike. — S. Sonoma Co. c, anther-column x 6.

7. HOWÉLLIA Gray Annuals. Flowers more or less cleistogamous. Calyx-tube united for its whole length to the ovary, the limb with slender segments. Corolla not surpassing the calyx, its very short tube divided nearly to the base on the (apparently) upper side; lobes oblong, nearly equal, three united higher. Ovary 1-celled, t h e filiform parietal placentae each with 3 to 5 ovules. Capsule membranous, bursting irregularly on one side. (Thos. Howell of Portland, author of a pioneer flora of Oregon, Washington and Idaho.) 1. H. limósa Greene. Weak and procumbent, the branches 1 f t . long, sometimes m a t t e d ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire, 1 in. long; flowers cleistogamous; capsule clavate-oblong, % in. long, crowned by the 5 triangular calyx-teeth.—Beds of former vernal pools, Sacramento Valley. COMPOSITAE. S U N F L O W E R F A M I L Y Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers perfect, unisexual or sterile, in heads, borne on the enlarged summit of the peduncle (receptacle) and surrounded by the bracts of the involucre. Receptacle with bracts subtending the flowers, or with bristles among the flowers, or without bracts or bristles (naked). Corollas tubular and 5-toothed or -lobed, or the limb strap-shaped (or ligulate) and toothed at apex, those of a head all tubular or all ligulate or of both kinds. When both kinds are present the flowers with the ligulate corollas occupy the margin of the head

980

COMPOSITAE

and are called ray-flowers, and the ligulate corollas are called rays; the flowers with the tubular corollas occupy the center and are ealled disk-flowers. Bay-flowers commonly pistillate, sometimes perfect or neutral; disk-flowers commonly perfect, often staminate or pistillate. Heads with both ray- and disk-flowers are called radiate; with disk-flowers only, discoid. Calyx-tube united with the ovary, the limb when present called a pappus and greatly varied in structure, consisting of awns, hairs, bristles, scales or paleae, or in many cases appearing as a mere crown or ring or wholly obsolete. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers united and forming a tube, or nearly or quite free in the tribe of Ambrosieae. Style divided above into 2 long branches which bear stigmatic lines on the inside. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, maturing into an achene, crowned by the pappus when that is present. Pappus commonly persistent and assisting in the dispersion of the 1-seeded fruit. SYNOPSIS OF THE

TRIBES

H e a d s composed wholly of p e r f e c t flowers w i t h l i g u l a t e c o r o l l a s ; ligule 5-toothed a t a p e x ; h e r b s w i t h milky j u i c e ; leaves a l t e r n a t e or basal 1. CICHORIEAE. H e a d s composed of ray- a n d of disk-flowers or of disk-flowers only. A. Receptacle n a k e d ( w i t h o u t bristles or c h a f f y b r a c t s ) ; leaves a l t e r n a t e or sometimes opposite in H e l e n i e a e . B r a c t s of involucre in 1 to s e v e r a l s e r i e s ; corolla 2 - l i p p e d ; a n t h e r s w i t h l o n g tails a t base 2. MUTISIEAE. B r a c t s of t h e i n v o l u c r e e q u a l or i m b r i c a t e d ; flowers p e r f e c t , r e g u l a r , w h i t e or whitish; rays none 3. EUPATORIEAE. B r a c t s of i n v o l u c r e well i m b r i c a t e d ; disk-flowers commonly yellow, the r a y s of t h e s a m e or d i f f e r e n t color or n o n e ; p a p p u s of a w n s or b r i s t l e s (or paleaceo u s in nos. 34 a n d 35, n o n e in no. 5 1 ) 4. ASTEREAE. B r a c t s of t h e involucre m a n y a n d i m b r i c a t e d , o f t e n d r y or s c a r i o u s ; p a p p u s of capillary b r i s t l e s ; r a y s n o n e ; pistillate corollas mostly filiform; ( p a p p u s n o n e a n d b r a c t s f e w in no. 6 7 ) ; mostly white-woolly p l a n t s . 5 . INULEAE. B r a c t s of i n v o l u c r e in f e w series, little i m b r i c a t e d ; p a p p u s paleaceous, awn-like, bristly or n o n e ; flowers yellow (except no. 1 3 3 ) ; r a y s p r e s e n t , or h e a d s discoid in a f e w g e n e r a 9. HELENIEAE. B r a c t s of i n v o l u c r e i m b r i c a t e d , d r y a n d s c a r i o u s ; p a p p u s n o n e o r r e d u c e d to a m e r e c r o w n o r r i n g ; flowers white, yellow or g r e e n i s h ; r a y s p r e s e n t or a b s e n t ; leaves u s u a l l y m u c h d i v i d e d ; h e r b a g e 6trong-scented 10.

ANTHEMIDEAE.

6.

HELIANTHEAE.

B r a c t s of involucre in 1 o r 2 s e r i e s ; p a p p u s of s o f t c a p i l l a r y b r i s t l e s ; both diska n d r a y - f l o w e r s yellow (except no. 1 4 9 ) 11. SENECIONEAE. B. Receptacle w i t h chaffy b r a c t s (see also n o s . 27, 132, 1 3 7 a n d 138 a n d one species of nos. I l l a n d 1 2 0 ) . R a y s p r e s e n t , c o n s p i c u o u s o r i n c o n s p i c u o u s (see exceptions in H e l i a n t h e a e p . 9 8 4 ) ; disk-flowers p e r f e c t ; b r a c t s of t h e i n v o l u c r e foliaceous o r herbaceous, not s c a r i o u s ; p a p p u s of p a l e a e or a w n s n e v e r capillary. I n v o l u c r e of 1 to several series of b r a c t s , n o n e e n f o l d i n g r a y - a c h e n e s ; receptacle v e r y c h a f f y ; leaves mostly opposite o r basal I n v o l u c r e of 1 series of equal b r a c t s , e a c h e m b r a c i n g or e n f o l d i n g a raya c h e n e ; b r a c t s of receptacle o f t e n in a single series b e t w e e n r a y a n d d i s k ; leaves a l t e r n a t e o r o p p o s i t e ; ( a n n u a l s except 5 s p e c i e s ) . . . . 7.

MADIEAE.

R a y s n o n e ; leaves a l t e r n a t e . H e a d s u n i s e x u a l ( e x c e p t no. 1 0 0 ) , small, g r e e n i s h o r w h i t e ; corolla of pistillate flowers n o n e or a r u d i m e n t ; a n t h e r s n e a r l y o r quite d i s t i n c t ; p a p p u s n o n e ; f r u i t u s u a l l y a b u r ; leaves a l t e r n a t e ( t h e lower opposite i n no. 1 0 2 ) . 8 . AMBROSIEAE. H e a d s composed of both pistillate a n d s t a m i n a t e (or p e r f e c t ) flowers; corolla of pistillate flowers filiform; b r a c t s of the i n v o l u c r e f e w o r n o n e ; leaves a l t e r n a t e ( e x c e p t no. 6 5 ) ; white-woolly a n n u a l s . 5 . INULEAE. G. Receptacle covered w i t h b r i s t l e s ; h e a d s l a r g e ; flowers c o n s p i c u o u s ; corollas cleft i n t o l o n g n a r r o w lobes; r a y s n o n e ; v e r y s p i n y thistles o r thistle-like p l a n t s ; leaves a l t e r n a t e 12. CYNAREAE. TRIBE 1.

Cichorieae.

CHICORY TRIBE

Herbs with milky juice and alternate or basal leaves. Receptacle almost always flat, naked or with chaff-like bracts or bristles. Flowers all perfect and all with ligulate or strap-shaped corollas, the ligule 5-toothed at apex. Anthers sagittate or auricled at base, commonly appendaged at summit. Style-branches stigmatic on their inner side for their whole length. A. Achenes without pappus. L e a v e s all basal, the cauline n o n e or r e d u c e d to m i n u t e b r a c t s ; a c h e n e s terete or t e r e t i s h . A c h e n e s clavate, s t r a i g h t , w i t h 5 corky-thickened r i b s ; flowers w h i t e ; leaves b r o a d l y obovate 1. ATRICHOSERIS.

S U N F L O W E R

981

F A M I L Y

Achenes short-oblong, obscurely quadrangular, smooth-sided, slightly curved; flowers yellow; leaves all basal, lanceolate 2. PHALACROSERIS. Leaves basal and cauline; achenes somewhat flattened, 20 to 30-ribbed; flowers white. . . . 3.

B. Achenes with pappus. 1.

PAPPUS

LAPSANA.

PALEACEOUS.

Heads sessile or subsessile; paleae awnless. Flowers blue; receptacle naked; leaves and involucral bracts not spinose 4.

CLOHOBIUM.

Flowers yellow; receptacle chaffy; leaves and involucral bracts spinose. .5. SCOLYMUS. Heads pedunculate; some or all of the paleae awned; flowers yellow; receptacle naked. Bracts of involucre in 1 series, enfolding the outer achenes; only the inner paleae of the inner achenes awned 6. RHAGADIOLUS. Bracts of involucre in more than 1 series, not enfolding the outer achenes; all the paleae awned. Annuals; ligules short, the heads in anthesis small; inner bracts of involucre equal, the outer short; pappus-paleae usually 5. Heads nodding in bud; pappus-paleae not cleft at tip, abruptly or gradually passing into the awn 7. MICROSERIS. Heads erect; pappus-paleae cleft at tip, with a short bristle or awn in the cleft

8 . UROPAPPUS.

Perennials; ligules long, the heads in anthesis showy; bracts of involucre imbricated in several series; pappus-paleae usually 10 9. SCORZONELLA. 2.

P A P P U S C O N S I S T I N G OP B R I S T L E S , T H E S E R A R E L Y S L I G H T L Y P A L E A C E O U S AT

BASE.

a. Bristles of pappus (or some of them) plumose. Achenes (at least the inner) beaked. Receptacle naked; stems somewhat leafy. Flowers yellow; herbage stiff and prickly 10. PICBIS. Flowers not yellow; herbage not stiff nor prickly. Perennial or biennial with grass-like leaves; flowers purple; involucral bracts in 1 s e r i e s

1 1 . TRAGOPOGON.

Annual with leaves toothed or pinnatifld; flowers white; involucral bracts in more than 1 series 12. RAFINESQUIA. Receptacle with chaff-like bracts; leaves basal 13. HYPOCHOERIS. Achenes beakless. Receptacle naked; stems branched, more or less leafy; heads sessile or on stout peduncles; flowers pink 14. STEPHANOMEBIA. Receptacle with scarious linear bracts; leaves all basal; heads borne on scapes; flowers yellow

b. Bristles

1 5 . ANISOCOMA.

of pappus

smooth, scabrous or barbellulate, but never plumose; receptacle naked, except no. 23 and sometimes in no. 18. Achenes flattened; stems leafy. Heads panicled; achenes beaked 16. LACTUOA. Heads corymbed or umbellate; achenes not beaked 17. SONCHUS. Achenes not flattened. Heads commonly nodding in the bud; achenes beakless. Pappus promptly deciduous, or with 1 to 4 bristles persistent; stems leafy, or scapose with the leaves all basal 18. MALACOTHBIX. Pappus persistent or subpersistent, the bristles about 30 to 4 5 ; stems scapose, the leaves all basal 19. APABGIDIUM. Heads erect in bud. Stems scapose, the leaves all basal; achenes beaked (in Agoseris alpestris merely constricted at apex). Achenes spinulose-toothed above 20. TARAXACUM. Achenes not spinulose-toothed above 21. AGOSERIS. Stems not scapose, more or less leafy. Achenes beaked; desert annuals. Plants tufted, without tack-shaped glands; receptacle naked; achenes 5-angled, with a row of pits in the intervals; apex of the achene truncately constricted, bearing a short stout beak. . . . 22.

GLYPTOPLEURA.

Plants not tufted, commonly dotted above with tack-shaped glands; receptacle bearing capillary bristles; achene 5-ribbed, narrowed above into a short beak capped by a shallow cup 23.

CALYCOSERIS.

Achenes beakless (except in 2 species of Crepis). Flowers yellow (or white) ; heads mostly in paniculate or corymbose cymes, sometimes solitary. Pappus dull white, reddish-brown or tawny, somewhat rigid; herbage often rough-hairy; bracts not thickened in fruit 24.

HIERACIUM.

Pappus white, soft; herbage tomentulose, hairy or glabrous; bracts in fruit often thickened at base or along midrib 25.

CREPIS.

Flowers pink or rose-color; pappus persistent; stems often rush-like. . . 26.

LYGODESMIA.

982

COMPOSITAE

TRIBE 2 .

Mutlsieae.

MUTISIA TRIBE

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Heads with the flowers all alike. Corolla in ours 2-lipped with 2 lobes in upper lip and 3 in lower, the lower lip in marginal flowers often elongated. Anthers with long tails at base. Style-branches of perfect flowers not appendaged, in ours comparatively long. F l o w e r s yellow; b r a c t s of t h e i n v o l u c r e in a single r a n k or w i t h s u p p l e m e n t a r y foliaceous b r a c t s a t b a s e ; inflorescence very l e a f y ; receptacle densely villous. . . 2 7 . TRIXIS. F l o w e r s p u r p l e to w h i t e ; b r a c t s of the i n v o l u c r e i m b r i c a t e d in several r a n k s ; inflorescence not l e a f y ; receptacle n a k e d 28. PEREZIA. TRIBE 3 .

Eupatorieae.

ETJPATORY TRIBE

Ours herbs or suffrutescent plants with white or flesh-colored perfect diskflowers and no rays. Receptacle naked. Anthers not caudate at base. Stylebranches stigmatic only below the middle. A n n u a l s ; leaves sessile; p a p p u s c o n s i s t i n g of paleae a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h a w n s or bristles. L e a v e s o p p o s i t e ; receptacle c o n v e x ; involucral b r a c t s equal, nerveless 29.

TRIOHOCORONIS.

L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e ; receptacle flat; i n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s u n e q u a l , n e r v e d . . . 3 0 . MALPERIA. P e r e n n i a l s ; leaves p e t i o l e d ; p a p p u s c o n s i s t i n g of bristles ( i n H o f m e i s t e r i a some of these paleaceous at b a s e ) . I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s i m b r i c a t e d , striately n e r v e d ; s t e m s u s u a l l y m u c h - b r a n c h e d . A c h e n e s w i t h 10 n e r v e s or r i b s ; leaves a l t e r n a t e 31. BRICKELLIA. Achenes 5-angled by t h e s t r o n g n e r v e s ; lower leaves o p p o s i t e . . 3 2 . HOFMEISTERIA. I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s in 2 series, n e a r l y equal, n e a r l y n e r v e l e s s ; s t e m s simple o r w i t h a few branches 3 3 . EUPATORIUM. TRIBE 4 .

Astfereae.

ASTER TRIBE

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with bland watery juice. Herbage scentless, the foliage sometimes gummy or resinous. Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre commonly well imbricated. Diskflowers yellow (except in some Lessingias, Pentachaetas and Conyzas), perfect in all ours except Baccharis. Rays present or absent. Anthers not caudate at base. Pappus of awns or bristles (paleaceous in Gutierrezia and Amphiachyris and sometimes in Monoptilon, none in Bellis).

A. Flowers perfect or unisexual, not dioecious. 1 . R A T S YELLOW OR N O N E

a. Pappus

( S E E ALSO NOS. 6 0 AND 5 2 ; P I N K I N NO. 5 0 ) .

SOMETIMES W H I T E OR

paleaceous

or of bristles united into scales in the ray-flowers; heads small; perennial herbs or bushes. L e a v e s n a r r o w l y l i n e a r ; disk-flowers u s u a l l y fertile 34. GUTIERREZIA. L e a v e s obovate or elliptic; disk-flowers 6terile 35. AMPHIACHYRIS. b. Pappus of bristles or awns, not paleaceous (except in 1 species of Haplopappus). P a p p u s c a d u c o u s ; h e a d s large, u s u a l l y g u m m y ; r a y s p r e s e n t , c o n s p i c u o u s ; coarse p e r e n n i a l herbs 36. GRINDELIA. P a p p u s p e r s i s t e n t (or sometimes d e c i d u o u s in t h e r a y - f l o w e r s ) ; h e a d s n o t g u m m y . I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s w i t h fimbriate m a r g i n s ; h e a d s s p h e r i c a l ; d e s e r t s h r u b s 37.

ACAMPTOPAPPUS.

Involucral bracts not fringed. H e a d s erect, o r a t least not n o d d i n g in t h e b u d . A c h e n e s commonly not flattened. P a p p u s bristles e q u a l or u n e q u a l . Leaves glandular-punctate, entire; shrubs. H e a d s large, s o l i t a r y ; i n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s in a b o u t 2 s e r i e s ; rays many 38. STENOTOPSIS. H e a d s small, p a n i c u l a t e o r c o r y m b o s e ; b r a c t s well i m b r i c a t e d in several s e r i e s ; r a y s f e w or n o n e . 3 9 . ERICAMERIA. L e a v e s commonly not g l a n d u l a r - p u n c t a t e . I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s n o t in definite v e r t i c a l r a n k s . I n v o l u c r e d e s t i t u t e of foliaceous o u t e r b r a c t s . R a y s p r e s e n t ; herbs, t h e s t e m s f r o m woody rootcrowns. L e a v e s mostly toothed or p i n n a t e l y lobed, not e v e r g r e e n ; h e a d s in a panicle or spike, or solitary 4 0 . HAPLOPAPPUS. Leaves n a r r o w , entire, m o r e or less e v e r g r e e n ; h e a d s s o l i t a r y ; p l a n t s low, c a e s p i t o s e . 41.

STENOTUS.

SUNFLOWER

983

FAMILY

Rays none (sometimes present in no. 4 3 ) . Flowers permanently yellow; heads in terminal cymes; woody-based plants

4 2 . ISOCOMA.

Blowers yellow, changing to brown; heads panic* ulate or racemose; shrubs or perennial herbs 43. HAZARDIA. Involucre with foliaceous outer bracts passing into leaves; rays few or none; stems sometimes densely white-tomentose, the leaves green; montane undershrubs

44.

MACRONEMA.

Involucral bracts in definite vertical r a n k s ; involucres narrow or turbinate, the bracts rather few, becoming loose in age; heads mostly in panicles or racemes; rays none except 1 species; mostly desert shrubs 45.

CHRYSOTHAMNUS.

Pappus bristles equal; heads radiate, small, very numerous, in dense clusters; bracts unequal, well imbricated; perennial herbs. . . . 46.

SOLIDAGO.

Achenes, at least those of the disk, flattened. Corolla of the disk-flowers about as long as the style; pappus commonly double, the outer of short bristles or little scales. Achenes of disk and ray with pappus or ray-flowers none; pappus bristles copious, brownish or rusty; perennial herbs, sometimes woody at base 47. CHRTSOPSIS. Eay-achenes without pappus, or the pappus reduced to a deciduous crown; pappus of disk-achenes brick-red in age; tall hirsute herbs with broad serrate leaves 48.

HETEROTHECA.

Corolla of outer flowers only % as long as the style; rays none; flowers white or yellowish; herbs 49. CONYZA. Heads nodding in the bud; pappus of 1 to 12 bristles; leaves narrow; annuals with slender or filiform stems 50. PENTACHAETA. 2 . R A Y S PRESENT, P I N K , W H I T E , B L U E OR PURPLE (SOMETIMES NONE I N ERIGERON, SOMET I M E S YELLOW IN LESSINGIA, SOMETIMES VERY INCONSPICUOUS) ; HERBS ( E X C E P T 4 SHRUBS OR SHRUBBY S P E C I E S I N A S T E R ) .

Pappus wanting; rays white; disk yellow; leaves all basal; heads on scape-like peduncles. . . 51.

BELLIS.

Pappus present. Heads with the marginal corollas commonly enlarged and more deeply cleft on the inside, thus a little palmate; annuals 52. LESSINGIA. Heads with rays. Style-branches of disk-flowers usually more or less comose; pappus bristles reddish or rusty brown 53. CORETHROGYNE. Style-branches of disk-flowers not comose; pappus bristles whitish. Pappus in ray-flowers absent or squamellate; rays lavender, disk yellow; leaves sharply toothed or pinnatifid; erect or ascending annuals. . . 54.

PSILACTIS.

Pappus in both ray- and disk-flowers of awns or bristles (rarely paleae). Pappus scanty ( 1 to 12 awns) ; heads leafy-bracteate; rays commonly white, disk yellow; low or prostrate a n n u a l s . 5 5 . MONOPTILON. Pappus copious. Disk-flowers white or whitish; rays 5, white; receptacle foveolate; bracts green-tipped 56. SERICOCARPUS. Disk flowers yellow; rays blue, purple or sometimes white. Pappus conspicuously barbellate, almost short-plumose; achenes flattened, with thick callous margins; tufted montane herb 57. TOWNSENDIA. Pappus not plumose, at most scabrous. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series. Style-tips lanceolate to subulate, acute; mostly tall plants with leaves 1 to 10 in. long; rays commonly blue or purple 58. ASTER. Style-tips ovate or oblong, obtuse; low tufted desert perennial with leaves less than 5 lines long; rays commonly white 59.

LEUCELENE.

Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, mostly equal; styletips triangular or oblong, obtuse 60.

ERIGERON.

B. Flowers dioecious, whitish or yellowish; heads discoid; shrubs or perennial herbs 6 1 . BACCHARIS. TRIBE 5.

Iniileae.

EVERLASTING TRIBE

Annual or perennial herbs. Herbage mostly white-woolly (except Pluchea). Leaves alternate (opposite in Psilocarphus), entire, or more or less dentate

984

COMPOSITAE

in Pluchea and Adenocaulon. Heads small; rays none. Bracts of the involucre frequently white or scarious. Pistillate flowers mostly with filiform corollas. Sterile flowers either perfect or staminate. Anthers caudate at base. Style-branches stigmatic to the unappendaged summit. Pappus capillary or none. (One species of Pluchea is a shrub.) A.. Bract3 of the involucre sac'like (open in no. 66), bearing pistillate (fertile) central cluster of flowers sterile, surrounded by chaffy bracts of the receptacle receptacular bracts none in no. 65); annuals.

flowers; (or the

F r u i t - b e a r i n g b r a c t s c o n d u p l i c a t e or sac-like, completely enclosing: t h e pistillate flower, falling away with the achene. I n v o l u c r e below t h e sac-like b r a c t s c o n s i s t i n g of a b o u t 5 s c a r i o u s p l a n e scales; a c h e n e s gibbous, t h e corolla a n d style b o r n e l a t e r a l l y ; receptacle c o n v e x ; p a p p u s n o n e ; leaves a l t e r n a t e 62. MICROPUS. I n v o l u c r e below t h e sac-like b r a c t s n o n e ; a c h e n e s s t r a i g h t , the corolla a n d style b o r n e a t t h e apex. Leaves alternate. Receptacle c o n v e x ; p a p p u s p r e s e n t 63. FILAGO. Receptacle s l e n d e r or c o l u m n a r ; p a p p u s n o n e or commonly n o n e 64.

STYLOCLINE.

L e a v e s o p p o s i t e ; r e c e p t a c l e globose; p a p p u s n o n e 65. PSILOCARPHUS. F r u i t - b e a r i n g b r a c t s open, merely s u b t e n d i n g t h e pistillate flowers, p e r s i s t e n t ; p a p p u s n o n e . 66.

B. Bracts

of the involucre

numerous (5 in no. 67), not sac-like; bracts of the none; perennials or annuals. A c h e n e s b e a r i n g s t i p i t a t e g l a n d s ; p a p p u s n o n e ; leaves b r o a d , woolly b e n e a t h Achenes without glands; pappus present. B r a c t s of t h e i n v o l u c r e s c a r i o u s ; h e r b a g e woolly. F l o w e r s all fertile, p e r f e c t a n d pistillate in t h e s a m e h e a d F l o w e r s dioecious. C e n t r a l flowers of pistillate h e a d s s t e r i l e ; r o b u s t h e r b C e n t r a l flowers of pistillate h e a d s f e r t i l e ; low h e r b s B r a c t s of t h e i n v o l u c r e d r y b u t n o t s c a r i o u s ; h e r b a g e n o t woolly TRIBE 6 .

Heli&ntheae.

67.

EVAX.

receptacle

ADENOCAULON.

68. GNAPHALIUM. 69. ANAPHALIS. 70. ANTENNARIA. 71. PLUCHEA.

SUNFLOWER TRIBE

Herbs (or shrubs) with mostly opposite or basal leaves and with balsamic-resinous juice. Bays commonly present, almost always showy. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous, or at least not scarious. Receptacle with chaff-like bracts, each subtending a flower. Anthers not caudate. Pappus paleaceous, of rigid awns, or cup-like, never of capillary bristles. Achenes thick or flattened contrary to the subtending chaffy bract, rarely parallel with it.—Rays none in no. 75 and 1 species of nos. 76, 79, 83, 84 and 87. I n n e r b r a c t s of the i n v o l u c r e completely enclosing t h e r a y - a c h e n e s , i. e. sac-like; h e r b 72.

MELAMPODIUM.

I n n e r b r a c t s of t h e i n v o l u c r e p l a n e o r n e a r l y so. Rays white, short; herbs. B r a c t s of t h e receptacle n e a r l y bristle-like; disk-corollas 4 - t o o t h e d . . . 7 3 . ECLIPTA. B r a c t s of t h e receptacle b r o a d , c h a f f y ; disk-corollas 5 - t o o t h e d . . . . 7 4 . GALINSOGA. R a y s yellow o r n o n e . P a p p u s p l u m o s e ; h e a d s d i s c o i d ; n e a r l y leafless s h r u b 75. BEBBIA. P a p p u s p r e s e n t or none, n e v e r plumose. I n v o l u c r e of 2 or m o r e series of s i m i l a r b r a c t s . D i s k - a c h e n e s t h i c k e n e d , angled, n o t a t all compressed o r only slightly compressed. R a y s sterile. P a p p u s p e r s i s t e n t or n o n e . P a p p u s a toothed c r o w n o r n o n e ; receptacle h i g h conic or c o l u m n a r ; leaves b a s a l or a l t e r n a t e ; perennial herbs 76. RUDBECKIA. P a p p u s of 2 a w n s a n d several s h o r t i n t e r v e n i n g scales, or p a p p u s n o n e ; receptacle flat or c o n i c ; leaves cauline, alternate or opposite; shrubs or herbs. 77.

VLGUIERA.

P a p p u s p r e s e n t , c a d u c o u s ; receptacle flat to low conic 78.

HELIANTHUS.

R a y s f e r t i l e ; receptacle flat or c o n v e x ; low h e r b s , t h e leaves mostly b a s a l except in 2 o r 3 species. P a p p u s n o n e ; leaves e n t i r e to p i n n a t i f i d . . 7 9 . BALSAMORHIZA. P a p p u s p r e s e n t ; leaves mostly e n t i t e 80. W YET HI A. Disk-achenes strongly flattened. A c h e n e s n o t w i n g e d ; r a y s sterile. A c h e n e s not ciliate (except 1 species of no. 8 1 ) , w i t h a p a p p u s c r o w n of m i n u t e scales ( d i s t i n c t or u n i t e d ) between the a w n s ; h e a d s s o l i t a r y ; h e r b s .

SUNFLOWER

985

FAMILY

H e r b a g e green, stems l e a f y ; ours c i s m o n t a n e 81.

HELIANTHELLA.

H e r b a g e with silvery f e l t ; stems s c a p o s e ; deserts 82.

ENCELIOPSIS.

A c h e n e s c i l i a t e ; heads in panicles or cymes or solitary. S h r u b s ; achenes w i t h o u t pappus-crown, usually without awns 8 3 . ENCELIA. H e r b s ; achenes with crown and a w n s 8 4 . GERAEA. Achenes w i n g e d on e a c h e d g e ; pappus-awns 2 ; herbs 85.

I n v o l u c r e of 2 v e r y u n l i k e series of b r a c t s ; h e r b s or shrubs. P a p p u s various or none, never b a r b e d P a p p u s of 2 to 4 barbed a w n s TRIBE 7.

Madleae.

VERBESINA.

8 6 . COREOPSIS. 8 7 . BIDENS.

TARWEED T R I B E

Ours annuals (except one species of no. 98 and 2 species of nos. 91 and 94). Herbage glandular, viscid or heavy-scented (except nos. 97, 98 and 99). Leaves alternate or opposite. Bracts of the involucre in a single scries, each partly or completely enclosing an achene. Bracts of the receptacle commonly in a single series between disk- and ray-flowers and often united into a cup, or sometimes scattered among the disk-flowers. Rays always present, showy or inconspicuous. Anthers not caudate. Ray-achenes always fertile, without pappus (except nos. 88, 93 and 98, and one species in no. 9 4 ) ; diskachenes fertile or sterile, their pappus paleaceous, awn-like or none. B r a c t s of the involucre plane, merely subtending the r a y - a c h e n e s ; pappus-paleae m a n y , fimbriate, present in both disk and r a y flowers 8 8 . BLEPHARIPAPPUS. B r a c t s of the involucre not plane. R a y - a c h e n e s half enclosed by the involucral b r a c t s which a r e rounded on the b a c k ; a c h e n e s often obcompressed. Achenes of r a y without p a p p u s ; pappus of disk-achenes often hirsute, not plumose. R e c e p t a c l e conical or c o n v e x ; b r a c t s of involucre and receptacle persistent. L e a v e s ( a t least the u p p e r ) spinose a n d rigid, little viscid or g l a n d u l a r ; r a y s 2 5 to 4 0 , 2-lobed; b r a c t s of involucre and receptacle without processes 8 9 . CENTROMADIA. L e a v e s not s p i n o s e ; r a y s about 1 5 , 3-lobed; outer b r a c t s of involucre beset with clavate processes 9 0 . HOLOCARPHA. R e c e p t a c l e flat; b r a c t s of involucre a n d receptacle a t length deciduous. R a y s 5 to m a n y , 3-lobed or -toothed; pappus p r e s e n t or n o n e ; areola of the r a y - a c h e n e s i n t r a - a p i c a l , most commonly raised on a distinct b e a k ; lower leaves usually toothed to pinnatifid 91.

HEMIZONIA.

R a y s 1 to 5 ( o r 8 ) , b r o a d e r t h a n long, palmately 3-lobed; achenes with paleaceous p a p p u s ; areola of the r a y - a c h e n e s terminal and c e n t r a l or nearly s o ; leaves all n a r r o w l y l i n e a r and e n t i r e Achenes of r a y with p a p p u s ; disk-achenes with plumose pappus

92.

93.

CALYCADENIA.

BLEPHARIZONIA.

R a y - a c h e n e s completely enfolded by the involucral b r a c t s which are usually e i t h e r flattened or strongly c a r i n a t e on the b a c k . Achenes of r a y laterally c o m p r e s s e d ; involucral b r a c t s strongly c a r i n a t e on the b a c k ; ray-flowers without pappus, disk-flowers without or with p a p p u s . . 94.

MADIA.

Achenes of r a y not laterally compressed, often obcompressed; involucral b r a c t s with flattish or sometimes rounded b a c k s . Achenes in f r u i t not e x p a n d i n g ; pappus present or none. V e r n a l a n n u a l s ; r a y s 8 to 2 0 , commonly showy, yellow, white, or yellow tipped with w h i t e ; ray-pappus n o n e ; disk-pappus commonly present 9 5 . LAYIA. S u m m e r p l a n t s ; r a y s 5, comparatively inconspicuous. A n n u a l s ; heads c l u s t e r e d ; r a y s yellow; pappus in disk and r a y none. B r a c t s of the receptacle united 9 6 . HEMIZONELLA. B r a c t s of the receptacle distinct 9 7 . LAGOPHYLLA. P e r e n n i a l ; heads s o l i t a r y ; b r a c t s of receptacle c o n n a t e ; r a y s white or rose-tinged; pappus of disk and r a y present Achenes

98.

HOLOZONIA.

in f r u i t e x p a n d i n g into an open globose h e a d ; pappus scarious, the longer set of paleae longer than the achenes 99.

TRIBE 8.

Ambrosieae.

silvery-

ACHYRACHAENA.

RAGWEED T R I B E

Coarse homely weeds or shrubs with small greenish or white heads. Leaves alternate or the lowest opposite in no. 102. Flowers unisexual, the staminate and the pistillate in separate heads (the staminate heads in a raceme or

986

COMPOSITAE

spike above the pistillate heads, which are few and axillary) or in the same head (heads solitary in the axils). Receptacle of the staminate or of the perfect heads with chaff-like bracts. Rays none. Corolla of pistillate flowers none or a mere rudiment. Anthers distinct or scarcely coherent, not caudate. Pappus none. Fruit commonly a bur. Heads (or at least some of them) containing both staminate and pistillate flowers, the latter at the m a r g i n ; involucre of 4 or 5 bracts. Achenes not flattened, more or less turgid; heads containing both staminate and pistil* late flowers (androgynous). Heads nodding; achenes glabrous or puberulent; leaves entire 1 0 0 . IVA. Heads erect; achenes long-villous; leaf-divisions filiform 101. OXYTENIA. Achenes strongly flattened, broadly pectinate-winged and subtended by broad scarious b r a c t s ; heads androgynous and staminate 1 0 2 . DICORIA. Heads unisexual, both pistillate and staminate on the same plant; involucre of pistillate heads closed and bur-like, only the style-branches exserted; staminate heads in a raceme or spike, their involucres open. Involucral bracts of staminate heads united. Fruiting involucres bur-like, armed with spines; leaves variously toothed or pinnatifid. B u r with a single beak at apex and armed near the beak with a single row of short spines 1 0 3 . AMBROSIA. B u r with 1 to 4 beaks, armed with several rows of short spines 104.

FRANSERIA.

Fruiting involucres winged with broad silvery-scarious wings or scales; leaves or their divisions filiform 1 0 5 . HYMENOCLEA. Involucral bracts of staminate heads distinct; involucre of pistillate heads maturing into a stout extremely spiny bur 1 0 6 . XANTHIUM. TRIBE 9.

Helenieae.

SNEEZEAVEED TRIBE

Herbs or some Eriophyllums suffruticose. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers commonly yellow. Rays present or none in some species. Anthers not caudate. Receptacle naked (except in no. 132 and in 1 species of nos. I l l and 120). Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2, sometimes in 3 or 4 series. Pappus of paleae, awns or bristles, or often wanting. A. Bracts of involucre woolly, hairy or glabrous, never dotted with large oil-glands. R A Y S D E C I D U O U S , NOT P A P E R Y , OR R A T S

a. Involucral

bracts

in a single

NONE.

series.

Leaves opposite. Involucral bracts united into a toothed cup; pappus paleaceous or none. Rays none; leaves long-acuminate; perennials 107. PERICOME. Rays present; leaves mostly linear; annuals 108. LASTHENIA. Involucral bracts distinct; annuals (except one) 1 0 9 . BAERIA. Leaves alternate, sometimes the basal or lower ones opposite. Rays conspicuous or obvious. Ray-corollas with a tooth or ligule at base opposite the r a y ; pappus none; herbage white-woolly, at least when young; annuals 1 1 0 . MONOLOPIA. Ray-corollas without tooth or appendage at base. Herbage, at least when young, white-woolly; disk-flowers yellow. Pappus paleaceous; annual or perennial herbs. . . . 1 1 1 . ERIOPHYLLUM. Pappus of numerous bristles united at base or none; annuals 112.

SYNTRICHOPAPPUS.

Herbage not white-woolly. Leaves pinnately parted or divided; rays yellow; achenes not flattened, not ciliate; pappus in ours none. Herbage puberulent; involucral bracts distinct; perennial herbs. . . 113.

BAHIA.

Herbage glabrous; involucral bracts united for lower half or third; annuals 1 1 4 . BLENNOSPERMA. Leaves palmately lobed, cordate in outline; achenes flattened, ciliate; rays white or yellow; pappus present; herbage viscid-puberulent 115. PERITYLE. Rays inconspicuous or none (see also 2 species in no. 1 1 1 ) . Achenes flat. Pappus present; achenes strongly flattened, bordered with a dense or shaggy mass of long hairs, the sides black, glabrous or glabrate; heads radiate or discoid; herbage woolly; annuals 1 1 6 . EATONELLA. Pappus none; achenes moderately flattened, puberulent or slightly ciliate; heads discoid; herbage green; perennial herb 117. LAPHAMIA. Achenes narrow or pyramidal, mostly terete or angled, not flattened. Heads radiate; pappus-paleae 3 to 5, subulate, curved; annuals 118.

RIGIOPAPPUS.

SUNFLOWER

987

FAMILY

Heads discoid. H e r b a g e g u m m y ; flowers y e l l o w , p a p p u s of 8 to 1 2 o b t u s e p a l e a e ; annuals 1 1 9 . AMBLYOPAPPUS. H e r b a g e not g u m m y ; corollas all alike or sometimes the m a r g i n a l corollas with u n e q u a l lobes or palmately e n l a r g e d a s if r a d i a t e ; a n n u a l s or p e r e n n i a l s . Styles whitish o r dull c o l o r ; flowers yellow or w h i t e ; leaves pinnately p a r t e d o r dissected, r a r e l y e n t i r e 1 2 0 . CHAENACTIS. Styles p i n k i s h ; flowers w h i t i s h ; leaves l i n e a r or linear-lanceolate, entire 1 2 1 . PALAFOXIA. b. Involucral

bracts

in

2 or more

series; nos.

perennial 124 and

herbs 125.

or some

annual

or

biennial

in

H e a d s discoid. I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s h e r b a c e o u s ; pappus-paleae 5, dissected into slender t a w n y b r i s t l e s ; annuals 1 2 2 . TBICHOPTILIUM. I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s with s c a r i o u s often colored m a r g i n s ; pappus-paleae 1 0 to 1 2 , thin, 1 2 3 . HYMENOPAPPUS. obtuse o r c u r v e d ; p e r e n n i a l h e r b s Heads radiate. B r a c t s of i n v o l u c r e e r e c t . P a p p u s paleaceous. B r a c t s of involucre in 2 u n l i k e rows, the o u t e r u n i t e d at b a s e ; leaves punct a t e ; deserts 1 2 4 . HYMENOXYS. B r a c t s of i n v o l u c r e d i s t i n c t , all m u c h a l i k e ; paleae h y a l i n e ; leaves n o t punctate; montane 1 2 5 . HULSEA. P a p p u s none. Leaves alternate 1 2 6 . VENEQASIA. L e a v e s opposite; s u c c u l e n t p e r e n n i a l h e r b 1 2 7 . JAUMEA. B r a c t s of involucre r e f l e x e d ; r a y s s h o r t a n d broad, u s u a l l y drooping or deflexed 1 2 8 . HELENIUM. 2 . RAYS PERSISTENT AND BECOMING PAPERY; HERBAGE MORE OR LESS WHITE-WOOLLY; FLOWERS YELLOW. L e a v e s all in a basal t u f t , the h e a d s s c a p o s e ; p a p p u s paleaceous, the paleae a w n e d 1 2 9 . ACTINELLA. L e a v e s b o r n e along the stems. R a y s few but conspicuous, very b r o a d ; p a p p u s p a l e a c e o u s 1 3 0 . PSILOSTROPHE. R a y s several to n u m e r o u s ; p a p p u s none. B r a c t s of involucre n u m e r o u s , in 2 o r 3 s e r i e s ; corolla-teeth b e a r d e d ; r e c e p t a c l e n a k e d ; leaves a l t e r n a t e 1 3 1 . BAILEYA. B r a c t s of i n v o l u c r e 9 to 1 2 , in 1 series or n e a r l y ; corolla-teeth g l a b r o u s ; receptacle densely h a i r y ; leaves opposite 1 3 2 . WHITNEYA.

B. Bracts of the involucre dotted or striped with, oil-glands, equal and disposed in one series; herbage glabrous. Leaves alternate; perennial herbs. Achenes rusty-pubescent. P a p p u s of copious c a p i l l a r y b r i s t l e s ; h e a d s d i s c o i d ; flowers dull w h i t e or p u r p l e . . 1 3 3 . POROPHYLLUM. P a p p u s of both bristles a n d a w n e d p a l e a e ; h e a d s r a d i a t e , the r a y s purple or fleshcolor 1 3 4 . NICOLLETIA. A c h e n e s g l a b r o u s ; pappus-paleae e a c h divided into slender b r i s t l e s ; h e a d s r a d i a t e or rayless 1 3 5 . DYSODIA. L e a v e s opposite; h e a d s r a d i a t e ; involucral b r a c t s strongly k e e l e d ; a n n u a l s . . . 1 3 6 . P E C T I S . TRIBE 10.

Anthemideae.

MAYWEED TRIBE

S t r o n g - s c e n t e d or a r o m a t i c plants. L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e , all or some of t h e m finely dissected, pinnately p a r t e d or pinnatifid, or often merely toothed or e n t i r e in no. 1 4 2 . B r a c t s o f t h e i n v o l u c r e i m b r i c a t e d , c o m m o n l y d r y a n d s c a r i o u s or w i t h s c a r i o u s m a r g i n s . R e c e p t a c l e n a k e d or w i t h chaff-like b r a c t s . F l o w e r s white, yellow or greenish. R a y s present or none. A n t h e r s not caudate. P a p p u s none or a short scarious crown. A. Receptacle with chaff-like bracts. H e a d s solitary, t e r m i n a t i n g leafy b r a n c h e s or p e d u n c l e s ; ra>*s 1 4 to 2 0 ; a n n u a l 1 3 7 . ANTHEMIS. H e a d s in a t e r m i n a l c o r y m b ; r a y s 4 or 5 ; p e r e n n i a l 1 3 8 . ACHILLEA. B. Receptacle naked. All the flowers with a corolla. R a y s m a n y , c o n s p i c u o u s ; heads solitary, t e r m i n a t i n g l e a f y b r a n c h e s or peduncles 1 3 9 . CHRYSANTHEMUM. R a y s none. H e a d solitary or corymbose. H e a d s c o r y m b o s e ; flowers y e l l o w ; p e r e n n i a l h e r b s 1 4 0 . TANACETUM.

988

COMPOSITAE

Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches or peduncles; flowers greenish; annual herbs 1 4 1 . MATRICARIA. Heads in racemose panicles or somewhat spike-like; flowers yellow or purplish; shrubs or herbs 1 4 2 . ARTEMISIA. Marginal flowers without a corolla; heads discoid. Heads peduncled; mature achenes borne on pedicels; style deciduous. . . 1 4 3 . COTULA. Heads sessile; achenes pointed with the spine-like persistent style 144. SOLIVA. TRIBE 1 1 . S e n e c i d n e a e .

GROUNDSEL TRIBE

Herbs, or a few species shrubs or woody-based plants. Leaves alternate or basal, sometimes opposite. Bracts of the involucre little or not at all imbricated, mostly in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Flowers of both disk and r&y yellow, except Petasites. Anthers not caudate. Pappus-bristles soft, commonly copious, most often white. Receptacle conical; rays present; annuals 1 4 5 . CROOIDIUM. Receptacle flat. Corolla throat elongated-cylindric, 4 to 5 times longer than the proper tube; pappus shorter than the corolla; heads discoid; annuals 1 4 6 . PSATHYROTES. Corolla throat commonly much shorter than the tube, at least not exceeding it. Herbs (except 2 species in no. 1 5 2 ) . Pappus-bristles 15 to 25, short, soft, plumose; heads solitary, discoid; leaves basal, entire 147. RAILLARDELLA. Pappus-bristles not truly plumose. Leaves large, palmately cleft or parted, mostly basal; heads corymbose; perennials. Heads few, rayless; flowers all fertile, yellow; styles united about half way 148. CAOALIOPSIS. Heads many, radiate; flowers of 2 sorts, the perfect ones whitish and the pistillate ones pinkish; styles united nearly to the apex 1 4 9 . PETASITES. Leaves entire to toothed, pinnatifid or pinnate. Leaves alternate or basal. Flowers white, whitish or pinkish; heads discoid; stems leafy. Leaves not auricled, entire; herbage cottony-pubescent; perennials 150. LUINA. Leaves auriculate at base, pinnatifid or denticulate; herbage tomentulose, glabrate; annuals 151.

