A K-means Approach to the Analysis of Spatial Structure in Upper Palaeolithic Habitation Sites: Le Flageolet I and Pincevent Section 36 9780860542636, 9781407335926

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A K-means Approach to the Analysis of Spatial Structure in Upper Paleolithic Habitation Sites Le Flageolet I and Pincevent Section 36

Jan F. Simek

BAR International Series 205 1984

•

•

•

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.S ., M.A., D.PhiL D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S205

©

'AK-means Approach to the Analysis of Spatial Strucfure in Upper·Paleolithic Habitation Sites'

Jan F.Simek,1984

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542636 paperback ISBN 9781407335926 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542636 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

For

Jean-Philippe

i ii

Rigaud

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T rying t o e xpress my appreciation t o a ll o f t hose p eople who h ave h elped t o make t his volume i s t ruely a n i mpossible t ask. Over t he years, l iterally h undreds o f i ndividuals, many o f whom I n ever met, contributed t heir t ime a nd e ffort t owards obtaining t he d ata I a nalyzed. There a re c ertain i ndividuals who must b e a cknowledged. F irst, I t hank Jean-Philippe R igaud f or a ll h is t ime, s upport, and e ncouragement over t he y ears. Jean-Philippe h as t aught me v irtually a ll o f t he very l ittle I k now about Paleolithic a rchaeology. He s howed t his American h ow s ites r eally s hould b e e xcavated, gave me d ata a nd t he confidence t o work on i t, and p rovided me w ith s pace i n h is l aboratories t o carry out a nalyses. I can only hope I d id h alf t he j ob h e wanted done a fter h is f ifteen y ears o f work on Le Flageolet. Margaret Conkey s erved a s my a dvisor a nd my f riend t hroughout my g raduate career. I t was Meg who f irst i nterested me i n p roblems paleolithic a nd who s upported my choice o f d irection and goals. Meg k nows how much s he h as meant t o t he c ompletion of t his work. Where R igaud p rovided me w ith t he e mpirical b ase f or my r esearch, Albert Ammerman s howed me h ow t o confront t he p roblems I a ddressed a nd pointed out t heoretical a nd methodological p aths t hat opened t he way f or my r esearch. This work i s a s much Albert's a s i t i s m ine. I must a lso t hank R ichard B eerbower, John F ritz, Donald G rayson, Michael L ittle, a nd Charles R edman, a ll o f whom r ead a nd commented on various d raft manuscripts. Some of t hese people contributed a s members o f my d issertation committee while others s imply r ead my work b ecause I a sked t hem t o. Very s pecial t hanks a nd a dmiration a re d ue K eith K intigh, who w rote t he k -means p rogram u sed i n t he s tudies p resented h ere a nd made s ure t hat i t worked f or me. Keith's i mplementation r epresents a g reat s tride f orward f or a rchaeological a nalysis. Without h is e fforts, t his r esearch would n ever h ave b een possible. There a re many i n F rance who h elped me w ith my work and s imply enriched my l ife w ith t heir p resence. I t hank Jean-Michel G eneste f or h is h elp, k nowledge a nd constant w it, a nd I t hank h is f amily, Fabienne a nd L ea, f or t aking i n a l onely amerloque. I n R igaud's o ffice, Monique S igaud was a lways h elpful w ith h er t ime, energy and k nowledge. Cathy S aysset h elped me t o l earn f rench a nd b ecame one of my g reatest f riends. Jeanne Hennebois a lso t aught me t he l anguage, a dmittedly w ith a d istinctive a ccent, a nd made many of t he years a t " La B eynaque" p leasureable.

Jean-George Marcillaud d rew i llustrate this s tudy with t he i s j ust a l ittle of what h e d id a lways b e my f riend.

t he s tone t ools t hat h and of a master, b ut t hat f or me. I hope h e w ill

At t he University of Washington, Robert C . Dunnell has b een a constant source o f s upport, encouragement, a nd understanding. I t's n ice t o b e t reated w ith k id g loves o n one's f irst j ob. Several people p rovided i mportant h elp a t v arious t imes during my education and r esearch. S usan S imek a nd Charlotte Beck h elped t o t ype t he f inal manuscript. Mike Z isser made r educed photograhs o f t he i llustrations f rom l arge-sized o riginals. I a lso t hank D r. Anthony R . Hands of B . A . R . f or h is help d uring p reparation o f t he f inal copy. L ike many of t he people l isted above, Roy Larick h as b een with me during t he entire r esearch period. Unlike any of t he others, Roy s hared t he whole r esearch experience: l iving i n f oreign p laces, f ighting t he u rge t o quit a nd go h ome, exploring i deas a nd a reas n ever d ealt w ith before. I t doesn't s eem r easonable t o t hank Roy f or something we're only i n t he m iddle o f. Nevertheless, I a cknowledge h is a id over t he l ast n ine years. And t o Robin, who t hough i t's b een more love a nd apologies f or i nstead of w ith h er.