ERECHTITES.

Flowers commonly yellow or yellowish; heads radiate, sometimes rayless; pappus soft; perennials, or sometimes annuals 152. SENECIO. Leaves all opposite or only the upper ones alternate; heads radiate or rayless; pappus-bristles denticulate, rather rigid; perennials 153. ARNICA. Shrubs or shrubby plants; heads discoid. B r a c t s of the involucre many to numerous; herbage (at least when mature) glabrous or nearly so. Branches very leafy, the leaves terete, resinous-dotted 154.

PEUCEPHYLLUM.

155.

LEPIDOSPARTUM.

Branches naked and rush-like, the leaves scale-like

B r a c t s of the involucre 4 to 6 ; heads 4 to 9-flowered; foliage leaves narrow but plane; plants canescently tomentose 156. TETRADYMIA. TRIBE 1 2 .

Cynareae.

THISTLE TRIBE

Thistles or thistle-like herbs with alternate prickly leaves. Heads large. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, usually prolonged into a spine or bristle, or provided with a membranous edge. Receptacle bristly or hairy. Flowers all perfect. Rays none. Corollas tubular, cleft into long narrow lobes. Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip. Pappus bristly or plumose, rarely paleaceous. Leaves with margin more or less prickly or spinose. Achenes obliquely or somewhat laterally inserted on the receptacle; heads almost concealed by upper leaves 1 5 7 . CNICUS. Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their very bases; heads not concealed by upper leaves. Leaves conspicuously blotched with white along the veins; pappus of narrow barbell ate paleae 158. SILYBUM. Leaves never blotched with white; pappus of plumose bristles united at base and deciduous in a ring. Bristles of pappus in several series; achenes somewhat 4-angled Bristles of pappus in a single series; achenes not angled

159.

CYNARA.

1 6 0 . CIRSIUM.

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

Leaves with margin not prickly or spinose. Involucral bracts hooked at tip; leaves very broad Involucral bracts not hooked at tip; leaves never broad

989 161. ARCTIUM. 162. CENTAUREA.

T R I B E 1 . Cichorieae. C H I C O R Y T R I B E Herbs with milky juice and alternate or basal leaves. Receptacle naked or with chaff-like bracts. Flowers all perfect and all with ligulate corollas, the ligule 5-toothed at apex. Anthers sagittate or auricled at base, commonly appendaged at summit. Style-branches stigmatic on their inner side for their whole length.

1. ATRICHÓSERIS Gray Glabrous annual with broad basal leaves and 1 to several tall scape-like cymosely-branched stems. Involucre of 10 to 15 equal linear acute bracts and several small outer ones. Receptacle scrobiculate. Flowers white. Achenes shortly oblong-clavate, with corky-thickened ribs. Pappus none. (Greek athrix, without hair, and seris, a cichoriaceous plant.) 1 . A. platyphylla Gray. TOBACCO WEED. Stems 1 to several, erect or ascending, slightly glaucous, shining, 1 to 2 Y> f t . high, ending above in a diffuse cymose panicle; leaves broadly obovate, obtuse, sessile, spinulose-toothed or -erosulate, 1% to 3% in. long, the cauline ones few, much reduced and bractlike; heads 1 in. broad; involucres 2Y¿ to 3 lines high; ligules broad, muchexserted; achenes whitish, usually with 5 much-thickened corky ribs and 5 small alternate ones, truncate with a small depressed area a t summit, 1% to 1% lines long.—Gravelly valleys or rocky slopes, 150 to 2500 f t . : n. side Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; e. to Utah. Apr.-May. 2. PHALACRÓSERIS Gray Glabrous perennial herbs with naked 1-headed scapes arising from a t u f t of basal leaves on the root-crown. Involucre campanulate, of 12 to 16 lanceolate bracts, naked or with 1 or 2 small loose bracts at base. Flowers yellow, opening in sunshine. Receptacle naked. Achenes short-oblong, slightly incurved. Pappus none. (Greek phalakros, bald-headed, and seris, the Hellenic name of some kind of cichoriaceous plant.) 1. P. bolánderi Gray. Scapes 1 to several, slender, erect, % to 2 f t . high; leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, entire, slightly succulent, narrowed to a short or long petiole, the whole 3 to 13 in. long; heads % to 1 in. broad; involucres 4 to 5 lines high; ligules well exserted; achenes obscurely quadrangular, truncate at both ends, 1% to 1% lines long.—Wet mountain meadows, 7000 to 8000 ft., Sierra N e v a d a : Westfalls Mdw., above Yosemite Valley; Sage Mdw., near Shuteye Mt., Madera Co.; Grant P a r k . Var. CORONÁTA Hall. Achenes with a short crown.—Mariposa Co.: Cathedral P e a k ; Peregoy Mdws.; upper Chilnualna Creek; s. to Fresno Co. 3. LAP SANA L. Annual herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, the heads on slender peduncles and disposed in a panicle. Involucre subcylindric, its bracts in one series, nearly equal, with a few minute outer ones at base. Receptacle naked. Achenes obovate-oblong, somewhat flattened, narrowed below, rounded at apex, 20 to 30-nerved. Pappus none. (Greek lampsana, the Dioscoridean name of a crucifer.) 1. L. communis L. N I P P L E W O R T . Stems erect, 1 or few from the base, simple below, paniculately branched above, 2 to 2% f t . high; herbage hirsute- or pilose-pubescent below, glabrous above; leaves ovate, dentate, 1 to 1% in. long, commonly with 1 or 2 pairs of supplementary leaflets below the main blade, the petioles 3 to 12 'lines long; involucres pale green, glabrous and glaucous, 2 to 2% lines long, its bracts 7 to 9, linear-oblong; achenes 1% lines long.—Nat. from Eur.: Areata, Humboldt Co.; also in sw. Ore. (Chetco River). June. 4. CICHÓEIUM L. Perennial herb, the leaves mostly basal, those of the stiff branching stem Teduced and bract-like. Flowers blue, in sessile heads. Receptacle naked.

990

COMPOSITAE

B r a c t s of t h e oblong involucres herbaceous, in 2 series, t h e outer 4 or 5, somewhat spreading, t h e inner a b o u t 8, erect. Achenes 5-angled, t r u n c a t e , beakless. P a p p u s of 2 or 3 series of short blunt paleae. ( A l t e r e d f r o m t h e A r a b i c name.) 1. C. i n t y b u s L. CHICORY. Stems erect f r o m a deep taproot, 2 to 4 f t . h i g h ; herbage more or less h i r s u t e ; basal leaves s p a t u l a t e to obovate or oblong, 3 to 5 (or 10) in. long; cauline leaves lanceolate, more or less auriculateclasping a t base, runcinate-pinnatifid or t o o t h e d ; heads in sessile clusters along the nearly n a k e d b r a n c h e s ; flowers blue, r a r e l y white.—Garden p l a n t f r o m Eur., naturalized in low moist valleys: E u r e k a ; S a c r a m e n t o V a l l e y ; N a p a Valley; B e r k e l e y ; S a n t a Clara Valley; San Diego. Also called Blueweed. 5. S C 6 L Y M U S L. E r e c t glabrous thistle-like herb. Leaves a l t e r n a t e , rigid, coriaceous, sinuated e n t a t e or pinnatifid, decurrent, t h e lobes spinescent. H e a d s r a t h e r large, t e r m i n a l and l a t e r a l , sessile. Flowers yellow. B r a c t s of t h e involucre in f e w rows, scarious-margined and spinescent-tipped, subtended b y foliaceous bracts. Receptacle chaffy, t h e chaff more or less e m b r a c i n g t h e beakless achenes. P a p p u s a crown of scarious unequal paleae. (Old Greek name.) 1. S. hispanicus L. GOLDEN T H I S T L E . P l a n t s 1 to 1 y 2 f t . h i g h ; leaves 2 to 3 in. long.—Nat. f r o m s. E u r . : Los Gatos. J u l y . 6. R H A G A D i O L U S Tourn. A n n u a l herbs with yellow flowers. B r a c t s of t h e involucre in a single series, narrow, incurved, e n f o l d i n g the marginal achenes, stellately spreading in age, sparingly hispid. Receptacle n a k e d . Achenes 5 to 10-ribbed, t h e ribs b a r b e l l a t e . P a p p u s of outer achenes a crown of d e n t i c u l a t e or fimbriate paleae; pappus of inner achenes double, t h e inner set consisting of bristles paleaceous-dilated towards t h e base, the outer set consisting of short scales or none. (Etymology u n k n o w n to us.) 1. R. hedypnois All. Stem commonly b r a n c h e d f r o m t h e base, t h e b r a n c h e s diffuse or divaricately spreading, 5 to 13 in. long; basal leaves petioled and o f t e n lobed, t h e cauline leaves oblanceolate to linear, 1% to 5 in. long, shallowly pinnatifid to s e r r a t e or entire, sessile or t h e lower ones d r a w n down to a short petiole; flowering heads 3 to 4 lines b r o a d , borne on mostly n a k e d elongated peduncles; involucres 4 to 5 lines h i g h ; achenes cylindric, 3 to 3Ms lines long; pappus-paleae 1 line long, t h e bristles 2% lines long.— N a t . f r o m Asia M i n o r : P e n n Valley, N e v a d a Co.; Oroville foothills; A t w a t e r ; H o r n i t o s ; Los Angeles; San Diego. 7. MICRdSERIS Don Low annuals w i t h basal leaves and n a k e d scape-like one-headed peduncles. H e r b a g e glabrous or only slightly puberulent. Leaves pinnatifid w i t h mostly linear and o f t e n f a l c a t e lobes, or entire. H e a d s in anthesis narrowly oblong to ovoid or subglobose, nodding in the bud, mostly erect in f r u i t . Receptacle n a k e d . Ligules short. Achenes slender-fusiform or cylindric, ribbed, mostly t r u n c a t e . Pappus-paleae 5, mostly short, a b r u p t l y or g r a d u a l l y passing into t h e scabrous awn. (Greek micros, small, and seris, lettuce.) Achenes fusiform, attenuate above the middle, the upper part not filled by the seed, 3 to 4 H lines long 1. M. attenuata. Achenes attenuate toward base or even almost turbinate, wholly filled by the seed. Paleae very small or almost none 2. M. aphantocarpha. Paleae conspicuous. A w n s shorter than paleae; heads at maturity turbinate. Paleae broadly ovate; achenes 1 V z to 2 lines long 3. M. platycarpha. Paleae narrowly lanceolate; achenes to 3 lines l o n g . . . . 4 . M. acuminata. A w n s longer than paleae; heads at maturity hemispherical. Achenes contracted under the summit, 2 to 3 lines long 5. M. douglasii. Achenes not contracted under the summit, 1% to 2 lines l o n g . 6. M. bigelovii.

1. M. attenuata Greene. Scapes several to m a n y , erect or a t base decumb e n t , 10 to 13 in. high, slightly enlarged a t s u m m i t ; leaves linear in outline, 3 to 7 in. long, mostly p i n n a t e l y toothed or p a r t e d into remote linear segments 2 to 9 lines long, or d e n t i c u l a t e ; involucres 5 to 7 lines high; inner

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

991

bracts rather broadly linear-attenuate to lanceolate, the short outer basal ones calyculate; flowers purplish; achenes fusiform, narrowing above the middle and again enlarged a t the truncate apex, 10-ribbed, dull brown, 3 to 4% lines long, the upper half not filled by the seed; pappus yellowish white to fuscous, 4% to 5% lines long; paleae oblong or ovate or lanceolate, V2 to % the length of the awn, externally either lightly or conspicuously villous; awns barbellate.—Valleys and foothills, 50 to 1500 f t . : Sacramento Valley and foothills west; s. to Alameda Co.; Orange Co. Apr.-May. Var. PARVULA Jepson n. comb. Very small, 2 to 2 % in. high; pappus 3 lines high, the paleae soft villous-pubescent.—Contra Costa Co. (M. parvula Greene.) 2. M. aphantocàrpha Gray. Scapes decumbent a t base or wholly erect, 8 to 16 in. high; herbage glabrous or o f t e n mealy-puberulent; leaves subentire or pinnatifid, 3 to 7 in. long; expended f r u i t i n g heads 7 to 11 lines broad; involucres 3 to 5 lines high; inner bracts lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, the outer short, ovate; achenes slender, 1% to 2% lines long; pappus tawny, 1% to 3% lines long, the paleae much reduced or even obsolete, the bristles slender, fragile or deciduous. — Hillslopes, 500 to 1500 f t . : South Coast Ranges; Apr.-May. Var. TENÉLLA Gray. Pappus bristles commonly but 2 or 3, with a manifestly ovate palea a t base, or sometimes-none.—Napa Valley; lower Sacramento Valley; San Luis Obispo Co. Var. I N D I V Ì S A Jepson. Scapes strictly erect, % to 1% f t . high; leaves oblanceolate, entire or few-toothed or pinnatifid, 2y> to 10 in. long; outer row of achenes often silvery-silky; pappus 3 to 4 lines long, the paleae triangular.-—Beds of former vernal pools, 50 to 500 f t . : Solano Co.; Contra Costa Co.; San Mateo Co. Apr.-May. (M. indivisa Greene.) Var. M A R I P O S À N A Jepson n. var. Leaves pinnatifid into slender segments, these somewhat toothed; achenes slender-obconic, a little more t h a n 1 line long; pappus about 2 lines long, the paleae deltoid.—Mariposa Co. (Mariposa, J . W. Congdon, type). Var. ÉLEGANS Jepson n. comb. Expanded f r u i t i n g heads 5 to 8 lines broad; achenes about 1 line long; paleae ovate-deltoid, % to % line long, the awn iy2 to 2 lines long, persistent.— Plains and valleys: Sierra Nevada foothills; Great Valley; South Coast Ranges; coastal S. Cai. Apr. (M. elegans Greene.) 3. M. platycàrpha Gray. Scapes several to many, slender, erect or decumbent at base, 3 to 15 in. high; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, entire to pinnatifid, petioled, 2 to 4 in. long; heads in f r u i t broadly t u r b i n a t e ; involucres 4 to 5% lines high; inner bracts elliptical to oblong, acute or obtusish, the outer very small; flowers purplish; achenes slenderly obconic, minutely but rather densely scabrous, iy> to 2 lines long; pappus 2% to 31,/. lines long, somewhat pubescent, the paleae broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, pale to dark smoky, with incurved crenate margins, terminating in an awn about % as long. —Flats on the mesas or sandy fields, 20 to 500 f t . : Santa Catalina Isl.; w. San Diego Co.; s. to L. Cai. Apr. Var. P A R Ì S H I I Hall. Achenes 1 % to 1% lines long; pappus pale, 3 to 4 lines long; paleae lanceolate.—San Pedro to San Diego. Very variable. (M. parishii Greene.) 4. M. acuminàta Greene. Scapes few, decumbent at base, 4 to 12 in. 913. Microseris douglasii Gray; a, habit x J/à ; high; leaves deeply pinnatifid into b, achene and pappus x

992

COMPOSITAE

slender lobes, 3 to 4 in. long; heads narrowly oblong, in maturity turbinate, 10 to 11 lines high; achenes slenderly fusiform, 3 lines long, the libs scabrous; pappus 7 to 8 lines long; shining brown paleae narrowly lanceolate, gradually a t t e n u a t e into an awn which is shorter than the paleae.—Valleys in the hills, 200 to 1500 f t . : North Coast Eanges from Napa Co. to Humboldt aud Tehama Cos.; Sierra Nevada foothills in Eldorado Co. Apr.-May. 5. M. douglasii Gray. Fig. 913. Scapes 6 to 17 in. high; leaves oblanceolate, coarsely pinnately cleft or parted to nearly entire, 3 1 /' to 4% in. long; heads broadly ovoid or in age hemispherical; involucres 5 to 6 lines high, the inner bracts ovate-attenuate to lanceolate, the outer very short, ovate; flowers purplish; achenes liuear-turbinate, tapering to the base, somewhat contracted just below the summit, 10-ribbed, 2 to 3 lines long, the outer ones usually white-villous; pappus yellowish to fuscous; paleae ovate to orbicular, entire or erose, commonly imbricated or convolutely overlapping, silkyvillous to glabrous, 1 to 2 lines long, tapering to a bristle 2 to 3 lines long.— Valleys, 50 to 3500 f t . : Great Valley; Coast Ranges; coastal S. Cal. Apr.-May. 6. M. bigelovii Gray. Scapes erect or ascending, 6 to 15 in. high; leaves entire or pinnatifid; heads broadly ovate, M> in. high; involucre disposed to be somewhat imbricated; achenes oblong-turbinate, 1% to 2 lines long, not contracted under the truncate summit, the outermost sometimes villous; pappus brownish or almost rusty, the paleae oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, commonly glabrous, varying in size, as long as or only % to % as long as the awn.—Sandy fields near the coast, 50 to 300 f t . : San Francisco and Alameda Cos. to Humboldt Co. Apr.-May. 8. U R O P A P P U S N u t t . Low annuals with basal leaves and naked one-headed scapes. Leaves pinnatifid with mostly subulate or acuminate lobes or entire. Scapes enlarged at summit. Heads oblong, erecf; ligules short, the heads in anthesis small. Main bracts of the involucre about equal, b u t with shorter ones at base, all membranous. Receptacle naked. Achenes 10 to 12-ribbed. Pappus-paleae 5, elongated, tipped with a very short awn or bristle which proceeds from the cleft summit. (Greek oura, a tail, and pappos, pappus, on account of the bristle-like appendage to the paleae.) Pappus glistening white to tawny, soft, deciduous from the dark brown to black achenes 1. 77. linearifolius. Pappus dull brown or sordid, of firm texture, persistent on the light colored or brownish achenes 2. 77. lindleyi.

914. Uropappus linearifolius Gray; a, habit x % ; b, achene and pappus x 1.

1. U. linearifdlius Nutt. Fig. 914. Scapes often several from the base, erect, 6 to 20 in. high, in robust plants thickened or fistulous under the oblong head; leaves linear (3 to 6 in. long and 1 to 2 lines wide), commonly with 2 or 3 to several pairs of more or less remote salient segments; expanded f r u i t i n g heads 1% to 1% in. broad; bracts lanceolate, the longer ones equaling or exceeding the head in maturity, 2 or 3 of the outer ones much shorter; achenes more or less serrulateribbed, attenuate above almost into a beak, dark brown to almost black, 4 to 6 lines long; pappus silvery white to tawny, 5 to 7 lines long, the very delicate awn % to % the

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

993

length of the deeply notched linear paleae.—Open ground, hills and mesas, 200 to 4500 f t . : Coast R a n g e s from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. and s. to coastal S. Cal.; Sierra Nevada foothills ( i n f r e q u e n t ) ; Mohave and Colorado deserts; s. to L . Cal., e. to Nev. and N. Mex. Apr.-May. (Microseris linearifolia Gray.) 2. U . lindleyi N u t t . Scapes few to many, stout, 10 to 20 in. high, scarcely thickened under the h e a d ; leaves as in U. linearifolius but rather b r o a d e r ; longer b r a c t s of involucre shorter than the head in maturity, lanceolate to oblong-attenuate, the outer short ones more numerous than in U. linearifolius; achenes brownish, 4 % to 5 lines long, slightly narrowed toward the summit; pappus dull brown or sordid, 6 to 7 lines long, the awn from a shallow notch and very little shorter than the paleae.—Open hills and valley fields, 200 to 1500 f t . : N a p a Co. to Marin Co.; South Coast R a n g e s ; Sierra N e v a d a foothills ( i n f r e q u e n t ) ; coastal S. Cal.; Mohave D e s e r t ; w. Colorado D e s e r t ; s. to L . Cal. Mar.-Apr. (Microseris lindleyi Gray.) Var. CLEVELANDII Jepson. Herbage scurfy-puberulent; achenes not at all attenuate; awn less than half as long as the paleae.—Sierra .Nevada foothills (infrequent) ; San Joaquin Valley and s. to San Diego Co. ( U . clevelandii Greene.) Var. LEUCOCARPUS J e p s o n n. comb. Achenes slender-attenuate toward summit, the seed not filling the narrow p a r t ; palea and awn each about 2 % to 3 lines l o n g . — S a n t a Cruz Mts. from San M a t e o Co. to S a n t a Clara Co. (U. leucocarpus Greene.) 9. S C O R Z O N E L L A N u t t . Perennial herbs, the leaves basal or sub-basal, the stems branching a little above the base and bearing long naked one-headed peduncles. Root fusiform. L e a v e s pinnatifid with linear and mostly salient lobes, or entire. Heads ovoid-cylindric to hemispherical, nodding in the bud, showy, the flowers yellow and ligules elongated. B r a c t s of the involucre mostly thin-herbaceous, imbricate in several series. Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindric or slightly tapering downward, ribbed and often obscurely angled. P a l e a e 5 to 20, firm, tipped with a rather long often subplumose or barbellate awn. (So named because of the general aspect of Scorzonera.)

Pappus-bristles plumose to sub-plumose. I n n e r b r a c t s of involucre linear-lanceolate; tips of outer bracts e r e c t ; pappus white; paleae 1 5 to 20 1. S. nutans. I n n e r bracts of involucre linear-oblong; acuminate tips of outer bracts tending to coil b a c k w a r d ; pappus yellowish or sordid; paleae 5 to 10 2. S. sylvatica. Pappus-bristles barbellate or naked. P a l e a e 5 to 1 0 ; leaves not undulate. Awns about 4 times as long as paleae; pappus sordid or brownish. Involucre 1 1 to 1 4 lines high, the outer bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate 3. S . pyofera. Involucre 8 lines high, the outer bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate 4. S. paludosa. Awns 7 or 8 times as long as paleae; pappus white 5. S . laciniata. Paleae about 2 0 ; pappus bright white; leaves more or less undulate. . 6 . troximoides.

1. S. nutans Geyer. Stems 1 to several from the scaly crown of solitary or fascicled fusiform roots, erect, or erect from a somewhat decumbent base, slender, 4 to 18 in. high; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate to spatulateobovate or oblanceolate, 4 to 10 in. long, entire, or toothed or cleft into salient lobes, the lobes narrowly lanceolate to filiform, % to 1 % in. long; upper leaves few, smaller; peduncles long, slender, naked, 3 to 8 in. long; heads % to 1 in. broad; involucres 6 to 7 lines high, in maturity equaling or exceeding the pappus; inner b r a c t s linear-lanceolate, the outer ones lanceolate, short; achenes fusiform, 2 % to 3 lines long; pappus soft, white, 3 lines long, the 15 to 20 paleae narrowly oblong, % line long, white, tipped by a plumose bristle.—Open pine slopes, 4000 to 8000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B . C., e. to Col. J u l y . V a r . LACINIATA Jepson n. comb. L e a v e s linear to almost filiform and entire, or pinnatifid into narrow segments; pappus-paleae % line long.—Montane, 4000 to 8500 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from K i n g s River to Sierra Co.; Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co. (Microseris major var. laciniata G r a y . ) 2. S. s y l v a t i c a B e n t h . Stems 1 or several, simple or sparingly branched near the base, 1 to 2 ft. high, arising from a t u f t of leaves and old l e a f bases

994

COMPOSITAE

011 the root-crown; herbage densely mealy-puberulent to glabrous; leaves mostly basal, erect, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate or oblong, laciniate-pinnatifid, rarely entire, undulate, narrowed to a margined base or petiole, the whole 2 to 9 in. long; heads i y 2 to 2 in. broad; bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series, the inner linear-oblong, acuminate, 8 to 10 lines high, the outer ovate to lanceolate, shorter, the narrowly acuminate tip tending to coil backward; ligules light yellow with a pinkish median line; achenes linear, about 10-ribbed, 3 to 5 lines long; pappus sordid or brownish, 6 to 7 lines long; paleae about 7 (5 to 10), linear-attenuate, 2 % to 3 % linea long, truncate or slightly cleft at apex, or sometimes obtuse, the awn subplumose,, about 3 % lines long.—Open hillslopes or plains, 100 to 5000 f t . : Sacramento Valley; Sierra Nevada; Tehachapi Mts.; mts. on w. side Mohave Desert. (Microseris sylvatica Gray. M. parryi Gray. M. montana Greene.) Yar. sTiLLMÀNii Jepson n. comb. Bristles not plumose, merely barbellate; achenes obscurely ribbed.—San Francisco; P t . Eeyes. (Microseris sylvatica var. stillmanii Gray.) 3. S. prócera Greene. Stems 1 or few, robust, 2 to 3 % f t . high, leafy, branched from above the base, the branches long, erect, and naked; herbage glabrous or more or less mealy-puberulent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire, toothed or somewhat laciniate, % to 1 % ft. long, 1 to 2 in. wide, the upper cauline ones smaller, all acuminate and tipped with a short rigid point; heads IV2 to 2 % in. broad; involucres 11 to 14 lines high, as broad or broader; outer bracts roundish-ovate and abruptly short-pointed, the inner ovate to lanceolate, long attenuate; achenes 2 to 2V2 lines long; pappus sordid, 5 to 6 lines long; paleae ovate, 1 to 1 % lines long; awn minutely barbellulate.—Valley floors or low hills, 300 to 1500 f t . : North Coast Ranges from Napa and Sonoma Cos. to Mendocino Co.; n. to Ore. Apr.-June. (S. maxima Bioletti.) Var. praténsis Jepson n. comb. Leaves acuminate, entire (sometimes slightly toothed); achenes 2 lines long; pappus white, 4 lines long, the paleae oblong, % line long.—Grassy valley meadows, 3000 to 4000 f t . : Siskiyou Co. to Lassen Co. (S. pratensis Greene.) 4. S. paludosa Greene. Stems several from the base, slender, 16 in. high or more; leaves x/-> to 1 ft. long, subentire to laciniate-parted into long linear lobes; heads 50 to 75-flowered; involucres 8 lines high, the bracts with a lanceolate base, tapering into a long slender acumination; achene 2 to 3 lines long; pappus brownish, the lanceolate paleae little more than 1, the barbellulate awn 4 to 5 lines long.—Low moist ground: Marin Co. Var. integri f ò l i a Jepson n. var. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long.—Monterey Co. (Pacific Grove, Heller 6732, type). 5. S. laciniata Nutt. Stems slender, several from base, branching, 1 % to 2 ft. high; herbage minutely scurfy-puberulent or glabrous; leaves elongate, 1 y2 to 10 in. long, pinnately parted into long linear-attenuate segments V2 to 1 % in. long; heads 1 to 1 % in. broad; involucres 7 to 12 lines high, the outer bracts round-ovate to lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, the inner ones linear-lanceolate, attenuate; achenes 2 lines long; pappus white, 3 % lines long, the paleae ovate-lanceolate, less than % line long.—Wooded hillsides, 800 to 3500 f t . : Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. July. Var. BOLANDERI Jepson n. comb. Herbage glabrous; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire or with a few salient linear lobes, 4 to 6 % in. long, or the upper cauline smaller; achenes 2 lines long; pappus white, 3 % to 4 lines long, the ovate palea about % line long.—Mendocino Co. to Humboldt Co.; Siskiyou Co.; Lassen Co. (Calais bolanderi Gray. S. arguta Drew.) 6. S. troximoides Jepson n. comb. Stems few from the scaly crown of a thick root, 6 to 8 in. high; herbage glabrous; leaves all basal, linear to lanceolate, attenuate, undulate, 2 to 5 in. long; heads IV2 in. broad; involucres 8 to 9 lines long, surpassed by the pappus at maturity; bracts linearlanceolate, the outer more than half as long as the inner, all with a longitudinal black or dark midnerve; achenes fusiform, 3% to 4 lines long; pappus shining white, 5 % lines long; paleae 2V2 to 3 lines long, narrowly linear, tapering into a short awn.—Lassen Co.; n. to Wash, and Mont. (Microseris troximoides Gray.)

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

995

SCORZONÉRA L. Ours perennial herbs with edible carrot-like roots. Heads borne on very long peduncles. Flowers yellow. Bracts imbricated in several series, the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, all acuminate. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes many-ribbed, beakless. Pappus-bristles in several series, unequal, serrulate or more or less soft-hairy, some often longer and naked at the apex. S. HISPÀNICA L. Viper's Grass. Plants 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaves oblong, serrulate, tapering to a petiole at base, IV2 ft. long or less; heads in anthesis 2 in. in diameter, nodding in the bud.—Garden plant, native of Eur., adventive in low valleys: upper Napa Valley; Knights Valley; Ukiah Valley.

10. P Ì C R I S L. Coarse rough-bristly biennial with leafy stems. Heads short-peduncled, terminal or along the branches. Flowers yellow. Eeceptacle naked. Outer bracts of involucre loose and spreading, ovate, bristly-margined and spinescent at tip; inner bracts erect, linear-lanceolate. Achene somewhat flattened, transversely rugose, ours with a long and slender beak and bearing a pappus of densely plumose bristles. (Greek pikros, bitter.) 1. P. echioides L. B R I S T L Y OX-TONGUE. Stem branching, 1 to 3 ft. high, hispid with barbed hairs; leaves narrowly oblong or the lower oblanceolate, sessile, rough-hispid, 1 or 2 to 8 in. long; bracts of the outer involucre 5, subcordate at base; inner bracts long-acuminate, bearing just below the tip a spinose-pinnatifid bristle or appendage; achenes oblong, orange-color, 1% lines long, rather abruptly passing into a beak as long or longer; pappus copious, white, 3% lines long.—Nat. from Eur., a summer weed widely established in open fields and waste grounds: San Bernardino Valley; Los Gatos; Berkeley; Creston, Solano Co.; Cape Mendocino. 11. TRAGOPÒGON L. Stout glabrous biennial or perennial herbs, somewhat succulent. Leaves grass-like, entire, clasping. Heads large, long-peduncled, opening in the early morning, usually closed by midday. Flowers in ours purple. Involucre narrowly campanulate. Involucral bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, united at the very base. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes muricate, 5 to 10-ribbed, long-beaked or the outermost beakless. Pappus ample, its bristles long-plumose. (Greek tragos, a goat, and pogon, a beard.) 1. T. porrifóllus L . SALSIFY. Stems from a stout taproot, very leafy at base, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1 ft. long or more; peduncle thickened and hollow below the head; heads in fruit 2 to 2% in. high; flowers deep purple; achenes cylindric, % in. long, the beak nearly twice as long; pappus brownish, % in. long.—Nat. from Eur.: Yreka; Ft. Bidwell; Honey Lake Valley; Berkeley; Ross Valley; Ballona, Los Angeles Co. 12. RAFINÉSQUIA Nutt. Stout leafy glabrous branching annuals. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Inflorescence more or less corymbosely branching. Heads 15 to 30-flowered. Involucre in anthesis conical-cylindraceous. Flowers white, the ligules unequal. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes with a few obscure ribs, tapering into a slender beak, excavated at the insertion, but without callous thickening. Pappus-bristles capillary, 10 to 15, long-plumose from the base to near the tip. (C. S. Eaflnesque, 1783-1840, American naturalist, celebrated for his genius and eccentricity.) Body of achene 2 matted; Body of achene 4 matted;

to 2 H lines long, about as long as the slender beak; plume of pappus not involucre 7 to 9 lines high 1. R. californica. to 5 lines long, about twice as long as the thickish beak ; plume of pappus involucre 10 to 13 lines high 2. R. neomexicana.

1. R. californica Nutt. Stem erect, robust, sometimes almost fistulous below, branching above, IV2 to 5% ft. high; leaves oblong to round-ovate in outline, 1 to 6 in. long, pinnately cleft or parted into narrow toothed segments to merely denticulate or almost entire, sessile and auriculate-clasping

996

COMPOSITAE

or the lowermost narrowed to a winged petiole, those of the inflorescence many, reduced to herbaceous b r a c t s ; heads in anthesis % to 1 % in. broad; involucres subcylindric, 6 to 9 lines high, the main b r a c t s 11 to 15, linear or lanceolate-acuminate, and with some loose subulate ones at base; achenes pubescent to glabrate, tuberculate, 2 to 2V 2 lines long, tapering into a filiform beak of about equal length; pappus white or brownish tinged, 3 to 4 lines long.—Shady or moist places in the hill country, 500 to 2000 f t . : Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. s.; s. Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.; coastal S. Cal.; Mohave and Colorado deserts. Apr. 2. E . neom£xic&na Gray. S t e m widely branching or sometimes simple and erect, x/-> to 2 f t . h i g h ; herbage at first glaucous; lower leaves narrowly to broadly oblong in outline, % to 4M> in. long, pinnately and often saliently or runcinately lobed to merely toothed, the uppermost reduced to minute usually spinulose bracts, all but the lowest with auriculate-clasping b a s e ; heads 1 to IVi in. broad; involucres subcylindric, 10 to 13 lines high, the main bracts 8 to 10, linear-lanceolate, with some loose subulate ones at b a s e ; ligules pure white, veined on the back with brown-purple; achenes obscurely tuberculate, often mottled, 4 to 5 lines long, tapering into a thickish b e a k nearly % as long; pappus white, 5 to 6 lines long, the plume somewhat matted. —Desert mesas, common among bushes, 500 to 2000 f t . : I n y o Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Ariz., s. to Mex. Apr.-May. 13. H Y P O C H O E R I S L . Herbs. Stems naked, bearing a solitary head or a somewhat corymbose cluster o f long-peduncled heads. Flowers yellow. L e a v e s in a basal cluster or rosette, toothed or pinnatifid. Involucre campanulate or cylindrical, i t s b r a c t s rather few, lanceolate, imbricated, appressed, the outer ones successively shorter. B r a c t s of the receptacle scarious, thin and narrow. Achenes glabrous, upwardly scabrous, the body 10-ribbed, narrowly oblong or fusiform, all tapering upward into a slender b e a k , or the outermost truncate. Pappus of plumose bristles, some of the outer often shorter and naked. (Greek name used by Theophrastus for some cichoriaceous plant.) A n n u a l ; heads 2 to 3 lines b r o a d ; outermost achenes beakless, t r u n c a t e a t summit 1. 3. glabra. P e r e n n i a l ; heads 1 to 1 % in. b r o a d ; achenes all beaked 2. H.radicata.

1. H. glabra L . SMOOTH CAT'S-EAR. Glabrous annual; stems f e w to several, erect, simple or mostly corymbosely branched, 4 to 16 in. high; leaves spatulate-oblong, denticulate or broadly toothed to sinuately pinnatifid, % to 5 in. long; heads campanulate; involucres 6 to 8 lines long, the ligules scarcely exceeding them; achenes dark brown, the outermost truncate at summit, 1 % lines long, the others prolonged into a slender b e a k as long as the body of the achene; pappus 4 % lines long, yellowish or brownish tinged. — N a t . weed from Eur., in cultivated fields and pasture lands, valleys and foothills along the coast, foothills of the interior, almost throughout cismontane Cal. 2. H. radicikta L . HAIRY CAT'S-EAR. Stems several, often thickening upward, 1 to 2 f t . high, from a fleshy perennial root; leaves spatulate, hispid with spreading hairs, merely dentate, or pinnatifid below the large terminal lobe into oblong obtuse lobes, 2 % to 5 % in. long; rays longer than the involucre, which is disposed to twist slightly a f t e r anthesis; achenes brown, the body 1 % lines long, the b e a k as long or longer.—Nat. weed from Eur., valleys and hill slopes near the sea, abundant from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. 14. S T f i P H A N O M i i R I A Nutt. Usually tall and rather slender annual or perennial herbs, paniculately branching above. L e a v e s runcinate or entire, often reduced above to herbaceous bracts. Heads small, 3 to 20-flowered. Flowers pink or flesh-color, open in the early morning, the ligules all equal. Involucre cylindrical or rarely campanulate, its inner b r a c t s linear and equal, with some short usually calyculate outer ones. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, short-linear or clavate, strongly angled, glabrous, often rugose, truncate at both ends, the

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

997

broad base hollowed at the insertion. Pappus-bristles white or brownish, plumose. (Greek stephane, a wreath, and meros, a division, perhaps referring to the virgate branches.) Receptacle deeply pitted, fimbrillate or scaly; involucre imbricated; root perennial; young herbage woolly; achenes not tuberculate nor rugose 1. S. cickoriacea. Receptacle naked; involucre not imbricated but calvculate at base with small or minute bracts, rarely 1 or 2 intermediate bracts; herbage commonly glabrous. Perennials; achenes not tuberculate nor rugose. Stems from slender creeping rootstocks, very leafy; leaves mostly linear, thin, entire or with a few salient teeth, few if any of the leaves bract-like. . . . 2. S. lactucina. Stems from the crown of a deep-seated taproot; leaves of the branchlets commonly small or minute and bract-like. Leaves callus-margined; stem leafy, the leaves oblong, thick, runcinatepinnatifid 3. S.parryi. Leaves not callus-margined; stems moderately or sparsely leafy. Leaves mostly filiform and entire; branches flexuous, ascending 4. S. tenuifolia. Leaves linear-subulate, mostly runcinate, those of the branchlets reduced and scale-like; branches mostly rigid and conspicuously divaricate (except in var. myrioclada) 5. S. runcinata. Annuals or biennials; achenes usually tuberculate or rugose. P a p p u s plumose almost throughout, the base scarcely thickened; herbage glabrous or nearly so 6. S.virgata. P a p p u s plumose only above, the naked base thickened or paleaceous, often toothed or giving off short secondary bristles; branchlets more or less glandularpubescent 7. S. exigua.

1. S. cichoriacea Gray. Stems erect, simple or virgately branched, 1% to 5 f t . high, few or several f r o m a large woody perennial root; herbage silvery with a close thin tomentum, becoming glabrate; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, remotely and saliently toothed to entire, sessile, 1 Yi to 8 in. long; heads large for the genus (8 to 10 lines broad), sessile and racemose along the elongated branches, rarely on short peduncles; involucres 6 to 7 lines high, the inner bracts linear, the outer lanceolate, shorter, imbricated; receptacle pitted, the pits bordered with short narrow thin scales; achenes smooth, 5 to 8-nerved, 2Ys to 3 lines long; pappus sordid or fuscous, 3Y> lines long, the 12 to 22 bristles plumose throughout.—Rocky places in canons, 1000 to 5000 f t . : Santa Ana, San Gabriel, San Bernardino mountains and n. to Tejon Pass; Santa B a r b a r a Isls. Aug. 2. S. lactucina Gray. Stem erect, leafy, 3 to 15 in. high, arising from a slender creeping rootstock, freely branched at or near the base, the branches slender, spreading or divaricate, or sometimes the stem strictly erect with ascending branches at the middle or above; leaves linear, or a few linearspatulate, entire, or with a few salient teeth, 1 to 4Yi in. long; heads about 8-flowered, terminal on the mostly naked corymbose branchlets or peduncles, or sometimes racemosely arranged; involucres 5 to 6 lines high, the main bracts linear-attenuate, the outer short, lanceolate; ligules pink, well exserted; achenes somewhat angled, smooth, 2Y> to 3 lines long; pappus white, 4 lines long, of about 20 or 21 bristles plumose nearly to the base, the bases thickened or more or less united.—Montane ridges, flats or plateaus, often in open pine forest, 4000 to 7000 f t . : Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos. July-Aug. 3. S. parryi Gray. Stems several from a perennial root, erect or spreading, ing, often much branched, 5 to 8 in. (or to 2 f t . ) high; herbage glabrous, glaucescent; leaves oblong, thickish, runcinate-pinnatifid, callous-margined, 1 to 2 in. long; leaves of the branchlets minute, ovate to orbicular, entire or somewhat spinulose-lobed; heads terminal on the branchlets; involucres 5 to 6 lines high, the inner bracts linear, the outer ones very short; corollas white; achenes smooth with slender ribs; pappus sordid, 4 to 4% lines long, often united in 2s or 3s a t base, the lower % naked.—Mesas or arid slopes of ranges bordering or in the deserts, 3000 to 5000 f t . : n. Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Utah and Ariz. May-June. 4. S. tenuifolia (Torr.) Hall. Stems few or several from a woody rootcrown, erect, with numerous ascending slender branches, 8 to 15 in. high; herbage usually light green, glabrous; leaves filiform, Yi to 1Y> in. long, entire, or the basal somewhat toothed; heads terminal on the branchlets; in-

998

COMPOSITA!!

volucres 4 to 5 lines high, about 5-flowered, i t s main b r a c t s a b o u t 5; achenes a b o u t 10-striate; pappus bristles a b o u t 15 to 23, w h i t e or sordid, plumose t h r o u g h o u t . — M o n t a n e slopes, 4000 to 7000 f t . : e. side or easterly p a r t s of t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m Tulare and I n y o Cos. n o r t h w a r d ; w. slope Sierra N e v a d a , i n f r e q u e n t ( H u n t i n g t o n L a k e ; I n d i a n Valley, P l u m a s Co.); n. to e a s t e r n Ore., I d a . and M o n t . July-Aug. (S. minor N u t t . ) 5. S. r u n c i n à t a N u t t . Stems slender, woody below, much branched, the nearly leafless and slender b r a n c h e s d i v a r i c a t e or slightly ascending, forming rounded bushy p l a n t s 1 to 2 f t high, w i t h deep-seated p e r e n n i a l roots; herbage pale, glaucescent, glabrous; leaves linear, subulate, entire, or runcin a t e l y pinnatifid or toothed, % to in. long, or t h e upper leaves m i n u t e and scale-like; b r a n c h l e t s a little curved a t apex, b e a r i n g a single terminal h e a d ; involucres 3 to 4 lines high, t h e 5 inner b r a c t s linear, obtuse, t h e outermost calyculate; achenes 5-angled, 1% to 2 lines long; p a p p u s brownishtinged, plumose to n e a r t h e somewhat t h i c k e n e d base, or t h e lower V4 or % glabrous, 2 to 2 % lines long.—Desert flats and mesas, 500 to 2500 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts; I n y o Co.; e. to N. Mex., s. to L. Cai. M a y - J u n e . V a r . MYRIÓCLADA J e p s o n n. comb. B r a n c h e s v e r y slender, a s c e n d i n g ; heads o f t e n only 3 or 4-fTowered; b r a c t s of t h e involucre sometimes only 3 or 4.— San Gabriel Mts.; M o h a v e D e s e r t ; e. to Nev. (S. myrioclada E a t . ) V a r . P A R Ì S H I I J e p s o n n. v a r . H e r b a g e covered w i t h a grayish hispidulous toment u m ; pappus-bristles plumose to t h e t h i c k e n e d or somewhat u n i t e d bases.— Sw. Mohave Desert (Victorville, P a r i s h 10,615, t y p e ) . 6. S. v i r g à t a B e n t h . Stem erect, v i r g a t e or w i t h v i r g a t e branches, 1 to 4 f t . h i g h ; herbage glabrous or somewhat p u b e r u l e n t ; inflorescence nong l a n d u l a r , sometimes g l a n d u l a r ; leaves oblong or s p a t u l a t e , o f t e n sinuate or pinnatifid, 1% to 6 in. long, t h e upper cauline ones linear, e n t i r e ; heads 4 to 8 (or to 22)-flowered, subsessile along t h e n a k e d v i r g a t e b r a n c h e s ; involucres 3 lines h i g h ; flowers p i n k ; achenes s u b c l a v a t e or oblong, 5-angled, irregularly rugose-tuberculate b e t w e e n t h e angles, 1% to 2 lines long; pappus clear w h i t e or f a i n t l y brownish-tinged, plumose almost t h r o u g h o u t , 2 to 2% lines long, o f t e n deciduous.—Dry hills and valleys, 200 to 6000 f t . : t h r o u g h o u t cismontane Cai.; e. to U t a h , n. to Ore. Sept.-Oct. ( P t i l o r i a p l e u r o c a r p a Greene.) S. TOMENTÓSA Greene. Cruz Isl.

H e r b a g e white-tomentose

when young. — S a n t a

7. S. e s i g u a N u t t . Stems stout, much b r a n c h e d a t or n e a r base, t h e b r a n c h e s ascending or spreading, % to 4 f t . h i g h ; b r a n c h l e t s w i t h v e r y short s c a t t e r e d gland-tipped hairs, commonly glabrous below; lower leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, remotely lobed, auriculate-clasping, 1 to 2 in. long, t h e upper small and bract-like, r a t h e r numerous on t h e b r a n c h l e t s and peduncles; heads numerous, few-flowered; involucres 2% to 3Vi lines h i g h , t h e ligules much e x s e r t e d ; m a i n b r a c t s a b o u t 5, l i n e a r - a t t e n u a t e , t h e outer ones short, o v a t e ; achenes 5-angled, each of t h e 5 sides ( b e t w e e n t h e angles) b e a r i n g 2 rows of tubercles, each row s e p a r a t e d f r o m its companion row by a v e r y n a r r o w channel, a b o u t 1 line long; p a p p u s white, t h e 5 to 18 bristles plumose only on upper % or % , 1 % lines long; bases of b r i s t l e s short-setulose on each side, t h e setae p e r s i s t e n t a f t e r t h e bristles h a v e fallen. —Valley flats and low hills, 1000 to 3000 f t . : coastal S. Cai.; M o h a v e D e s e r t ; n. along e. side Sierra N e v a d a and f a r ne. to Wyo.; e. to Tex. V a r . PENTACHAÈTA Hall. H e r b a g e glabrous, not g l a n d u l a r ; pappus-bristles reduced to 5 (or 7), plumose only on upper half.—More or less w i t h t h e species. (S. p e n t a c h a e t a E a t . ) Var. CORONÀRIA J e p s o n n. comb. Peduncles usually shorter (as in S. v i r g a t a ) ; herbage less g l a n d u l a r or sometimes n o t a t all so; pappus-bristles deciduous above t h e paleaceous base, l e a v i n g a crown of setose scales.—Coast R a n g e s ; coastal S. Cai.; s. Sierra N e v a d a ; I n y o Co. (S. coronaria Greene.) 15. ANISÒCOMA G r a y Low a n n u a l w i t h f e w to m a n y n a k e d scapes, each b e a r i n g a single head a n d arising f r o m a b a s a l rosette of leaves. Involucre cylindric, t h e inner

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

999

bracts linear, acute, tlie outer successively oblong, short-oval or orbicular, obtuse, all white-scarious with a broad green midrib. Bracts of the receptacle linear, scarious, persistent. Achenes linear-turbinate, 10 to 15-nerved, truncate, crowned with a narrow entire border, villous. Pappus bright silky white, consisting of 8 to 12 long-plumose bristles; bristles of 2 lengths, disposed in one circle, but the short ones set on one side the flower, the long ones on the other. (Greek anisos, unequal, and kome, t u f t of hair, the two sets of pappus bristles unlike.) 1. A. acaulis Gray. Scapes stout, 2 to 10 in. high; leaves oblong, pinnately toothed or parted into toothed segments (the margins commonly with t u f t s of wool), 1 to 2 (or 3) in. long; heads % to 1% in. broad; involucres cylindric-campanulate, % to IV2 in. high; bracts often spotted with dark dots; ligules yellow, often pinkish tinged; bracts of receptacle 5 lines long; achenes 2 lines long; pappus 11 lines long, the bristles on inner side of the acliene commonly 4 or 5, shorter than the outer ones; outer bristles commonly 5 or 6, geniculate towards the base.—Arid mountain slopes or sandy washes, 4000 to 7800 f t . : San Jacinto Mts.; Mohave Desert; Mt. Pinos; Teliachapi Mts.; Argus Mts. Apr.-June. 16. L A C T U C A L .

LETTUCE

Tall leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials with panicled heads of yellow or purple flowers. Leaves alternate. Involucre cylindrical or in f r u i t conical, its bracts imbricated in 2 or more series of unequal lengths. Eeceptacle naked. Achenes obcompressed, t h a t is, flattened parallel to the bracts, ribbed on each side, contracted into a beak, which bears at its dilated summit a copious very soft and white capillary pappus, the hairs of which fall separately. (Ancient Latin, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.) Annual or biennial; achencs margined, abruptly beaked, the beak about as long as the body or a little longer; flowers yellow. Achenes several-nerved; leaves mostly clasping by a broad sagittate base 1. L. scariola. Achenes 1-nerved on each face (sometimes with obscure nerves near the m a r g i n ) . Leaves narrow at base, sessile or narrowly sagittate-clasping, the midrib not prickly; pappus to 3 lines long 2. L. canadensis. Leaves with broad sagittate-clasping base, the midrib more or less prickly below; pappus SV2 to lines long 3. L. ludoviciana. P e r e n n i a l ; achenes marginless, tapering to a very short beak about as long as the breadth of the body; flowers purple 4. L. pulchella.

1. L. scariola L . P R I C K L Y LETTUCE. Stem erect, simple, paniculately branched above, glabrous throughout, or hirsute or prickly below, 2 to 5 f t . high; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spinose-denticulate, pinnatifid, sessile or sagittate-clasping, iy> to 7 in. long, with a row of soft prickles on the lower side of the midrib; heads numerous in an open panicle, 9 to 14-flowered; involucres cylindrical, 5 to 6 lines long, the outer bracts about V3 as long as the inner; ligules cream-yellow; achenes narrowly obovate, several-nerved, dark olive green, pubescent above, 1% to 2 lines long, the nerves minutely roughened; beak filiform, about as long or a little longer than the body; pappus white, 2 to 2% lines long.—Nat. from Eur., a weed in waste places and fields throughout the valleys of Cal. Var. INTEGRATA Gren. & Godr. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, merely spinose-denticulate, 2 to 6 in. long; flowers yellow (or purplish).—Nat. from Eur.; Santa Clara, Alameda, Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos. 2. L. canadensis L. T R U M P E T FIREWEF.D. Stem simple, erect, leafy, 3 to 4 f t . high; herbage glabrous; leaves 2 to 9 in. long, pinnately parted into salient oblong segments, 1 to IVj in. long; panicle ample or elongate; involucres 4 to 5 lines high; flowers pale yellow; achenes oblong-ovate, blackish, transversely striulate, 1-nerved on each face, 1% to 1% lines long, the beak about % as long; pappus 2% to 3 lines long.—Introduced from the e. U. S.: Sisson; Fall River Lake, Shasta Co.; Sierra Valley. 3. L. ludoviciana DC. Stem stout, simple, erect, leafy, 3 to f t . high; herbage glabrous, the midrib of leaves more or less prickly below on the under side; leaves 2% to 4 in. long, mostly broadly oblong, irregularly dentate or sinuately pinnatifid into broad denticulate segments, the terminal segment largest; panicle ample; involucres 6 to 8 lines high; flowers yellow;

1000

COMPOSITAE

achenes oblong-ovate, margined, 1-nerved on each side, transversely striulate, dark brown or somewhat mottled, 1% to 2 lines long, narrowing abruptly into a slender beak nearly as long; pappus 3% to 4% lines long.—Introduced from e. U. S.: Fall River Lake, Shasta Co. 4. L. pulchella DC. Stem simple, erect, very leafy, 1% to 3 f t . high, ending above in a few to many-flowered panicle; herbage glabrous, glaucescent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire to runcinate-dentate or pinnatifid, sessile or with a winged petiole, 2 to 6 in. long; branches of the panicle with small scaly b r a c t s ; involucres 5 to 7 lines high; flowers blue or purple, the ligules well exserted; achenes oblong with a very short beak, 1 y 2 lines long; pappus 4 lines long.—Montane valleys of the Sierra Nevada, 3400 to 6000 f t . , mostly on the east side, from Mono Co. to Modoc Co.: Mono L a k e ; Hetch-Hetchy; Modoc lava beds; F t . Bidwell; e. to Nev. and Mich., n. to B. C. June-July. 17.

S6NCHUS

L.

SOW-THISTLE

Leafy-stemmed coarse annual or perennial weeds, smooth and glaucous, or the peduncles and upper parts of the stem glandular-hispid. Heads corymbed or umbellate, swollen a t base or jug-shaped. Involucral bracts thin, the inner linear-attenuate, with many shorter ones a t base, these usually becoming callous-thickened. Receptacle naked. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus copious, of cottony-white exceedingly soft and fine hairs, mainly falling together. (Greek name of the sow-thistle.) Leaves w h e n sessile usually sagittate-clasping; peduncles glabrous or sometimes with a f e w gland-tipped hairs; achenes transversely rugose; annual. Achenes longitudinally ribbed; leaves lyrately or runcinately pinnatifid, the terminal segment large and triangular 1. S. oleraceus. Achenes longitudinally striate; leaves pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate lobes or merely denticulate 2. S. tenerrimus. Leaves when sessile usually auriculate-clusping; peduncles hispid with short spreading gland-tipped hairs or entirely glabrous. A n n u a l ; achenes fiat, oblong-obovate, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each side, the intervals smooth or nearly so 3. S.asper. P e r e n n i a l ; achenes oblong with 5 ribs on each side, the middle one forming a keel, both ribs and intervals rugulose 4. S. arvensis.

1. S. oleraceus L . COMMON SOW-THISTLE. H A R E ' S LETTUCE. Stem erect, nearly simple, 1 to 4 f t . high; leaves 3 to 12 in. long, lyrately or runcinately pinnatifid, denticulate or toothed, the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, sagittately clasping a t base with acute lobes; lowest leaves petioled, the uppermost ones commonly lanceolate, sessile; achenes obovate, longitudinally ribbed and transversely rugose, 1 to 1% lines long; pappus 3 to 4 lines long.— Nat. from Eur.: waste lands in the valleys and hills throughout Cal. 2. S. tenerrimus L. Stem much branched, % to 3% f t . high, very l e a f y u p to the short-peduncled heads; herbage glabrous; leaves oblong in outline, 3 to 7 in. long, pinnately parted or divided into linear or narrowly lanceolate lobes, the lobes % to 2% in. long, commonly cuspidate and either spinulosely denticulate or entire, or sometimes the leaves undivided; achenes narrow, longitudinally striate and transversely rugose, 1 line long; pappus 2 to 3 lines long.—Nat. from E u r . : w. San Diego Co.; Santa B a r b a r a Isls.; s. to L. Cal. 3. S. Asper L. P R I C K L Y S O W - T H I S T L E . Yery similar to no. 1, the leaves divided or sometimes undivided, commonly clasping by an auricled base, t h e auricles rounded, the teeth longer and more prickly; upper part of stem and peduncles furnished with spreading gland-tipped hairs, or these p a r t s entirely glabrous; achenes flat, oblong-obovate, margined with a narrow wing and marked on each side with 3 longitudinal ribs; intervals between the ribs smooth, or nearly so, the ribs as well as the marginal wing rugulose or serrulate.—-Nat. from Eur.: waste lands in valleys throughout Cal. I t is often associated with S. oleraceus and there are hybrid-like intermediates. 4 . S. arvensis L . CORN SOW-THISTLE. Stem slender, branched above, arising f r o m creeping rootstocks, terminating in a corymbose panicle, 2 to 2% f t . high; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or some undivided, spinose-toothed, petioled or auriculate-clasping, 1 to 10 in. long; peduncles more or less gland-

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1001

ular-bristly; involucres 5 to 8 lines high; achenes oblong, l ^ j lines long, flattish, bordered by a marginal rib and also 5-ribbed in each side, the middle rib forming a keel, all the ribs transversely rugulose; pappus 4 to 5 lines long.—Nat. from Eur.: Santa Ana. 18. MALAC6THRIX DC. Herbs or sometimes woody at base. Leaves all basal and the stems scapose, or the stems leafy. Heads peduncled, commonly nodding in the bud. Flowers yellow, white, or pinkish. Receptacle bristly or naked. Achenes short, glabrous, terete, 10 to 15-ribbed, or 4 or 5 of the ribs stronger than the others, truncate at apex and with an entire or denticulate border. Pappus-bristles soft, scabrous, more or less united at base and falling away together, or with 1 to 4 stronger ones which are more persistent and smoother. (Greek malakos, soft, and thrix, hair, in reference to the long wool on M. californica, type of the genus.) Bracts orbicular or ovate to linear, very obtuse, silvery-scarious with a broad dark median line, imbricated in several series; receptacle with slender persistent bristles; persistent pappus-bristles 1 to 4 1. H.coulteri. Bracts lanceolate to linear, only sparingly imbricated; receptacle with few deciduous bristles or none. Annuals (or M. altissima sometimes biennial). Plants less than 2 ft. high. Persistent pappus-bristles 1 or 2 ; leaves or their lobes narrowly linear to filiform, elongated. Stems scapose, the scapes simple or commonly so, one-headed; leaves all basal; persistent pappus-bristles 2 ; heads large, the outer ligules 7 to 10 lines long 2. M. californica. Stems freely branched, bearing many or numerous heads; leaves mainly basal, some cauline; persistent pappus-bristle 1 ; heads small, the outer ligules 2*6 to 3 lines long 3. M. clevelandii. Persistent 'pappus-bristles none. Margins of leaves with tufts of white wool 4. M. obtusa. Margins of leaves without tufts of wool. Stems sparsely leafy; desert species 5. M. sonchoides. Stems densely leafy throughout; insular or coast species. Involucre 5 to 6 lines high; leaves and their lobes acute 6. M. foliosa. Involucre 2 Vz to 3 lines high ; leaves with their lobes mostly obtuse 7. M. indecora. Plants more than 2 (usually 3 to 6) ft. high 8. M. altissima. Perennials, wholly herbaceous or woody at base; persistent pappus-bristles none; south coast. Herbage essentially glabrous; i'nvolucral bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate 9. M. saxatilis. Herbage densely white-tomentose when young; involucral bracts obtuse, often purplish or pinkish 10. M.incana.

1. M. coulteri Gray. S N A K E ' S HEAD. Stem branching at or above the base, 5 to 14 in. high, the branches bearing mostly single heads; herbage glabrous and glaucescent; basal and lower cauline leaves narrowly oblong, sinuately pinnatifid or toothed, or dentate, 2 to 4 in. long; upper cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate or oblong, irregularly toothed or shallowly pinnatifid, sessile with an auricled or broad base, % to 3 in. long; heads subglobose, % to l 1 /* in. broad; involucres 4 to 7 lines high; bracts silvery-scarious, the linear central portion green (changing to brown), regularly imbricated in several ranks, the short outer ones orbicular, the inner oval to lanceolate or linear; achenes 4 or 5-angled, 15-ribbed, 1 line long, the summit obscurely denticulate by projection of the ribs; pappus white or faintly tawny; with 1 to 4 stouter pappus-bristles persistent.—Sandy valleys, 500 to 7400 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; upper San Joaquin Valley; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. Mar.-May. Var. COGNATA Jepson n. var. Leaves pinnately parted into remote linear-lanceolate divisions.—Santa Cruz Isl. (T. Brandegee, type). 2. M. californica DC. Stems scapose, few to many, diffuse or erect, oneheaded, 3% to 12 in. high, the leaves all basal; herbage remarkably woolly when young, glabrate in age or the wool somewhat persistent on the involucre and often in conspicuous tufts among the leaf bases; leaves laciniately pinnatifid into narrowly linear or almost filiform lobes, 2 to 6 in. long; heads 1 to 1% in. broad; involucres 4 to 6J/4 lines high, their bracts narrowly linear or subulate, in about 3 ranks; bristles of the receptacle delicate, usually

1002

COMPOSITAE

present; flowers canary yellow; achenes narrow, lightly striate, 1% lines long; pappus white or faintly tawny, the outer of 2 persistent bristles and some intervening minute teeth.—Sandy soil, valleys and mesas, 20 to 4500 f t . : Contra Costa Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare and Kern Cos.; coastal S. Cal.; Inyo Co. Apr.-June. Var. G L A B R A T A Eat. Stems usually branched above and bearing several heads; herbage glabrous, except the outer calyculate bracts of the involucre, these sometimes canescently pubescent.—San Bernardino Valley; Riverside; Lakeside; Colorado and Mohave deserts; upper San Joaquin Valley; n. along e. side Sierra Nevada to Lassen Co.; e. to Nev., n. to Ore. (M. glabrata Gray.) 3. M. clevelandii Gray. Stems several to many from the base, erect or ascending, slender, often much branched, 5 to 16 in. high, the leaves mainly in a basal t u f t , the cauline few and often reduced; herbage glabrous throughout; basal leaves linear, remotely pinnatifid, 1 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves scattered, pinnately toothed, denticulate or entire; heads 2% to 3 lines broad, few-flowered; involucres 2% to 3 lines high; bracts linear, the main ones in one rank, the shorter ones somewhat calyculate, in 1 or 2 ranks; corollas yellow; achenes linear, minutely striate-costate, M> to 1 line long; pappus white, mostly deciduous except one persistent bristle and a circle of white setulose teeth.—Open hill or chaparral slopes, 500 to 5000 f t . : common in coastal S. Cal.; infrequent in Sierra Nevada foothills; Lake Co. MayJune.

915. Malacothrix obtusa Benth.; a, habit x Vz ; b, achene and pappus x 4.

4. M. obtusa Benth. Fig. 915. Stems 1 to several from base, paniculatelv branching, 4 to 16 in. high, almost naked, the leaves nearly all basal; basal leaves oblong, dentate or dentate-pinnatifid, % to 3(or 5) in. long, the margin commonly bearing scattered t u f t s of wool; heads 4 to 7 lines broad, numerous; involucres 2 to 3 lines high, their main bracts linear, acuminate, nearly equal, with a few short ones at base, the tips often purplish; corollas pale yellow or white, often pinkish-tinged, 3% to 5 lines long; achenes obovate-oblong, the summit entire, % line long; persistent pappus-bristles none.—Gravelly slopes or loose soil of hillslopes, 500 to 6000 f t . : Santa Barbara Co.; Mt. Pinos; Coast Ranges from San Benito Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Lassen Co. JuneJuly.

5. M. sonchoides T. & G. Stems several from base, ascending, 4 to 11 in. high, freely branching, the leaves chiefly basal, the cauline few and scattered and often reduced; herbage glabrous or early glabrate; basal leaves oblong, sinuately pinnatifid with callus-toothed lobes, 1% to 6 in. long; cauline leaves Vo to 2 in. long; heads 7 to 12 lines broad; involucres about 3 to 4 lines high; bracts linear-acuminate, in about 4 series; flowers fragrant; corollas very bright yellow; achenes 15-striate with 5 of the ribs stronger, % line long, the summit 15-denticulate; persistent pappus-bristles none.—Sandy valleys, 2000 to 5000 f t . : Mohave Desert; Inyo Co.; e. to Ariz., n. to Nev. June. 6. M. folidsa Gray. Stem erect, much branched above, very leafy nearly to the yellow-flowered heads, % to 2 f t . high, arising from an annual root; herbage glabrous; leaves mostly lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid, 2 to 4 in. long, the uppermost reduced; heads numerous, short-peduncled; involucres

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1003

5 to 6 lines high; achenes obscurely 5-angled and 2 or 3-striate between the angles; pappus all deciduous, leaving neither bristles nor crown.—San Clemente and Santa Cruz Isls. 7. M. indecora Greene. Stems several, sometimes diffuse and forming mats 6 in. or less thick, sometimes erect, slender, 4 to 15 in. high; leaves very thick and succulent, oblong to oblanceolate, pinnately lobed, the lobes mostly obtuse; involucres 2% to 3 lines high, imbricate; inner bracts linearlanceolate, green, the outer ones said to be purplish; corollas greenish-yellow, not exceeding the bracts; achenes 5-angled and 2 or 3-striate between the angles, about % line long; pappus all deciduous.—Santa Cruz, San Miguel and San Nicolas Isls. 8. M. altissima Greene. Stem stout, erect, herbaceous, simple below, strict and cymosely branched above, 2% to 6 ft. high, arising from an annual or biennial very long and stout taproot; herbage tomentulose or glabrate; leaves oblong to lanceolate or linear-attenuate, entire or the lower somewhat toothed to parted, 1 to 4 in. long; heads % to 1 (or 2) in. broad; involucres 3% to 4Y2 lines high; bracts in about 4 series, the inner linear-attenuate, the outer short, subulate, passing into the bracts of the peduncle; flowers white or purplish; achenes linear, 1 line long, pubescent with minute short spreading hairs, the sides with 5 strong ribs and 5 to 10 faint intermediate ribs; pappus-bristles deciduous, leaving a narrow white denticulate border.— Tehachapi Range; n. San Luis Obispo Co. June-Aug. 9. M. saxatilis (Nutt.) T. & G. Stems 1 or several from the root-crown, stout, erect, diffuse or decumbent, wholly herbaceous, branched above, densely leafy, % to 2 (or 4) ft. high; herbage somewhat succulent, tomentulose to glabrate; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or some of the lower coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, 1 to 5% in. long; heads % to 1% in. broad; involucres 5 to 7 lines high; bracts in 3 or 4 series, linear-lanceolate, attenuate; corollas white or pinkish; achenes 10 to 15-ribbed, 5 of the ribs stronger than the others, the summit obscurely denticulate; persistent pappus-bristles none.—Along the seacoast: Santa Barbara Co.; Santa Catalina Isl. Yar. T E N U I F 6 L I A Gray. Herbage not succulent; leaves narrowly linear to filiform, entire.—Santa Barbara Co. to Orange Co. Yar. IMPLICA.TA Hall. Stems becoming woody, branching, 5 to 8 in. high, densely leafy above, more or less roughened below by the persistent bases of old leaves; leaves bipinnately parted into filiform or narrowly linear segments, % to 2 in. long; flowers purplish-tinged.—Santa Barbara Isls. (M. implicata Eastw.) 10. M. inc&na T. & G. Stems several from the woody crown of a stout taproot, ascending, branching, densely leafy, 4 to 13 in. high; herbage when young clothed with a dense felt-like white tomentum, the tomentum more or less completely deciduous in age; leaves oblanceolate, tapering to a long narrow base, 1 to 4 in. long, entire to irregularly and shallowly lobed, or the cauline cleft or sometimes parted into remote linear or acute segments; heads V2 to 1% in. broad; involucres 5% to 7 lines high; bracts in about 4 series, often pinkish or purplish, the inner equal, linear-oblong, obtuse, the outer short, ovate, imbricated, passing into the scale-like bracts of the peduncle; corollas lemon-yellow; achenes oblong, 15-striate, % line long; pappusbristles all deciduous.—Along the seacoast: San Luis Obispo Co.; Santa Barbara Co.; Santa Rosa Isl. May-Nov. (M. succulenta Elmer.) 19. A P A K G f D n J M T. & G. Slender glabrous perennial herbs with naked 1-headed scapes and linearlanceolate leaves in a basal tuft from branching rootstocks. Heads nodding in bud, medium-sized. Involucre narrowly campanulate, the bracts lanceolate, acuminate, in several series. Flowers yellow. Receptacle naked. Achenes linear, truncate, 10-nerved. Pappus brownish, of minutely barbellulate bristles, the bristles about 30 to 45, persistent. (Resembling Apargia, a sort of dandelion.) 1. A. boreille T. & G. Scapes slender, 1 or 2 from a tuft of basal leaves, 7 to 14 in. high; leaves entire or remotely denticulate, tapering to a broadish petiole, the whole 5 to 8 in. long; heads 5 to 11 lines broad; involucres 7

1004

COMPOSITAE

lines high; ligules exserted; achenes 2 to 2% lines long; pappus 2 t o 3 lines l o n g — W e t meadows or " p r a i r i e s , " 3500 to 4000 ft., Bald Mt., Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas. 2 0 . TARAXACUM Haller. D A N D E L I O N Perennial or biennial herbs, the leaves in a basal t u f t and the heads solitary and terminal on naked hollow scapes. Leaves pinnatifid or toothed. Flowers yellow. Involucre double, the outer bracts much shorter and in several series, often reflexed or, spreading, the inner bracts in a single row, erect. Receptacle naked. Achenes 4 or 5-ribbed, the ribs roughened or spinulose-muricate a t apex, the body prolonged above into a very slender beak bearing a t apex the copious soft white capillary pappus. (From Greek tarassein, to disturb or alter, in allusion to its supposed effects on the blood in medicine.) Outer involucral bracts linear or lanceolate, reflexed or spreading. Achenes greenish or light brown, the beak 2 to 3 times as long 1. T. vulgare. Achenes red, the beak to 2 times as long 2. T. laevigatum. Outer involucral bracts ovate, erect; achenes light brown, the beak about 2 % times as long 3. T. ceratophorum. 1. T. vulgare (Lam.) Schrank. COMMON DANDELION. Scapes several, erect

or diffuse, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage glabrous or puberulent, a little succulent; leaves oblong or spatulate, sinuate-pinnatifid (and o f t e n with a large terminal lobe) to irregularly dentate, 2 to 11 in. long; inner bracts of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, 5 to 7 lines long; outer ones similar, short, reflexed; flowers yellow; achenes IV2 lines long; beak 3% to 4% lines long; pappus brownish or white, 2% to 3 lines long.—Low wet lands, nat. f r o m E u r . : E u r e k a ; Scott Valley, Siskiyou Co.; Meadow Valley, Plumas Co.; Cisco; Berkeley; Long Beach. (T. officinale Weber. T. dens-leonis Desf.) 2. T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC. RED-SEEDED DANDELION. Similar to no. 1 ; scapes diffuse, 3 to 6 in. high; leaves deeply laciniate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided.—Old gardens and low places, introduced from Eur.: San Francisco Bay region. (T. erythrospermum Andrz.) 3. T. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. var. bernardinum Jepson n. var. Scapes few, ascending or erect, o f t e n somewhat sinuous, 4 to 7 in. high; leaves spatulate to oblong-oblanceolate, subentire to saliently or irregularly dentate, narrowed below to a short petiole, 1% to 5 in. long; inner bracts of involucre lanceolate, the outer short ones ovate, erect or barely spreading; achenes 1 to IV2 lines long; beak to 3% lines long; pappus 2 lines long.—Montane meadows, 7500 to 8200 ft., San Bernardino Mts. (South Fork Mdws., Santa Ana Canon, Hall 7512, t y p e ) . 21. AG6SERIS Raf. Perennial herbs with strong and often deep taproots, or annuals. Stems naked and scape-like, bearing single large heads. Leaves in a basal t u f t , elongated. Flowers yellow. Bracts of the campanulate involucre imbricated, the outer often ovate, passing into the linear or lanceolate inner ones. Receptacle naked. Achenes terete, oblong or fusiform, 10-ribbed, prolonged into a slender or filiform beak. Pappus-bristles fine, copious, white or nearly white, inserted on the dilated apex of the beak. Achenes in f r u i t expanding and forming a globose head, the bracts of the involucre reflexed.—The achene of A. alpestris is not beaked. (Greek agos, chief, and seris, lettuce.) Perennials (or b i e n n i a l s ) . Achenes narrowed at apex but not beaked; montane 1. A. alpestris. Achenes beaked. Leaf-segments retrorse; achenes truncate or slightly cupped, very abruptly beaked; bracts of the involucre in 2 rather unlike sets. . . 2 . A. retrorsa. Leaves entire or toothed or parted, w h e n lobed the segments not retrorse; achenes tapering above into the beak. Beak with nerves of body prolonged to apex 3. A. glauca. Beak nerveless. B o d y of achene equaling or longer than beak. Leaves mostly deeply lobed; coastal 4. A. apargioides. Leaves mostly entire; inner montane 5. A. elata. B o d y of achene usually much shorter than beak.

SUNFLOWER

Annuals

FAMILY

1005

Involucre usually equaling or exceeding the p a p p u s ; heads manyflowered. Ligules commonly much exceeding the involucre. Involucral bracts not "very unlike, mostly oblong, glandular villous; f r u i t i n g heads 7 to 9 lines h i g h . . . . 6. A. hirsuta. Involucral bracts r a t h e r markedly differentiated, the inner long-linear or lanceolate-attenuate, the outer very short, ovate or oblong-lanceolate; f r u i t i n g heads 1 L8 to 1V2 in. h i g h . . . .7. A. grandifiora. Ligules shorter than the involucre or little exceeding it 8. A. plebeia. Involucre little exceeding the beaks of the achenes; heads n a r r o w , relatively few-flowered 9. A. gracilens. 10. A. heterophylla.

1. A. alpistris Greene. Scapes 1 to 3 from the crown of a stout taproot, 2 to 4 in. high; herbage pale, glaucous, glabrous, the stems sometimes a little tomentose; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or remotely toothed or pinnatifid, % to 3 in. long; involucres 5 to 9 lines high, their bracts linear or lanceolate; ligules well-exserted; achenes linear-fusiform, somewhat narrowed at summit but not beaked, 2Vi to 4 lines long; pappus 3% to 4 lines long.-—Montane summits, 7500 to 10,100 f t . : White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Mt. Whitney to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Wash. July-Aug. (A. monticola Greene.) 2. A. retrorsa Greene. Scapes 1 to several from a stout simple or branched root-crown, 6 to 18 in. high; herbage woolly-pubescent when young, the wool more or less deciduous in age; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, pinnately parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate retrorse and more or less remote segments, 3 to 10 in. long; involucres 1 to 1% in. high, in m a t u r i t y about equaling the pappus; bracts of the involucre in 2 rather unlike sets, the inner ones few, linear to linear-attenuate, very widely separated, subglabrous, the outer ones oblong to lanceolate, very much shorter, overlapping or slightly imbricated, persistently soft-ciliate, bearing a broad brown median band; ligules somewhat exceeding the involucre; achenes 2Y2 to 3 lines long, truncate or slightly cupped at the apex, the cup or truncation bearing abruptly a slender beak 7 to 10 lines long; pappus 5 to 8 lines long.—Montane often rocky slopes and flats, 2800 to 8000 f t . : mts. of coastal S. Cal.; San Emigdio Mts.; Tehachapi Range; Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Placer Co.; Coast Ranges from San Carlos Range and Mt. Sanhedrin to Siskiyou Co. June-July. 3. A. glauca (Pursh) Greene var. laciniata (Eat.) Smiley. Scapes slender, erect or at base decumbent, 1 to several from the short branches of the rootcrown, 4 to 15 (or 18) in. high; herbage puberulent to glabrate; leaves exceedingly variable in outline, lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, 5 to 12 in. long; involucres 6 to 7 lines high, their bracts oblong to lanceolate; achenes 2 to 3 lines long, tapering into a stout nervose beak 1 to 2% lines long; pappus white, more or less barbellulate, 4 to 6 lines long.— Montane meadows, 4000 to 7500 f t . : Tulare Co. to Lassen Co., thence w. to Trinity and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to Ore., e. to Rocky Mts. June-Sept. (Troximon glaucum var. laciniatum Gray.) Var. D A S Y C E P H A L A Jepson n. comb. Scapes stout, 7 to 12 in. high; herbage glabrate or somewhat pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire or toothed, 3% to 5% in. long; involucres 9 to 11 lines high, their inner bracts lanceolate, the outer ovate-lanceolate, shorter; achenes fusiform-linear, 3 to 3V& lines long, tapering into a thick nervose beak 1 line long; pappus yellowish white, 5 to 7 lines long.—Montane, 5000 to 10,000 f t . : White Mts.; Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co.; e. to Col., n. to Wash. July. (Troximon glaucum var. dasycephalum T. & G.) 4. A. apargioides Greene. Scapes few to many from the root-crown, erect or ascending, 3 to 7 (or 12) in. high; herbage puberulent to glabrate; leaves oblanceolate, remotely toothed, pinnatifid into slender lobes, or sometimes entire, 2 to 5 1 /; in. long; involucres 5 to 7 lines high, villous-pubescent, their bracts linear-attenuate; ligules well exserted; achenes fusiform, IV2 to 2 lines long, strongly ribbed, tapering into a nerveless beak, the beak shorter than or equaling the body of the achene; pappus white or yellowish white, 2 to 3

1006

COMPOSITAE lines long. — Sandy hills and valleys along t h e coast, 5 to 500 f t . : M a r i n Co. to San L u i s Obispo. Apr.-Aug. 5. A. e l à t a ( N u t t . ) Greene. Scapes stout, 1 to 2 f t . h i g h ; herbage glabrous to puberulent, t h e peduncles tomentulose b e n e a t h t h e h e a d s ; leaves erect, oblanceolate, entire or rarely remotely denticulate, n a r r o w e d below to a petiole, t h e whole 5 to 12 in. long; involucres % to 1 in. h i g h ; b r a c t s lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, little unequal; achenes 4 to 4 % lines long, the b e a k a b o u t % to % as long; p a p p u s 4 lines long.—High m o n t a n e meadows, 6500 to 7000 f t . : L a k e T e n a y a ; F a l l e n Leaf L a k e ; n. to W a s h . (Troximon nuttallii Gray.)

6. A. h i r s ù t a (Hook.) Greene. F i g . 916. Scapes several to m a n y , erect, 5 to 17 in. h i g h ; herbage t h i n l y h i r s u t e or hirsutulose; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, entire to pinnatifid, narrowed below to a petiole, t h e whole 3 to 11 in. long; heads in f r u i t 7 to 9 lines high; involucres 6 to 7 lines high, their b r a c t s in about 2 series b u t not very unequal, „,. . • V- . .„ „ V.MI » oblong to linear, obtuse or acute, vil916. Agoseris hirsuta Greene; a, habit x & '^ ,. ,, > Vt ; b, leaf x Vt ; c, achene with pappus lous-pubescent and otten a little glandx IH ; to 1 Y> in. long; heads rather

1036

COMPOSITAE few, solitary or clustered at the ends of leafy branchlets, naked or with a few small foliaceous bracts; involucres campanulate, to 4 lines high, their bracts oblong to lanceolate; rays yellow; achenes villous, the outer pappus of narrow scales.— Montane, 3600 to 5800 f t . : Placer Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to B . C., e. to M i n n , a n d T e x . J u n e . V a r . BOLANDERI G r a y . F i g . 9 3 1 . S t e m s l o w , 3 t o

12 in. high, rather stout, several from the woody base; herbage villous-pubescent and often scabrous, greenish or sometimes silky; leaves oblong-spatulate, mucronate, narrowed below to a distinct petiole or, the upper sessile and less spatulate, or widest at the middle and tapering to both ends, mostly 1 in. long; heads 5 to 7 lines high, leafy-bracted, solitary or few in a corymbose cluster; involucres campanulate or cylindriccampanulate, their bracts lanceolate or subulate, villous-pubeseent, in a few ranks; rays 4 to 6 lines long; pappus-bristles minutely scabrous, in a single row; outer pappus of little 9 3 1 . Chrysopsis villosa var. bolanderi Gray; scales; achene silky, % line long.— a, fl. stem x % ; 6, head x 1 ; e, disk-fl. x 2 ; Dry hillsides or rocky hilltops near d, ray-fl. x 2. the coast: San Bruno Hills; San Francisco; Berkeley Hills and northward to the ocean bluffs of Mendocino Co., where it occurs in typical form. June-Sept. "Var. ECHIOIDES Gray. Stems rigid, erect, 10 to 16 in. or even 2 % f t . high, usually suffrutescent at base; herbage densely hirsute-canescent; leaves rigidulous, % in. long, the lowermost longer; involucral bracts hispid-pubescent, the foliose bracts often hispid-ciliolate; pappus-bristles in a single row; outer pappus consisting of very short little scales, not concealed by the pubescence of the achene.—Dry ground: Y a c a Mts. and s. through the San Joaquin Valley and South Coast Ranges to San Diego Co. Var. SESSILIFL6RA Gray. Stems few or several from a woody root-crown, 1 % to 2 ft. high, freely branching above, the heads 4 to 5 lines high and solitary, or 2 or 3 together at the ends of long branchlets; herbage hispid or villous-canescent or greenish, somewhat viscid; bracts sparsely hirsute, granulose-glandular; rays 3 to 4 lines long; corolla-tube 4-angled toward the base; slender little scales of the outer pappus often con' cealed by the densely villous hairs clothing the achene.—Santa Cruz Mts. and s. to coastal S. Cal. Var. FAST(GIATA Hall. Stems densely leafy above the base; leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, mucronate, silky-tomentose, especially beneath, sessile, 5 to 11 lines long; outer pappus sometimes present as short bristles.—Rocky washes or dry slopes, San Gabriel Mts.; also in the Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co. (C. fastigiata Greene.) Var. CAMPHORATA Jepson n. comb. Stems many from a woody root-crown, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage densely glandular, somewhat hirsute; leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads rather few, cymose-paniculate; foliaceous bracts usually several, small; involucres turbinate to campanulate; achenes villous, the outer pappus of narrow scales.—Santa Cruz Mts. J u l y . (C. camphorata Eastw.) 2. O. oregana Gray. Stems several from the base, very freely and often densely branched, the branchlets often long, forming a low bush 1 % to 2 f t . high; herbage hirsute with spreading white hairs but the aspect green; leaves oblong to lanceolate, ascending, % to 1 % in. long, those of the branchlets 3 to 6 lines long; heads few or numerous, naked, the peduncles with 1 or 2 subulate bracts; bracts linear-lanceolate, in several series; corolla very

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1037

slender, sparingly hirsute about the middle or on the lobes only; outer pappus none; achenes oblong.—Gravelly beds of streams in the Coast Ranges, 100 to 1200 f t . : Santa Clara Co. to Lake Co.; n. to Ore. Aug.-Sept. Var. Rfrms Jepson. Stems 8 to 24 in. high, arising f r o m a stolon-like rootstock, simple below and bearing above a subcorymbose or paniculate cluster of heads; herbage hispid-pubescent, b u t not hoary, glandular; leaves narrowly oblong, varying to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cuspidate, the lower more often widest above the middle, % in. long; involucre nearly or quite equaling the flowers, its bracts scarious-margined, 1-nerved.—Sandstone stream beds: Napa Valley. Sept.-Oct. Var. SCABERRIMA Gray. Leaves small, these and the branches very hispid-scabrous.-—Monterey Co.; Tulare Co. J u n e . 3. C. brfrweri Gray. Stems erect from a hard root-crown, slender, very leafy, corymbosely branched above with erect or suberect branches, 1% to 2% f t . high; herbage puberulent, commonly a little glandular; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, sessile, % to 1% in. long; heads broadly turbinate, on naked or leafy-bracteate peduncles a t the ends of the branchlets; involucres 3 to 4 lines long; involucral bracts few, rather broadly lanceolate, in 2 series, little exceeding the achenes; rays none; flowers yellow; aehenes strigose-pubescent; pappus much exceeding the involucre, the outer pappus setulose.—Montane, 5000 to 9500 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Nevada Co. July-Aug. Var. MULTIBRACTEATA Jepson n. var. Bracts narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes contracted above the middle, about 3-ranked.—Siskiyou Co. (Sisson, J . W. Congdon, type). Aug. 4. C. shastensis Jepson n. sp. Stems freely branched, leafy, about 1 f t . high; stems, branches ana peduncles pilose with spreading gland-tipped hairs; leaves ovate, sessile, 7 to 13 lines long, subacute; heads terminating the branchlets and thus corymbosely arranged, the peduncles % to 2 in. long, mostly naked; involucres 4 lines high, their bracts oblong-oblanceolate, acute, somewhat chartaceous, pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; rays none; flowers apparently reddish brown; achenes striately angled, pubescent with ascending gland-tipped hairs; pappus much exceeding the involucres in mature heads.—Mt. Shasta (Horse Camp, 8000 f t . , Jepson 51i, type). C. WRIGHTII Gray. Herbage pubescent with fine soft hairs; involucral bracts all partly herbaceous, the inner ones nearly equaling the flowers; rays lacking; corolla-limb slightly hairy outside; outer pappus obscure; inner pappus extremely copious (ex char.).—San Bernardino Mts. (acc. Gray), but not recollected. 48. HfiTEROTHiJCA Cass. Tall hairy herbs with heads of yellow flowers in a terminal corymbose panicle. Involucre broadly oblong (or ovate in f r u i t ) , its narrow bracts closely imbricated in many series, without spreading tips. Both ray- and disk-flowers numerous and fertile. Bay-achenes triangular, with broad sides and narrow b a c k ; pappus none or caducous. Diskachenes compressed, silky-hirsute; pappus double, the copious inner bristles long, capillary and scabrous, the outer of short and stout bristles or scales or inconspicuous. (Greek heteros, different, and theke, a case or ovary, the achenes of disk and ray dissimilar.)

1038

COMPOSITAE

1. H. grandiflòra N u t t . Fig. 932. Stem mostly simple below, 2 to 5 f t . high, ending above in a panicle; peduncles with gland-tipped hairs; leaves ovate, varying to elliptic or oblong, serrate, 1 to 3 in. long, the lower and basal long-petioled, the upper sessile by a rather broad base; heads rather large (4 or 5 lines h i g h ) ; rays about 30; pappus of disk-flowers as long as or longer than the achene, in age brick-red ; outer pappus inconspicuous.—Sandy valleys, 20 to 1200 f t . : coastal S. Cai.; n. to the San Joaquin and Santa Clara valleys. May-Oct. 49. CONtZA Less. Ours herbs with rather small heads borne in cymes, racemes or panicles. Heads composed of numerous pistillate flowers and a few central perfect flowers. Bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series, linear, membranous-margined in ours. Flowers dull white or yellowish. Pistillate flowers fertile, in 2 or 3 outer circles; corollas filiform and merely 2 to 4-notched at apex or truncate, much shorter than the style. P e r f e c t flowers few, central, mostly f e r t i l e ; corolla tubular-funnelform, 5-lobed, little shorter t h a n the style. Bays none. Achenes small, compressed. Pappus commonly a single series of a few capillary bristles. (Greek name f o r fleabane, supposedly from konops, a flea.) 1. C. còulteri Gray. Annual; stem erect, simple below, paniculately branched above, 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage hirsute and glandular-puberulent; leaves narrowly obovate to oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, unequal and often coarsely serrate or pinnatifid, sessile or somewhat clasping, % to 2% in. long; panicle ample, 8 to 24 in. long; heads 2 lines high, the involucre shorter t h a n the soft pappus; corolla of pistillate flowers with entire apex, about % as long as the style; perfect flowers 5 to 7.—Moist valley flats, commonly in alkaline soil, 190 to 1200 f t . : coastal S. Cai.; Colorado Desert; K e r n Lake, upper San Joaquin Valley; Santa Clara Valley; Santa Rosa; lower San Joaquin Eiver; lone; Nev. to Col. and Mex. Sept. 50. PENTACHAÈTA N u t t . Low and very slender annuals with narrowly linear entire leaves. Heads small, solitary, or somewhat clustered a t the ends of more or less naked branches, nodding in the bud. Receptacle convex. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, narrowly oblong, thin, scarious-margined, mucronulate, appressed. Disk-corollas yellow or rose-red, very slender; rays white, pink or yellow, or none. Achenes oblong, flattened, hirsute-pubescent. Pappus of 5 slender bristles, often with 2 reduced or wanting, or all obsolete. (Greek pente, five, and chaite, a bristle, in allusion to the pappus.) Flowers of the ray white or purple-tinged or wanting; disk-corollas yellow or reddish, or changing to purple in age. Disk-corollas yellow ; herbage glabrous ; stem simple or with 1 or 2 branches near the base 1. P.bellidifiora. Bisk-corollas rose-red or reddish; herbage more or less pubescent. Disk-corollas urnshaped-campanulate ; stem simple or with simple branches from the base, erect; peduncles white-villous beneath the head. . . .2. P. exilis. Corollas all filiform, truncate or merely toothed at apex; stem dichotomous, and disposed to be diffuse; peduncles with somewhat scattered hairs 3. P. alsinoides. Flowers of both ray and disk golden yellow (rays occasionally yellow only at base in P. aurea) ; heads 4 to 12 lines broad. Involucre glabrous. Bracts of involucre very unequal ; leaves narrowly linear to filiform... 4. P. aurea. Bracts of involucre equal; leaves oblong to spatulate 5. P. fragili*. Involucre pubescent 6. P . lyonii.