h as b een b eside me a ll a long e ven t han d ifficult, I can only o ffer my a ll t he t ime I ' ve s pent w ith t his

v i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION

i ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

L IST OF TABLES

L IST OF

F IGURES

CHAPTER 1 .

of

Changing Outline

2 .

xvii

GENERAL

Context

CHAPTER

x i

t he

I NTRODUCTION

1

P roblem

1

Research Goals of

t he

4

P resentation

6

MODELLING S ITE FORMATION PROCESSES

The Development of Multiple Models Context i n Patterns

t he

A L ittle Analogy

Help

I nterpretation

of

9 9

Spatial 1 0

f rom

Ethnoarchaeological 1 1

General Characteristics of Hunter -Gatherer Settlement Organization

1 5

Variables f or Characterizing Formation P rocesses

1 7

S imple Models f or Depositional Context

CHAPTER

3 .

METHODS

S ite

Variation

1 9

OF ANALYSIS

Introduction

2 7 2 7

The Analytic Challenge: Pattern Recognition:

i n

All That Data

2 8

P revious Approaches

2 9

v ii

Pattern Approach

Recognition:

Heuristic 3 4

Pattern Association: Pattern Approach Outline

The

P revious Approaches

Association:

The

Heuristic 4 6

Review of Analytic

Sequence

5 4

Terminology

CHAPTER 4 .

5 5

P INCEVENT

SECTION

3 6:

LEVEL

IV(2)

Introduction Stage

I Analysis:

Pattern Recognition Pattern Association,

Stage I II Analysis: Content Analysis

Pattern Association,

Discussion

6 6

8 9

9 9

and Conclusions

1 32

I NTRODUCTION TO LE FLAGEOLET

I

S ite Location

1 37 1 37

History of Work

on

t he

S ite

Pleistocene Sedimentation Paleoenvironmental Archaeological

5 9 5 9

Stage I I Analysis: Zone Definition

CHAPTER 5 .

4 1

1 39

at Le Flageolet

Reconstruction

Stratigraphy

1 40 1 41 1 55

Aurignacian Assemblage Classification

1 61

Raw Material Use

1 62

i n Level VIII

Attribute Analysis Lithic Artifacts

of Certain

Aurignacian 1 63

Conclusions

1 76

v iii

CHAPTER 6 .

SPATIAL CONTEXT AT L E F LAGEOLET

1 79

Excavation Techniques

1 79

Contextual Elements

1 79

CHAPTER 7 .

L E FLAGEOLET

I :

L EVEL V III-1

2 07

I ntroduction

2 07

Stage I Analysis:

Pattern R ecognition

2 08

Stage I I Analysis: Z one Definition

Pattern Association,

S tage I II Analysis: Content Analysis

Pattern Association,

2 25

2 35

D iscussion a nd Conclusions

CHAPTER 8 .

L E FLAGEOLET

I :

2 65

LEVEL V III-2

2 71

I ntroduction Stage

2 71

I Analysis:

Pattern R ecognition

2 73

Stage I I Analysis: Z one Definition

Pattern Association,

S tage I II Analysis: Content Analysis

Pattern Association,

D iscussion

CHAPTER 9 .

2 84

2 96

a nd Conclusions

3 26

S UMMARY AND D ISCUSSION

3 31

I ntroduction

3 31

Research F indings a nd Implications Understanding P aleolithic S ite Use

f or 3 31

Explaining D ifferences i n Formation P rocess b etween P incevent a nd Le Flageolet

3 35

Assessment o f I mplications

3 37

t he

General I mplications t he Analyses Concluding

Methods

a nd

t heir

a nd Contributions

o f 3 39

R emarks

3 40

i x

REFERENCES C ITED

3 43

x

L IST

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

OF

TABLES

1 . A rtifact Classes Used for Pincevent 3 6 Analyses a nd References t o Class D istribution Maps i n Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon ( 1972)