1. P. béllidiflòra Greene. Stems simple or sparsely branched near the base, reddish, 3 to 4 in. high; herbage glabrous; heads 4 to 7 lines broad, solitary, terminating the stems or branches; involucres broadly campanulate, 2 to 2% lines high; bracts oblong, acute or mucronate, purplish, equal; rays 2 to 14, white, 1 to 2 lines long; pappus bristles 5.—Marin Co. Apr. 2. P. exilis Gray. Fig. 933. Stem simple or branched f r o m the base with erect branches, 2% to 4 in. high, the heads solitary on the end of the stem or branches; herbage purplish; leaves filiform or nearly so, 3 to 12 lines long;

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1039

involucres narrowly campanulate, 2 lines high; disk-corollas rose-red, widening upward, the throat evidently contracted beneath the minute teeth, the 3 to 5 outer or ray-flowers with the corolla reduced to a filiform tube, the tube truncate or merely toothed at apex; achenes oblong-turbinate, villous; pappus reduced to 3 or 5 short cusps or sometimes abortive.—Hillslopes or valley flats, 100 to 1500 f t . : Salinas Valley to Eldorado Co. Apr.-May. (Aphantochaeta exilis Gray.) Var. GRAYI Jepson n. comb. Heads broadly campanulate; rays 8 to 14, 2 lines long; pappus-bristles 3 to 5.—Dry hills, Santa Clara Co. to Sonoma Co. (P. exilis Grav, Syn. Fl.) 3. P. alsinoides Greene. Stems diffusely and somewhat dichotomously branching, 2 to 5 in. high; leaves narrowly linear, 4 to 11 lines long; involucres narrowly turbinate, 1 to 1 Vi lines high, containing 3 to 7 flowers; involucral bracts 5 to 7 or 9; disk-corollas filiform, with minute teeth; rays none; achenes obovate-clavate; pappus-bristles 3, very slender.—Foothills, 50 to 1000 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to Humboldt Co.; Eldorado Co. Apr.-May. 4. P. ¿urea N u t t . Stem very diffusely a, habit x 73; b, b r a c t of invobranched or nearly simple, 3 to 12 in. high; l u c r e x 4 ; c, fl. x 4. herbage glabrous or minutely and sparsely pubescent; leaves filiform to narrowly linear, % to 1% in. long; heads 7 to 11 lines broad; involucres nearly hemispheric, 2*4 to 3 lines high; involucral bracts imbricated, broadly linear or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with scarious margins; rays golden yellow, conspicuous, 2 to 3 lines long; diskcorollas slightly irregular; pappus-bristles 5 to 8.—Hills and valley flats, 200 to 5000 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co.; e. to west side Colorado Desert. Apr.-July. 5. P. fragilis Bdg. Stems wiry, diffusely branched from the base, 2 to 4 in. high; leaves oblong to spatulate, ciliate, 1 to 3 lines long; heads 4 to 5 lines broad, solitary a t the ends of the branches; involucres broadly campanulate, 2 lines high; involucral bracts oblong, equal, scarious-margined, ciliate and somewhat fringed a t tip; ray-flowers yellow; pappus-bristles 7 to 12, scabrous, very fragile.—Montane, 2500 to 4000 ft., Sierra Nevada in K e r n Co. June. 6. P. lydnii Gray. Stem erect, simple below or branched throughout, % to 1%. f t . high; herbage lightly pubescent to glabrate; leaves narrowly linear, to 2 in. long; heads solitary on the ends of the corymbose branches, 6 to 8 lines broad; involucre 1% to 2% lines high, hirsute; involucral bracts linear, acute to subulate-acuminate, with scarious margins; flowers goldenyellow; pappus-bristles 8 to 12, somewhat dilated a t base.—S. Cal. coast line: San Diego; Wilmington; Santa Catalina Isl. 51. B f i L L I S L . DAISY

Low herbs with (in ours) basal leaves and solitary heads on scape-like peduncles. Disk yellow. Rays white, or tinged with pink. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts wholly herbaceous and green, equal, in 2 rows. Receptacle conical. Achenes flattened, without pappus. (Latin bellus, pretty.) 1. B. perinnis L. GARDEN D A I S Y . T u f t e d perennial; scapes 3 to 6 in. high; leaves obovate, sparingly toothed, narrowed at base to a margined petiole, 1 to 1% in. long; peduncle about 4 in. high; rays about 50.—Native of Eur., an occasional escape from gardens: Berkeley; Mill Valley; established about Humboldt Bay and Trinidad.

1040

COMPOSITAE

52. L E S S i N G I A Cham. A n n u a l s w i t h b r a n c h i n g stems and commonly panicled heads. H e a d s r a t h e r small, c a m p a n u l a t e to t u r b i n a t e , usually narrow, 5 to 35-flowered. B r a c t s of t h e involucre imbricated in several appressed r a n k s . Eeceptacle flat. Flowers yellow, purplish, p i n k or white, p e r f e c t . Corollas w i t h linear lobes, or those of t h e m a r g i n a l rows enlarged, more deeply c l e f t on t h e inside, and s i m u l a t i n g a p a l m a t e l y lobed ligule. Achenes all f e r t i l e , t u r b i n a t e or cuneate, more or less flattened, silky-villous. P a p p u s commonly of numerous unequal scabrous bristles, usually t u r n i n g reddish brown. ( N a m e d f o r t h e Lessings, German f a m i l y of scientists a n d authors.) Style-branches long-subulate, the hairs distributed all along the appendages. Flowers yellow; plants spreading, much branched; upper leaves and involucral bracts margined with large yellowish glands ; 1. L. lemmoni. Flowers pale blue or purplish; plants less branched, rather fastigiate; upper leaves and involucral bracts scarcely glandular-puberulent 2. L. faatigiata. Style-branches blunt, the hairs crowded in penicillate t u f t s at the ends with a slender setiform appendage sometimes protruding. Distinct tack-like glands none. Plants with stems erect or n o n e ; apparently not glandular. Stems slender, Vz to 2 ft. high; branches rigid, rather fastigiate. Inflorescence paniculate 3. L. leptoclada. Inflorescence virgate 4. L. virgata. Stout depressed dwarfs, % to 2 in. high 5. L. nana. P l a n t s with stems spreading or ascending; bracts and branchlets somewhat glandular-puberulent beneath tomentum. Tomentum becoming for most part deciduous 6. L. germanorum. Tomentum persistent or partially deciduous on involucral bracts 7. L. tenuis. Distinct tack-like glands on leaf and bract margins. Outer corollas exceeding inner, irregularly cleft 8. L. glandulifera. Corollas equal, all nearly regular 9. L. ramulosa.

1. L. lemmoni Gray. Stem diffusely b r a n c h e d f r o m base, 3 to 8 in. h i g h ; herbage persistently tomentose, t h e b r a c t s and upper leaves b e a r i n g yellowish glands on t h e m a r g i n s ; leaves oblong to linear, entire, % to % in. long; heads t e r m i n a t i n g t h e b r a n c h l e t s ; involucres t u r b i n a t e , t h e b r a c t s oblong, obtuse; flowers yellow, t h e outer larger t h a n t h e i n n e r ; style-branches long-subulate; achenes white-villous, t h e pappus brownish.—Desert flats, 2000 to 4000 f t . : M t . P i n o s ; M o h a v e Desert (Bissel sta., K r a m e r sta., I n d i a n W e l l s ) ; I n y o Co. ( L i t t l e Owens L a k e , B i s h o p ) ; e. to Ariz. J u n e . 2. L. fastigi&ta Greene. Stems 1 to several, r a t h e r slender, strict, mainly erect, somewhat f a s t i g i a t e l y b r a n c h e d a t or above t h e middle, 3 to 10 in. high; h e r b a g e tomentose below, becoming more or less deciduous above and scarcely g l a n d u l a r - p u b e r u l e n t ; leaves oblanceolate to oblong, p u n g e n t l y acute, entire or somewhat s e r r a t e , 4 to 14 lines long; heads solitary, or 2 or 3, a t t h e ends of t h e rigidly filiform branchlets.—Grassy flats, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. to B u t t e Co. 3. L . Iept6clada Gray. Stem simple below, b r a n c h i n g above, % to 2 f t . high; herbage tomentose or becoming p a r t i a l l y g l a b r a t e ; lower leaves denticulate, those of t h e b r a n c h l e t s o v a t e or lanceolate, acute, sometimes mucron a t e , w i t h somewhat s a g i t t a t e l y a d n a t e b a s e ; b r a n c h l e t s v i r g a t e and almost filiform, b e a r i n g f e w (sometimes glomerate) or solitary heads; involucres t u r b i n a t e ; b r a c t s in m a n y r a n k s , p e r s i s t e n t l y tomentose, greenish a t t i p and cuspidate; corollas conspicuously e x s e r t e d ; style-branches b l u n t l y penicillate, only t h e tips barely exserted a t a n t h e s i s ; pappus-awns paleaceous or more or less u n i t e d into groups a t base.—Open slopes and grassy flats, 1100 to 5000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Eldorado Co. to Tulare Co.; Coast E a n g e s f r o m M a r i n Co. to S a n t a Clara Co. Var. HOLOLEtrcA Jepson n. comb. I n n e r involucral b r a c t s not cuspidate or less evidently so; cauline leaves mainly ovate, more u n i f o r m l y m u c r o n a t e t h a n in species.—Pastures, San Mateo Co. to Sonoma and Yolo Cos. (L. hololeuca Greene.) 4. L. virgUta Gray. P l a n t 1 f t . high, w i t h stem and v i r g a t e b r a n c h e s r i g i d ; herbage woolly, becoming somewhat g l a b r a t e ; leaves ovate or oblong, sessile, entire, % to % in. long, t h e upper appressed, concave, c a r i n a t e l y n e r v e d ; heads solitary and sessile in t h e axil of a leaf of n e a r l y t h e same length, t h u s f o r m i n g a somewhat spicate inflorescence; involucres cylin-

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1041

drical, woolly, 5 to 7-flowered.—Plains and bordering foothills of the Great Valley. June-Sept. 5. L. nana Gray. Depressed dwarf 3/2 to 2*4 in. high, the whole plant densely tomentose with thick wool; stems 1 or several f r o m the base, the heads borne a t the ground or in small terminal clusters; heads 10 to 12flowered, 5 to 6 lines long, leafy-bracted; leaves oblanceolate to linear, % to i y 2 in. long; outer bracts of involucre linear-lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous; inner bracts white, tapering into a long pearly white awn which conspicuously equals or exceeds the flowers and the pappus; pappus showy, dark red or brownish; achenes very short and turgid.—Sandy plains and foothills on the eastern side of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, 200 to 1000 ft., f r o m Amador Co. to Kern Co. July-Aug. (L. parryi Greene.) 6. L. germanorum Cham. Stem diffusely branched or erect, % to 1% f t . high; herbage with appressed white tomentum, mainly deciduous in age, at least on the branches, the exposed surface puberulent, only slightly glandular; leaves pinnatifid, those of the branchlets oblanceolate or linear, mostly entire, 1 to 4 lines long; heads 21 to 25-flowered; involucres hemispherical; involucral bracts with greenish tips or the outer ones wholly greenish; pappus-bristles about 35, 1 to 1% times as long as the achene.—Sandy hills along the coast: San Francisco to San Luis Obispo Co. Aug.-Oet. 7. L. tenuis Cov. Stems somewhat flexuous and diffuse, flowering when simple or little branched and 1 to 3 in. high, or increasing to 8 in. high and becoming much branched and spreading; herbage mainly tomentose, the partially exposed branchlets and involucres glandular-puberulent; leaves oblong or spatulate, entire or the lower sometimes pinnately lobed or p a r t e d ; corollas variable, purple or yellow, or the inner yellow and outer pink, subregular; pappus-bristles about 20.—Montane, 2500 to 5300 f t . : San Benito Co. to n. Ventura Co. June. (L. ramulosa var. tenuis Gray.) Var. JAK£DII Jepson n. var. Stems a little stouter; leaves more uniformly pinnately toothed to parted; corollas yellow, the marginal ones the larger; pappus of 5 to 8 paleaceous awns.—San Luis Obispo Co. (Estrella, L. Jared, type). June. (L. parvula Greene in part.) 8. L. glandulifera Gray. Stem erect, stoutish, paniculately very much branched, 1 to 2% f t . high; herbage glabrate or the leaves with persistent wool; leaves of the main stem or main branches ovate to oblanceolate, toothed or cleft, % to 1 in. long, those of the branchlets numerous, sometimes crowded, ovate to linear, white-woolly or green, % to 2 lines long, with the margin bearing yellowish tack-shaped glands; involucres broadly turbinate to campanulate, their bracts gland-bearing; heads 20 to 35-flowered; pappus-bristles of inner flowers as long, of outer flowers shorter than corolla.—Plains and montane flats, 10 to 5000 f t . : inner South Coast Eanges; San Joaquin Valley; Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; coastal S. Cal. July-Sept. Var. PECTINATA Jepson n. comb. Leaves pinnatifid with toothed segments; herbage very glabrate.—Monterey. (L. pectinata Greene.) Var. A L B I F L 6 B A Jepson ii. comb. Divaricately spreading, about Vi f t . high and 1% f t . across; flowers white, about 8 in each head.—Rose sta., K e r n Co. (L. albiflora Eastw.) 9. L. ramulosa Gray. Stems slender, % to 1% f t . high, loosely branching, granulose-glandular above or with minute tack-shaped glands; herbage tomentose to glabrate; lowest leaves spatulate or oblong, denticulate or entire, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire, those of the brancjilets with partly clasping base; heads 10 to 25-flowered, 3 to 4 lines long, terminating diffuse slender branchlets; involucres t u r b i n a t e or campanulate; corollas short, purple; pappus-bristles longer t h a n the achene, 20 or more, paleaceous or more or less coalescent at base into sets.—Dry hills, 50 to 1500 f t . : Coast Eanges from Santa Clara and Marin Cos. to Mendocino Co. July-Sept. Var. A D E N 6 P H O R A Gray. Upper herbage with tack-shaped glands more conspicuous; pappus-bristles in 5 paleaceous-aristiform sets or reduced to 5 awns.—North Coast Eanges in northern N a p a Co., Lake and Colusa Cos. July-Aug. Var. MICROCEPHALA Jepson n. comb. Stems and branchlets exceedingly slender, strict; upper leaves scale-like; heads very small, 3 to 5-flowered.— Foothills: Antioch; Eldorado Co. Aug. (L. leptoclada var. microcephala Gray. L. nemoclada Greene.)

1042

COMPOSITAE

53. C6EETHR6GYNE DC. Perennial herbs, some resembling Lessingia, others Aster, b u t flowering in late spring or summer. Herbage whitened when young with a cotton-like tomentum, which is often deciduous in age. Heads radiate, solitary or corymbose or paniculate. Involucre hemispherical to turbinate, imbricated. Receptacle pitted. Bays purple, lavender or violet. Disk-flowers yellow. Kayflowers sterile. Style-appendages comose or with a bearded t u f t . Achenes silky or pubescent. Pappus reddish brown, of rigid capillary bristles, present in the disk, reduced or none in the ray. (Greek korethron, besom, and gune, style, on account of the brush-like t u f t of hairs on the style tips.) Stems decumbent or prostrate, flexuous. Heads 9 to 19 lines broad, including r a y s ; style-branches completely exserted at height of anthesis 1. C. californica. H e a d s 6 to 9 lines broad, including rays; style-branches only partially exserted at height of anthesis 2. G. leucophylla. Stems ascending to strictly erect; style-branches only partially exserted during a n t h e s i s . . . . 3. C. filaginifolia.

1. C. calif6rnica DC. Stems mostly prostrate or decumbent at base, densely leafy below, simple or somewhat branched, % to 1% f t . high; herbage white with dense cottony tomentum, this deciduous f r o m the upper parts of the plant and exposing the glandular-puberulent surface; leaves spatulate to obovate, narrowed to a distinct petiole, entire or serrate toward the apex, % to 2 in. long, or the uppermost becoming reduced and bract-like; heads solitary on somewhat flexuous scape-like peduncles a t the ends of the stems and branches; involucre campanulate, 4 to lines high, the outer bracts largely herbaceous; rays deep purple to lilac, 6 to 7 lines long, their minute sterile achenes bearing a pappus one or more of whose divisions are often developed in various paleaceous forms simulating inner b r a c t s ; style-branches densely comose, completely exserted at height of anthesis; pappus reddish brown.—-Along the coast f r o m San Mateo Co. to Humboldt Co. May-Aug. (C. obovata Benth. C. californica var. obovata Jepson.) 2. C. leucophylla Menzies. Depressed somewhat scraggly plant, the decumbent stems V2 to 1 f t . long, bearing numerous ovate-spatulate leaves % in. long or less; herbage persistently white-woolly, the involucres less densely so; heads 6 to 9 lines broad; rays purple; style-branches densely comose, partially exserted during anthesis.—Sand dunes by the sea at Monterey: Pacific Grove; P t . Pinos; Asilomar. 3. C. filaglnifdlia (H. & A.) N u t t . Stems several f r o m the root-crown, slender, flexuous, decumbent at base, commonly ascending, % to 1% f t . high; tomentum o f t e n floccose-deciduous, the exposed surface scarcely or not at all glandular; leaves broadly oblanceolate, sharply serrate a t apex or above the middle, gradually narrowed to a petiole, the whole 1 to 3 in. long; heads % to 1 in. broad, solitary on the ends of the paniculate branchlets; involucres campanulate to turbinate, 3 to 5 lines long, the tomentum deciduous or mainly so; rays purple or violet.—Hillsides near the sea and ocean bluffs, Monterey Co. to San Diego. May-Sept. The species and its varieties are differentiated in the following key: Inflorescence scarcely or not at all glandular; involucres campanulate to turbinate. Involucres with tomentum deciduous C. filaginifolia. Involucres with tomentum persistent. Inflorescence open-paniculate var. linifolia. Inflorescence contracted-paniculate var. latifolia. Inflorescence markedly glandular-puberulent. Involucres campanulate to turbinate. Inflorescence paniculate var. rigida. Inflorescence contracted-paniculate to virgate; heads 1 to several in axils of upper leaves var. glomerata. Involucres hemispheric; inflorescence paniculate; typical var. pacifica.

Var. LINIF6LIA Hall. Herbage paler where tomentum is shed, scarcely if at all glandular; involucral bracts, or a t least the tips, persistently woolly.—• Foothills, 1000 to 3000 f t . : both sides of the San Joaquin Valley; coastal S. Cal. Var. LATIF6LIA Hall. Herbage densely and persistently tomentose including the involucres; inflorescence contracted-paniculate; involucres turbinate, the bracts in about 5 series.—Montane, about 5000 f t . : San Bernardino

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1043

Mts.; s. to Méx. Var. RÍGIDA Gray. Stems several, erect or ascending, 10 to 20 in. high; herbage similar to the species; heads uniformly smaller, 6 to 8 lines broad; involucres campanulate, the tips of the bracts sometimes becoming recurved.—Sandy hills and dry cañón sides, 300 to 6000 ft.: South Coast Ranges; mts. of coastal S. Cal.; s. Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. (C. filaginifolia var. virgata Gray. C. viscidula Greene. C. viscidula var. greenei Jepson.) Var. GLOMERÁTA Hall. Herbage densely tomentose except the glandular green-tipped involucral bracts; inflorescence virgate, the heads solitary on short peduncles along the axis or 2 to several in the axils of the scarcely reduced upper leaves.—Montane: San Bernardino Mts.; Tehachapi Mts. Var. PACÍFICA Hall. Stems several to many, stout, erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, simple or fastigiately branching with the branchlets of the inflorescence more spreading; herbage with floccose tomentum, deciduous from inflorescence at time of flowering, the exposed surface viscid, glandular-puberulent; involucres hemispheric; heads 8 to 12 lines broad; rays bluish purple.—Near the seashore, San Diego Co. (C. incana Nutt.) 54. PSILÁCTIS Gray Branching annual. Heads rather small, hemispheric, radiate, solitary or loosely cymose. Involucral bracts unequal, closely imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Bay-flowers pistillate, fertile or often infertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. Achenes compressed, pubescent. Pappus of ray-flowers none or an obscure ring; pappus of disk-flowers a row of slender bristles. (Greek psilos, naked, and actis, ray, the ray flowers without pappus.) 1. P. coulteri Gray. Stem freely branched at or just above the base, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves oblong to linear in outline, sharply toothed to pinnatifld, 5 to 14 lines long, sessile by a broad base or the lowermost petioled, those of the branchlets reduced to 2 to 4 lines; involucres l1/^ lines high; bracts narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the inner ones whitish below; rays numerous, lavender; disk-flowers yellow; achenes linear, those of the disk with many unequal pappus-bristles.—Sandy alkaline flats, 1800 to 2200 ft.: Mohave Desert; e. to Nev. and Ariz., thence s. to Mex. May. 55. MONÓPTILON T. & G. Low or depressed annuals with hirsute herbage. Leaves linear-oblanceolate or spatulate, entire, borne in a basal rosette and along the branches. Heads radiate, daisy-like in appearance, solitary on the ends of the branchlets or somewhat clustered. Involucre campanulate, its bracts linear, equal, hirsute. Receptacle flat. Bay-corollas white, sometimes violet or rose-tinged; diskcorollas yellow, the throat cylindvie, 4 times as long as the short proper tube. Achenes narrowly obovate, compressed, marginally nerved, pubescent. Pappus present, alike in ray and disk, consisting of 1 to 12 awns, the paleae laciniate or none. (Greek monos, one, and ptilon, feather, in allusion to the solitary plumose bristle of the first species.) Pappus

a circle of very minute scales a n d 1 bristle -which is conspicuously plumose a b o v e ; corolla throat hairy on lower part 1 . M. bellidiforme. P a p p u s a w n s 1 to 1 2 , not plumose, a l t e r n a t i n g with shorter deeply l a c i n i a t e or lacerate p a l e a e ; corolla t h r o a t glabrous or n e a r l y so 2. M. bellioides.

1. M. béllidifórme T. & G. Stem with several ascending or spreading branches from the base, the branches % to 2 % in. long; leaves 1 to 6 lines long; heads 3 to 8 lines broad; pappus-bristle nearly as V rf £ l°nn£ a J C l r ^ T D , e , S e , r t i1211® a n d m ® sas > 934. Monoptilon bellioides Hall; a, habit x 2000 to 4000 ft.: Mohave Desert; Inyo y2 ; b, basal leaf x 1; c, invol. bract x 1 ; Co.; e. to Utah. Apr.-May. d, ray-fl. x lYz ; «, achene and pappus x 3.

1044

COMPOSITAE

2 . M. Wllioldes ( G r a y ) Hall. Tig. 934. D E S E R T S T A R . Stems b r a n c h i n g a t or n e a r t h e base, t h e branches a s c e n d i n g or widely spreading, % to 4 in. long; leaves 1 to 7 lines long; heads 4 to 8 lines b r o a d ; pappus-bristies about y 2 as long as corolla.—Desert flats and mesas, 100 to 3000 f t . : Colorado D e s e r t ; e. Mohave D e s e r t ; I n y o Co.; e. to U t a h a n d Ariz. M a r .-May. ( E r e m i a s t r u m bellioides Gray.)

56. SFISICOCABPUS N e e s P e r e n n i a l h e r b s w i t h erect l e a f y stems. H e a d s small, few-flowered, r a d i a t e , usually fascicled in t e r m i n a l compact cymes. Flowers white, or t h e disk-flowers becoming purplish. B r a c t s of t h e involucre closely i m b r i c a t e d , whitish or coriaceous, green-tipped. Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers 5 (or 6 ) ; diskflowers 8 to 16. Achenes narrow, a little compressed, 2-nerved, silky-pubescent. P a p p u s of numerous unequal scabrous bristles. (Greek serikos, silky, and karpos, f r u i t . ) 1. S. r i g i d u s Lindl. Stems erect, simple below t h e cymose inflorescence, 1 to 3% f t . high, arising f r o m a stoutish r o o t s t o c k ; herbage scabrous-puberul e n t ; leaves commonly oblong, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or nearly so, sessile or t h e lower narrowed to a margined petiole, 1 to 4 in. long; heads somewhat t u r b i n a t e , 3 to 5 % lines high, crowded, glomerate, a b o u t 15-flowered; involucral b r a c t s linear, 1-nerved, t h e tips slightly s p r e a d i n g ; r a y s 1% to 2 (or 3) lines long; achenes c l a v a t e ; pappus white.—Open mont a n e or openly wooded slopes, (500 or) 3500 to 7000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Eldorado a n d P l u m a s Cos.; H u m b o l d t Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash. July-Oct. 57. TOWNSFINDIA Hook. Low t u f t e d herbs w i t h e n t i r e leaves. H e a d s large, b r o a d l y hemispheric, in ours solitary on scape-like peduncles. R a y s purplish t h e disk-flowers yellow. Involucral b r a c t s lanceolate* w i t h scarious-ciliate margins. Receptacle areolate. Achenes obovate or oblong, strongly compressed, pubescent, w i t h thickened or callous margins. P a p p u s a single series of bristles or in t h e r a y reduced to small scales or paleae. (David Townsend, botanical associate of Dr. Wm. D a r l i n g t o n , f a m o u s early b o t a n i s t of P e n n s y l v a n i a . ) 1. T. scapigera E a t . A n n u a l or b i e n n i a l ; p l a n t s % to 2 in. high; h e r b a g e h i r s u t e ; basal leaves s p a t u l a t e , d r a w n down to a long narrowed base or petiole, t h e whole 6 to 13 lines long, t h e s p a t u l a t e portion mostly a b o u t 2 to 4 lines long; involucral b r a c t s linear to broadly lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines l o n g ; rays 3% lines long; b o t h disk- a n d ray-achenes w i t h pappus-bristles, t h e bristles conspicuously b a r b e l l a t e . — R o c k y ridges, 5000 to 8000 f t . , r a r e : Nelson R a n g e , I n y o Co.; W a r n e r Mts., Modoc Co.; e. to Nev. M a y . 58. A S T E R L .

ASTER

Mostly l a t e summer or a u t u m n a l herbs, rarely shrubs. Stems l e a f y , t h e leaves merely toothed or entire. H e a d s r a d i a t e , usually numerous, paniculate, cormybose or racemose, sometimes solitary. Involucre t u r b i n a t e or camp a n u l a t e to hemispherical, t h e b r a c t s in several r a n k s , o f t e n imbricated, herbaceous or o f t e n coriaceous a n d green-tipped. Receptacle flat, p i t t e d . Rayflowers pistillate, t h e r a y s blue, purple or violet. Disk-flowers p e r f e c t , yellow, sometimes c h a n g i n g to purple or brown. Style-branches flattened, their tips subulate or lanceolate, acute. Achenes more or less flattened. P a p p u s copious, of simple capillary bristles. (Greek astere, a s t a r , f r o m t h e star-like heads of flowers.) A . HEADS SOLITARY ON ERECT STEMS OR AT T H E SUMMIT OF MAIN BRANCHES. More or less shrubby species peculiar to the Mohave and Colorado deserts a n d adjacent m t s . ; leaves n a r r o w l y oblong to obovate, spinose-toothed. H e r b a g e glabrous; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, none especially elongated 1. A. orcuttii. H e r b a g e more or less pubescent. Leaves obovate; inner involucral bracts a n d occasionally others greatly elongated. 2. A. cognatus. L e a v e s linear to lanceolate; inner involucral bracts not greatly elongated 3. A. toriifolius. H e r b of the S i e r r a N e v a d a a b o v e 4 0 0 0 f t . ; l e a v e s g r a s s - l i k e 4. A. andereonii.

SUNFLOWER B.

H E A D S MANY TO NUMEROUS,

1045

FAMILY

B A R E L Y ONLY ONE, BORNE I N OR R A C E M E S .

CYMES,

PANICLES

1. Heads more than SVz lines high; herbs. Pappus not exceedingly copious nor obscuring rays in fruit. Involucral bracts linear and attenuate to spatulate. Herbage somewhat gray; leaves rather rigid, seldom more than 5 lines wide; plants of arid foothill valleys, or interior ridges or plateaus. Tips of involucral bracts recurved in mature heads. Leaves mostly toothed; bracts of the involucre conspicuously greentipped ; rays numerous; achenes compressed; pappus-bristles rigid 5. A. canescens. Leaves entire or mostly so; bracts of the involucre pinkish, commonly not green-tipped; rays comparatively few; achenes hardly compressed; pappus-bristles soft 6. A. shastensis. Involucral bracts not recurved; leaves entire 7. A. menziesii. Herbage green, bright or paler. Leaves lanceolate to linear. Branches of inflorescence not conspicuously bracteate. Outer involucral bracts less than % line wide; leaves entire or nearly so; plants of montane regions. . . 8 . A. adscendens. Outer involucral bracts about 1 line wide; plants of semi-arid to humid regions. Leaves entire or subserrate 9. A. foliaceus. Leaves serrate 10. A. douglasvi. Branches of inflorescence conspicuously leafy-bracteate; plants often of wet soil 11. A. chilensi8. Leaves obovate or oblong to oblanceolate or the upper lanceolate. Leaf-margins serrate. Herbage not markedly scabrous nor rigid; leaf-margins bluntly serrate 12. A. greatai. Herbage markedly scabrous and rigid; leaf-margins sharply serrate. 13. A.radulinus. Leaf-margins entire; involucral bracts often becoming reddish-margined. 14. A.integrifolius. Involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, becoming reddish-margined; leaves not rigid, somewhat glaucous; rays 6 to 7 lines long 15. A. engelmanni. Pappus exceedingly copious, exceeding rays in fruit; plants of alkaline situations 16. A. frondosus. 2. Heads less than 3% lines high; plants of alkaline or saline situation. Stems spineless. Stems mostly simple, not rigid; upper leaves linear, thin; annual 17. A. exilis. Stems much branched, rigid; upper leaves reduced to subulate scales; shrub 18. A.carnostis. Stems with spines in axils of cauline scales or leaves; herbage light green, glabrous; perennial herb 19. A. spinosus.

1. A. orcuttii Vasey & Rose. Stems erect, branched, very leafy, woody below, forming a bush 1 to 2% ft. high; branches erect, naked or nearly so for 1 or 2 in. below the solitary heads; bark white; herbage glabrous; leaves obovate to oblong, spinulose-toothed, acute, cuspidate, l 1 ^ to 2 in. long, the lower cuneate at base, the upper sessile by a broad base; heads large, 2 to in. broad; involucres hemispheric, 8 to 9 lines high; bracts closely imbricated, broadly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ciliate below the attenuate apex; rays purple or lavender, 2 to 3 lines broad, % to 1 in. long; achenes white-villous.—S. Colorado Desert: Borrego Sprs.; Split Mt. Apr. 2. A. cognatus Hall. Stems branched, erect, leafy up to the heads, woody below, forming a bush 10 to 20 in. high; bark white; herbage subglabrous or furnished with minute mostly scattered stipitate glands; leaves elliptic or oblong to narrowly obovate, spinose-dentate, sessile, % to 1% in. long; heads to 2 in. broad, mostly solitary on the ends of the branchlets; involucres hemispherical; bracts ovate or lanceolate, attenuate, 6 to 7 lines long, or with a series of outer linear ones twice as long, at least the inner ones ciliate; rays blue or violet, 1 to 1% lines wide, 8 to 10 lines long; achenes long-villous.—Colorado Desert: Shavers Well; Red Canon near Mecca. June. 3. A. tortifolius Gray. Stems leafy, more or less branched from a woody base, 1 to 2 ft. high; bark white; herbage tomentose-pubescent, the peduncles somewhat glandular; leaves linear or narrowly oblong to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, spinosely serrate, 1% to 3 in. long; heads large (1% to 2% in. broad), solitary on long usually bracteate peduncles; involucres shallowhemispherical, % to 1% in. wide, the numerous bracts lanceolate-subulate,

1046

COMPOSITAE

the longest about equaling the disk; rays numerous, pale purple or violet, y to ft. long or more; heads 4 to 5 lines high; involucral bracts in several series, somewhat carinate, with green tips; rays white, lavender or bluish, 4 to 6 lines long.—Wooded hillsides, dry banks of gulches or streams, or in moist situations in fields, from the valleys to the foothills, 10 to 500 ft.: Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Alameda Co. and s. to Santa Barbara Co.; e. to the Sacramento Valley and lower San Joaquin Valle}'. Sept.-Nov. Var. LÉNTUS Jepson. Slender, 4 to 0 ft. high, slightly succulent, mostly glabrous; heads few and large; rays 7 to 9 lines long.—Very common and conspicuous in the Suisun Marshes. Var. MÉDIUS Jepson. Branchlets of the inflorescence rather divaricate, with many spatulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate spreading leaves 2 to 3 lines long; heads few, those on the same branchlets maturing at very unequal periods. — Lower Sacramento River; Saratoga. Var. INVENÙSTUS Jepson. Herbage cinereous-pubescent; upper leaves and those of the inflorescence small; involucral bracts spatulate-linear, thickish, obtuse, in rather few ranks, almost wholly herbaceous; rays dull purplish.—Calistoga. Var. SONOMÉNSIS Jepson. Slender, 1 ft. high, more glabrous; leaves mainly basal, oblong-spatulate, attenuate into a petiole YJ to as long as the blade, remotely serrate; cauline leaves reduced, sometimes petioled, linear to lanceolate, those of the cymose panicle subulate-lanceolate and closely ascending; heads soli-

1048

COMPOSITAE t a r y or few at the ends of the strict branchlets; rays light pink to bright purple. — Subsaline lands: Petaluma; Napa. 12. A. gr&atai Parish. Stems leafy, slender, erect, to 2 y2 f t . high, from branched creeping rootstoeks; herbage scabrouspubescent; lower leaves obovate to oblanceolate, tapering to a narrow base, toothed above the middle, V2 to 1% in. wide, the basal ones with long slender winged petioles, the whole 3 to 8 in. long; upper leaves with broad auriculate-clasping base, mostly entire, becoming much reduced in the open panicle; involucral bracts lanceolate or linear, loosely imbricated, the outermost wholly green or whitish at base; rays light purple; achenes pubescent.— Canons, San Gabriel Mts., 1000 to 3000 f t . : Eaton Canon; Evey Canon.

935. Aster radulinus Gray; a, fl. branchlet * % ;

1 3 . A. radulinus Gray. BROADLEAF ASTER. F i g . 9 3 5 . S t e m s Vo i y 2 ; s e l d o m 2 f t . high, arising t o

from branching rootstoeks; herbage scabrous-pubescent; leaves oval-obovate to oblong, sharply serrate above the entire (often a t t e n u a t e ) base, 1 to 4 in. long, % to 2 1 / i in. wide; heads 7 to 13 lines broad, mostly numerous (sometimes very f e w ) , 5 to 6 lines high; involucres turbinate, 3 to 4 lines high; bracts imbricated, green-tipped, sometimes red-margined, the outer shorter, villous-puberulent; rays violet to whitish, 3 to 5 lines long; diskcorollas sometimes conspicuously reddish. — Foothills and mts., mostly wooded slopes, 200 to 5000 f t . : Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence se. in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada Co.; n. to Wash. July-Sept. (A. torreyi Porter.) 14. A. integrifolius N u t t . Fig. 936. Stems leafy, 1 to several from a stout rootstock usually somewhat branched, % to 1 f t . high; herbage tomentose becoming glabrate, the inflorescence viscid-glandular; leaves oblong to spatulate or the upper lanceolate, entire or repand-serrulate, the upper % to IV2 in. long, somewhat auriculateclasping, the lower 3 to 6 in. long, % to 2 in. wide, tapering to a winged petiole; heads 10 to 12 lines broad, somewhat racemose; involucre broadly turbinate to campanulate, 5 lines high; bracts linear, few-ranked, ascending, the inner somewhat purplish- or red-

9 3 6 i As ter

integrifolius Nutt.; a, habit x b, head x 1; c, d, disk-fls. x 1%.

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1049

dish-margined; rays 15 to 25, deep bluish-purple, 7 lines long; pappus tawny, rigid.—Montane, 7000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Lassen Co.; n. to Ore., e. to Col. July-Sept. 15. A. engelmanni Gray. Stem erect, l e a f y , simple or branched, arising f r o m a perennial base, about 2 f t . high; leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate, apiculate, revolute, nearly glabrous, sometimes a little glaucous, sessile, 6 to 13 lines wide, 2 to 3 in. long, or the uppermost reduced; heads paniculate on bract e a t e peduncles; involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, fimbrillate, the margins somewhat reddish or purplish; rays 5 to 10, purple, 6 to 7 lines long; pappus tawny.—Montane, Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Rocky Mts. Var. LEDOP H ^ L L U S Gray. Leaves glaucous above, cottony-tomentose below; rays 2 to 5, light violet.—Del Norte Co.; n. to Wash. 16. A. frondosus T. & G. Stems 3 to 12 in. high, several f r o m the base and diffuse, or erect and simple, in either case ending in a narrow or racemose panicle or small cluster of heads; herbage nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire, hispid-ciliate, % to 1% in. long; heads 3% to 4 lines high; involucres hemispherical, the bracts linear or somewhat spatulate, obtuse, the outer foliaceous and loose; rays pinkishpurple, slightly exserted; achenes strigose-pubescent, the copious pappus sordid.—Alkaline soil, 2600 to 5000 f t . : e. side the Sierra Nevada f r o m Inyo Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Ida., e. to N. Mex. Aug.Sept. 17. A. exilis Ell. SLENDER A S T E R . Tig. 937. Stem erect, slender, 1 to 5 f t . high, ending above in a mostly rather narrow panicle; herbage glabrous; leaves linear, 2 to 4 in. long and 1 to 2 lines wide, or rarely some of the lower oblanceolate or oblong and 2 to 4 lines wide, entire, rarely serrate, those of the inflorescence lanceolate-subulate; heads 2 to 3 lines high; bracts linear, acute, herbaceous, scarious-margined; rays light pinkishpurple, 2 lines long; pappus fine and soft.—Saline soil or in marshes or ricefields, 10 to 1000 f t . : Sacramento Valley; s. to coastal S. Cal., thence e. to the Atlantic. Sept.-Oct. 18. A. carndsus Gray. Stems slender, rigid , divaricately much-branched, woody below, forming a tangled almost leafless bush 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage pale green, glaucescent; lower leaves e, achene and pappus x 3. linear, fleshy, % to 1 in. long, those of the branches reduced to small subulate scales; heads turbinate, terminating the branches; involucres 3 to 3% lines high, the bracts linear, acute; rays none; pappus sordid; achenes pubescent.—Alkaline flats, 2000 to 3000 f t . : Mohave Desert; e. to Ariz. May-Sept. 1 9 . A. spinosus Benth. M E X I C A N DEVIL-WEED. Stem slender, with reedlike almost leafless branches, 3 to 9% f t . high; herbage light green, glabrous; lower leaves linear, % to 2 in. long; upper leaves subulate or scale-like, o f t e n with spines (2 to 6 lines long) in or above their axils; heads 3 lines high, solitary on the ends of the branchlets or racemose on the branchlets; involucral bracts lanceolate, scarious-margined; rays white, drying brown, 1% lines long; style-branches triangular-subulate; achenes glabrous.—Colorado Desert. Sept.-Jan.

1050

COMPOSITAE

59. LEUCELiJNE Greene Low perennial herbs with many l e a f y stems from a woody root-crown. Leaves linear, entire. Heads small, radiate, solitary and terminal on the stems or branches. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 3 unequal series, green with scarious margins. Rays white, pink or reddish; disk-flowers yellow or reddish. Style-tips ov,ate or oblong, obtuse. Achenes slender, compressed, pubescent. Pappus a single series of scabrous bristles. (Etymology unknown.) 1. L. ¿ricoides (Torr.) Greene. Stems densely t u f t e d , wiry, erect or diffuse, 3 to 4 in. high, terminated by short-pedunculate heads, the branching woody base from a stout rootstock; herbage strigose-canescent, more or less glandular, the leaves hispid-ciliate; leaves linear-oblanceolate, or the lower spatulate, mucronate, 3 to 5 lines long; heads 5 to 7 lines broad; involucres 3 to 3% lines high, their bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes pubescent. —Desert ranges, 2000 to 4000 f t . , e. Mohave Desert: Cima; Providence Mts.; New York Mts.; e. to Col. (Aster ericaefolius Rothr.) 60.

E B i G E R O N L.

FLEABANE

Herbs, the stems leafy, or more or less naked and scape-like. Leaves entire, toothed or dissected, generally sessile. Heads corymbose, paniculate or solitary, commonly radiate, sometimes discoid. Involucre campanulate to hemispherical, its bracts narrow, mostly equal, little imbricated, seldom coriaceous or green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex. Ray-flowers usually numerous, often in more t h a n one series, pistillate, the rays white, purple or rarely yellow, linear to filiform, conspicuous, inconspicuous or none. Diskflowers perfect, yellow, the marginal nerve of the corolla-lobes often forming a sort of hood a t apex. Styles minute, their branches short, spatulate, obtuse, those of the disk-flowers shorter and broader. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and nerved. Pappus of capillary bristles, more scanty and fragile t h a n in Aster, sometimes with a distinct short outer series. (Greek eri, early, and geron, old man, " o l d man in s p r i n g . " ) A. Stems more or less scape-like, the leaves mostly in a dense basal t u f t from a branched or thickened root-crown; dwarfed high montane or alpine species. Leaves, at least the basal, dissected 1. E. compositus. Leaves not dissected. Basal leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. Herbage hispidulose. Rays (or ligules) reduced to minute scales 2. E.auatinae. Rays (or ligules) exceeding disk 3. E.radicatus. Herbage minutely pilose. Rays none; involucre woolly 4. E. bloomeri. Rays present; involucre pubescent with spreading or appressed hairs. Root-crown compactly or obscurely branched 5. E. peucephyllus. Root-crown freely branched 6. E. ursinus. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate; involucral bracts hairy, mostly purple-tipped. . . 7. E. algidus.

B. Stems leafy. 1 . R A T S LACKING.

H e a d s solitary, the involucral bracts equal; stems decumbent or ascending, the leaves unilateral on the decumbent portion. . . . .. 8. E. supplex. H e a d s usually several or numerous, sometimes' solitary, the bracts unequal; leaves occasionally unilateral. Stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage glabrous or sparsely hispid-pubescent 9. E. inornatus. Stems usually decumbent or ascending, clustered on a thickish root-crown or rootstock, Yi to % ft. high; herbage canescently hirsute 10. E. miser. 2 . R A T S PRESENT.

a. Rays iTiconspicuous, filiform, at most slightly surpassing the disk. Stems from a short perennial (or biennial) rootstock; leaves linear to oblanceolate or spatulate, entire 11. E. lonchophyllus. Stems from a biennial or annual taproot. Lower leaves usually somewhat toothed. Involucre nearly glabrous, the bracts scarious-margined; heads very numerous in a many-branched panicle 12. E. canadensis.

SUNFLOWER F A M I L Y

1051

I n v o l u c r e densely pubescent, a t least the outer b r a c t s h e r b a c e o u s ; heads r a t h e r few in a usually n a r r o w panicle 1 3 . E. linifolius. L e a v e s all e n t i r e ; involucre somewhat h i r s u t e ; heads few in the inflorescence 1 4 . E. acria. b. Rays conspicuous, much surpassing the disk. P l a n t s with a n a n n u a l or biennial r o o t ; r a y s filiform or very n a r r o w l y linear, usually very numerous. Stems diffusely b r a n c h e d f r o m b a s e ; cauline leaves mostly entire, sessile, the basal 1 to IVz in. long 15. E.divcrgens. Stems simple or b r a n c h e d a b o v e ; basal leaves mostly much longer. Cauline leaves auriculate-clasping, commonly toothed or s e r r a t e 1 6 . E. philadelphicus. Cauline leaves sessile by a n a r r o w base, or the lower petioled; inflorescence leafy. S t e m leaves all or nearly all s e r r a t e 1 7 . E. annuus. S t e m leaves e n t i r e or only the lower s e r r a t e 1 8 . E. ramosus. P l a n t s with a rootstock or thickened root-crown, perennial or sometimes b i e n n i a l ; r a y s broader, usually less n u m e r o u s ; basal leaves e n t i r e or merely toothed. Stems from slender r o o s t o c k s ; mostly m o n t a n e species. B r a c t s equal. L e a v e s obovate or oblanceolate to ovate or oblong, often s e r r a t e ; heads usually solitary 19. E.coulteri. L e a v e s l i n e a r to n a r r o w l y oblanceolate, or spatulate, entire. H e a d s usually c o r y m b o s e ; stems 1 to l 1 ^ f t . h i g h . . . 2 0 . E. corymbosus. H e a d s s o l i t a r y ; stems 4 to 8 in. high 2 1 . E. sanctarum. B r a c t s unequal. L e a v e s filiform; h e r b a g e grayish with strigose p u b e s c e n c e . . . . 2 2 . E. linearis. L e a v e s l i n e a r to oblong or lanceolate or n a r r o w - s p a t u l a t e ; herbage green. L e a v e s thickened, densely hispidulose, 2 to 3 lines l o n g ; internodes 1 line long 2 3 . E. jacinteus. L e a v e s not thickened, moderately to sparingly hispidulose; internodes 2 to 6 lines long 2 4 . E. breweri. Stems f r o m a thickened or b r a n c h e d root-crown ( o r from a t h i c k rootstock in no. 2 8 ) ; heads solitary or commonly in a loose or open corymb or panicle. S t e m s b e a r i n g a n open corymb with mostly d i v a r i c a t e or spreading p e d u n c l e s ; herbage with a somewhat appressed-scabrous p u b e s c e n c e . 2 5 . E. foliosus. S t e m s b e a r i n g solitary t e r m i n a l heads or a few-headed inflorescence with e r e c t peduncles. H e r b a g e silvery w i t h s o f t appressed p u b e s c e n c e ; Mohave D e s e r t 2 6 . E. parishii. H e r b a g e green. B a s a l leaves l i n e a r or oblanceolate to s p a t u l a t e ; heads % to 1 % i n . b r o a d ; m o n t a n e or i n l a n d species. S t e m s mostly one or few, 1 to 2 ft. high. L e a v e s l i n e a r ; r a y s 3 to 4 % lines l o n g ; herbage retrorsep u b e s c e n t ; I n y o Co 2 7 . E. porphyreticus. L e a v e s lanceolate to obovate or o b l o n g ; r a y s 6 to 7 lines l o n g ; S i e r r a Nevada 2 8 . E. salsuginostts. Stems usually numerous, 5 to 1 2 i n . high. L e a v e s oblong-lanceolate, chiefly b a s a l ; r a y s 1 to lines long 29. E.tener. L e a v e s l i n e a r to linear-spatulate or linear-lanceolate. H e r b a g e appressed-pubescent; leaves mostly 3 to 6 in. l o n g ; r a y s r a t h e r broadly l i n e a r , 4 to 5 lines long 3 0 . E. nevadensis. H e r b a g e conspicuously hirsute with spreading h a i r s ; leaves mostly 1 to 3 i n . l o n g ; r a y s n a r r o w e r , 3 1 . E. concinnus. 3 to 4 lines long B a s a l leaves broadly spatulate to o b o v a t e ; heads 1 % to 1 Vz in. b r o a d ; m a r i t i m e species 32.E.glaucus.

1. E. compositus Pur ah. Fig. 938. Tufted plant, the stems 1 to several, scape-like, one-headed, to 3 in. high, arising from the shortly branched and densely leafy root-crown; herbage hirsute; basal leaves 1 to 3-ternately parted into narrow lobes, 2 to 6 lines long, borne on hirsute-ciliate petioles 2 to 12 lines long, those of the flowering stems few (much-reduced, 3-lobed or entire) or none; heads 8 to 11 lines broad; involucres somewhat glandular, 2% to 3% lines high, equaling the disk, the bracts linear, acuminate, equal; rays 30 to 60, white to purple or violet, 2 to 3 lines long.—Alpine and subalpine, 7100 to 11,750 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Mt. Whitney to Castle Peak; n. to B. C., e. to Rocky Mts. June-July. Var. DISCOIDEUS Gray. Rays shorter than the pappus, very variable in the same heads, often with fimbriated margins, or with 1 to 3 filiform divisions.—Sierra Nevada, 9000 to 13,000 ft. 2. E. austinae Greene. Tufted plant, the many stems scape-like, 1 to 3Yj in. high, arising from a shortly branched and densely leafy root-crown; herbage hispid with spreading hairs; leaves narrowly spatulate to linear, % to

1052

COMPOSITAB 21/4 in. long; heads hemispherical, 6 to 7 lines broad; ray-flowers with the rays reduced to minute scales; diskflowers very numerous; achenes pubescent with spreading hairs.— Open fields, about 5500 f t . : Modoc Co.; n. to Ore. May-July.

3. E. radic&tus Hook. Densely t u f t e d plant, the scape-like stems 1 to 4 in. high, arising f r o m a stout very shortly branched or condensed root-crown; branches of the rootcrown roughened and gray or black with the persistent bases of old leaves; herbage densely gray-hispidulous; basal leaves linear-spatulate, % to in. long, the cauline f e w and much reduced, narrowly oblanceolate to linear; heads solitary (or rarely 1 or 2 younger heads in axils of lower cauline leaves), 6 to 9 lines broad; involucral bracts lanceolate-linear, subequal, about equaling disk, hairy, somewhat _ . .. _ , . ... _ glandular, the inner scarious-mar, o 938. Engeron compositus Pursh: a, habit x *. , , ,' %; b, leaf x 1V2 ; c, another leaf type, lowest gmed below; rays white or purple, 3 on shoots x 2%. to 5 lines long; pappus tawny, single, equaling the disk.—Alpine summits, 9500 to 12,500 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co.; White Mts.; n. to Can., e. to Bocky Mts. (E. nevadensis var. pygmaeus Gray.) 4. E . bloomeri Gray. T u f t e d plant, the stems several, scape-like, 2% to 7 in. high, arising from the densely leafy and branched root-crown; herbage somewhat appressed-pubescent to g l a b r a t e ; basal leaves narrowly linear, sometimes a little dilated upward, 1 to 2% in. long; cauline leaves few, nearly filiform; heads turbinate, 3% to lines high; involucral bracts equal, linear-lanceolate, villous or canescent; rays none; achenes glabrate or sericeous, oblong-linear, flat; pappus soft, whitish, simple, shorter t h a n corolla. —Montane, 2700 to 7000 f t . : Yollo Bolly Mts. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Nevada Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Ore. and Ida. May-July. 5. E. peucephyllus Gray. T u f t e d plant, the stems several or many, scapelike, erect, simple or sometimes forked, about 3 to 5 in. high, arising f r o m the rather freely branched root-crown; herbage somewhat canescent; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 2 in. long, mostly basal; involucral b r a c t s lanceolate, equal, surpassed by the disk; rays 20 to 30, cream-color or yellow, oblongovate, 3 to 4 lines long.—Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Nev. and Ida. JuneJuly. 6. E. urslnus E a t . Densely t u f t e d plants, the root-crown much branched and matted with persistent brown leaves of former years; stems ascending or erect, flexuous, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage finely pilose; leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblonceolate with midnerve evident, especially toward base, 1 to 1% in. long; heads 1 to 1 Ys in. broad, solitary on the scape-like stems, somewhat nodding; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, somewhat glandular, pubescent, subequal, about 3 lines long, mainly equaling disk; pappus copious, equaling disk or with some of the bristles reduced suggesting an outer pappus; rays about 50, white to lavender or purple, 3 to 5 lines long.—Mountain flats, 6000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare and Tuolumne Cos. to Lassen Co. (E. nevadensis var. sonnei Smiley. E. elegantulus Greene.) 7. E. ilgidus Jepson n. sp. Stems simple, scape-like, usually several from a thickened or branched root-crown of a rootstock, 1% to 7% in. high; herbage green with rather fine sometimes sparse pubescence; leaves mostly in basal t u f t s , spatulate to oblanceolate, entire, narrowed to slender ciliate

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1053

petioles, the whole % to 3 in. long, the cauline 2 or occasionally more, linear, bract-like, 2 to 12 lines long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, slightly glandular, o f t e n dark-purplish, hirsute, 3 lines long, about equaling the disk; rays about 50, lavender to purple, 3 to 4 lines long; pappus copious.—Alpine, 9000 to 13,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Mariposa and Nevada Cos. (Mt. Lyell, Jepson 3349, t y p e ) ; e. to Col. and Wyo. (E. ursinus of Gray etc., not of Eat.) 8. E. supplex Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending 4 to 8 in. high, terminated by a single broad short-peduncled head 6 to 9 lines broad; herbage sparingly hirsute-pubescent or almost glabrous, the involucre canescently hirsute; leaves linear-spatulate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts of involucre equal, linear-lanceolate; rays none.—Along the coast f r o m Sonoma Co. to Humboldt Co. J u n e . 9 . E. inornatus Gray. P I N E ERIGERON. Stems few to several from the root-crown, erect, simple or sparsely branched, 1 to 2% f t . high, the stem on the branches ending above in a low broad corymb with divaricate or ascending branches; herbage nearly glabrous above, more or less hispidly pubescent toward base; leaves linear, 1 to 2% in. long, 1 to 2 (or 3) lines wide; heads 4 to 6 lines broad, about 5 to 20 in the corymb; involucres broadly campanulate; bracts unequal, somewhat imbricated, glandular, sometimes puberulent or pubescent; rays none.—Pine forests or along river bluffs: North Coast Ranges, 100 to 3500 f t . , f r o m Sonoma and n. Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 7000 f t . , from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to Wash. July-Aug. Var. VISCIDULUS Gray is the viscid state.

10. E. miser Gray. Stems several, somewhat t u f t e d on the short woody branched root-crown, erect or ascending, densely leafy, 3 to 10 in. high; herbage canescently hirsute; leaves linear-oblong, or cuneately narrowed towards the base, % to 1 in. long, sometimes borne chiefly on one side of the stem; heads 3% to 4 lines high, few in a rather close corymb; involucres campanulate, the bracts imbricated; rays none.—Eocky ridges, 2000 to 8000 f t . : Coast Ranges from Mt. Hamilton to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Eldorado Co. to Modoc Co. July-Aug. 11. E. lonchophyllus Hook. Stems erect, leafy, strict, 1 to several f r o m a biennial (or perennial) root, 4 to 15 in. high; herbage (especially the stems) hirsute with spreading hairs to glabrate; leaves spatulate to linear or oblanceolate, mostly narrowed below, the basal tapering into a long petiole, the whole 1 to 4 in. long; heads few, 5 to 9 lines broad, often somewhat racemose-paniculate; involucres hemispherical, the bracts lanceolate; rays filiform, inconspicuous, slightly surpassing the disk; pappus copious, fragile.—Dry or moist meadows, 7000 to 9500 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a from Tulare Co. to Mono and Tuolumne Cos.; n. to Can., e. to Col. July. (E. armeriaefolius of Bot. Cal.) 12. E. canadensis L. H O R S E W E E D . Pig. 939. Stem erect, simple below, paniculately branching above, 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous, especially above; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire or the lower ones toothed, 2 to 3 in. long, the lowest spatulate or narrowed to a petiole; heads small (1% to 2 lines high), very „„„ „ . . _ , , ,, numerous in a dense panicle; ?ays verf 9 3 9 6 . ^ T ^ e a d ^ Y £ X L * ' short and inconspicuous, white, 2and pappus x 6.

1054

COMPOS IT A E

toothed.—Common weed in waste or half-cultivated lands, nat. from the e. U. S. Aug.-Oct. 13. E . linifdllus WHld. Stem erect, simple or with long simple branches, densely leafy, % to 2 f t . high, ending above in a raceme of heads or a racemose panicle; root annual or biennial; herbage conspicuously hispid-pubescent; leaves linear to narrowly spatulate, % to 2Vi in. high, the lower fewtoothed; heads rather f e w ; involucres densely pubescent; bracts linear-subulate, a t least the outer herbaceous; rays white, very narrow and short, not exceeding the disk; pappus sordid or somewhat tawny.—Waste places about towns, nat. f r o m the Am. tropics: Oakland; P a s a d e n a ; Bedlands; San Diego. 14. E. i c r i s L. Stems one or f e w from a usually biennial root, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage hirsute to glabrate; leaves narrow, entire, the basal ones narrowly spatulate, drawn down to a narrow base or petiole, 1 to 3V4, in. long, the cauline ones narrowly spatulate to linear, 1 to IV2 in. long; heads 0 to 9 lines broad, rather few, short-peduncled and racemose along the summit of the stem, or the peduncles longer and somewhat corymbose; pappus copious, f r a g i l e ; rays purple, numerous, very slender, equaling the disk, or surpassing it by 1 to l 1 /? lines; disk with a row of pistillate flowers with tubular corollas inside the rays.—Grassy flats, e. side the Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 9000 f t . , r a r e : Inyo Co.; betw. Bridgeport and Mono; e. to Col., n. to Can. and Alas. Aug.-Sept. 15. E. divGrgens T. & G. Stems several to many, ascending, from an annual or biennial taproot, sometimes decumbent at base, 4 to 12 or 16 in. high; herbage shortly hispid-pubescent; basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate, entire or rarely somewhat incisely toothed, rarely deeply pinnatifid, 1 to 2% in. long, including the petiole; upper leaves linear to linear-spatulate, entire, % to 1% in. long; heads 7 to 9 lines broad, solitary or somewhat corymbose, on long slender peduncles; involucres 2 lines high; bracts linear, acuminate, more or less membranous-margined, hirsute with white spreading hairs; rays numerous, filiform, violet to white, 2 to 3 lines long; pappus sordid, scanty, fragile, equaling the disk, also a variable short outer pappus of squamellae or simple strigae.—Arid flats, foothills or mountain slopes, 500 to 6700 f t . : Colorado and Mohave deserts and their bordering mts.; Sierra N e v a d a ; Siskiyou Co.; n. to Wash., e. to Neb. Apr.-Aug. (E. californicus Jepson.) 16.

E. philad&phicus L.

SKEVISH.

Fig. 940. Stem simple, 2 to 3 f t . high, commonly branched only a t or near the summit; herbage hispidly pubescent; leaves spatulate or obovate, serrate or coarsely few-toothed, the basal (including the long margined petioles) 4 to 11 in. long, the cauline with auriculate-clasping base, 1 to 4 in. long; heads corymbose, commonly on r a t h e r long peduncles, V2 to 1 in. broad; rays white or pink, numerous, narrow. — Along streamlets and by springy places in the hills and valleys, 100 to 4000 f t . : coastal S.Cal.; Coast Ranges; Sierra N e v a d a ; n. to B. C., e. to the Atlantic.

940. Erigeron philadelphicus L.; a, branchlet x H ; 6, leaves x H.

fl.

17. E. annuus Pers. Stems stout, leafy, erect, corymbosely branched above, 2 to 4 f t . high, from a stout branched root; pubescence sparse, that of the leaves and branchlets appressed; leaves broadly ovate to obo-

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1055

vate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5% in. long, coarsely serrate, sessile by a narrow base or the lower tapering to a winged, petiole times as long; upper leaves narrowly ovate or lanceolate, serrate or entire, smaller; heads numerous, in a leafy panicle; involucres with a few bristly hairs; disk 3 to 3% lines broad, slightly surpassed by the subequal lanceolate bracts; rays numerous, narrowly linear, 3 to 4 lines long.—Nat. f r o m e. U. S. in Humboldt Co.: Hydesville; Eureka. July. 18. E. ramdsus (Walt.) B. S. P. Stems several f r o m a biennial root, erect, simple below, branching above and forming a corymbose panicle, to 4 f t . high; herbage roughish-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate, coarsely serrate or to 6 in. long; entire, drawn down to a winged base or petiole, the whole upper leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, % to 2 in. long; panicle somewhat leafy, the heads few to several; heads 5 to 10 lines broad; involucres 1% to 2 lines high; rays numerous, white, 2% to lines long; pappus-bristles comparatively f e w (6 to 12), with many short bristles i s as long.—Nat. from e. U. S.: N a t u r e ' s Best, lower K l a m a t h River; Hydesville, Humboldt Co.; Plumas Co.; Yosemite "Valley. July. (E. strigosus Muhl.) 19. E. coulteri Porter. Stems erect, leafy, arising f r o m a slender rootstock, 1 to 2 f t . high, simple and one-headed, or about 3 to 5-branched with the branches rather strict and one-headed; herbage more or less hirsute-pubescent; lower leaves oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, somewhat serrulate, narrowed to a winged base or petiole, the whole 2 to 6 in. long, the upper oblong or lanceolate with clasping base, 1 to 4 in. long; heads % to lVs in. broad; involucral bracts equal, lanceolate, surpassing the disk; rays 50 to 80, narrowly linear, white to purplish, 5 to 6 lines long.—Montane, 6000 to 10,000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; e. to Kocky Mts. June-Aug. (E. frondeus Greene.) 20. E. corymbdsus N u t t . Stems few or several, branching, leafy, erect or a t base decumbent, 1 f t . high, arising f r o m creeping rootstocks; herbage thinly pubescent with rather long spreading hairs; leaves linear to narrowly spatulate, entire, 1 to 1% in. long; heads 1*4 to 1% in. broad, several in a corymbose cluster, or sometimes solitary; involucres 2% to 3 lines high, the equal bracts narrowly lanceolate; rays 30 to 50, mostly narrow, 3 to 6 lines long, blue, lilac or white.—Mountain slopes, 2500 to 4500 f t . : Buck Mt., Humboldt Co.; Lassen Co.; n. to Wash. July. 21. E. sanctarum Wats. Stems slender, l e a f y except above, 1 to several from a slender rootstock, 3 to 8 in. high, terminated by a single pedunculate head; herbage rough-pubescent, the involucre densely so; leaves spatulateobovate to oblanceolate or linear, entire, % to 1% in. long; heads large, the disk 6 to 7 lines broad, about equaled by the bracts; rays many, purple to white.—San Luis Obispo and Santa B a r b a r a Cos.; Santa B a r b a r a Isls. MayJune. 22. E. line&ris Piper. Stems many, slender, erect, % to 1 f t . high, arising f r o m a depressed branched or short woody root-crown, simple and oneheaded, or with about 2 or 3 one-headed branches a t summit; herbage appressed-pubescent; leaves crowded below, linear-filiform or the lower slightly dilated upward, % to 1% in. long; heads 9 to 11 lines broad; involucres 1% to 2% lines high; rays 30 to 50, purple, violet or white, 3 to 5 lines long; achenes slightly pubescent or glabrate; pappus simple, the bristles fragile.— Arid slopes, 2800 to 8000 f t . : Providence Mts.; Lassen, Modoc and Siskiyou Cos.; n. to B. C. June-July. 23. E. jacinteus Hall. Stems f e w to several, erect or ascending, 2 to 3 in. high, leafy, arising from slender, branched rootstocks, ending above in a solitary, head on a peduncle V2 in- long; herbage evenly and densely hispidulous; leaves spatulate to obovate, 1 to 4% lines long, exceeding the internodes, all sessile; heads hemispherical, 7 to 9 lines broad; involucres 2 lines high, their bracts narrow, acute, with green midrib and scarious margin; rays about 20, narrow, purple, 2 lines long; achenes flattened, more or less appressed-pubescent, sometimes only so at summit; pappus simple, the scabrous bristles equaling the disk-corollas.—Kocky ridges, about 9000 f t . : San Antonio and San Jacinto mountains.

1056

COMPOSITAE

24. E. brfrweri Gray. Stems several to many, leafy, slender, erect or ascending, simple or corymbosely branched above, 7 to 15 in. high, arising from the branched crown of a long slender rootstock; herbage hispidulose, a little grayish; leaves linear to oblanceolate, narrow-spatulate, entire, % to 1 Vz in. long; heads solitary or f e w in a corymb, the peduncles bracteate; involucres 2 lines high, their bracts unequal, oblong to lanceolate or linear, glandular-puberulent to glabrous; rays mostly 10 to 20, violet, 2 to 3% lines long.—Rather dry o f t e n sandy situations, 4000 to 9000 ft.: San Bernardino Mts. (Big Mdws.); Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Lassen Peak; Mt. Shasta. Var. ¿lmeri Jepson n. comb. Stems weaker than in the species, decumbent, 5 to 8 in. long; leaves smaller, more sparingly pubescent.—Among rocks, 7200 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co. (E. elmeri Greene.) 25. E. foliosus Nutt. Stems many from the base, erect, simple, branching above, 1 to 2 ft. high, arising from the branched root-crown of a short taproot; herbage strigose-hispidulous or somewhat scabrous; leaves more or less crowded on the stems, reduced on the branches of the inflorescence, narrowly linear or lanceolate, % to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide; heads hemispherical, 10 to 13 lines broad, rather f e w in an open terminal corymb, the branches often spreading or ascending-divaricate, broad; bracts lanceolate, unequal, glandular and mostly puberulent or pubescent; rays about 30 to 40, 2 to 6 lines long; achenes nerved, the nerves hirsutulose; pappus coarse and tawny.—Along the coast and on river banks or moist hillsides of the interior, 200 to 5000 ft.: Humboldt Co. to coastal S. Cal.; Sierra N e v a d a foothills (Amador Co. to Mariposa Co.). May-Aug. Var. S T E N O P H f L L u s Gray. Leaves 1 line or less wide, often filiform; heads 6 to 10 lines broad; rays fewer than in species and narrower; some plants with several rayless heads, these similar to E. inornatus.—Drier situations, 100 to 6000 f t . : San Joaquin Valley; w. Mohave Desert; coastal S. Cal. May-June. ( E . fragilis Greene. E . setchellii Jepson.) Var. b l 6 c h m a n a e Hall. Achenes glabrous or nearly so.—Near the coast: San Luis Obispo Co.; n. Santa Barbara Co. (E. blochmanae Greene.) Var. HARTwfeGil Jepson n. comb. Herbage sparsely strigose; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 2 in. long.—Foothills, 800 to 1600 f t . : n. Sierra Nevada foothills from Amador Co. to Butte Co.; inner North Coast Ranges. May-June. (E. hartwegii Greene.) Var. c o n f I n i s Jepson n. comb. Flowering stems decumbent, arising from a long much-branched woody root-crown, 3 to 8 in. high, ending above in 1 or several heads; herbage sparsely to cinereous-pubescent. —Rocky ridges, 5000 to 7000 f t . : ne. Humboldt Co. to w. Siskiyou Co.; n. to southern Ore. (E. confinis Howell.) 26. E. parishii Gray. Stems many, slender, erect or ascending, somewhat tufted on the branched woody root-erown, 7 to 12 in. high, mostly simple and one-headed or with 2 to 5 one-headed branches above; herbage silvery with soft appressed hairs; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, drawn down to a narrow base, V2 to 1% in. long; involucres greenish, puberulent, 3% lines high; bracts linear-lanceolate, shorter than the disk; rays violet or purple, 4 to 5 lines long.—Cushenberry Sprs., Mohave Desert. May-June. 27. E. porphyr&ticus Jones. Stems f e w to several, slender, l e a f y , branched, erect or somewhat flexuous, 1 to 2 f t . high, arising from a thick woody rootcrown; herbage retrorse-pubescent with stiffish hairs; leaves linear to spatulate-linear, y 2 to 1 Ys in. long; heads solitary on the ends of the branches, rather long-peduncled; involucres 2 to 3 lines high, their bracts unequal; rays many, narrow, purple, 3 lines long.—Arid areas, 4000 to 5000 ft., Inyo Co.: Lone Pine; Deep Spring Valley; e. to Nev. 28. E. salsuginosus Gray. Fig. 941. Stem simple, erect or ascending, leafy, commonly % to IV2 f t . high, arising from a short thickish rootstock, commonly with a single terminal head, rarely 2 or 3; herbage glabrous or glabrate below, pubescent above; leaves erect; basal and lower cauline leaves oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate, scabrous-ciliolate, attenuate below into a margined petiole, the whole 2 to 5 in. long; upper cauline leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate or apieulate-acuminate, the uppermost small and bract-like; heads 1% to 1% in. broad; involucral bracts

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1057

loose or even spreading, linear-subulate or attenuate, viscidulous; rays 50 to 70, purple or violet, 6 to 7 lines long—Montane, 5500 to 10,000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; e. to N. Mex., n. to Alas, and w. Can. June-Aug. Var. ANGIRSTIF&LIIJS Gray. Stems ¥2 to 1 ft. high; basal and lower eauline leaves narrowly spatulate to lanceolate, the upper eauline linear-lanceolate, small; rays about 40.—Montane, 6200 to 10,000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to Wash. July-Aug. 29. E. tener Gray. Stems filiform, erect, several from the root-crown, 3% to 7 in. high, ending in a single head or a corymb of 2 or 3 longpeduncled heads; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, acute, ¥2 to 1 in. long, narrowed to a long petiole 1 to times as long; herbage finely villous; heads 5 to 8 lines broad; rays blue, 1 to 1 ¥2 lines long.—Montane peaks, 7000 to 9000 ft.: Scott Mts.; Silver Mt., Alpine Co.; e. to Nev. Aug. 30. E. nevadensis Gray. Stems several to many, erect or at base decumbent, 5 to 10 in. high, arising from a branched root-crown, simple and one-headed or with 2 or 3 one-headed branches at summit; herbage appressed-pubescent; leaves long and narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1 or 3-nerved, the basal in one erect tuft, attenuate below to a narrow base or slender petiole, the whole 3 to 6% in. long, the uppermost small and linear or subulate; heads about % in. broad, solitary, peduncled, often somewhat nodding; involucres 3 lines high, villous-pubescent, sometimes glabrate, their bracts equal; rays broadly linear, white or pale blue, 4 to 5 lines long; achenes comparatively large; pappus rather coarse, of 20 to 30 bristles.—Montane dry meadows, 4200 to 8500 ft.: Plumas Co. to Shasta and Modoc Cos. June-July. (E. plantagineus Greene.) 31. E. concinnus T. & G. Stems many, erect or at base decumbent, leafy, simple and one-headed or corymbosely few-branched above, 5 to 14 in. high, arising from the thickened or shortly branched root-crown; herbage pale, hirsute with harsh spreading hairs, sometimes white-shaggy at base; leaves linear to linear-spatulate, % to 3% in. long; heads somewhat long-peduncled; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, equal, 2 to 3 lines long, about equaling the disk; rays many, blue or white, 3 to 4 lines long; pappus scanty, about equaling disk, with an evident striate-membranous outer circle ¥~> to ¥4, as long, this outer circle readily separating into broad paleaceous divisions or hair-like scales; rays blue or rarely white, 2 to 3 lines longer than disk.—• Arid slopes, 3000 to 5000 ft.: Sierra Co. to Modoc Co., thence w. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to Can., se. to Ariz. July. Var. A P H A N A C T I S Gray. Bay with the corolla reduced to a toothed or fimbriated tube; style exserted.—Rocky slopes, 3000 to 6000 ft.: e. of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to Lassen Co.; e. to Nev. Var. CONDENSATUS Eat. Dwarf, 1 to 2% in. high, densely tufted on a stout branched woody root-crown; herbage gray with hirsute spreading hairs; stems scapose, sparsely leafy at base; rays very short or none.—Summits, San Bernardino Mts.: Mt. San Gorgonio; Sugarloaf Mt.; e. to Nev. where it is said to intergrade with var. aphanactis. Yar. EREMICUS Jepson n. var. More compact, the basal tufts more numerous with stems of mostly even height, making a broad flat-topped plant 3 to 5% in. high; herbage more rigid; heads more showy, the rays 5 to 7 lines long.—Rocky ridgfs, 3000 to 4000

1058

COMPOSITAE

f t . , e. Mohave Desert: Cima; Providence Mts.; New York Mts. (Jepson 5464, type). 3 2 . E. glaucus Ker. SEASIDE DAISY. Fig. 942. Stems erect, 4 to 8 (or 10) in. high, commonly oneheaded, arising f r o m a basal t u f t of leaves on the fleshy root-crown, and often, also, f r o m rosulate offsets terminating prostrate woody branches; stems pilose-pubescent, leaves finely puberulent, heads somewhat tomentose; leaves spatulate, obovate, entire, rarely with a small tooth on either side below the apex, 1 to 4 in. long; upper eauline leaves small and scattered; heads large, lVi to iy> in. broad; rays numerous, lilac or violet.—Common on cliffs or sandy shores, near the sea only, 10 to 100 f t . : San Miguel Isl.; Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. May-Aug.

61. BACCHARIS L. Perennial herbs or shrubs, commonly resinous or g l u t i n o u s . „,„ _ . , . ,, Branches commonly s t r i a t e o r 942. Erigeron glaucus K e r . ; a, habit x % ; b, fl. head x y2 ; c, head of unopened fls. x % . angled. Heads discoid, many-flowered, small (mostly 3 or 4 lines high), borne singly or in clusters on the ends of branchlets and aggregated in panicles or corymbs. Involucre imbricated. Flowers whitish or yellowish, dioecious. Staminate (or sterile) flowers with tubular corolla slightly dilated a t the throat, the limb cleft into 5 linear lobes; ovary abortive; style present. Pistillate flowers with the corolla very slender and thread-like, truncate at apex or with 5 obscure closely erect teeth, much shorter t h a n the style; stamens none. Pappus of capillary minutely scabrous bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous, in the pistillate very long and copious. (The god Bacchus.) A. Achenes 10-ncrved; leaves not willow-like. P a p p u s of flowers copious, s o f t a n d fine, conspicuously e l o n g a t i n g in f r u i t ; receptacle n a k e d . L e a v e s all o b o v a t e ; h e a d s in sessile glomerules in a leafy panicle 1. B. pilularis. Leaves, at least the u p p e r m o s t , l i n e a r ; panicle n a k e d or less leafy. P a p p u s b r i g h t w h i t e ; b r a n c h l e t s of the panicle b e a r i n g glomerules of h e a d s 2. B. emoryi. P a p p u s b r o w n i s h ; b r a n c h l e t s of the panicle b e a r i n g mostly 1 h e a d 3. B. sarothroides. P a p p u s of pistillate flowers rigid, s c a n t y , n o t e l o n g a t i n g in f r u i t ; receptacle with some bracts 4. B. sergiloides. B. Achenes 5-nerved, sometimes obscurely so. H e r b a g e g l a b r o u s or n e a r l y so. H e r b s ; leaves r e s i n o u s S h r u b s ; leaves willow-like. L e a v e s dull g r e e n , not g l u t i n o u s ; involucres t a w n y L e a v e s l u s t r o u s g r e e n , g l u t i n o u s ; involucres s t r a m i n e o u s H e r b a g e slightly p u b e s c e n t ; leaves l i n e a r ; stems woody a t base. L e a v e s acutely s e r r a t e , 1 to 4 i n . l o n g L e a v e s e n t i r e , 3 to 6 lines long

5. 6. 7. B. 8. B. 9. B.

B.douglasii. B.viminea. glutinosa. plummerae. brachyphylla.

1. B. pilularis D C . COYOTE B R U S H . CHAPARRAL BROOM. Fig. 943. Shrub 2 to 5 f t . high; branchlets angular; leaves broadly obovate or cuneate, coarsely or sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally entire, very obtuse, sessile, (Vi or) y 2 to 1 in. long; heads short-cylindrical or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long, solitary or commonly several in axillary and terminal clusters on the numerous leafy branchlets, the whole forming a l e a f y panicle; outer bracts of

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1059

involucre broadly, the inner narrowly oblong, sometimes denticulate at apex; pappus minutely scabrous, t h a t of the pistillate flowers becoming 2% to 5 lines long, t h a t of the staminate flowers about % as long, in both (but more especially in the staminate) dilated a t apex into a bent lanceolate appendage. — Common and usually gregarious on low hills, mountain slopes or on the coast sand dunes (especially in a prostrate f o r m ) , 10 to 1500 f t . : throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to Ore. Aug.-Oct. 2. B. emoryi Gray. Loosely branched shrub 4 to 8 (or 12) f t . high, with long stems and with striate branchlets; lower leaves oblong, 3-nerved, o f t e n with 1 or several short broad teeth, 1 to 2 in. long, the upper linear, 1-nerved, entire; panicle large, the pistillate very showy in f r u i t , sparingly leafy, the heads few in glomerules terminating short branchlets; involucre campanulate or oblong, 3 lines long; bracts closely imbricated, bordered by a 943. Baccharis pilularis DC.; a, pistillate narrow scarious minutely ciliate branchlet x 1; b, staminate branchlet x 1; margin, the outer oval, firm, the c, staminate fl. x 3 ; cL, pistillate fl. x 3. inner oblong or linear, t h i n ; pappus of staminate flowers bearded a t tip, of the pistillate flowers copious, in f r u i t 6 lines long.—Los Angeles and San Diego to the Colorado River; e. to U t a h . 3. B. sardthroides Gray. Much-branched nearly leafless shrub 3 to 8 f t . high; panicle broom-like, composed of numerous slender branchlets and bearing only a few small leaves; branchlets 4-sided and strongly striate, bearing mostly 1, or at least few, heads; leaves few, linear or tapering to base, entire, 3 to 5 (or 10) lines long; sterile heads t u r b i n a t e or hemispherical, Z lines high; f r u i t i n g heads 4 to 5 lines high; involueral bracts chartaceous, oval, obtuse, rather closely imbricated, the few inner oblong or linear ones loosening at m a t u r i t y ; receptacle without bracts; achenes glabrous; pappus of pistillate flowers brownish, 3 to 4 lines long, not lanceolate-dilated a t tip or very slightly.—Colorado Desert and mts. on its northern borders; w. to San Diego; e. to Ariz.; adjacent Mex. The dark green branches of the inflorescence o f t e n contrast vividly with the light t a n color of the main stems. Var. pluric£phala Jepson n. var. Branchlets several-headed or even spicate; involueral bracts acute; achenes IYJ lines long.—Conchilla Mts. (Pinon Well, Jepson 6008, type). 4. B. sergiloldes Gray. Squaw Waterweed. Glabrous shrub 3 to 7 f t . high, the herbage very glutinous; branchlets slender, striate, mostly 4-sided; leaves obovate, entire, apiculate, drawn down to a narrow base, V2 to 1% in. long; panicle usually nearly leafless, of numerous heads; heads oblong or widening a little upwards, 1% to 2 lines high; involueral bracts oblong-ovate, acute, herbaceous in center and minutely puberulous, with scarious margins; receptacle with a few linear bracts amongst the flowers; pappus of pistillate flowers 2 lines long, not elongating in f r u i t , not dilated at t i p ; achenes glabrous.—• Moist places in desert canons: mts. on w. side Colorado Desert; e. Mohave Desert; P a n a m i n t Range; e. to Nev., Ariz, and Utah. 5. B. douglasii DC. Fig. 944. Steins suffrutescent a t base, 4 to 5 f t . high, simple up to the terminal corymb; herbage very glutinous; leaves lanceolate and very acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4 in. long, serrulate, almost

1060

COMPOS1TAE entire, 3 to 4 in. long; heads numerous in a terminal compound almost naked corymb; bracts of the involucre linear or laneeolate-linear with greenish center, the scarious margins erose-ciliate; receptacle broadly conical; pappus of pistillate flower short and soft, of the staminate clavellate at summit.—• Moist lowlands: abundant in the salt marshes about San Francisco B a y , thence s. to coastal S. Cai. 6.

B.

viminea

DC.

MULE

FAT.

L e a f y shrub with many slender loosely branching stems, 4 to 8 ft. high; branches striate-angled; leaves rather dull green, lanceolate or oblong, acute at both ends, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1 to 3 in. long; main stem or branches of the inflorescence very leafy, the heads borne in rather close corymbose clusters disposed in a mostly loose and often interrupted panicle or compound corymb; heads narrowly bowl-shaped, 2 to 4 lines high; involucral bracts broadly 944. Baccharis douglasii DC.; o, fl. branchlet lanceolate or the outer ones ovate, X % ; b, long. sect, of head with fls. removed x chartaceous with scarious margins, 3;

c, staminate fl. x 6 ; d, pistillate fl. x 6 ;

e, achene and pappus x 6.

mnqtlv

villmio-nilintp•

* n < ? mostly villous citiate, pappus-bristles of the sterile flowers nearly smooth, a little crinkle-bent at tip, those of the fertile flowers more slender, a little scabrous or nearly smooth, shorter than the sterile at flowering time, in fruit longer.—Flood beds of streams and rivers, Sierra Nevada foothills, Sacramento and Napa valleys southward to coastal S. Cai. July-Aug. The leaves of sterile shoots are often large ( 5 % in. long and 1 in. wide). erose

7. B. glutinósa Pers. WATER-WALLY. Stems slender, erect or straggling, several in a cluster, 3 to 10 f t . high, % to 1 in. in diameter at base, woody at least below; branches striate; leaves bright lustrous green, lanceolate, remotely denticulate, acute at both ends, 3-nerved from the base, to 2 % (or " t o 6 " ) in. long; staminate heads 1V-t lines high; fruiting heads 3 or 4 lines high, in a terminal compound corymb; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate or the short outer ones ovate, stramineous, with narrow scarious margins, flmbrillate at tip; pappus-bristles minutely scabrous.— Along streams and in moist ground: Colorado Desert, w. to Riverside, n. through the Mohave Desert to Owens Valley; e. to Tex., s. to Mex.; Chile. 8. B. plummerae Gray. Stems slender, woody at base, forming rounded bushes 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage loosely puberulent, slightly viscid; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate, sessile, 1 to in. long; panicles small or medium sized; staminate heads 2 to 2 % lines high; fertile heads 5 lines high; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined; achenes puberulent. —Mountain canons: Santa Inez Mts. to the Santa Monica Mts.; Santa Barbara Isls. 9. B. braehyphylla Gray. Stems slender, much branched, woody at base, 2 to 3 % f t . high, sparsely leaved; herbage puberulent; leaves linear, acute, entire, 3 to 6 lines long, the upper reduced and scale-like; heads to 2 (fruiting heads 4) lines high, loosely paniculate; involucral bracts oblonglanceolate, the green midrib pubescent and with broad scarious margins; fruiting pappus sordid, 3 lines long; achenes sparingly puberulent.'—S. San Diego Co.; e. to Ariz.

SUNFLOWER TRIBE 5.

Inuleae.

FAMILY

1061

EVERLASTING T R I B E

A n n u a l or p e r e n n i a l h e r b s . H e r b a g e m o s t l y w h i t e - w o o l l y ( e x c e p t P l u e h e a ) . L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e ( o p p o s i t e i n P s i l o c a r p h u s ) , e n t i r e , or m o r e or l e s s d e n t a t e in Pluehea and Adenocaulon. Heads small; r a y s none. B r a c t s of the involu c r e f r e q u e n t l y w h i t e or s c a r i o u s . P i s t i l l a t e flowers m o s t l y w i t h filiform c o r o l l a s . S t e r i l e flowers e i t h e r p e r f e c t or s t a m i n a t e . A n t h e r s c a u d a t e a t b a s e . S t y l e - b r a n c h e s s t i g m a t i c to t h e u n a p p e n d a g e d s u m m i t . P a p p u s capill a r y or n o n e . ( O n e s p e c i e s o f no. 7 1 i s a s h r u b . ) 62. M i C R O P U S L . Small floccose-woolly annuals. L e a v e s a l t e r n a t e , entire. Heads severalflowered, discoid, b o r n e one i n a p l a c e or s o m e w h a t c l u s t e r e d t o w a r d s t h e e n d s o f t h e b r a n c h e s . E e e e p t a c l e c o n v e x . B r a c t s o f t h e i n v o l u c r e open, s c a r i o u s , s u r r o u n d i n g t h e flower-bearing b r a c t s o f t h e r e c e p t a c l e . B r a c t s o f t h e r e c e p t a c l e c o n d u p l i c a t e or f o r m e d l i k e a flat s a c , r o u n d e d a t a p e x , b e a k e d on one side a n d open b e l o w t h e e r e c t b e a k , a l m o s t c o n c e a l e d b y t h e c l o t h i n g o f l o n g loose wool, e a c h one e n c l o s i n g a p i s t i l l a t e flower; s t e r i l e flowers i n t h e c e n t e r m o s t l y n a k e d . A c h e n e s gibbous, the corolla and style borne laterally, without pappus, r e m a i n i n g e n c l o s e d i n t h e s a c - l i k e b r a c t s w h i c h finally f a l l a w a y f r o m t h e r e c e p t a c l e . ( G r e e k m i c r o s , small, a n d pous, f o o t , i n a l l u s i o n to t h e s o f t - w o o l l y heads.) Fruiting sacs with the opening not scarious-margined, the beak tipped with a narrow soft or scarious point; bracts of the involucre oblong 1. M. californicus. Fruiting sacs with the opening and the beak broadly scariouswinged, the wing thus forming a broad ovate or obovate membrane facing the staminate flowers in the center; bracts of the involucre orbicular 2. M. amphibolus. 1. M . c a l i f d r n i e u s F . & M . F i g . 9 4 5 . S t e m s l e n d e r , s t r i c t l y e r e c t , 4 to 13 i n . h i g h , c o m m o n l y b r a n c h e d o n l y at the summit; leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate, a c u m i n a t e , 2 to 9 l i n e s l o n g ; r e c e p t a c l e low, w i t h seve r a l s c a l e - l i k e p r o c e s s e s ; f r u i t - b e a r i n g b r a c t s 4 to 6, a t l e n g t h i n d u r a t e d , t h e s u r r o u n d i n g b r a c t s o f t h e inv o l u c r e c o m m o n l y 5, t h e s e o r b i c u l a r o r o v a t e , s c a r i o u s , w i t h a g r e e n spot i n t h e c e n t e r ; s t a m i n a t e flowers a b o u t 3, t h e c o r o l l a filiform, b u t e x p a n d i n g s o m e w h a t t o w a r d t h e t h r o a t . — V e r y common on low h i l l s or i n v a l l e y s , 2 5 to 2 7 0 0 f t . : t h r o u g h o u t c i s m o n t a n e C a l . ; n . to Ore. A p r . - M a y . V a r . SUBVESTITUS G r a y . W o o l o f t h e b r a c t s short and wholly appressed. — M t . D i a b l o ; Oakland Hills; Belmont; Arroyo Grande; San Bernardino. „,, 7 J ' 945. Micropus californi2. M . a m p h i b o l u s G r a y . E e s e m b l i n g no. 1 b u t t h e c u s F - & M - ; habit x f r u i t i n g b r a c t s 9 or 10 a n d c o m p a r a t i v e l y t h i n a n d s o f t ; t i i l a t e ^ f l ^ x 3 ^ * ! ^ ' a m i r e c e p t a c l e e l e v a t e d or o b l o n g ; s t a m i n a t e flowers subn ^te fl.'x 4. tended b y linear thin chaff-like b r a c t s and with a pappus of f e w b r i s t l e s . — L o w hills, region of S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y : Mt. T a m a l p a i s ; L a u n d r y F a r m , O a k l a n d H i l l s ; W a l n u t C r e e k . I t is e i t h e r v e r y r a r e or, m o r e p r o b a b l y , o v e r l o o k e d f o r M . c a l i f o r n i c u s . 63. F I L A G O L . L o w w o o l l y a n n u a l s w i t h a l t e r n a t e e n t i r e l e a v e s . H e a d s discoid, i n small c a p i t a t e c l u s t e r s . R e c e p t a c l e h e m i s p h e r i c a l or c o n i c a l , i t s b a s e b e a r i n g a s e r i e s o f c o n c a v e or b o a t - s h a p e d b r a c t s , e a c h e n c l o s i n g a p i s t i l l a t e flower w i t h filiform t u b u l a r c o r o l l a a n d d e s t i t u t e o f pappus. C e n t e r or s u m m i t o f r e c e p t a c l e b e a r i n g a c l u s t e r o f f e r t i l e a n d s t e r i l e flowers a n d surrounded b y a s e r i e s o f s c a r i o u s or c h a f f - l i k e b r a c t s ; c e n t r a l flowers w i t h c a p i l l a r y pappus or t h e s t e r i l e s o m e t i m e s w i t h o u t p a p p u s . ( L a t i n filum, a t h r e a d , i n allusion to t h e c o t t o n y p u b e s c e n c e . )

1062

COMPOSITAE

Uppermost leaves conspicuously surpassing the heads. Leaves subulate with broadish base; receptacle low, nearly flat 1. F.gcdlica. Leaves linear; receptacle somewhat obconic or convex 2. F. arizonica. Uppermost leaves scarcely longer than the heads. Stems erect, simple or branched, 4 to 10 (or 15) in. high 3. F. californica. Stems depressed, diffusely more or less branched, 1 to 8 (or 4) in. high 4. F. depreesa.