6 7

2 . Three Cluster Solution Statistics for P incevent Mandibular and Dental Fragments

7 1

3 . Six Cluster Solution Statistics f or P incevent Mandibular and Dental Fragments

7 3

4 . Nine Cluster Solution Statistics for P incevent Mandibular and Dental Fragments

7 5

5 . Raw Counts and Ranks for Ten Artifact Classes f rom Pincevent 3 6 Based on Z ones Defined a t the Lowest Clustering Solution S cale

1 01

6 . Raw Counts and Ranks f or Ten A rtifact Classes f rom Pincevent 3 6 Based on Zones Defined at t he Medium Clustering Solution Scale

1 02

7 . Raw Counts and Ranks f or Ten Artifact Classes f rom Pincevent 3 6 Based on Zones Defined a t the Highest Clustering Solution Scale

1 03

8 . Matrix of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Statistics ( rho) for a ll P incevent Artifact Classes when Three Cluster Zones a re Considered

1 08

9 . Matrix of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Statistics ( rho) for a ll Pincevent Artifact Classes when S ix Cluster Zones a re Considered

1 09

x i

Table

1 0. Matrix of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Statistics ( rho) for a ll P incevent Artifact Classes when Nine Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 10

1 1. Matrix of Class Maximum Standardization Values f or P incevent 3 6 A rtifact Classes when Three Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 14

1 2. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or P incevent 3 6 Artifact Classes when Three Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 17

1 3. Matrix of Class Maximum Standardization Values f or P incevent 3 6 A rtifact Classes when S ix Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 19

1 4. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or P incevent 3 6 A rtifact Classes when S ix Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 21

1 5. Matrix of Class Maximum S tandardization Values f or P incevent 3 6 Artifact Classes when Nine Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 26

1 6. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or P incevent 3 6 Artifact Classes when Nine Cluster Z ones a re Considered

1 29

1 7. Number of I dentifiable Specimens f or Megafauna Bone F ragments Recovered f rom Le Flageolet I l evels V III-1, VIII-2 a nd I X Combined

1 51

1 8. Number of I dentifiable Specimens for Microfauna Bone F ragments Recovered f rom Le Flageolet I l evels VIII-1, V III-2 and I X Combined

1 52

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

x ii

Table

1 9. Number of I dentifiable Specimens f or Avifauna Bone F ragments Recovered f rom Le Flageolet I l evels V III-1, VIII -2, a nd I X Combined

1 54

2 0. F requencies of F ive Core C lasses f or Le Flageolet I Levels VIII-1 a nd V III 2

1 65

2 1. R elationships A rtifact Classes Used Spatial Analyses t o Paleolithic Type L ist

1 69

Table

Table

Table

o f t he General f or L e F lageolet I t he New Upper

2 2. F requencies of Ten A rtifact Categories Analyzed f or t he Le F lageolet I Level VIII 1 Assemblage

2 09

2 3. Optimal C lustering Solution L evels I ndicated b y l og(%SSE) P lots P roduced b y K -means Analysis o f Le Flageolet I V III-1 A rtifact D istributions

2 11

2 4. Raw Counts and Ranks f or Ten Artifact Classes f rom Le F lageolet I V III-1 Based on Z ones Defined a t t he Lowest Clustering Solution S cale

2 36

2 5. Raw Counts a nd Ranks f or Ten Artifact Classes f rom Le F lageolet I Based on Z ones Defined a t t he Medium Clustering Solution S cale

2 37

2 6. Raw Counts and Ranks f or Ten A rtifact Classes f rom Le Flageolet I VIII-1 Based on Z ones Defined a t t he H ighest Clustering Solution S cale

2 38

2 7. Matrix of Spearman's R ank O rder Correlation Statistics ( rho) f or a ll Le Flageolet I V III-1 Artifact C lasses when Two Cluster Z ones A re Considered

2 40

2 8. Matrix o f Spearman's R ank O rder Correlation Statistics ( rho) f or a ll Le Flageolet I V III-1 A rtifact Classes when E ight Z ones A re Considered

2 42

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

3 0. Matrix of S tandardization Values V III-1 Artifact Classes Z ones Are Considered

2 47

Class Maximum f or L e Flageolet I when Two Cluster

2 50

3 2. Matrix of Class Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I VIII-1 Artifact Classes when E ight Cluster Z ones A re Considered

2 53

3 3. Matrix of Z one Maximum S tandardization Values f or Le Flageolet I V III-1 A rtifact Classes when E ight Cluster Z ones Are Considered