1. F. gálllca L. Stem erect, branching or simple, 5 to 7 in. high; leaves subulate, % to 1 in. long, those involúcrate to the heads straight, divaricate, and, in appearance, rigid but really soft; receptacle nearly flat; heads obconical, and somewhat 5-angled, 1% to 2 lines high; marginal achenes completely enclosed in the at length indurated base of the bract.—Nat. from Eur. on dry open or brushy slopes, 200 to 1200 f t . : Napa Bange; Hydesville, Humboldt Co.; lone; Hilton; Whiteside, Mariposa Co. Apr.-May. 2. F. arizdnica Gray. Stem branching from or above the base, erect or diffuse, 1% to 6 in. high; herbage white-lanulose, the stems soon glabrate, the leaves more tardily; leaves linear, 3 to 11 lines long, the upper ones involúcrate around and much exceeding the glomerules of heads; glomerules small, separated by elongated filiform internodes (% to 2% in. long); marginal pistillate flowers 10 to 15, their bracts firm, ovate, open on the face; achenes oblanceolate, slightly curved, smooth.—Arid flats or valleys, 50 to 2000 f t . : Santa Catalina Isl.; San Diego; River1 iT side; Ojai Valley; Mohave Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to L. Cal. Apr. 3. F. califórnica Nutt. Pig. 946. Stem simple or branching, mostly erect, leafy throughout, 4 to 10 (or 15) in. high; herbage white-tomentulose, more or less glabrate, especially on the stems; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 3 to 10 lines long; heads ovate, 2 lines long; receptacle convex, rough or somewhat bur-like; marginal bracts 8 to 10, very woolly, deeply boat-shaped and somewhat incurved at apex, spreading stellately at maturity; inner bracts oblong, plane or merely concave; marginal achenes smooth; central achenes dotted with shining papillae.— Dry hills or flats, 100 to 3500 f t . mostly: Mendocino Co. to coastal S. Cal.; Sierra 946. Filago californica Nutt.; a, habit Nevada foothills from Butte Co. to Marix Vi ; b, pistillate fl. with bract x 5; posa Co.; Ft. Tejon; w. side Colorado c, pistillate fl. of central cluster x 6; d, staminate fl. x 6. Desert; s. to L. Cal. Apr.-June. 4. F. deprèssa Gray. Stem branching from the base, 1 to 4 in. high, the branches decumbent or ascending; herbage white-tomentulose or more or less glabrate; leaves oblong to narrowly obovate, 1% to 4 lines long; heads 1 to 1 Yì lines high, borne in small glomerules, the glomerules subtended by short ovate or oblong leafy bracts and nearly equaling or sometimes exceeding the upper internodes; marginal pistillate flowers 5 or 6, their enclosing bracts woolly, nearly straight; achenes smooth, the marginal ones obovate, shining the inner ones oblong or fusiform.—Sandy desert plains or mesas, 100 to 2000 f t . : Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. Apr. 64. STYLOCLÌNE Nutt. Low floccose-woolly annuals with alternate entire leaves. Heads diseoid, in small terminal clusters. Pistillate flowers enclosed in ovate boat-shaped bracts, these bracts borne on a slender column-like receptacle and with erect hyaline tip, the sac-like body loosely enclosing the achene; corolla filiform; pappus none. Staminate flowers few in the center, their bracts plane or

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1063

barely concave and their pappus caducous or none. (Greek stulos, a column, and kline, a bed, on account of the f o r m of t h e receptacle.) B r a c t s of t h e s t a m i n a t e (sterile) flowers t h i n , obtuse or merely acute, i n c o n s p i c u o u s ; fertile flowers m a n y . F r u i t - b e a r i n g b r a c t s n a r r o w l y ovate, s o m e w h a t keeled a n d m o d e r a t e l y woolly dorsally, t h e m a r g i n s b r o a d l y s c a r i o u s a n d c o n t i n u e d u p w a r d so as to f o r m a n ovate p l a n e w i n g on t h e v e n t r a l side 1. gnaphalioides. F r u i t - b e a r i n g b r a c t s b r o a d l y ovate, s o m e w h a t obcompressed, heavily woolly on the b a c k , t h e m a r g i n s n o t w i n g e d b u t e n d i n g above in a c o n s p i c u o u s m e m b r a n o u s ovate t i p 2. S. micropoides. B r a c t s of t h e s t a m i n a t e ( s t e r i l e ) flowers thick, ovate-lanceolate, t a p e r i n g i n t o a conspicuo u s r i g i d h o o k e d c u s p ; f e r t i l e flowers 5 to 9 3. filaginea.

1. S. gnaphálioides N u t t . Fig. 947. Stems several to many f r o m the base, ascending or erect, to 7 in. high; herbage loosely white-woolly; leaves broadly linear or t h e upper oblong, obtuse or r a t h e r bluntly apiculate, 2 to 4 lines long; f r u i t - b e a r i n g b r a c t s many, ovate, slightly carinate a n d moderately woolly dorsally, each margin of the sac b e a r i n g a broad wing which is produced upward and thus f o r m s a broadly ovate plane membrane on the v e n t r a l side; sterile flowers little shorter t h a n their bracts, with r u d i m e n t a r y ovary and a pappus of f e w caducous bristles. •— Dry grassy plains or mesas, 100 to 2000 f t . : w. side Colorado Desert; coastal S. Cal. and n. to Monterey Co. a n d the San J o a q u i n Valley. Apr. 2. S. micropoides Gray. Stem branched a t or near t h e base, the branches erect or diffuse, 1 to 3 in. high; leaves linear to oblong-oblanceolate, 3 to 8 lines long; f r u i t - b e a r i n g bracts numerous, broadly ovate, somewhat obcompressed, heavily woolly on t h e back (thus resembling ^ I n l w i r T ^ Hh-e m Y g i n S • n scarious-Winged, e n d i n g above in

0 t

a.

947. Stylocline g n a p h a l i o i d e s N u t t . ; a, habit ¡T, fertile or o u t e r b r a c t of r e c e p t a d o , x

r a t h e r conspicuous ovate membran- enclosings t apist. fl. x 6; c, inner bract x 6; d, m ous t i p ; sterile flowers naked or sub- A- x 6; e, pist. fl. x 6. tended b y t h i n glabrous or weakly h a i r y scales, with a pappus of 2, 3 or 4 caducous bristles.—Sandy river flats or rocky hills, 250 to 7400 f t . : ne. Colorado D e s e r t ; Mohave Desert; I n y o Co.; e. to N. Méx., s. to Mex. Apr.-May. 3. S. filaginea Gray. Stem branched at or above the base, erect or ascending, 2 to 4 in. high; herbage canescent with fine appressed wool which is later flocculent; leaves narrowly linear or narrowly oblanceolate, 3 to 7 lines long, those involúcrate to the heads b r o a d e r ; fertile flowers 5 to 9, their bracts boat-shaped, firm except a t the hyaline tip, smaller t h a n the 5 empty b r a c t s which surround t h e sterile flowers in the center; empty b r a c t s somewhat coriaceous, t a p e r i n g into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent, and at length stellately spreading.—Dry o f t e n b r u s h y slopes, 800 to 2000 f t . : Coast Ranges f r o m San Luis Obispo Co. to Mendocino and w. Colusa Cos.; Mariposa Co. foothills. Apr.-May. Yar. DEPRÉSSA Jepson n. var. Much branched f r o m the base, t h e stems stout, prostrate, f o r m i n g a m a t 1 to 4 in. broad.—Siskiyou Co.; w. Tehama Co. (Crane Creek, Jepson, t y p e ) ; P r i e s t Valley, Monterey Co. 65. PSILOCÁRPHUS N u t t . Low or p r o s t r a t e white-woolly annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, the uppermost involúcrate around the small sessile globose heads, which are solitary in the f o r k s or a t the ends of t h e branches, or some clustered. Heads globose,

1064

COMPOSITAE

discoid. Bracts all of one kind, clothed with soft wool, crowded on the small globose receptacle, each bract sac-like, half-obcordate or obovate in side view, hooded and rounded at the top with the apex introrse (turned downward and inward) and beaked by a hyaline appendage or scale. Flowers unisexual; pistillate flowers loosely enclosed in the sac-like bracts, with filiform corollas; staminate flowers few, occupying the center of the head and naked, that is, destitute of enclosing or other bracts. Achenes straight or slightly curved. Pappus none. (Greek psilos, bare, and karphos, chaff.) Leaves tapering below; heads numerous, covered with rather close wool. Plants prostrate, matted; leaves 3 to 8 lines long, rather abruptly narrowed toward base 1. P. tenellus. Plants erect or diffusely branched; leaves % to 1% in. long, gradually narrowed toward base 2..P. oreganus. Leaves not tapering below; heads rather few, covered with very loose wool. Heads nearly concealed by upper leaves 3. P. globiferus. Heads not concealed by upper leaves 4. P. brevismmus.

1. P. tenéllus Nutt. Fig. 948. Plants prostrate, the forking stems forming a dense mat 2 to 10 in. broad; leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, mucronate, 3 to 8 lines long; heads numerous, 2 lines broad; achenes oblong or slightly broader toward the summit, about % line long.—Valleys and low hills, 25 to 3400 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada foothills from Mariposa Co. n.; Sacramento Valley; n. to Wash. May-June. 2. P. oregánus Nutt. Stem diffusely branched from base, the few to many branches slender, erect or spreading, 2 to 5 in. long; herbage covered with a close tomentum; l e a v e s spatulate, mostly apiculate, Y2 to 1% in. long; heads 2 to 2 y2 lines broad, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 in the forks and at ends of the branches. — Beds of former vernal pools, 25 to 500 f t . : Coast 948. Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt.; o, habit Ganges; lower San Joaquin Valley; X %; b, leaf x %; c, involucral bract Sacramento Valley; n. to Ore. May.

b

enclosing p i s t i l l a t e ^ . ^ ;

d, staminate

3

p

g l o M f e r u s

N u t t

s t e m

e i t h e r

simple or branching, prostrate or ascending, 1 to 4 in. long; herbage loosely tomentose; leaves linear, 2 to 7 lines long; heads 3 lines broad, in terminal clusters or scattered along the branches or in the forks, more or less concealed by the whorl of subtending leafy bracts; achenes elliptic-oblong.—Low places in fields where water has stood, 50 to 3000 f t . mostly: coastal S. Cal.; Great Valley; e. of the Sierra Nevada from e. Nevada Co. to Modoc Co. 4. P. brevissimus Nutt. Dwarfish, the stems several to many from the base but mostly simple, 1 to 3 in. long; leaves obspatulate, obtuse or merely acute, 4 to 6 lines long, the involúcrate ones partly concealing the heads; heads comparatively few, 4 to 5 lines broad, more loosely woolly than in P. oreganus; staminate flowers about 7 or 8; achene cylindrical or slightly clavate, less than 1 line long.—Summer beds of vernal pools: San Luis Obispo Co. to Sacramento Valley; n. to Wash. May-June. 66. ±VAX Gaertn. Dwarf rigid densely woolly annuals. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads dis.coid, solitary in the axils or crowded in dense terminal clusters. Bracts of the involucre very closely imbricated, covering but not enclosing the pistillate flowers and forming a short-cylindric head, the receptacle produced upward as a slender or spike-like column tipped with a cup-like whorl of 5 bracts at summit, the cup bearing 2, 3 or 4 staminate flowers. Bracts of the

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1065

involucre and of the pistillate flowers becoming hardened, persistent, the upper or sterile bracts deciduous. Pistillate flowers with filiform corollas. Pappus none. (An Arabian chief who wrote to Emperor Nero about simples.) Bracts

of pistillate flowers chartaceous, becoming coriaceous, persistent; receptacle columnar or cylindric; leaves narrowed to a very slender petiole. Heads mostly scattered; receptacle elongated or slenderly cylindric 1. E. sparsiflora. Heads in terminal clusters; receptacle thick-columnar. . 2 . E. caulescens. Bracts of pistillate flowers scarious, at maturity deciduous; receptacle low hemispheric or merely convex; heads in terminal clusters; leaves sessile by a broad base 3. E. multicaulis.

1. E. sparsiflora Jepson. Fig. 949. Stem erect, 1 to 4 in. high, simple or commonly branching f r o m the base, the heads in the axils, scattered along the branches or slightly glomerate a t the ends of the branches; leaves spatulate, narrowed to a very slender petiole, 3 to 8 lines long; bracts of the receptacle woolly on back and rather densely longsparsiflora Jepson; a, habit x hirsute a t base, especially the upper; 949. b,Evax head x 7 ; c, section of head x 7 ; staminate

flowers

i n c e n t e r a b o u t 4.— d, cluster of staminate flowers in terminal

Dry adobe or sometimes sandy soil in cup x 7; e, involucral bract x 7; /, pistillate the hills, 10 to 2000 f t . : Coast Ranges flower x 7. f r o m Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. May. Var. brevif6lia Jepson n. comb. Depressed and rosulate, or with stems 1 in. high; leaves small, short-petioled, about to % in. long.—Humboldt and Napa Cos.; Amador Co. (E. caulescens vars. brevifolia and minima Gray.)

950. Evax caulescens Gray; a, habit x % ; b, central cluster of stam. fls. with subtending circle of bracts x 4; c, long. sect, of head, the bracts with pistillate fls. in their axils, the terminal cluster staminate x 4 ; d, bract x 4 ; e, staminate fl. x 8; / , pistillate fl. x 8.

2. E. caulescens Gray. Fig. 950. Stems 1 to several f r o m the base, simple, 1 to 8 in. high; heads all crowded in a very dense terminal cluster, the cluster hemispherical, 6 to 9 lines broad and surrounded by a whorl of many leaves, these leaves spatulate-obovate, 6 to 12 lines long, narrowed to a petiole % to 1 in. long; cauline leaves similar, 3 to 5 lines long, on petioles % to 1 in. long. —Dry summer beds of vernal pools, 10 to 300 f t . : Sacramento Valley; Napa Valley. (E. involucrataGreene.) Var. HiJMlLis Jepson. One to 2 in. high, the heads crowded on the short central stem or at the ends of the very short horizontal branches (none in the axils), the close clusters sub, . , . , . tended by rosulately arranged leaves, •—Antioch.

3. E. multicaulis DC. Stems several f r o m t h e b a s e , diffuse, 2 to 4 in.

]066

COMPOSITAE

long; leaves spatulate to oblong-spatulate, sessile by a broad base, 3 to 6 lines long; heads in terminal glomerules, the glomerules more or less concealed by the bract-like upper leaves; receptacle low-hemispheric; bracts of the pistillate flowers linear, narrowed a little towards the base, chartaceous, with narrow scarious margins, glabrous except a t the densely implexedwoolly apex; bracts of the staminate flowers spatulate, woolly on the back. —Mohave Desert; e. to Ariz. 67. ADENOCAULON Hook. Perennial herbs. Stems slender, l e a f y only a t base, bearing above a panicle of small and f e w heads of whitish flowers, the upper portion of the stem and the panicle beset with small glands. Leaves alternate, broad, petioled, green and early glabrate above, white-woolly beneath. Heads of few disk-flowers; ray-flowers none. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate and fertile, the central perfect, sterile and with undivided style; corollas of both sorts tubular. Bracts of the involucre 5 to 9, equal, in a single row, not scarious, reflexed in f r u i t , a t length deciduous. Receptacle flat, naked. Mature achenes much elongated and clavate, covered above with stalked glands. Pappus none. (Greek adenos, a gland, and kaulon, a stem.) 1. A. bicolor Hook. Fig. 951. Stems i y 2 to 2*4 f t . high, the lower p o r t i o n floccose-woolly; leaves deltoid-ovate, cordate a t the base, sinuate-dentate, IV2 to mostly 3 or 4 in. long and as broad or broader; petioles margined; staminate flowers about 10, their corollas 4-lobed; pistillate flowers 3, their corollas as if 2-lipped, the lower lobe turned down, the other lobes over style; Yi ; c, head of fls., the central ones perfect, the approximate-hooded 3 marginal ones pistillate x 2 ; d, staminate fl. achenes 3 to 3% lines long, much i 5 ; t , pistillate fl. x 2. longer than bracts of the involucre. —Moist or shady woods, 500 to 5500 f t . : along the coast from Santa Cruz Co. to Humboldt Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Lake Huron. June. 68. GNAPHALIUM L. CUDWEED Woolly herbs with entire sessile or decurrent leaves. Heads discoid, white, yellowish or rose-tinted, disposed in panicles, corymbs, or spikes. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Bracts of involucre scarious, imbricated. Pistillate flowers in several series with filiform corollas. Central flowers perfect, with tubular 5-lobed corollas. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. (Greek gnaphalon, a lock of wool, these plants floccose-woolly.) Pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring; inflorescence spike-like; leaves •white-woolly beneath, green above 1. G. purpureum. Pappus-bristles not united at base, falling separately; inflorescence corymbose, paniculate or cymose. Involucre imbedded in loose wool, its bracts with scarious tips, rather inconspicuous; low branching annual 2. G.palustre. Involucre woolly only at base, its bracts mainly scarious or silvery, conspicuous; mostly tall biennials or perennials, or nos. 4 and 9 annual or biennial. Herbage in age becoming green (at least the upper surface of the leaves), more or less glandular.

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1067

Inflorescence corymbose; bracts pearly w h i t e ; herbage balsamic-scented. . . . 3. G. decurrens. Inflorescence paniculate or cymose; bracts white or rose-tinged. Root annual or biennial; heads loosely paniculate; involucre turbinate. 4. G. ramosissimum. Root woody perennial; heads in close cymes; involucre campanulate. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, mostly simple; leaves narrowly linear, shortdecurrent at base 5. G. leucocephalum. Stems 2 to 3 ft. high, branching; leaves oblong or broadly linear (or the upper lanceolate), broadly auriculate at base. . . . 6. G. bicolor. Herbage persistently woolly, not glandular or scarcely so. Involucre w h i t e ; inflorescence paniculate or cymose. Leaves linear (or the lower narrowly spatulate), slightly decurrent; herbage odorless 7. G. microcephalum. Leaves broader, spatulate to lanceolate, not at all decurrent; herbage fragrant 8. G.beneolens. Involucre greenish-yellowish, becoming rusty; heads in capitate clusters or the clusters somewhat open-paniculate 9. G.chilense.

1. G. purpureum L. P U R P L E CUDWEED. Fig. 952. Stem commonly simple and ereet f r o m a slightly decumbent base, 4 to 12 in. high, arising from an annual or biennial root; herbage canescent with a close dense coating of white wool, the upper surface of the leaves usually early glabrate; leaves broadly spatulate, obtuse, 1 to 3 in. long and 2% to 7% lines wide; heads crowded in a spike-like inflorescence which is dense and oblong, or more elongated and more or less interrupted; heads 2 lines long; involucre brownish or purplish; achenes sparsely scabrous.—Open ground along the coast, 50 to 1600 f t . : San Diego Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C., thence e. to Mass., thence to Tex. May. 2. G. palustre N u t t . LOWLAND CUDWEED. Fig. 953. Annual; stem commonly branching a t the base, the branches erect or ascending, 3 to 8 in. high; herbage loosely floccose with long wool, more or less deciduous f r o m the leaves; leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, 5 to 12 lines long, a f e w about the clusters of heads oblong or lanceolate; heads in small clusters a t the ends of the branchlets, 1 to lines high; bracts

of

the

involucre

imbedded

in

952

- Gnaphalium purpureum L.; a, habit

fl x 5; loose wool, linear, with white or char- * ' taceous obtuse often denticulate tips.— Stream beds or low places in valleys, 10 to 4000 f t . : common throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to B. C., e. to Wyo. and X. Mex. July-Aug. Var. NAXUM Jepson. Dwarf, 1 to 2% in high; bracts acute.—Dry openly wooded hills, N a p a Range. June-Oct. 3. G. decurrens Ives var. calif6rnicum Gray. CALIFORNIA EVERLASTING. Biennial; stem stoutish, 2 to 3 f t . high, corj'mbosely branched at summit, the branches bearing glomerules of large heads and forming a broad and somewhat flat-topped inflorescence; herbage soon becoming green and more or less glabrate (except on the under surface of the leaves), a t maturity glandular and balsamic-scented; lower leaves oblong (% to 1 in. broad and 2 to 5 in. long), diminishing in size upwards and becoming lanceolate, all obviously decurrent; heads roundish or broad, 2 to 3 lines high or slightly more, the involucral bracts white or in age rusty-tinged.—Dry wooded hills, 100 to 2000 f t . : Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; s. to coastal S. Cal. May-June.

1068

COMPOSITAE

4. G. ramosissimum Nutt. PINE EVERLASTING. Stems 1 to several from a biennial root, erect, 2 to 5 ft. high, ending above in a much-branched panicle; herbage greenish, a little glandular, sweet-scented, the stems arachnoid, the leaves finely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, % to in. long; panicle narrow or virgate, or sometimes very broad, % to IVi ft. long; involucres narrowly ovate or turbinate, reddish or pinkish, 2 lines high, their bracts ovate, obtuse or acute.—Wooded hills along the coast, 100 to 1200 ft.: Marin and Alameda Cos. to San Gabriel Mts. 5. G. leucoc6phalum Gray. Stem erect, strict, mostly simple, very leafy, 1 to 2 ft. high, from a perennial root; herbage very white with close wool, the upper side of the leaves green, rather densely glandular-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, attenuate, commonly erect, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide, little broader at the shortdecurrent base; heads broadly campanulate, disposed in a cyme, 3 to 12 9 5 3 . Gnaphalium palustre Nutt.; a, habit in. broad; bracts of the involucre x Vz ; b, head x 3 Vz ; c, staminate fl. x 7 ; ovate, obtuse, thin-papery, much imd, pistillate fl. x 7. bricated, pure pearly white.—Coastal S. Cal., 400 to 1200 f t . : Hollywood; Pasadena; e. to Tex. 6. G. bicolor Bioletti. Stem stout, erect, freely branching, arising from a perennial root, 2 to 3 ft. high; branches terminating in a compact or almost capitate cyme; herbage white-tomentose, the tomentum deciduous from the upper side of the leaves, the leaves thus green above and white beneath; leaves oblong to linear or lanceolate, closely sessile by a broad auricled base, Y2 to 1% in. long, the margins revolute and a little undulate; involucres campanulate, 2 to 2% lines high, their bracts white or sordid, ovate, obtuse, the inner oblong, acute, often greenish.—Sandy fields or dry hills, 25 to 5500 ft.: coastal S. Cal.; n. to Monterey and Tulare Cos.; s. to L. Cal. Mar.-Apr. 7. G. microciphalum Nutt. W H I T E EVERLASTING. Stems 1 to several from a biennial root, erect, ly^ to 2% ft. high, ending above in a much branched panicle; herbage more or less densely white-lanate, especially when young, the wool persistent; leaves narrowly linear, acute, inucronate, IV2 to 3 in. long; panicle often narrow and elongated, sometimes broad, 4 to 12 in. long; heads oblong or cylindric, 2 to 2% lines high, disposed in rather small glomerules at the ends of the branchlets; bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, obtuse, the innermost linear, bright white.—Wooded mountain slopes, 500 to 5300 ft.: throughout cismontane Cal.; n. to Ore. Aug.-Sept. 8. G. ben&olens Dav. Stem erect, simple, arising from a perennial root, 2 to 2% ft. high, ending above in a much-branched panicle; herbage persistently white-woolly, not glandular; leaves spatulate-oblong to linear or lanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long; heads in small glomerules, the glomerules many, borne on loose spreading or divergent branchlets; involucres turbinate or ovatish, white, very woolly at base, 2 lines long, their bracts thin, oblong, obtuse or acute, the inner often apiculate.—Dry ground, 100 to 3000 ft., coastal S. Cal.: Santa Cruz Isl.; Ballona Marshes; San Gabriel Mts.; Santa Ana Canon, Orange Co.; e. to Tex. May-Sept. 9 . G. chilense Spreng. COTTON-BATTING PLANT. Annual or biennial; stems several, erect from a decumbent base (or single and wholly erect), stout, % to 2y 2 ft. high, often densely clothed with leaves; leaves narrowly spatulate

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1069

or the uppermost linear or lanceolate, % to 1% in. long, the short deeurrent bases rather broad and somewhat auricle-like; heads 3 lines wide and high, numerous in a large close glomerule terminating the main stem, or in several glomerules at the ends of the branches of the more or less open panicle; involucres with a greenish yellowish tinge.—Open ground in valleys or on low hills, 10 to 5000 f t . : throughout cismontane Cal.; e. to Tex. May-Aug. Var. CONFERTIF&LIUM Greene. Stem stout, low, densely clothed with linear leaves up to the sessile cluster of heads.—With the species. 69. A N A P H A L I S D C .

EVERLASTING

Perennial herbs with simple erect equably leafy stems. Leaves green above, closely woolly beneath. Heads disposed in a compound corymb. Bracts of the involucre numerous, pearly white and scarious, imbricated in several series, radiating in age. Dowers yellow, polygamodioecious; staminate heads with only staminate flowers; pistillate heads with pistillate flowers and a few central staminate flowers; staminate flowers with a tubular 5-lobed corolla with spreading limb and an included 2-cleft style; pistillate flowers with filiform toothed corolla and exserted 2-cleft style; pistillate flowers fertile, staminate flowers sterile. Pappus as in Gnaphalium. (Ancient Greek name of some " E v e r l a s t i n g . " ) 1.

A. margarit^cea

(L.) B. & H.

PEARLY

EVERLASTING. Fig. 954. Stems several from the base, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, with revolute margin, 2 to 5 in. long; corymb l1/^ to 6 in. broad.—Open woods: Coast Ranges, 20 to 4000 ft., from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 6500 ft., from Eldorado Co. n.; e. to Penn. and Newf., n. 9 5 4 . Anaphalis margaritacea B . & x % ; 6, pistillate to Alas.; Asia. July-Sept. Var. OCCIDENTALIS H . ; a,fl. fl.x 4branchlet ; c, staminate fl. x 4. Greene. Leaves sessile by a broad auriculateclasping base.—Oakland Hills; San Francisco; s. Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Fresno Co. 70.

ANTENNARIA

Gaertn.

Low tomentose perennial herbs. Leaves mostly in basal tufts, the cauline ones alternate, all entire. Heads dioecious, borne in small capitate, corymbose or thyrsoid cymes, rarely solitary. Involucral bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter, usually woolly. Eeceptacle convex or flattish, naked. Staminate flowers with filiform corolla, entire or merely notched style and a scanty pappus of clavellate bristles. Pistillate flowers with tubular 5-toothed corolla, 2-cleft often crimson style and copious pappus of capillary naked bristles united at base. (Latin, the sterile pappus fancifully likened to insect antennae.) Heads solitary, terminating short stems or sessile among the basal leaves; caespitose plants Vz to 1 % in- high; pappus-bristles of sterile flowers hardly thickened at apex. . . . 1. A. dimorpha. Heads in clusters terminating short or elongated stems; pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with thickened or dilated tips. B a s a l leaves roundish-ovate to obovate-spatulate, % to 1 in. wide, the tomentum early deciduous from their upper surface 2. A. plantaijMfolia. Basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, much narrower, not more than V2 in. wide, the upper surface rarely early glabrous. Tips of involucral bracts green to pale brown (or in staminate heads whitish). Heads in a cymose cluster (sometimes solitary) ; tomentum felt-like, extending well up onto involucre 3. A. alpina. Heads paniculate; tomentum silky, extending only to base of involucre 4 . A. microcephala. Tips of involucral bracts pearly white to deep pink or red. Tomentum extending only to base of involucre; tips of involucral bracts white.

1070

COMPOSITAE Lower leaves spatulate, the upper oblanceolate ; staminate heads 2 % lines wide 5. A. argentea. Lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate-spatulate, the upper linear ; staminate heads lines wide 6. A. luzuloides. Tomentum extending well up onto involucre; tips of involucral bracts white to rose-color or red. Stems sparsely leafy above; inflorescence cymose 7. A. dioica. Stems densely leafy above ; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes somewhat spicate) 8. A. gey eri.

1. A. dimórpha J . & G. Plants mat-like, the stem freely branched and bearing rosulate clusters of leaves, the heads solitary, sessile in the rosettes or terminal on erect branches % to in. high; herbage white-woolly; leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 8 lines long; involucres of the staminate heads about 2% lines high, their bracts brownish or bluish, obtuse; involucres of the pistillate heads enlarging to 3 to 4% lines high, their bracts paler, the innermost narrow and attenuate into a hyaline tip; fruiting pappus of pistillate flowers twice as long as involucre.—Montane, 6000 to 8800 ft.: San Antonio Mts.; Mt. Pinos; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Eocky Mts. Mar.-July. 2. A. plantàginifòlia Hook. Stem scape-like, % to 1% ft. high, arising from stolons terminating slender rootstocks, bearing few small leaves (the leaves chiefly basal), and ending above in a small cyme; basal leaves roundish ovate to obovate or spatulate, glabrate and green above, silvery-lanate beneath, mostly 3 to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 in. long, the petioles % to % in. long; cyme consisting of 3 to 5 clusters of heads; involucres very woolly at base; inner bracts of the staminate heads with oblong obtuse tips, those of the pistillate heads with narrow acute tips; achenes minutely glandular.—Montane woods, 4000 ft.: Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Tex. June. 3. A. alpina Gaertn. Stems several to many, 1 to 6 in. high, erect or ascending from the branched root-crown, the short basal shoots leafy-tufted and thus forming caespitose plants; herbage white-tomentose; basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, 4 to 9 lines long; heads 3 to 6 in a dense terminal cluster; involucre 2 to 3 lines high, livid-brownish or dusky; inner bracts of the staminate heads with whitish oblong tips, of the pistillate heads wholly livid and scarious and acutish to acuminate; pappus-bristles of staminate heads moderately dilated, often spinulose-serrate; achenes glandular.—• Alpine, 8000 to 12,500 f t . : Kaweah Peaks to Mt. Dana, Mt. Tallac, Lassen Peak and Mt. Shasta; n. to Alas., e. to Lab. and Col. July-Sept. Yar. MÈDIA Jepson n. comb. Densely caespitose, 1 to 4 in. high; leaves 2 to 4 lines long; involucre about 2 lines high; bracts green or greenish-brown, those of the pistillate heads oblong or linear-oblong, those of the staminate heads oval; pappus-bristles of staminate heads more broadly dilated, often remotely dentate above.—Montane, 9200 to 11,400 ft.: Sierra Nevada; San Bernardino Mts. Aug. (A. media Greene. A. densa Greene.) Var. SCÀBRA Jepson n. comb. Plant 1 in. high; herbage at first with a dense soft woolly coat, the tomentum promptly deciduous and exposing a dense glandular-scabrous green indument.—Alpine, 12,500 ft., White Mts. July. (A. scabra Greene.) 4. A. microcéphala Gray. Stems simple, slender, erect, 3 to 7 in. high, more or less leafy, especially below, arising from branching rootstocks, ending above in a small panicle; herbage silvery-lanate; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate-spatulate, narrowed to a more or less margined petiole, the whole % to 2% in. long, the upper cauline ones much reduced; panicle % to 1% in. long; heads 1% to 2% lines high, on peduncles Yj to 1 line long, or some sessile in clusters; involucres wholly glabrous, their bracts light brown or dull reddish; bristles of staminate pappus with dilated tips.—Dry gravelly places, eastern slopes or eastern mountain valleys of the Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 5500 ft.: e. Nevada Co.; Sierra Co.; Plumas Co.; e. to Ne v. June-July. 5. A. argéntea Benth. Stems erect from the branched root-crown, 8 to 1C in. high, mostly naked above, scantily leafy at middle or below, the leaves chiefly basal; herbage densely white-tomentose, the leaves sometimes sparsely so above, the tomentum extending only to base of involucres; lower leaves spatulate or narrowly obovate, gradually narrowed to a short or long petiole,

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1071

t h e whole % to 2 % in. long, t h e veins p r o m i n e n t in spite of t h e t h i c k t o m e n t u m ; upper cauline leaves oblaneeolate or linear-oblanceolate, acute, t h e uppermost reduced to mere b r a c t s ; heads 2 to 2 % lines high, numerous in a compound thyrsoid or corymbose cyme % to 1% in. b r o a d ; involucres white, t h e p i s t i l l a t e ones t u r b i n a t e , becoming c a m p a n u l a t e , w i t h t h e innermost b r a c t s acutish to a c u m i n a t e , t h e s t a m i n a t e ones c a m p a n u l a t e w i t h t h e inner b r a c t s ovate, obtuse or acutish, ivory-white, c h a r t a c e o u s ; tips of stamin a t e pappus much dilated, obtuse.—Montane, 3500 to 6700 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Fresno Co. to Modoc Co., N o r t h Coast R a n g e s f r o m n. L a k e Co. to Siskiyou Co. J u n e - J u l y . 6. A. lùzuloìdes T. & G. Stems slender, erect f r o m a slightly decumbent base, arising f r o m a b r a n c h e d root-crown, 5 to 12 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e silky l a n a t e ; leaves n a r r o w l y linear, or linear-oblanceolate, or oblanceolates p a t u l a t e , d r a w n down to a n a r r o w base, t h e whole % to 2 in. long; small uppermost leaves linear-subulate; heads small, 2 to 3 lines high, several to m a n y in a compact cyme % to 1% in. b r o a d ; involucres glabrous n e a r l y or quite to t h e base, t h e inner b r a c t s in t h e pistillate h e a d s obtuse; achenes glandular, t h e s p a t u l a t e petaloid tips of t h e pistillate p a p p u s obtuse.—Montane, 5000 to 6000 f t . : P l u m a s Co. to Modoc Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Wyo. M a y . 7. A. dioica G a e r t n . Stems erect, sparsely l e a f y , 2 to 12 in. high, arising f r o m b r a n c h i n g stolons or rootstocks tipped by l e a f y t u f t s and thus f o r m i n g broad m a t s ; h e r b a g e tomentose, t h e t o m e n t u m e x t e n d i n g well u p onto t h e involucre; heads lines high, n e a r l y as b r o a d , f e w to m a n y in a dense or globose cymose cluster; leaves % to lVs in. long, t h e basal obovate to spatulate, obtuse or acute, t h e cauline leaves linear-oblanceolate; involucral b r a c t s obtuse or acute, t h e tips chartaceous, rose-color or w h i t e ; achenes smooth and glabrous, sometimes m i n u t e l y g l a n d u l a r . — M o n t a n e , 5100 to 9300 f t . : San J a c i n t o a n d San B e r n a r d i n o m o u n t a i n s ; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to N e v a d a Co.; M t . S h a s t a ; n. to Alas., e. to L a b . and N. Mex. July-Aug. Y a r . RÒSEA E a t . B a s a l leaves n a r r o w l y s p a t u l a t e ; involucral b r a c t s pale pink to deep rose-pink.—Montane, 4000 to 11,000 f t . : S i e r r a N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; M t . S h a s t a ; w. Siskiyou Co. J u n e - A u g . V a r . CONGÈSTA DC. L e a v e s in a rosulate t u f t on t h e ends of t h e p r o s t r a t e stems, t h e heads sessile in t h e rosette.-—Sierra N e v a d a ; e. to Col. V a r . CORYMBÒSA J e p s o n n. comb. H e r b a g e lightly tomentose; b a s a l leaves oblaneeolate, cuspidately mucronate, t h e cauline l i n e a r ; b r a c t s w i t h a brownish spot a t t h e middle; b r a c t s of s t a m i n a t e heads somewhat erose a t apex.—Mariposa Co. (A. corymbosa E . Neis.) V a r . MARGINATA J e p s o n n. comb. Older leaves green and g l a b r a t e above, t h e dense t o m e n t u m below showing as a n a r r o w w h i t e m a r g i n ; i n v o l ú c r a t e b r a c t s of pistillate h e a d s greenish w i t h w h i t e tips, t h e long inner ones v e r y n a r r o w and acute, those of t h e s t a m i n a t e heads b r o a d l y obovate, erose, brownish a t base, t h e tips pure w h i t e . — M o n t a n e , 7200 to 11,000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a ; San B e r n a r d i n o Mts. (A. m a r g i n a t a Greene.) Yar. K E R N É N S I S J e p s o n n. v a r . Densely caespitose, 1 to 4 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e tomentose; basal leaves s p a t u l a t e to oblaneeolate, 3 lines long, sometimes g l a b r a t e above.—High montane, 8500 to 10,500 f t . , upper K e r n R i v e r : Denels P e a k ; Volcano Mdws.; Siberian P a s s (Hall & Babcock 5473, t y p e ) . J u l y . 8. A. géyeri Gray. Stems several, erect, l e a f y to t h e inflorescence, 3 to 5 in. high, a r i s i n g f r o m a b r a n c h e d woody b a s e ; h e r b a g e densely l a n a t e ; leaves s p a t u l a t e to oblaneeolate, 6 to 8 lines long; h e a d s 2% to 4 lines high, somew h a t spicate or p a n i c u l a t e , t h e inflorescence 3 to 12 lines long; involucres v e r y woolly, only t h e inner b r a c t s glabrous; b r a c t s w i t h conspicuous rosepurple or sometimes ivory-white tips, those of t h e s t a m i n a t e heads n a r r o w , acute, those of t h e pistillate heads obtuse; s t a m i n a t e pappus w i t h moderately clava te bristles, usually surpassed by t h e b r a c t s . — M o n t a n e , 4000 to 6000 f t . : Eldorado Co. to Modoe Co.; M t . S h a s t a ; n. to W a s h . J u n e - A u g . 71. P L Ù C H B A Cass. Tall l e a f y h e r b s or shrubs. H e a d s numerous, hemispheric, clustered in t e r m i n a l corymb-like cymes, consisting of m a n y purplish disk-flowers and no ray-flowers. M a r g i n a l flowers of t h e head pistillate and f e r t i l e , w i t h t u b u l a r filiform t r u n c a t e or 2 to 4-toothed corollas shorter t h a n t h e 2-cleft s t y l e ;

1072

COMPOSITAE

central flowers few, entire or bifid style. grooved. Pappus a Pluche, 18th century

perfect but sterile, with tubular 5-cleft corollas and Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes single series of capillary bristles. (The Abbe N. A. naturalist, of Paris.)

Herb; leaves and stems glandular Shrub; herbage silvery-canescent

1. P. camphorata. 2. P. sericea.

1. P. camphorata (L.) DC. SALT-MARSH FLEABANE. Annual; stems stoutish, erect, branching above, 1% to 2% f t . high; herbage glandular-puberulent; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, glandular-dentate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, the larger 3 to 5 in. long; heads 2% lines high, rarely leafybracted, in corymb-like cymes; bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate; achenes pubescent.—Salt marshes in low valleys: region of San Francisco Bay; Great Valley; coastal S. Cal.; Atlantic coast. Aug.-Oct. 2. P. sericea (Nutt.) Cov. ARROWWEED. Fig. 955. Slender erect shrub 3 to 10 f t . high with silvery-silky herbage; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, sessile, % to 1% in. long; heads 3 to 4 lines high; outer involucral bracts ovate, coriaceous, the inner linear, much thinner; pappus-bristles of the sterile flowers g e n i c u l a t e-crinkly and slightly dilated at tip, those of the fertile obscurely if at all so.—River bottoms, 100 to 2200 f t . : coastal S. Cal.; Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co.; immensely abundant along the Colorado River bottoms from Needles to Yuma; s. to L. Cal., e. to Tex. Also called Mock Willow. (Tessaria borealis T. & G.) TRIBE 6. Heliantheae. TRIBE

„„

.

.

^ .

.. ,

SUNFLOWER

Herbs (or shrubs) with mostly opposite or basal leaves and with

955. Pluchea sericea Cov.: a. fl. branchlet x i . . . . -n %- «-. perfect flower! 4 " pistilUte flower x 4. b a l s a m i c - r e s i n o u s j u i c e . K a y s

pres-

ent, almost always showy. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous, or at least not scarious. Receptacle with chaff-like bracts, each subtending a flower. Anthers not caudate. Pappus paleaceous, of rigid awns, or cup-like, never of capillary bristles. Achenes thick or flattened contrary to the Bubtending chaffy bract, never parallel with it. (Rays none in Bebbia and one species in nos. 76, 79, 83, 84 and 87.)

72. MELAMP6DIUM L. Herbs with opposite ample leaves. Heads medium-sized, in leafy-bracted cymes or panicles. Involucre double, strongly dimorphous. Outer involucre of several loose often foliaceous plane bracts; inner involucre of smaller bracts, each completely enclosing a marginal achene and at length falling with it. Rays yellow or white, their achenes fertile. Pappus none. Diskflowers yellow, perfect, their achenes sterile. (Greek melas, black, and pous, foot, a plant name captiously transferred by Linnaeus.) 1. M. perfoll&tum H.B.K. Coarse widely branched annual 3 to 4 f t . high; leaves 4 to 9 in. long, broadly rhomboidal-ovate, dentate, scabrous, acute, narrowed below into a winged petiole, the petioles connate around the stem in pairs; heads on slender peduncles; bracts of the outer involucre ovate to oblong, 5 to 6 lines long, united at base.—Waste places, Los Angeles; introduced from Mex.

SUNFLOWER

1073

FAMILY

73. ECLÍPTA L. Low weak riparian herb with opposite leaves and white flowers. Heads solitary in the upper axils, the peduncles long or very short. Involucre broad, its bracts herbaceous and in about 2 series. Bracts of the receptacle awn-like. Rays short. Disk-flowers perfect and fertile, their corollas 4-toothed. Achenes thick, those of the ray 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none or of a few short teeth. (Greek ekleipta, wanting, on account of the absence of the pappus.) 1. E. álba Hassk. Decumbent, 1 or 2 f t . high; leaves lanceolate or oblonglanceolate, sparingly serrulate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a strigose pubescence; disk-achenes a t length corky-margined. — Shores of islands in the lower Sacramento River; Tex. to N. J . and Fla.; trop. Am. Sept. 74. GALINSÓGA R. & P . Annual herbs with opposite leaves. Heads small, cymose or solitary. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts few, ovate, membranous and striate, in 2 series, often with some additional outer and very small ones. Receptacle conical or elongated, its bracts thin. Ray-flowers 4 or 5, fertile, the rays white, 2 or 3-lobed, often very small. Disk-flowers yellow. Pappus-paleae broad, with fimbriate or almost plumose margins, or none in the ray-flowers. (M. Galinsoga, a Spanish physician and botanist.) 1. G. parviflora Cav. Stem with slender ascending branches, leafy almost throughout, % to 2 f t . high; herbage sparsely hispid, the inflorescence glandular-hispid; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, entire or serrate, thin, % to 2 in. long; heads peduncled, 1% to 2 lines high; rays very small, scarcely exserted; achenes black, turbinate, 4 or 5-angled; paleae of disk-pappus 8 to 16, nearly as long as the achene; pappus of ray-achenes very much reduced, unilateral.—Waste places and along irrigating ditches, Los Angeles; introduced from Mex. 75. BÉBBIA Greene Strongly scented nearly leafless bushes. Stems intricately much branched, the ultimate branchlets ending in 1 (or a cluster of 2 or 3) discoid heads. Involucre about half length of disk, its f e w bracts imbricate in about 3 rows, striate. Bracts of the receptacle scarious, striate, ciliate-margined, partially enfolding the achenes. Flowers yellow. Achenes linear or turbinate, densely pubescent. Pappus a single series of 15 to 20 long-plumose bristles as long as the corolla and exceeding the achene. (M. S. Bebb, distinguished American salicologist.) 1. B. júncea (Benth.) Greene. Roundish bushes 1% to 4 f t . high, o f t e n twice as broad, the woody stems with gray fibrous bark, the rush-like branches green with remote leaves or almost none; leaves opposite below, alternate above, 1% to 2 in. long, linear, or those of the vernal shoots lanceolate and 2 to 3 lines wide, often with 1 or 2 pairs of salient teeth a t the middle; involucral bracts lanceolate, the outer canescent; outer bracts of receptacle oblong-ovate, the inner ovate or lanceolate; heads 4 to 5 lines high. •—Rocky stream beds in the deserts: Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert, thence w. to Orange Co.; s. to L. Cal., e. to Ariz. 76. RUDBÉCKIA L. Chiefly perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. Heads commonly showy, peduncled, terminating stems and branches. Rays in ours yellow and sterile, or none; disk purple or dark brown. Receptacle high conic or columnar. (Olaf Rudbeck, f a t h e r and son, professors of botany at Upsala, two centuries since.) Rays present. P a p p u s n o n e ; herbage rough-hairy P a p p u s present; herbage pubescent Rays n o n e ; pappus present; herbage glabrous or hirsutulose 1. R. hirta L. BLACK-EYED S U S A N . Stems branched

2. R. S. Tí.

1. B. hirta. californica. occidental-is.

above, 1 to several from a biennial root, channeled, 1 to 2% f t . high, the branches terminated by

1074

COMPOSITAE

single heads; herbage rough hirsute; leaves oblong to lanceolate, somewhat 3-nerved, entire, to 3 in. long, narrowed into margined petioles or the upper sessile; rays % to 1 % in. long; disk globose or ovoid; bracts of the receptacle narrowly linear, acute, hirsute at tip; pappus none.— Introduced in the meadows of the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Amador Co.; also occasional along irrigating ditches in Stanislaus Co.; native of e. U. S. 2. R. californica Gray. CALIFORNIA CONE-FLOWER. Fig. 956. Stem simple, 2 to 5% ft. high, bearing a solitary long-peduncled head; herbage hispidulous or pubescent; leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, 6 to 13% in. long, the basal and lower long-petioled, the uppermost sessile, all entire or the lower ones irregularly incised or toothed, or sometimes 2-parted at base; rays 1 to 2 in. long, much exceeding the loose linear bracts of the involucre; disk short-oblong to columnar, 1 to IV2 in. long; bracts of the receptacle densely canescent at the very acute 9 5 6 . Rudbeckia californica G r a y ; a , leaf x summit; achenes angled, flattish; % ; b, fl. stem x c, disk-fl. x 2. pappus an irregularly 4 toothed cup. —Moist ground, montane, 5000 to 7000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Mariposa Co.; region of Mt. Shasta; north to sw. Ore.; uncommon. 3. R. occidentals Nutt. Stems simple, 3 to 4 ft. high, terminated by 1 or sometimes 3 columnar heads; herbage glabrous or hirsutulose; leaves ovate, acuminate, mostly rounded or subcordate at base, serrate, 3 to 6% in. long, petioled or the upper sessile; disk oblong-conic, % to 1% in. high; pappus a short but deeply denticulate or fimbriulate crown; rays none.—-Middle altitudes, Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Butte Co.; n. to Wash, and Mont., e. to Nev. 77. V I O U i E E A H.B.K. Herbs, shrubs or shrubby plants. Heads medium-sized. Bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series (in ours), shortly caudate-attenuate or linear-lanceolate. Bracts of the receptacle persistent and embracing the lightly compressed or 4-angled disk-achenes. Flowers yellow, the rays sterile. Corollatube of disk-flowers bulbous-dilated at the middle. Pappus-scales short, erose or laciniate, and with 2 longer paleaceous awns or lanceolate paleae, one at each angle of the achene, these latter deciduous, or the pappus none. (Dr. A. Viguier, French botanist.) Leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, petioled; bracts of the involucre indurated and ribbed at base, the base commonly ovate, the apex herbaceous, narrowly and abruptly linear or lanceolate; pappus present; shrubs or shrubby plants. Leaves lanceolate; involucre green; achenes sparsely pubescent 1. T.laciniata. Leaves ovate; involucre cinereous; achenes densely villous. Pappus dull or yellowish white; leaves green above, scabrous 2. V. deltoidea. P a p p u s pearly white; leaves white-villous above, not all scabrous. . 3 . V. reticulata. Leaves chiefly opposite; bracts of the involucre herbaceous throughout; pappus none; herbs. Leaves conspicuously ciliate; annual 4. V. cUiata. Leaves not ciliate; perennial 5. V. multifiora.

1. V. l&,cini&ta Gray. Stems leafy to summit, branching to form a roundtopped bush, 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage scabrous, resinous; leaves lanceolate from a broad often lobed base, varying from pinnatifid to nearly entire, acute,

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1075

prominently veiny below, shortly petioled, % to V/j in. long; involucre 4 lines high, its outer bracts ovate with abruptly acuminate spreading tips, the inner bracts narrow, erect; rays 5 to 7 lines long; achenes glabrate, very thinly hirsutulose, glabrate; longer pappus-paleae lanceolate, laciniate on the margins, shorter than the achene.—Sw. San Diego Co., common; s. to L. Cal. 2. V. deltoidea Gray var. parishii Rose. Stems several from the base, forming a compact shrub 1 to 2% ft. high; leaves ovate, acute, broad or truncatish at base, subentire or serrate, % to 1% in. long, short-petioled; heads on conspicuous nearly naked peduncles; involucre 3 to 4 lines high, its outer bracts cinereous with a close pubescence, lanceolate, attenuate, loose, the inner bracts linear, erect; rays 3 to 6 lines long; achenes hirsute-pubescent; pappus-awns lanceolate-subulate, almost as long as the achene, the membranous-margins at base more or less laciniate.—Mesas and rocky gullies: e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert, thence w. to San Diego Co.; e. to Ariz., s. to L. Cal. (V. parishii Greene.) 3. V. reticulata Wats. Stems white-barked, several from the base, woody only at base, glabrate, few-leaved, forming a loose but erect bushy plant 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves coriaceous, cordate-ovate, entire, shortly acuminate, densely soft pubescent above, lightly pubescent, strongly veined and reticulate below, (IVi or) 2% to 4 in. long on petioles % to 1% in. long; heads small (3 to 4 lines high), in a corymbose panicle; involucral bracts 2 to 3 lines long, cinereous and somewhat thickened; rays 4 to 6 lines long; pappus-awns subulate from a paleaceous base, more or less lacerate on the sides, shorter than the achene.—Panamint and Funeral ranges. 4. V. ciliata (Bob. & Greenm.) Blake. Stem slender, commonly branched from the base, 1 to 2 ft. high, sparsely pubescent or subglabrous; leaves linear, the margin mostly conspicuously ciliate; bracts of the involucre ciliate; flowers as in no. 1 (ex char.).—Santa Monica (introduced); s. Utah and N. Mex. to Sonora, Mex. (Gymnolomia hispida var. ciliata Rob. & Greenm.) 5. V. multiflora (Nutt.) Blake var. nevadinsis Blake. Stems branching from the base, to 2 ft. high; herbage densely or lightly strigulose; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, revolute, % to 2*4 in. long, mainly opposite; rays 10 to 15, 6 to 8 lines long; involucral bracts narrowly linear, canescent; heads 1 to 1% in. broad.—Inyo Co.: Argus Mts.; Panamint Mts.; n. to Ida., e. to N. Mex., s. to Mex.; adventive at Los Angeles and Santa Monica. (Gymnolomia nevadensis Nels.) 78. H E L I A N T H U S L . SUNFLOWER

Stout coarse herbs with petioled simple leaves, yellow mostly entire rays and brownish or purplish disk. Leaves (all but the lower or lowest) alternate. Heads large, solitary on the ends of the branches or in terminal corymbs. Bracts of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex, lowconic, its bracts persistent and embracing the 4-sided achenes. Pappus of pointed paleae borne at the angle of the achene, often with very small intervening scales, all deciduous. (Greek helios, sun, and anthos, flower, the heads turning toward the sun.) Annuals; receptacle flat or nearly so. Involucral bracts ovate, abruptly attenuate 1. H. annuus. Involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually attenuate. Foliage green. Bracts of the receptacle shorter than the disk-flowers, the central ones with hirsute brush-like tips; rays 9V2 to 1 1 H lines long; mountain species 2. S. vetiolaris. Bracts of the receptacle equaling or surpassing the disk-flowers, the tips not hirsute nor brush-like; rays 6 to 8 lines long; species of the valley and coast. Stems scabrous; awn of the chaffy bract equaling the disk-flowers 3. H. bolanderi. Stems often hirsute, particularly near the heads; awn of the chaffy bract surpassing the disk-flowers 4. H. exilis. Foliage white with a strigose pubescence; desert species 5. H. niveus

1076

COMPOSITAE

Perennials; receptacle convex to low-conical. Outer bracts lanceolate to linear-subulate, equaling or exceeding disk. Heads usually solitary; herbage hirsute; n. Sierra Nevada 6. S. cusickii. Heads usually corymbose or paniculate; herbage hispidulous to tomentose but not hirsute 7. 3. califamicus. Outer bracts shorter than the disk 8. H. gracilentus.

1. H . annuus L . COMMON SUNFLOWER. Stem erect and simple or more or less branching, 2 to 5 f t . high; herbage rough-hispid; leaves deltoid-ovate, serrate, 3 to 8 in. long, the uppermost narrow and o f t e n entire, the petioles y 2 to % as l o n g ; bracts of the involucre ovate, slenderly acuminate; disk 1 to in. broad; rays 1 to 1 y2 in. l o n g . — M o i s t lands in valleys, introduced f r o m the Great P l a i n s r e g i o n : Great V a l l e y to coastal S. Cal. 2. H . petiolaris N u t t . Stem simple, slender, erect, iy2 to 2 % f t . high; herbage scabrous-hispidulose; leaves lanceolate, entire to obscurely dentate, rarely serrate, 1 % to" 3 (or 4 ) in. long, on petioles about V2 as l o n g ; heads 2 to 3 in. wide, solitary or 2 or 3 long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre dark green, broadly lanceolate, w i t h long tapering apex, ciliolate-margined; bracts of the receptacle unequally 3-cleft at apex, the middle tooth l a r g e s t ; rays y e l l o w , % to 1 % in. l o n g ; diskflowers b r o w n ; achenes oblong, iy2 lines long, villous. — San Bernardino V a l l e y ; San Bernardino Mts.; e. P l a c e r Co.; A r i z , to Ore., T e x . and Sask. 3. H . bolanderi Gray. P i g . 957. Stems erect or d i f f u s e l y branching, 1 to 3 f t . high, scabrous-hispid; leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, serrate or entire; rays 8 lines long, toothed at a p e x ; disk purple, 9 or 10 lines broad; bracts of the involucre hirsute, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate or acuminate; bracts of receptacle c h a f f y , 3-toothed, the middle tooth much longer and a w n - l i k e . — L o w fields: Siskiyou Co.; Sacramento V a l l e y ; w . to the coast. O f t e n abundant. A u g . - N o v . ( H . scaberrimus Benth.) 4. H . exilis Gray. Stem slender, o f t e n unbranched, 1 to 2 f t . high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; peduncles o f t e n hirsute-villous beneath the heads; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, hairy on the lower h a l f ; rays 6 to 7 lines l o n g ; awn-tip of the c h a f f y bract surpassing the disk-flowers.—Plains, v a l l e y s and foothills, 10 to 3500 f t . : Santa Clara Co.; L a k e Co.; Sacramento V a l l e y ; Sierra N e v a d a foothills f r o m A m a d o r Co. to Mariposa Co. 5. H . niveus ( B e n t h . ) B d g . Stem simple, erect, 7 to 12 in. high; herbage silvery-strigose; leaves ovate or lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 1 to iy2 in. long, more hairy on the upper side, 3-nerved beneath, on petioles V2 to i y 2 in. l o n g ; heads terminal and in the upper axils, 1 to 2 in. w i d e ; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, slightly longer than the disk-flowers, white-hairy; ray-flowers y e l l o w , the rays 8 or 9-nerved, % in. long, 3 to 4 lines w i d e ; disk-flowers b r o w n ; pappus-paleae slender, caducous.—Colorado Desert, rare; s. to L . Cal. ( H . tephrodes G r a y . )

957. Helianthus bolanderi Gray; a, fl. branchlet x % ; 6, bract x 1; c, achene and pappus x 1.

6. H . cusickii Gray. Stems several or many f r o m a thick root, f o r m i n g clumps, 1 to 2 % f t . h i g h ; herbage more or less hirsute; leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, 2 to 5 in. long, attenuate at base into a short w i n g e d p e t i o l e ; heads usually solitary; involucres 5 to 6 lines high, w i t h linearlanceolate hirsutulose bracts somewhat surpassing the disk; rays % to 1 y 2 in. l o n g ; achenes glabrous.—Lassen Co. to Shasta Co.; n. to W a s h . June-July. 7. H . californicus DC. F i g . 958. Stems f r o m somewhat tuber-like roots, 4 to 11 f t . high; leaves f r o m oblong to narrowly lanceolate, some of the l o w e r ovate, minutely hispidulous, 5 to 9 in. long including the petiole, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, the larger 3-ribbed; heads 2 to 3 in. broad, in a terminal corymbose panicle; c h a f f y bracts of the receptacle obtuse; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, tapering into long spreading tail-like tips;

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1077

rays about 15 to 20, 1 to V/i in. long; achenes flattish, glabrous; pappus of 2 or 3 lanceolate chaffy paleae.— Stream beds and banks, 10 to 1000 f t . : Sacramento Valley; Coast Ranges from Napa Co. to Santa Clara Co. Var. MARIPOSANUS Gray. Leaves ample, upper cauline ovate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, exceeding the peduncles; pappus not rarely of 4 linear-lanceolate paleae of nearly equal length, or 2 often reduced and short.-—Montane, 4000 to 6000 f t . : Sierra Nevada f r o m Modoc Co. to Mariposa Co.; San Jacinto Mts. July-Aug. Yar. PARisHii Jepson n. comb. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, strigose to densely whitetomentulose beneath; upper leaf-like bracts commonly exceeding the short peduncles; involucre more or less canescent,the bracts shorter; pappuspaleae linear-subulate.—Los Angeles to San Bernardino Valley. (H. parishii Gray.) 8. H. gracil6ntus Gray. Stem simple or branched above, erect, strict, 2 to 3 f t . high; herbage hispid; leaves opposite with fascicles of 958. Helianthus californicus DC.; a, leaf x smaller ones in the axils, broadly Vi; b . fl- branchlet x %; v-i, » o f b r i s t l e s ; h e a d s 3 l i n e s h i g h , on s h o r t p e d u n c l e s i n c y m o s e c l u s t e r s or

...

.. „ , . , Pectis papposa Gray; a, leaf x 1 % ; habit x V ; c, head x i W ; d, ray-fl. x 3 ; e, disk-fl. x 3.

1136

COMPOSITAE

sometimes solitary; bracts with a callous foot; rays yellow, 1% to 2 lines long; achenes scantily rusty-pubescent; ray-pappus a mere crown, rarely with 1 or 2 awns; disk-pappus of 12 to 20 barbellate or almost plumose bristles, or sometimes none.—Sandy soil, 50 to 4000 ft.: Colorado Desert and n. to the Panamint Range; e. to Utah, s. to Mex. T R I B E 1 0 . Anthemideae. MAYWEED TEIBE Strong-scented or aromatic plants. Leaves alternate, all or some of them finely dissected, pinnately parted or pinnatifid, except in no. 142. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, commonly dry and scarious or with scarious margins. Receptacle naked or with chaff-like bracts. Flowers white, yellow or greenish. Bays present or none. Anthers not caudate. Pappus none or a short scarious crown.

137. ANTHEMIS L. CHAMOMILE Branching herbs. Leaves alternate, finely and pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on terminal peduncles, % to 1 in. broad. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, the spreading rays at length reflexed; disk-flowers yellow. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts scarious and at length dry, imbricated in several series. Receptacle conical, with chaffl i k e b r a c t s toward the summit. Achenes angled or striate, not hairy. Pappus none. (Ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.) 1. A. cotula L. MAYWEED. Fig. 997. Annual, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 ft. high; herbage ill-scented, nearly glabrous; bracts narrow and acute, or awl-like; ray-flowers 14 to 20, sterile; achenes rugose, 10-ribbed.—Nat. from Eur.; abundant in pastures and waste lands. May-Aug. Also called Dog Fennel. A. N6BILIS L. Garden Chamomile. Perennial; peduncles erect from decumbent branches, 4 to 8 in. high; herbage pubescent, aromatic; achenes smooth, with a narrow membranous border.—Garden plant from Eur.; an escape at Ft. Bragg. 138. ACHILLEA L. YARROW Perennial herbs with alternate leaves, in ours pinnately divided into many fine segments. Heads in a terminal corymb, radiate; rays few, white; disk-flowers yellow; both disk and ray fertile. Involucre oblong or ovoid, its bracts imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, nearly flat. Achenes strongly obcompressed, callous-margined, destitute of pappus. (In honor of Achilles.) 997. Anthemis cotula L . ; a, fl. branchlet x H ; b, disk-fl. x 5 ; c, bract of receptacle x 5 ; d, receptacle x 2Vz ; e, achene x 6.

Rays white, % to % as long as the involucre; bracts of the involucre pale, rarely brownmargined; leaves villous 1. A. millefolium. Rays white or pink, % to % as long as involucre; bracts of the involucre dark brownmargined; leaves silky-pubescent 2. A.borealis.

1. A. millefolium L. var. lanuldsa Piper. COMMON YARROW. MILFOIL. Fig. 998. Stem simple, erect or ascending at the very base, l1/* to 3 ft. high; herbage loosely villous or a little arachnoid, sometimes shaggy-villous; leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, the multifid divisions crowded on the rachis, the ultimate segments linear; corymb compound, flat-topped or convex; rays 4 or 5; achenes rather broadly margined.—Open slopes or open woodlands, low

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1137

hills to high mts., 200 to 9000 f t . : t h r o u g h o u t C a l . ; n . to Wash., e. to Mich. Mar.-July. (A. lanulosa Nutt.) Yar. MARÍTIMA J e p s o n n. var. Stem densely leafy; herbage villous-pubescent; ultimate leaf-segments narrowly o v a t e ; corymb flattopped.—Seabeaches, San F r a n cisco B a y (West Berkeley, Jepson,

type).

Var.

CALIFÓRNICA

J e p s o n n. comb. Stem sparsely p u b e s c e n t ; leaves green, glab r a t e ; leaf-segments spinuloset i p p e d ; achenes n a r r o w l y margined.—Coastal S. Cal. (A. calif o r n i c a Pollard.) 2. A. boreális Bong. Alpine dwarf 4 to 7 in. h i g h ; b r a c t s of t h e involucre somewhat scarious, w i t h red-brown m a r g i n s ; achenes slender, winged.—High m o n t a n e , 8500 to 11,000 f t . , r a r e in Cal.: Mariposa Co.; Silver Mt., Alpine Co.; M t . S h a s t a ; n. to Alas, and Can., e. to Rocky M t s . 139. C H R Y S A N T H E M U M L. Annual

or

perennial

herbs,

9 9 8 . Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa P i p e r ; a, fl.

ours w i t h toothed or incised branchlet x 1; i^leaf x 1; c, disk-fl. x 3; leaves. H e a d s large, solitary on ' ray ' x ' l e a f y - b r a c t e d peduncles. Disk-flowers yellow; r a y s yellow or white. Receptacle flat or hemispherical, n a k e d . Achenes glabrous, a t least those of t h e disk 5 to 10-ribbed all around. (Greek chrusos, gold, and anthemon, a flower.) Lower leaves mostly clasping; bracts ovate; rays deep yellow, with broad base, conspicuously notched at apex, 2 to 4 lines wide 1. C. segetum. Lower leaves petioled; bracts lanceolate; rays white, with tapering base, inconspicuously notched at apex, 1 to 3 lines wide 2 . . C. leucanthemum.

1. C. ségetum L. CORN CHRYSANTHEMUM. Annual, erect, 1 to 2 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e g l a b r o u s ; lower leaves pinnatifld or incised; upper merely denticulate, sessile b y a clasping b a s e ; heads 1% to 2 in. w i d e ; ray-achenes broad, 3-sided, l a t e r a l angles w i n g e d and f e w - t o o t h e d ; disk-achenes cylindric.— Open fields, n a t . f r o m E u r . : W e s t B e r k e l e y ; Caspar; Mendocino City. MayJune. 2 . C. leucánthemum L . OX-EYE D A I S Y . P e r e n n i a l ; stem erect, simple or b r a n c h e d above, 1 to 3 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e essentially glabrous; lower leaves obovate or s p a t u l a t e , t a p e r i n g to a long petiole, coarsely toothed; cauline leaves oblanceolate, clasping, y.> to 2% in. long, d e n t a t e ; b r a c t s lanceolate, edged with a brown line and scarious-margined; heads 1% to 2 in. w i d e ; r a y s white.—Fields, n a t . f r o m E u r . : E u r e k a ; Sisson; Crescent City. Aug.Sept. 140. T A N A C É T U M L . Strong-scented perennial herbs. Leaves entire, somewhat c l e f t or 2 or 3 times p i n n a t e l y divided into numerous small lobes. H e a d s globular, discoid, many-flowered, borne in a corymb-like peduncled cluster or in a cyme. Flowers yellow. Involucre of numerous scale-like b r a c t s . Receptacle flat or low, n a k e d . Achenes 5-ribbed or 3 to 5-angular, w i t h broad t r u n c a t e summit bearing a low crown-like pappus or none. ( N a m e obscure.) H e a d s flat, low-convex, ^

in. broad; pappus coroniform-dentate; receptacle flat 1. T. camphoratum. H e a d s globular, smaller; pappus obsolete or n o n e ; receptacle convex or conical.

1138

COMPOSITAE

Herbaceous; leaves dissected; heads 3 to 4 lines in diameter; receptacle densely fim> brillate-hirsute 2. X. potentilloidea. Suffrutescent at base; leaves simply or pedately cleft or entire; receptacle not hirsute. 3. T. canum.

1. T. camphoratum Less. DUNE TANSY. Fig. 999. Stems robust, decumbent or ascending. 1 to 2% ft. long; herbage with the aroma of camphor, villoustomentose when young, the wool more or less deciduous in age; primary and secondary divisions of leaves much crowded, the latter oval or oblong, the margin more or less revolute; achenes glandular.—Sand-dunes along the coast: San Francisco to Humboldt Bay. Aug.-Nov. 2. T. potentilloides Gray. Stems erect or decumbent, several from a thick or shortly branched rootcrown, 4 to 6 in. high; herbage villous, grayish; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, ovate in outline, 2 to 3 times pinnately dissected into linear lobes, % to 1 in. long, with a petiole as long or longer; upper leaves clasping, similar but re999. Tanacetum camphoratum Less.; a.fl.branch- duced; corymbs very compact, let x b, pinna x 2 ; c, pinnule x 4 ; d, fl. x 4. with 2 to 5 heads; heads hemispheric, 2 to 3 lines broad; bracts of the involucre very short-ovate or roundovate, villous, with scarious margins; disk-flowers golden yellow.—Easterly valleys of the higher Sierra Nevada in Sierra, Nevada and Eldorado Cos.; e. to Nev., n. to southeastern Ore. 3. T. canum Eat. Stems erect, leafy, several from the somewhat branched and woody root-crown, 3 to 5 in. high; herbage canescent with a close tomentum; leaves linear, simple or divided to the middle into 3 (or 4) linear lobes, 3 to 5 (or 8) lines long, sessile; corymbs compact, with 2 to 5 heads; heads 1% to 3 lines wide, with rounded base; bracts of the involucre ovate, canescent, scarious-margined; diskflowers lemon-yellow.—High montane cliffs and rocky slopes, 8000 to 11,000 ft.: Sierra Nevada from Mt. Dana to Mt. Whitney and Olancha Peak; e. to Nev., n. to southeastern Ore. 141.

MATRICARIA

L.

Ours glabrous annuals with pinnately dissected leaves. Heads solitary or somewhat corymbose, with many greenish yellow flowers. Eeceptacle slender-conical, naked. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins, persistent. Corollas tubular, without limb. Bays none. Pappus reduced to a membranous crown or border, or none. Achenes glabrous, 3 to 5-nerved on the sides, rounded on the back. (Latin matrix, because used medicinally.) Heads 2 to 4 lines high; achenes with an obscure margin at summit 1. M. suaveolens. Heads mostly 4 to 6 lines high; achenes with a broad or unequally lobed crown 2. M. occidentalis.

1. M. suav&olens (Pursh) Buch. PINEAPPLE WEED. Fig. 1000. Stem branching, 2 to 10 in. high ; , „ „ „ „ . . . herbage sweet-scented; heads short-peduncled, 2 to 3 B u c h . ; 0 iabit'x (or 4) lines high; bracts of the involucre broadly ob- sect, of head x Hi ;'c,fl.x5.

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1139

long.—Common in beaten roadways, about old f a r m buildings and in p a s t u r e lands throughout Cal. Apr.-May. D o u b t f u l l y native. (M. discoidea DC. M. matricarioides P o r t e r . ) 2. M. occidentális Greene. Stem either b r a n c h i n g or unbranched below the corymbose summit, l 1 /? to 2 f t . high; h e r b a g e not so strongly scented; heads as much as % in. h i g h ; achenes sharply angled, w i t h a broad crownlike margin, or the crown lobed and 1-sided.—Rich soil of fields: Sacramento Valley and South Coast E a n g e s to coastal S. Cal. 1 4 2 . ARTEMÍSIA L. SAGEBRUSH Herbs and evergreen shrubs, mostly b i t t e r and aromatic, with a l t e r n a t e leaves. Heads small, nodding or erect, in panicled spikes or racemes. Flowers yellow or purplish; rays none. Disk-flowers p e r f e c t and marginal ones pistillate, or all perfect. Corollas of the pistillate flowers 2 or 3-toothed, of the p e r f e c t flowers 5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle nearly flat, naked (or chaffy in one species). Achenes obovoid or oblong, mostly w i t h a small terminal disk or areola. P a p p u s none. (Artemisia, w i f e of Mausolus, k i n g of Caria.) A. Beads consulting wholly of perfect fertile flowers. Plants wholly or nearly herbaceous, the stems and upper surface of leaves green or greenish; receptacle chaffy, most of the flowers being subtended by scale-like bracts 1. A.palmeri. Shrubs or shrubby, the herbage canescent or silvery with fine close tomentum; receptacle naked. Heads comparatively small ( 1 to 2 lineB long), 5 to 9-flowered; bracts rather firm. Plants 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves mostly 3-toothed or the upper entire 2. A. tridentata. Plants % to 2 ft. high. Leaves deeply lobed or cleft or some entire. Heads few; leaves 3-lobed 3. A. arbufirula. Heads numerous; leaves 3 to 5-lobed 4. A. trifida. Leaves entire, rarely toothed 5. A. cana. Heads larger and broader, 7 to 14-flowered; inner bracts more nearly scarious. Pubescence minute and very close; bracts of involucre broad.. . .6. A. rothrockii. Pubescence looser; inner bracts of involucre narrow 7. A.bolanderi. B. Heads with the marginal flowers pistillate, the central ones perfect. Flowers all fertile; style 2-cleft. Shrub; achenes with a minute squamellate crown-shaped pappus at the summit 8. A. californica. Herbs (or slightly woody at base); achenes wholly destitute of pappus. Biennial; wholly glabrous 9. A. biennis. Perennial; more or less hairy. Leaves without white-cottony tomentum 10. A.norvegica. Leaves white-cottony beneath, green or glabrate above 11. A. vulgaris. Only the marginal pistillate flowers fertile, the central perfect ones infertile; style mostly entire. Achenes and flowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs; leaves 2 to 3 times pedately dissected; spinescent dwarf shrub 12. A. spinescent. Achenes nearly glabrous; perennial (or biennial) herbs, not spinescent. Leaves dissected into spatulate or linear lobes, densely silky-villous 13. A. pycnocephala. Leaves mostly entire; herbage glabrous 14. A. dracunculus.

1. A. palmeri Gray. Stems slender, erect, herbaceous or a little woody at base, 2 to 3 f t . high, minutely pubescent; leaves pinnately divided into 3 or 5 remote linear lobes or some linear and entire, 1% to 2 % in. long, almost glabrous above, white-pubescent beneath, the m a r g i n s revolute; heads mostly erect, sometimes nodding in age, r a t h e r densely disposed on the branches of the elongated panicle; involucres hemispheric, 1 to 1% lines high; b r a c t s of the receptacle scarious, s u b t e n d i n g many of the flowers.—Sw. San Diego Co.: San Diego; N a t i o n a l City; J a m u l Valley; s. to L. Cal. 2. A. t r i d e n t a t a N u t t . COMMON SAGEBRUSH. Fig. 1 0 0 1 . E r e c t muchbranched shrub 3 to 6 f t . high, with a distinct t r u n k and shreddy b a r k ; herbage aromatic, canescent or silvery throughout w i t h a fine and close t o m e n t u m ; leaves narrowly cuneate or oblanceolate, 3 (or 4)-toothed at apex or entire, % to 1% in. long; panicle diffuse (or sometimes n a r r o w ) , % to 1% f t . long; heads narrow, 4 to 6-flowered, 1% to 2 lines high; accessory b r a c t s short, broadly ovate.—High plains and arid m o u n t a i n slopes, 1500

1140

COMPOS IT AE to 6000 f t . , e x c e e d i n g l y abundant in the m a i n p a r t s of i t s r a n g e : S i s k i y o u Co. to M o d o c Co., t h e n c e s. a l o n g e. side of Sierra N e v a d a to I n y o Co.; w. slope Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mariposa Co. to K e r n Co.; T e h a c h a p i M t s . ; mts. on w . side M o h a v e D e s e r t ; desert slopes S a n Gabriel, S a n Bernardino, S a n J a c i n t o and S a n t a R o s a m o u n t a i n s ; only occasional in coastal S. Cal.; e. to Col., n. to Mont, and B. C. Var. PARÍSHII J e p s o n 11. comb. B u s h 1 to 3 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e d e n s e l y a n d closely cinereous-pubescent; leaves spatulate, strongly 1-nerved, m o s t l y entire but some of the lower ones 2 or 3-toothed a t a p e x , the marg i n s revolute, % t o 1% in. l o n g ; h e a d s oblong, 5 t o 7-flowered, 1 to 1% lines high, inclined to nod w h e n mature, in small close glomerules on short branchlets of the rather loose oblong p a n i c l e ; achenes cobwebby-villous. — W e s t e r n margins of the M o h a v e D e s e r t : N e w hall; R o s a m o n d ; S a n t a Clara R i v e r ; also w. N e v . (A. parishii Gray. A . trid e n t a t a subsp. parishii H a l l . )

3. A . arbúscula N u t t . BLACK SAGE. D w a r f bush 7 to 13 in. h i g h , t h e m a i n branches stout, the flowering b r a n c h e s slender; l e a v e s c u n e a t e or f a n s h a p e d , 3-parted or -divided, the lobes s p a t u l a t e to linear or oblong, s o m e t i m e s a g a i n 2-lobed, 1% to 3 % l i n e s long, those s u b t e n d i n g t h e heads u s u a l l y entire and n a r r o w ; panicle naked, strict, or the inflorescence o f t e n simple and spikel i k e ; heads sessile, 5 to 9-flowered.—High mts. and e l e v a t e d arid plains, 5000 to 9000 f t . : N e v a d a and Eldorado Cos.; e. to U t a h and Wyo., n. to I d a . 1 0 0 1 . A r t e m i s i a t r i d e n t a t a N u t t . ; a, fl. b r a n c h l e t x Vò I b, h e a d x 3 ; c, b r a c t of i n v o l u c r e x 5 ; d, ft. x 5.

4. A . trífida N u t t . Much branched shrub % t o 2 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e s i l v e r y or c a n e s c e n t w i t h a v e r y fine close t o m e n t u m ; l e a v e s c u n e a t e or f a n s h a p e d , 3 - c l e f t a t a p e x or 3-divided into linear lobes, 3 to 8 l i n e s l o n g ; heads oblong or o v a t i s h , 5 t o 8-flowered, 1 to 2 lines long, borne i n a narrow panicle or simple s p i k e ; i n v o l u c r e s c a n e s c e n t , t h e accessory bracts oblong or l a n c e o l a t e ; a c h e n e s r e s i n o u s - g r a n u l i f e r o u s . — E l e v a t e d open plains, rare in Cal.: Lancaster, M o h a v e D e s e r t ; e. Ore. t o M o n t , and Col. 5. A . c a n a Pursh. Shrub 1 t o 3 f t . h i g h ; h e r b a g e m o s t l y s i l k y - c a n e s c e n t ; l e a v e s linear, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, entire or rarely w i t h 1 or 2 irregular t e e t h or l o b e s ; h e a d s erect, 6 to 15-flowered, sessile in small glomerules, the glomerules disposed in a narrow l e a f y p a n i c l e ; i n v o l u c r e s c a m p a n u l a t e . — P l a i n s and l o w mts. of t h e arid interior: e. side Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Mono Co. t o N e v a d a Co.; n. t o Can., e. t o N . M e x . and N e b . 6. A . rothróckii Gray. L o w erect shrub % t o 1% f t . h i g h ; s t e m s w h i t ened, the l e a v e s c a n e s c e n t or some of t h e m g r e e n i s h ; l e a v e s s p a t u l a t e , obtuse, entire or s o m e t i m e s trifid at t h e dilated apex, 6 t o 9 lines l o n g ; h e a d s oval, 7 to 12-flowered, 2 t o 3 lines long, in close glomerules, the glomerules disposed in s p i k e s and s u b t e n d e d b y reduced l e a v e s ; involueral bracts broadly or narrowly o b o v a t e ; a c h e n e s n e a r l y glabrous, glandular-granuliferous.— H i g h plateaus, 7000 t o 10,000 f t . : Sierra N e v a d a f r o m M t . D a n a to Olancha P e a k ; S a n B e r n a r d i n o M t s . ; e. t o Col., n. t o W a s h . 7. A . bolánderi Gray. Shrub 1 t o 2 f t . h i g h ; l e a v e s n a r r o w l y linear, 6 t o 11 lines long, % to 1 line w i d e , entire and acutish, or some 3 - c l e f t at a p e x ; heads numerous, d e n s e l y glomerate-paniculate, 14-flowered, m o s t l y equaled or surpassed b y 1 or 2 linear-subulate accessory b r a c t s . — E a s t slope of the Sierra N e v a d a in M o n o Co., 7500 t o 9000 f t .

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1141

8. A . calif6rnica Less. CALIFORNIA SAGEBRUSH. OLD MAN. F i g . 1002. Gray shrub 2% to 4 f t . high; leaves with a minutely appressed pubescence, the lowest palmately once or twice parted into linear-filiform segments, the upper entire and more or less fascicled; heads many, nodding in long racemose panicles; involucres 1% or 2 lines broad; achenes with a minute squamellate crown-shaped pappus. — Exposed slopes of hills, often gregarious, 10 to 2500 f t . : Marin Co., sw. Solano Co. and Mt. Diablo to coastal S. Cal.; w. side Colorado Desert; s. to L . Cal. 9. A. biennis Willd. Erect virgate biennial herb 1 to 3 f t . high; herbage glabrous, inodorous, tasteless; leaves 2 to 4% in. long, bipinnately divided into lanceolate or broadly linear incised or serrulate divisions, or the uppermost merely pinnatifid; heads crowded on the short branchlets, the whole inflorescence spike-like and more or less l e a f y ; achenes with small epigynous disk. — Weed in river bottoms or borders of marshes, introduced from Eur.: lower Sacramento E i v e r ; W e s t Berkeley; Palo A l t o ; Laguna, Orange Co.

1002. Artemisia californica Less.; a, fl. branchlet x V2 b, leaf x ; c, head x 3 ; d, staminate fl. x 7 ; e, pistillate fl. x 7.

10. A . norvigica Fries var. saxatilis Jepson n. comb. Stems rather stout, % to 2 f t . high, herbaceous; herbage thinly villous to glabrate; leaves ovate in outline, 3 to 5 in. long, twice pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate segments, the segments 2 to 10 lines long; heads large (commonly 4 to 5 lines broad), nodding, loosely racemose or racemose-paniculate, most of them long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre with broad scarious brown margins; corolla yellow or turning brown, loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous.—High montane, 5000 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Placer Co.; e. to Col., n. to Alb. and Alas.; Siberia. ( A . norvegica subsp. saxatilis Hall. A . chamissoniana var. saxatilis Besser.) 11. A. vulgaris L . var. discolor Jepson n. comb. Stems erect, simple or branching, mostly slender, 10 to 15 in. high, from running rootstocks, glabrous or glabrate; leaves ovate in outline, 1 to 2 in. long, pinnately divided into 5 narrow segments, the segments entire or again toothed or cleft, green and glabrate above, white-tomentulose beneath; heads 1 or 2 lines high, „ „ „ „ . . . . , . . . . „ 20 to 30-flowered, glomerate, the glome1003. Artemisia vulgaris var. heterophylla , ,, . ' Jepson; a, fl. branchlet x % ; b, leaf x % ; ™ l e s disposed in an interrupted spikee, head x 3. like or virgate panicle; involucres

1142

C O M P O S IT A E

hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and scarious, glabrous or glabrate, 20 to 30-flowered.—Sierra Nevada, both slopes, 4000 to 5000 f t . , uncommon; n. to B. C., e. to Mont, and Col. (A. discolor Dougl. A. vulgaris subsp. discolor Hall.) Var. HETEROPHFLLA Jepson n. comb. California Mugwort. Fig. 1003. Stems from running rootstocks, erect, woody at base, strict, 3 to 6 f t . high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate or elliptic, sparingly pinnatifid (with downward incisions), cleft or often entire (especially the upper), green above, white-tomentose beneath, sometimes glabrous, 2 to 6 in. long; heads mostly erect, in dense spikes in an open or more commonly dense terminal panicle, the main axis l e a f y ; involucres oblong, glabrous; marginal flowers pistillate, disk-flowers perfect, all fertile.—Common along stream-banks and flats, 10 to 3500 f t . : throughout Cal.; n. to B. C. and Sask., e. to western Nev., s. to L. Cal. (A. heterophylla N u t t . A. vulgaris subsp. heterophylla Hall.) Var. LITTORALIS Suksdorf. Stems 2 to 5 f t . high; involucres ovoid, nearly glabrous, 1 to 1% lines wide; disk-flowers 3 to 7.—Along the coast, Humboldt Co.; n. to B. C. Var. GNAPHAL6DES (Nutt.) Ktze. Stem erect, 1 to 3% f t . high; leaves densely white-tomentose on both surfaces, the tomentum usually persistent.—San Diego Co.; San Jacinto Mts.; Modoc Co.; n. to Can., e. to Mo. and Tex. (A. gnaphalodes Nutt. A. vulgaris subsp. gnaphalodes Hall.) Var. LINDLEYANA Jepson n. comb. Stems erect, 5 to 15 in. high; leaves narrow, entire or slightly lobed; heads in a narrow short spike-like panicle.—Sierra N e v a d a in Tulare Co.; e. through the Great Basin. (A. lindleyana Besser. A. vulgaris subsp. lindleyana Hall.) Var. LUDOVICIANA (Nutt.) Ktze. Stems simple, erect, f r o m running rootstocks, 1 to 3% f t . high, herbaceous or essentially so; herbage white-tomentulose or the leaves glabrate above; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, dilated above and coarsely toothed, or linear and 3-cleft at apex, or sometimes pinnately divided into 5 linear remote lobes; upper leaves becoming narrow and entire, acute; heads erect or horizontal, disposed in dense spikes, the spikes in a narrow compact panicle leafy-bracteate below; involucres hemispheric, 15 to 25-flowered, 1% to 2% lines high.—Montane in S. Cal., 5000 to 6800 f t . : Santa Rosa Mts.; San Bernardino Mts.; Providence Mts.; e. to Tex., n. to Wash. (A. ludoviciana N u t t . A. vulgaris subsp. ludoviciana Hall.) 12. A. spinSscens E a t . BUD SAGE. Low compact dwarf (4 to 8 in. high), the woody stems very stocky; herbage, especially the young branches, whitetomentose; leaves 2 to 5 lines long (the petioles 1% times as long to almost none), pedately 5-parted and the divisions once or twice 3-lobed, the lobes spatulate; heads 5 to 12-flowered, spicate on short lateral branches which persist and in the year following become indurated naked spines; involucres globose, 1Y2 lines broad; bracts 5 or 6, obovate; both corolla and achene villous-cobwebby.—Desert mesas and plains, 2000 to 3000 f t . : Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. and n. along e. side Sierra Nevada to Lassen Co.; n. to Ore. and Mont., e. to Wyo., Col. and N. Mex. 13. A. pycnocgphala DC. Stems stout, simple, 1% to 2 1 /! f t . high, somewhat woody a t base, crowded with leaves up to the inflorescence; herbage densely silky; leaves once to thrice pinnately divided into linear lobes; heads erect, in spikes, the spikes crowded in a dense virgate panicle; heads almost or quite 2 lines in diameter; involucre densely villous.—Sand hills along the coast, Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co.; n. to Ore. (A. campestris L. subsp. pycnocephala Hall.) 14. A. dracunculus L. Stem erect, paniculately branched above, 2 to 4% f t . high, herbaceous, arising from a rootstock; herbage glabrous, not aromatic; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire or the lowermost deeply 3-cleft, % to 2% in. long; heads numerous, 1 to 2 lines broad, nodding on very short peduncles in a close or open panicle, the clusters sometimes secund on the slender branches; marginal flowers fertile, disk-flowers perfect but sterile.— Bare in Cal.: San Leandro; Santa Catalina Isl.; Ballona; San Bernardino Mts.; L. Cal. to Col. and Can. (A. dracunculoides Pursh.) Var. GLXUCA Jepson n. comb. Herbage glabrate, the young p a r t s silky; panicle dense; heads 1 to 1% lines broad.—Inyo Range; e. to Tex., n. to B. C. and Man.; Siberia. (A. glauca Pall. A. dracunculus subsp. glauca Hall.)

SUNFLOWER

1143

FAMILY

143. C 6 T U L A L. Low strong-scented herbs. Leaves alternate, dissected or lobed, or with some entire on the same plant. Flowers yellow. Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, low-hemispherical. Bracts of involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks. Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Outer series o£ flowers pistillate only and apetalous. Disk-flowers with 4-toothed corolla, fertile or infertile. Mature achenes raised on pedicels, compressed, spongy-margined or narrowly winged, destitute of pappus. (Greek kotule, small cup or low vessel.) Annual; leaves pinnately dissected; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows 1 . 0 . australis. 1 0 0 4 . Cotula australis Hook.; a, fl. Perennial; leaves some pinnatifid and some entire, branchlet x 1 ; b, fl. x 8Yz ; c, achene sheathing at base; pistillate flowers in a x 814. single row 2. C. coronopifolia.

1. C. australis Hook. f. Pig. 1004. Slender branching annual 2 to 5 (or 12) in. high; herbage with scattered soft spreading hairs; leaves pinnately or bipinnately dissected into linear lobes; heads very small, 1 to IV2 lines broad; bracts of involucre brownish-tipped and with scarious edges; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows, pediceled; disk-flowers nearly or quite sessile; marginal aehenes somewhat compressed, minutely hispid on both faces but the margin glabrous.—Nat. from Austr. in streets of towns and cities: Eureka; Berkeley; Oakland; San Francisco; Pasadena; Riverside; San Diego. Jan.-Mar. 2.

0.

coronopifolia L.

B R A S S BUTTONS.

Fig.

1005.

Perennial,

somewhat

succulent, often subaquatic; stems commonly many and clustered, decumbent, to 1 ft. long; leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid on the same plant, dilated at base into a short sheath round the stem; heads depressed, 4 to 5 lines broad; pistillate flowers in a single row, on pedicels as long as the involucre, without corolla; disk-flowers on much shorter pedicels.—Nat. from S. Afr. along the coast in saline localities or springy places in the hills, most abundant in the salt marshes: Eureka and San Francisco Bay to coastal S. Cal. Mar.-Dec. 144. SOLiVA E. & P. Small depressed annual with rigid short branches, petioled and pinnately dissected leaves, and discoid heads of greenish flowers sessile in the forks. Involucre of 7 or 8 greenish nearly equal bracts. Eeceptacle flat. Outer series of flowers pistillate and apetalous; innermost flowers perfect but sterile, the corolla 4-toothed. Achenes obcompressed, callus - margined or winged and pointed with the hardened persistent style. Pappus none. (Dr. Salvador Soliva of Spain.) 1. S. sissills R. & P. Plants 2 to 4 (or 10) in. across, minutely pubescent or rusty-villous; one, two or three 1 0 0 5 . Cotula coronopifolia L „ a , fl. branchlet x Vz ; b, disk-fl. x 5 ; c, achene x 5.

t h ,sefsi1« somewhat tortuous

h e a d a

e

™Ty stems

base, the radiating

1144

COMPOS IT A E

from under these; involucral bracts 7 or 8, oblong, acute, pilose-pubescent; pistillate flowers 9 to 12; each wing of the achene terminating above in an incurved tooth; staminate flowers fewer than the pistillate, 7 to 9; styles stout, subulate, conspicuously exserted beyond the disk-corolla. — Moist ground: Hupa; Mendocino Co.; Howell Mt.; Oakland; San Francisco; Santa Cruz Mts.; Santa Barbara. Mar .-May. Perhaps nat. from Chile. TRIBE 1 1 .

Senecidneae.

GROUNDSEL TRIBE

Herbs or a few shrubs or woody-based plants. Leaves alternate or basal. Bracts of the involucre little or not at all imbricated, mostly in 1 or 2 rows. Beceptacle naked. Flowers of both disk and ray yellow, except Petasites. Anthers not caudate. Pappus-bristles soft, commonly copious, most often white. 145. CROCiDIUM Hook. Small annual herbs. Stems simple, several from a tuft of basal leaves and bearing a single terminal head, naked above, the cauline leaves only on lower third or half and often reduced. Basal leaves fleshy. Herbage flocculent-woolly or glabrate above. Heads with disk- and ray-flowers» all the flowers fertile. Involucre broadly hemispherical, its bracts 8 to 12, nearly equal, thin-herbaceous. Beceptacle conical. Flowers golden yellow. Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. Style-branches short and broad, terminated by a large deltoid appendage. Aehenes covered with oblong papillae, these developing spiral threads when wetted. Disk-flowers with pappus, commonly none in the ray. Pappus-bristles equal, white, barbellate, soon deciduous. (Diminutive of Greek croee, loose thread, in reference to the wool persistent in the leaf axils.) 1. C. multiciule Hook. Stems erect, 3 to 6 % in. high; herbage flocculentwoolly when young, soon glabrate; basal leaves obovate or spatulate, 2 to 7 lines long, the cauline ones only on lower part of stem, lanceolate, abruptly attenuate, 1 to 2 lines long; ray-flowers 8 to 12, the rays elliptic to oblong, 2 lines long.—Open cool slopes of hills, 1500 to 4000 ft.: Mariposa; Arroyo Mocho, Mt. Hamilton Bange; Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C. and Ida. Mar.-May. 146. PSATHiROTES Gray Low annuals with scurfy or tomentose herbage. Leaves alternate, broad and rounded, petioled. Heads discoid, the flowers all perfect and fertile. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle flat. Corolla yellow, sometimes turning purplish, with the proper tube very short (the filaments thus inserted near the base), the throat elongated-eylindric, and the short lobes woolly. Style-branches flattish, obtuse. Aehenes narrowturbinate, densely white or rusty villous. Pappus-bristles numerous, short, scabrous, white or rusty. (Greek psathurotes, brittleness, referring to the stems.) Outer involucral bracts with recurved or spreading tips; leaves thick. . . 1 . P . ramosissima. Outer involucral bracts with erect tips; leaves thinner 2. P . annua.

1. P. ramosissima (Torr.) Gray. Stem widely and more or less dichotomously much-branched, forming a low compact rounded and densely leafy plant 2 to 6 in. high and 3 to 12 in. broad; herbage white with a close tomentum, strongly turpentine-scented; leaves roundish, subcordate or cuneate at base, thick, irregularly toothed above base, 4 to 9 lines broad, the petioles 1 to 4 lines long; heads 3 to 4 lines high, solitary on axillary peduncles, the naked peduncles at maturity recurved.—Desert floors and washes, 100 to 4000 f t . : Inyo Co.; e. Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; s. to L. Cal., e. to Ariz. Apr.-May. 2. P. annua (Nutt.) Gray. Stem freely and somewhat openly branched from the base, forming plants 1 to 6 in. high and 1% times as broad; herbage puberulent, the leaves scurfy-pubescent; leaves fanshaped, irregularly dentate, 4 to 9 lines broad, on petioles V2 to as long; heads 3 lines high, borne in terminal glomerules and solitary on peduncles in the forks, the peduncles about 2 to 8 lines long.—Desert canons and flats, rare in Cal.: Babbit Sprs.,

1145

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

s. M o h a v e D e s e r t ; R o c k C a ñ ó n , e. K e r n Co.; L o n e P i n e , I n y o Co.; e. t o N e v . , U t a h and Ariz. 147. R A I L L A R D É L L A G r a y Low perennial herbs. Leaves narrow, entire, mostly basal, the cauline a l t e r n a t e or n o n e . H e a d s c o m m o n l y s o l i t a r y , or r a r e l y in 2s or 3s, w i t h y e l l o w flowers, mostly discoid, sometimes r a d i a t e . Involueral bracts linear, in a s i n g l e s e r i e s , b a r e l y o v e r l a p p i n g . E e c e p t a c l e flat. D i s k - c o r o l l a s w i t h s h o r t t u b e , e l o n g a t e d t h r o a t , a n d 5 s h o r t g l a b r o u s lobes. S t y l e - a p p e n d a g e s flattish, h i s p i d u l o u s , w i t h l a n c e o l a t e or c u s p i d a t e t i p s . A c h e n e s l i n e a r , p u b e s c e n t . P a p p u s of 10 t o 25 s l e n d e r s o f t - p l u m o s e b r i s t l e s . ( D i m i n u t i v e of R a i l l a r d i a , a s h r u b b y C o m p o s i t e g e n u s of t h e H a w a i i a n I s l s . ) Stems leafy, arising from the branched crown of a very short root; leaves linear; pubescence hirsute. Leaves acute; lowest leaves not sheathing; heads discoid; pappus-bristles longer than the achene; herbage greenish; s. Sierra Nevada 1. K.muirii. Leaves obtuse or obtusish; lowest very small leaves opposite, distinctly sheathing at base, 2 to 3 lines long; heads with 2 or 3 rays; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene; herbage hirsute-canescent; mts. of n. Lake Co.. . .2. li. scabrida. Stem scapose or with occasionally a few small leaves below; leaves crowded in a basal tuft or on short sterile shoots ; pubescence not hirsute. Herbage silvery-tomentose ; scapes to 4 in. high, arising from the branched crown of a stout root; rays none 3. Ji. argentea. Herbage green, not tomentose; scapes mostly 4 to 11 in. high, arising from a horizontal rootstock; rays none or present 4. R. scaposa.

1. R . m ù i r i i G r a y . S t e m s e r e c t , s e v e r a l f r o m t h e b r a n c h e d r o o t - c r o w n , 9 t o 12 in. h i g h ; h e r b a g e r o u g h i s h - h i r s u t e , t h e s t e m s g l a n d u l a r - v i l l o u s a b o v e t h e b a s e a n d u p t o i n v o l u c r e ; l e a v e s l i n e a r or l a n c e o l a t e - l i n e a r , a c u t e , s e s s i l e ; h e a d s t e r m i n a l a n d 1 or 2 l a t e r a l , 5 t o 7 l i n e s h i g h , w h o l l y d i s c o i d ; i n v o l u c r e s c a m p a n u l a t e , h i r s u t e a n d g l a n d u l a r - v i l l o u s ; p a p p u s - b r i s t l e s 10 t o 12, 4 l i n e s l o n g . — S o u t h e r n S i e r r a N e v a d a , 4000 to 7000 f t . , in F r e s n o Co.: T e h i p i t e Valley; Mt. Woodworth. 2. R . s c á b r i d a E a s t w . S t e m s s e v e r a l , a s s u r g e n t or a s c e n d i n g f r o m t h e s h o r t b r a n c h e s of t h e r o o t - c r o w n , 5 t o 8 in. h i g h ; l e a v e s l i n e a r , sessile, o b t u s e or s o m e t i m e s a u r i c l e d a t b a s e , 4 t o 6 l i n e s l o n g ; l o w e s t l e a v e s 2 to 3 l i n e s long, opposite, sheathing at base; heads broadly cylindric, 6 lines high, s o l i t a r y or 2 or 3 i n loose c y m e s ; r a y s 2 or 3, 1 y-2 l i n e s l o n g ; p a p p u s - b r i s t l e s IV2 l i n e s l o n g . — G r a v e l l y c r e s t s or slopes, 6500 t o 7600 f t . , n. L a k e Co.: Snow M t . ; Mt. Hull. 3. R . a r g é n t e a G r a y . S c a p e s % to 4 in. h i g h , r e d d i s h a n d p u b e r u l e n t ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute, c o v e r e d w i t h a s i l v e r y f e l t , % t o 1 or 2 in. l o n g ; h e a d s 7 to 10 l i n e s h i g h ; involucres narrowly campanulate, 3% to 4 % lines high, the b r a c t s linear, a c u m i n a t e ; c o r o l l a y e l l o w . — H i g h mont a n e , 10,000 t o 11,500 f t . : M t . S a n Gorgonio; Sierra N e v a d a f r o m Tulare Co. to L a s s e n P e a k ; W h i t e M t s . ; 11. t o s o u t h e r n Ore. 4. R . s c a p o s a G r a y . F i g . 1006. S c a p e s 2 or 4 t o 11 i n . h i g h , f r o m s t o u t i s h r o o t s t o c k s ; h e r b a g e viscidglandular and sparingly pilose; leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 4 i n . l o n g ; flowering h e a d s 7 to 10 l i n e s h i g h ; i n v o l u c r e s c y l i n d r a c e o u s , 10 to 4 0 - f l o w e r e d ; corolla l i g h t y e l l o w ; r a y s n o n e or s o m e t i m e s 1 to 3 or 5 a n d 1

1006

Raillardella

scaposa

Grav

y3 ; b, fl. x IV2.

.

ttj

habit

x

1146

COMPOSITAE

to 2 lines long.—Montane meadows, 7800 to 11,000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co. Y a r . PRINGLEI Jepson n. eomb. Rays 4 or 5, very conspicuous, 6 to 9 lines lonj,, 3 to 7 lines wide, deeply 2 or 3-notched at apex. •—High montane: Scott Mts.; Mt. Silliman; Farewell Gap. (R. pringlei Greene.) 148. C A C A L I 6 P S I S Gray Floccose-woolly perennial herbs, the stoutish stems from stout rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal, round-cordate, palmately cleft or parted. Heads few, corymbosely disposed at the summit of the nearly naked stem, rayless, the flowers yellow, numerous. Involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts many, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rigid rather than herbaceous. Anthers entire at base. Style puberulent below the slightly flattened branches. Achenes 10-nerved. Pappus copious, soft and white, equaling the corolla. (Greek kakalia, ancient Greek name of some plant, and opsis, likeness.) 1. C. nardosmia Gray. Stem erect, 1 to IV2 f t . high; basal leaves 2 % to 6 % in. broad, the divisions broad, cleft or toothed, the petioles 2 % to 4 in. long; cauline leaves few, similar to the basal but smaller; heads about 1 in. high; flowers honey-scented.—Montane, 3000 to 6000 f t . : Geysers, Sonoma Co.; n. Lake Co.; Mendocino and Humboldt Cos.; n. to Wash. Apr.-May. 1 4 9 . P E T A S l T E S G a e r t n . SWEET COLTSFOOT

Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks from which arise in early spring scape-like flowering stems (with many scale-like leaves) and later ample leaves. Heads in a dense corymb, subdioecious, i. e., the plants mostly sterile or mostly fertile, the whitish sterile flowers with tubular 3 to 5-cleft corolla, and the pinkish fertile flowers with ligulate corolla. Achenes 5 to 10-ribbed. Pappus elongating with age, very soft and white. (Greek petasos, a broad-brimmed hat, in allusion to the large leaves.) 1. P . palmata (Ait.) Gray. Fig. 1007. Stem erect, 7 to 10 in. high, glandular-pubescent, its bract-like scales l1/) to 2V2 in. long; leaves roundish in outline, palmately cleft to below the middle into 7 to 10 lobes, green and nearly glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least when young, 5 to 16 in. wide, the lobes denticulate, sinuately toothed or 3-lobed at apex; petioles 4 to 16 in. long; heads 6 to 7 lines high; " s t e r i l e " heads with mostly perfect (sterile) flowers but the marginal ones pistillate; " f e r t i l e " h e a d s w i t h 1 0 0 7 . P e t a s i t e s p a l m a t a G r a y ; a, leaf a r i s i n g from rootstock x J/4 ; b, scaly stem a n d infl. mostly pistillate flowers and few a r i s i n g from rootstock x ; c, ray-fl. x IV2 ; central perfect ones.—Deep shades f t . h i g h ;

herbage glandular or viscid-pubescent especially above; leaves broadly ovate or oblong, irregularly and o f t e n coarsely dentate, rounded or truncate or cordate at base, to 4 in. long, on petioles nearly as long or longer; cauline leaves sessile, reduced, o f t e n with salient teeth, the upper sometimes alternate; heads 8 to 10 lines high; rays none; involucres villous-glandular; achenes sparsely liispidulou's, 2 to 3 lines long.—Dry open woods, 1500 to 6000 ft.: Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo Co. to Humboldt Co.; Mariposa Co.; n. to Wash. 3. A. viscosa Gray. Stems f a s t i g i a t e l y branching, 8 to 12 in. high; herbage very viscid-pubescent; leaves small, ovate-oblong, entire, closely sessile, but not connate at base, 6 to 12 lines long: heads 25 to 30-flowered; involucre 4 lines high; corolla pale yellow; achenes glandular-hirsute with scattered hairs.—Mt. Shasta, 8000 f t . ; very rare and too little known.

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

1157

4. A. cordifolia Hook. Stem erect, % to 2 f t . high, f r o m slender creeping rootstocks; herbage pubescent or towards the heads somewhat villous; basal and lower cauline leaves cordate (some almost reniform, some merely ovate), 1 to 3 in. long, on petioles 1 to 2 in. long; uppermost leaves smaller, broadly lanceolate, mostly sessile; heads few in a loose cyme and long-peduncled, or in the alpine plants solitary, % in. high; involucres hemispheric; rays 7 to 13, % to 1 in. long.—Montane, mostly in open woods, 4300 to 10,000 f t . : Cuyamaca Mts.; Sierra Nevada f r o m Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Santa Lucia Mts.; Mt. Hamilton; Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Col. 5. A. latifolia Bong. var. viscidula Gray. Stems erect, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage seemingly glabrous b u t minutely puberulent and sometimes a little glandular; leaves roundish ovate to ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, denticulate or serrate, the basal on petioles % to 2 in. long, the cauline in 3 or 4 pairs on short (1 to 6 lines long) petioles, the uppermost sessile; heads 7 to 9 lines high; rays 6 to 8 lines long; achenes with short scattered slightly spreading hispid hairs.—Montane, 5000 to 6000 f t . : Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co.; Siskiyou Co. July. 6. A. mollis Hook. Plants erect, 7 to 22 in. high, the stems few or several f r o m a stout rootstock; herbage villous-pubescent to nearly glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or obtuse, 1% to 3% in. long, tapering into a margined petiole about % to % as long or subsessile, or the basal with petioles as long; upper leaves broad a t base, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping; heads 5 to 6 lines high, in a loose cyme; rays 5 to 8 lines long; achenes hirsute-pubescent.—Montane flats, 8000 to 10,300 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Nevada Co.; n. to B. C., e. to Quebec and Col. Var. sCABiRRiMA Smiley. Herbage scabrid; leaves more or less saliently toothed.—Tulare and Eldorado Cos.; w. Siskiyou Co. (A. scaberrima Greene.) 7. A. longifdlia E a t . Stems f e w or several from the root-crown, erect, 1 to 2Yi f t . high; herbage scantily puberulent; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate, somewhat nervose, 3 to 6 in. long, the lower connate-sheathing at base, the sheaths (% or) % to 1 in. long; heads 2 to 4 in a corymb, the peduncles 1 to 3% in. long; achenes with very minute and short glandular processes, not at all hairy or obscurely so.—Montane valleys or canons, 5000 to 7200 ft., i n f r e q u e n t : Kern Co. to Nevada and Modoc Cos.; e. to Utah. July. 8. A. folidsa N u t t . var. incana Gray. Stems erect, strict, usually 1 in a place, from slender running rootstocks, 10 to 28 in. high; herbage tomentosepubescent; leaves broadly lanceolate, denticulate, nervose, 2 to 5% in. long, tapering to petioles, % to IV2 in. long or the upper clasping; lower leaves with sheathing bases, the sheaths % to 1 in. long; heads 3 or 4 in a cyme, rarely solitary, the peduncles 1 to 1% in. long; bracts of the involucre acuminate; rays 4 to 6 lines long; achenes sparingly hairy.—Montane canon flats or meadows, often standing in shallow water of lakes or the beds of former pools, 7800 to 9000 f t . : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta and Lassen Cos.; n. to Wash. I t passes into the next variety. Var. S 6 N N E I Jepson n. comb. Stems and petioles long-villous; leaves mostly basal or subbasal.—E. Eldorado and Nevada Cos.; n. Lake Co. (A. sonnei Greene.) Var. BERNARDINA Jepson n. comb. Bracts of the involucre obtuse.—San Bernardino Mts. (A. bernardina Greene.) 9. A. nevadensis Gray. Stems erect from slender rootstocks, 6 to 12 in. high ; herbage puberulent, sometimes cinereous; leaves orbicular to broadly oval or ovate, mostly obtuse, entire, rarely denticulate, 1 to 21/4 in. long, mostly abruptly petioled, the petiole usually margined, % to 1% in. long; heads 7 lines high; rays 6 lines long; achenes minutely pubescent with short scattered and spreading slightly glandular hairs, or glabrate.—Montane, 5000 to 7600 f t . : Inyo and Mariposa Cos. to Modoc Co. July. 10. A. alpina Olin. Stems erect, simple, 9 to 20 in. high, the heads terminal and solitary (rarely 2 or 3 ) ; herbage villous-pubescent or puberulent; leaves

1158

COMPOSITAE

narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the basal ovate and the small uppermost ones linear, entire or denticulate, 3nerved, % to 2% in. long, narrowed at base to a petiole % to 2 in. long, the cauline often distinctly connate at base; a c h e n e s hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrate. — Montane, 6000 to 9000 ft.: Mariposa Co. to Lassen Co.; n. Humboldt Co.; n. to Alas., e. to Lab.; n. Eur. 154. PEUCEPH"$XLUM Gray Balsamic shrub, the numerous ultimate b r a n c h l e t s fastigiate and crowded with leaves up to the single discoid head. Leaves terete, resinouspunctate. Involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts numerous, linear-subulate, in about 2 series. Flowers yellowish. Corolla with very short proper tube and long cylindric throat, its short teeth erect, puberulent. Achenes turbinate-oblong, d e n s e ly hirsute. Pappus shorter than the corolla, its 1013. Peucephyllum schottii Gray; a, leaf bristles numerous, unequal, rather X 1: b, fl. branchlet x % ; c, fl. x 2 %. sordid, roughish, some of the longer with narrow hyaline margins. (Greek peuke, the fir, and phyllon, leaf, on account of the needle-like foliage.) 1. P. sch6ttii Gray. Tig. 1013. P I G M Y CEDAR. Glabrous very much branched shrub 3 to 9 ft. high; leaves 3 to 5 (or 10) lines long; heads 5 to 6 lines high corolla-teeth purplish in age.—Washe: of the foothills and gravelly sides ot canons: Inyo Co.; Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert; e. to Ariz., s. to L. Cal. 155. LfiPIDOSPAETUM Gray Ours a rigid broom-like shrub. Leaves alternate, all but the earliest reduced to scales. Bracts of the involucre regularly imbricated in 3 or 4 series, chartaceous, oblong, obtuse. Beceptacle naked. Heads discoid. Flowers pale yellow. Corolla with long slender tube, the short campanulate throat exceeded by the spreading lobes. Anthers exserted. Achenes terete, faintly 8 to 10-nerved. Pappus of copious minutely scabrous capillary bristles. (Greek lepis, scale, and sparton, the broom shrub.) 1. L. squamsltum Gray. Fig. 1014. Eound-topped bush 3 to 6 ft. high; young or basal shoots white-tomentose, densely leafy with obovate entire leaves, 4 to 6 lines long; fullgrown plant glabrate, or with floes of , 101 , 4 ' Lepidospartum squamatum Gray; a, wool, in the axils, its stems ascending \ t ' A * ; or virgate, with scattered ovate-acute pappus-bristle x 3.

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1159

scales V-i to 1 % lines long; heads 3 to 6 lines high, racemose or paniculate, 11 to 13-flowered; involucre campanulate; achenes glabrous or nearly so.— Sandy washes and gravelly plains, 1000 to 3000 f t . : cismontane S. Cal. and n. to southern Monterey Co., the upper San Joaquin Valley and the southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.; Mohave and Colorado deserts; e. to Ariz., s. to L. Cal. Var. obt^ctum Jepson n. var. Peduncles beneath the heads very densely imbricated with small scales.—Whitewater Wash (Schellenger, type). 156. T E T R A D t M I A DC. Low rigid shrubs of arid regions. Herbage whitish tomentose, sometimes almost glabrate. Leaves alternate, entire, solitary or fascicled, the primary ones often replaced by spines. Involucre cylindric to oblong, its bracts 4 to 6, firm, concave, overlapping, often enlarged and thickened at base. Heads discoid, 4 to 9-flowered. Eeceptacle flat, small. Flowers yellow. Achenes terete, short, faintly 5-nerved. Pappus white or whitish, of fine and soft scabrous capillary bristles. (Greek tetra, four, and dymos, together, the first-known species with four-flowered heads.) Achenes glabrous, or with hairs much shorter than those of the pappus; pappus extremely copious. Heads 4-flowered; branches not spiny. Leaves permanently tomentose, 6 to 10 lines long 1. T• canescens. Axillary leaves glabrate, 3 to 5 lines long 2. T. glabrata. Heads 5-flowered; branches slender, spiny 3. T. stenolepis. Achenes heavily and densely clothed with long ascending hairs which quite conceal the pappus; pappus-bristles reduced to a single series. Heads peduncled, scattered or loosely racemose 4. T.spinosa. Heads nearly sessile in a close terminal cyme 5. T.comoaa.

1. T. caniscens DC. Fig. 1015. Stems freely branching, diffuse or decumbent, 4 to 12 in. long, unarmed; leaves and inflorescence white with ^^ijifKf^ite. a permanent close tomentum; leaves . . - ^ ^ ^ ¡ W m m somewhat crowded but rarely at all fascicled, linear or oblanceolate, pungently acute, 6 to 10 lines long; heads short-pedunculate in cymose clusters terminating the short branchlets; involucres 4 to 5 lines high, 4flowered, their bracts 4 or 5, oblong, carinate; achenes quite glabrous to villous; pappus sordid or yellowish. — Sandy and rocky hillsides and plains, 4000 to 7000 f t . : San Luis Obispo Co. to the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; e. side of the Sierra Nevada and its easterly plateau crests; Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; n. to B . C., e. to Wyo. and N. Mex. Var. in£rmis Gray. Leaves and involucres shorter. — San Luis Obispo; Honey Lake Valley; e. to Rocky Mts. 2. T. glabrata Gray. Stems branching to form a rounded bush 1 to 2 % ft. high; herbage white-tomenDC.; a, fl. branchtose, the leaves soon glabrate; pri- 1015. Tetradymia canescens bt fl. x l 1 ^ , showing the pappusmary leaves rigid-subulate, cuspi- let x bristles crinkled at the middle. date, 3 to 5 lines long, early deciduous; axillary leaves 3 to 6 in a fascicle, linear-oblanceolate, soft, persistent, 3 to 5 lines long; leaves of sterile shoots linear-subulate, appressed, without fascicled ones in their axils; heads in terminal cymes, or the cymose clusters sometimes racemosely disposed; involucres 3 % to 4 % lines high, whitetomentose or glabrate and green, 4-flowered; bracts 4 or 5, oblong, carinate; achenes densely hairy; pappus sordid.—Mohave Desert and n. along the e.

1160

COMPOSITAE

side of the Sierra Nevada to Ore., e. to U t a h . The young buds and leaves are more or less poisonous to sheep. 3. T. sten61epis Greene. Shrub 1% to 2% f t . high; herbage permanently white-tomentose with appressed wool; lower primary leaves oblanceolate, mucronate, about 10 lines long; upper primary leaves modified into rigid spreading spines 1 to 1% in. long; secondary fascicled leaves oblanceolate, 5 to 11 lines long, or entirely w a n t i n g ; heads in close terminal cymes; involucres 5 lines high, 5-flowered, their bracts 5, linear-oblong, very thick and rigid, obtuse; aclienes canescent but g l a b r a t e ; pappus comparatively coarse, its bristles bent at tip.—Western and central Mohave Desert north to the s. Sierra N e v a d a and Inyo Co. 4.

T. spindsa H . & A.

COTTON T H O R N . F i g . 1 0 1 6 .

Bigidly branched silvery-tomentose shrub 2 to 4 f t . high; primary leaves modified into rigid spines and bearing in their axils the second year a cluster of secondary leaves and 1 (rarely 2 or 3) peduncles; spines slender, o f t e n needle-like, s t r a i g h t or recurved, tomentose or glabrate, % to 1% in. long; fascicled leaves linear-clavate, glabrous or early glabrate, 3 to 5 lines long; peduncles 1-headed; involucres about 4 lines high, usually 6 or 7-fiowered; b r a c t s 5 or 6, varying f r o m linear-oblong (the outer) to elliptic (the inner), all obtuse; achenes with soft white hairs nearly equaling the rigid pappus-bristles.— Desert areas, 2000 to 4000 f t . : Mohave Desert and its bordering mountain slopes; Inyo Co.; n. to eastern Ore., e. to U t a h and Ariz. 5. T. comdsa Gray. Bush with many erect stems and v i r g a t e branches, 2 to 4 f t . high; herbage permanently and densely white-tomentose; leaves narrowly linear, soft, 1 to 1% in. , long, the uppermost ones rigid, somewhat spine„ „ „ . ' . „ like, 7 to 9 lines long; heads in close terminal A.?fl r \raThle P t m x 0S 4 cymes; involucres 4 to 5 lines high, 6 to 9-flowered; bracts 5 or 6, oblong, obtuse; long straight but soft hairs of the achene very abundant, concealing the true pappus.—Low dry hills: cismontane S. Cal.; Mohave Desert; e. to Nev. TRIBE 1 2 . CyniLreae. T H I S T L E TRIBE Thistles or thistle-like herbs with alternate prickly leaves. Heads large. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, usually prolonged into a spine or bristle, or provided with a membranous edge. Beceptacle bristly or hairy. Flowers all perfect. Bays none. Corollas tubular, cleft into long narrow lobes. Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip. Pappus bristly or plumose, rarely paleaceous.

157. CNiCUS L. Annual herb. Leaves pinnatifid or mostly sinuate-dentate with spinv or prickly teeth. Heads solitary a t the ends of the branches, subtended and almost concealed by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate and tipped by a simple spine, the inner lanceolate and ending in a strong pinnately branched spine. Flowers yellow. Achenes many-nerved, 10-toothed at the summit, and bearing a pappus of awns in 2 series; outer series long, naked, yellow; inner series liispidulous, white. ( L a t i n name of the Safflower, applied to thistles.) 1 . C. benedictus L. B L E S S E D T H I S T L E . Stem freely branching, 1 to 2 f t . high; herbage pubescent; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, thin, upper clasping, lower petioled; heads 1 in. long.—Nat. f r o m Eur. on valley floors: P e t a l u m a ; L a t h r o p ; Buena Vista, Nevada Co.; Oroville. Mar.-June.

S U N F L O W E R

1161

F A M I L Y

CARTHAMUS L. Flowers yellow. Outer bracts of the involucre terminating in a foliaceous appendage; inner bracts more rigid, appressed, ending in a spinescent tip. Achenes obpyramida.l, with a crenulate margin at the truncate summit. Pappus-paleae of 2 kinds, the outer unequal, ciliate, in several series, the inner in one series and much shorter; or pappus quite wanting in the outer row of achenes. C. LANATUS DC. Distaff Thistle. Annual, 10 to 25 in. high; leaves rigid, prickly pinnatifid, clasping.—Native of Mediterranean region, adv. at San Francisco and Stockton. 158. S i L Y B U M Gaertn. Annual or biennial herb. Leaves very ample, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly, clasping, smooth and shining above and very conspicuously blotched with white along the veins. Heads very large, solitary at the ends of the branches. Flowers purple. Corollas with filiform tube conspicuously dilated below the narrowly linear lobes. B r a c t s of the involucre broad, appressed, bearing an abruptly spreading spine which is broadly lanceolate or ovate and ciliateprickly toward the base. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, minutely barbellate. (Old Greek name applied to thistle-like plants.) 1. S. mari&num Gaertn. MILK THISTLE. Branching, 3 to 6 f t . high; leaves 1 % to 2 % f t . long, 6 to 12 in. wide, strongly undulate at the sinuses; heads about 2 to 2 % in. broad; spines of the middle involucral bracts 1 to 1 % in. long.—Nat. from the Mediterranean region, common in abandoned fields, old pastures and by roadsides throughout Cal. May-Aug. 159. C t N A R A Vaill. Stout perennial herb. Leaves ample, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. Flowers blue. Heads very large, globose, solitary on the ends of the branches. Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, coriaceous. Receptacle fleshy, fimbrillate. Pappus of many series of plumose bristles. Achenes obovate, somewhat 4-angled. (From the Greek kuon, a dog, the spines of the involucre being likened to a dog's teeth.) 1. C. cardunculus L. CARDOON. Stem freely and diffusely branching, 1 y 2 to 2 % ft. high; stems and under side of leaves white-tomentulose, the upper side of leaves green, thinly arachnoid; leaves bipinnatifid, 1 to 2 f t . long, the lobes and teeth bearing long spines; involucres 1 % to 1% in. high, the bracts spinose.—Native of s. Eur., nat. at Benicia and Cordelia; a garden escape at San Bernardino. C. SC6LYMUS L. Artichoke. L e a f lobes scarcely spinose; inner bracts of involucre with scarious tips, not spinose.—Garden plant from Eur., an occasional escape. 160. C i R S I U M Scop. THISTLE Stout biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, prickly or spiny, commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads with numerous crimson, white or yellowish flowers, perfect and all alike, or unisexual in C. arvense. Corolla tubular, its segments linear. Involucre spherical to campanulate, ovoid or cylindrical, its bracts imbricated in many ranks, at least the outer tipped with a spine or prickle, rarely innocuous. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed, not ribbed, smooth and glabrous. Pappus of a single series of bristles, plumose or barbellate to the middle, clavellate-dilated at tip, united into a ring at the base and deciduous as a whole. (Kirsion, Greek name of a kind of thistle.) A.

1. Heads

HEADS CONSISTING WHOLLY o r PERFECT FLOWERS; N O S . 9 AND 1 6 ) .

BIENNIALS

(EXCEPTING

leafy-bracteate (the spiny foliaceous bracts usually more than 3), commonly more or less clustered. Stem spinose-winged by decurrent leaf-bases; upper surface of leaves strigose-setulose with harsh hairs; involucral bracts and leaves linear 1. C.lanceolatum. Stem not spinose-winged (although leaf-bases may be somewhat d e c u r r e n t ) ; upper surface of leaves never strigose-setulose with harsh hairs. Leaves and stem glandular; involucral bracts dilated and slightly fimbriate above the middle; heads a little nodding 2. C.fontinale.

1162

COMPOSITAE

Leaves a n d stem not g l a n d u l a r . Outer a n d middle series of involucral b r a c t s pinnately spinose. Leaves whitish, felt-like, -with b r o a d obtuse lobes a n d few small s p i n e s ; foliaceous b r a c t s % to 2 in. long, felt-like; s e a c o a s t . . 3 . G. maritimum. Leaves a t length green, t h i n n e r (thickish in no. 5 ) , with n u m e r o u s s p i n e s ; foliaceous b r a c t s Y2 to 1 in. long, not felt-like. H e a d s mostly arachnoid-woolly; seacoast, mid. Cal 4. G. andrewsii. H e a d s essentially g l a b r o u s ; lower San J o a q u i n 5. C. crasHcaule. Outer a n d middle series of involucral b r a c t s e n t i r e ; leaves a n d foliaceous b r a c t s green, usually thin, w i t h n u m e r o u s weak p r i c k l e s ; stem hollow, weak, s u c c u l e n t ; woods along s t r e a m s 6. G. edule 2. Heads naked, or if leafy-bracteate, the foliaceous bracts 1 to 3 (rarely more). I n v o l u c r a l bracts, especially the outer, conspicuously spinose-iimbriate. I n v o l u c r e s broadly t u r b i n a t e ; involucral b r a c t s lanceolate, few, mostly t h i n a n d loose. . 7. G. remotifolium. I n v o l u c r e s c a m p a n u l a t e ; involucral b r a c t s mostly dilated above the middle, n u m e r o u s , the o u t e r ones oblong, imbricated 8. G. americanum. I n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s e n t i r e or sometimes minutely spinulose. P l a n t s % to 1 (or 3 in v a r . of no. 9 ) f t . h i g h ; u p p e r leaves o f t e n longer t h a n the h e a d s ; heads solitary or in pairs, 1 to in. h i g h ; involucres essentially g l a b r o u s ; b r a c t s 3 to 12 lines long, tipped with a spine or cuspidate or b l u n t . H e a d s p e d u n c l e d ; stem l e a f y . O u t e r b r a c t s b r o w n i s h r e d with a yellow m a r g i n a n d base, coriaceous, cusp i d a t e or n o t ; leaves b r o a d 9. C. quercetorum. O u t e r b r a c t s w i t h o u t a p r o m i n e n t yellow m a r g i n , c h a r t a c e o u s , prickle-tipped; leaves n a r r o w e r 10. G. drummondii. H e a d s sessile on the g r o u n d or very shortly p e d u n c l e d ; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, longer t h a n the heads 11. G. acaulescens. P l a n t s 1 to 6 f t . t a l i ; u p p e r leaves never longer t h a n the h e a d s ; involucres floccose or woolly ( s p a r i n g l y in no. 1 7 ) . H e a d s mostly paniculately clustered, r a r e l y solitary or in p a i r s . Leaves a n d b r a c t s mostly t h i n a n d g l a b r a t e ; spines weak 12. C. vaseyi. Leaves mostly thick a n d tomentose. B r a c t s a b r u p t l y t i p p e d with a spine of equal l e n g t h ; heads n u m e r o u s , 6 to 12 lines high ; b r a c t s 1 to 3 lines l o n g . . . . 13. C. breweri. B r a c t s g r a d u a l l y a t t e n u a t e into a spine of u n e q u a l l e n g t h ; h e a d s not so n u m e r o u s , clustered or sometimes not, l a r g e r ; b r a c t s (2 o r ) 3 to 9 lines long 14. C. mohavense. H e a d s solitary on very long peduncles, rarely in clusters of 2. Flowers white, l a v e n d e r or p i n k ; h e a d s 1 to l 1 /^ in. h i g h ; p l a n t s r a t h e r slender, IY2 to 6 f t . tall; stems grayish. B r a c t s t e n d i n g to r e f l e x ; spines 1 to 4 lines l o n g ; common 15. G. californicum. B r a c t s s t r a i g h t ; spines 5 to 9 lines l o n g ; Mt. W h i t n e y 16. G. ochrocentrum. Flowers b r i g h t red, crimson or p u r p l e ; h e a d s 1 % to 2 % in. h i g h ; p l a n t s 1 to 3 f t . tall. B r a c t s erect, mostly glabrous, c u s p i d a t e or n o t ; p l a n t s s l e n d e r ; stems reddish 17. C. andersonii. L o w e r b r a c t s t e n d i n g to reflex, floccose (sometimes g l a b r a t e ) , spinet i p p e d ; p l a n t s mostly s t o u t ; stems g r a y i s h . . 1 8 . C. occidentale. B.

H E A D S UNISEXUAL, 4 TO 9 REFLEXED; PERENNIAL

(OR 1 2 )

L I N E S H I G H ; T I P S OF I N N E R INVOLUCRAL BRACTS 1 9 . G. arvense.

1. C. lanceol&tum ( L . ) Scop. B U L L T H I S T L E . Spreading, 2 to ft. high: herbage green; leaves lanceolate, 1 % to 8 (or 14) in. long, deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes, the callous midribs and veins excurrent as rigid spines, the base decurrent on the stem into interrupted prickly wings, the upper surface strigose-setulose, the lower tomentose; heads large, l1/^ to 2 in. high, terminating leafy branchlets; involucral bracts lanceolate, attenuate into slender rigid prickly-pointed spreading tips, lightly arachnoid; corollas rosepurple.—Nat. from Eur., common at lower altitudes: Berkeley; Stockton; Suisun; lone; Quincy; Prattville; Eureka; Yreka. 2. C. fontinale (Greene) Jepson. Plants 1 to 2 ft. high, the branches widely spreading; stems and upper surface of leaves more or less glandularpubescent; heads % to 1 in. high, mostly clustered, a little nodding; bracts of the involucre very broad, almost 3 lines in width from the base to the abruptly acute apex, fimbriate-dilated and spreading or recurved from near the middle, prickle-pointed; corollas dull white; anther-tips acute.—Crystal Sprs., San Mateo Co. Perhaps introduced. June. (Cnicus fontinalis Greene.) 3. C. maritimum Jepson n. comb. Stems succulent, leafy to the top, branched so as to form a rounded bushy plant 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves covered

SUNFLOWER

FAMILY

1163

with a dense heavy felt-like tomentum, the stems merely arachnoid; basal leaves 3 in. long, elliptical in outline, sinuately and undulately pinnatifid, the lobes broad, overlapping, the spines few, short ( % to 2 lines long) and for the most part borne only at the ends of the lobes; petiole margined, 2 in. long; eauline leaves more spinose, auriculate-clasping; heads 1 % to 1 % in. high, borne in a terminal leafy-bracteate cyme; bracts straight, lanceolate, tapering into a long spine, spinose-ciliate above the middle; corolla-segments about as long as the throat; anther-tips acute.—Surf, Santa Barbara Co. (Carduus maritimus Elmer.) 4. C. andrfrwsii (Gray) Jepson. Stems tall, striate, cymosely branching at summit, 3 to 4 ft. high; tomentum usually deciduous except from the heads and under surface of the leaves; basal leaves oblong, 5 to 16 in. long, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid into 3-cleft lobes, the lobes spinulose-bordered and terminating in a stout spine; petiole prickly-margined, about 4 in. long; upper leaves laciniate-pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate, terminating in long spines; heads hemispherical, somewhat clustered, sessile or shortly peduncled; involucres arachnoid-woolly, becoming flocculent, 9 to 11 lines high; proper bracts with coriaceous oblong-ovate base, the short upper part greenish and abruptly contracted into an awn-like spine, often somewhat pinnately spinose; leafy bracts pinnately spinose and strongly spinose-tipped; corollas bright red, the segments longer than the throat.—Coves and marshes near the sea, Marin and Sonoma Cos. June-July. 5. C. crassic