2 55

3 4. Matrix of Class Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I V III-1 A rtifact Classes when Twelve Cluster Z ones Are Considered

2 59

3 5. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I V III-1 A rtifact Classes when Twelve Cluster Z ones Are Considered

2 62

3 6. Percentages of A rtifacts by Class Contained i n Each I nferred D eposit Type f or Le Flageolet I Level V III-1

2 68

3 7. F requencies of Categories Analyzed f or L evel VIII-2 Assemblage

2 72

Table

Table

2 44

3 1. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I V III-1 A rtifact Classes when Two Cluster Z ones A re Considered

Table

Table

2 9. Matrix of Spearman's Rank O rder Correlation Statistics ( rho) f or a ll Le Flageolet I VIII-1 Artifact Classes when Twelve Cluster Z ones A re Considered

Ten A rtifact Le F lageolet I

3 8. Optimal Clustering Solution L evels i ndicated by l og(%SSE) P lots P roduced b y K -means Analysis of Le F lageolet I V III-2 A rtifact D istributions

x iv

2 75

Table

3 9.

Raw

Counts

A rtifact Classes Based on Z ones Clustering S cale

Table

T able

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

and

Ranks

for

Ten

f rom Le Flageolet VIII-2 Defined a t t he Lowest 2 9/

4 0. Raw Counts and Ranks f or Ten Artifact Classes f rom Le Flageolet I V III-2 Based on Z ones Defined a t t he Medium Clustering Solution S cale

2 98

4 1. Raw Counts and Ranks f or Ten Artifact Classes f rom Le Flageolet I V III-2 Based on Zones Defined a t t he H ighest Clustering Solution Scale

2 99

4 2. Matrix of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Statistics ( rho) for a ll Le Flageolet I VIII-2 Artifact Classes when Two Cluster Z ones Are Considered

3 01

4 3. Matrix of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Statistics ( rho) for a ll Le Flageolet I VIII -2 Artifact Classes when Nine Cluster Z ones Are Considered

3 02

4 4. Matrix of Spearman' s Rank O rder Correlation Statistics ( rho) for a ll Le Flageolet I A rtifact Classes when Eleven Cluster Z ones Are Considered

3 05

4 5. Matrix of Standardization Values VIII-2 A rtifact Classes Z ones Are Considered

Class Maximum f or Le Flageolet I when Two Cluster 3 08

4 6. Matrix of Standardization Values VIII-2 Artifact Classes Zones Are Considered

Z one Maximum f or Le Flageolet I when Two Cluster

4 7. Matrix of Standardization Values VIII -2 Artifact Classes Zones A re Considered

Class Maximum f or Le Flageolet I when Nine Cluster

3 10

3 13

XV

Table

Table

Table

Table

4 8. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I VIII-2 Artifact Classes when Nine Cluster Z ones Are Considered

3 16

4 9. Matrix of Class Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I VIII-2 Artifact Classes when Eleven Cluster Z ones Are Considered

3 21

5 0. Matrix of Z one Maximum Standardization Values f or Le Flageolet I VIII-2 Artifact Classes when Eleven Cluster Z ones Are Considered

3 24

5 1. Percentages of Artifacts by Class Contained i n Each Inferred Deposit Type for Le Flageolet I L evel VIII-2

3 29

x vi

L IST OF F IGURES

Figure 1 . Expected Relation b etween Homogeneity and Spatial Refinement: Model 1

2 2

F igure 2 . Expected Relation b etween Homogeneity a nd Spatial Refinement: Model 2

2 3

Figure 3 . Expected Relation b etween Homogeneity and Spatial Refinement: Model 3

2 4

F igure 4 . Expected Relation b etween Homogeneity and Spatial Refinement: Model 4

2 5

Figure 5 . An Example l og(%SSE) by Analysis of Burins Section 3 6

4 0

Plot P roduced f rom P incevent

Figure 6 . Excavators' Model f or Habitation Zones a t P incevent Section 3 6 Overlaid on Map of Features

6 4

Figure 7 . Plot of log(%SSE) Statistics for Caribou Mandibles and Dental F ragments f rom P incevent Section 3 6

6 9

Figure 8 . Map of Three Cluster K -means Solution f or Pincevent Caribou Mandible D istribution

7 0

Figure 9 . Map of S ix Cluster K -means , for P incevent Caribou Distribution

7 2

Figure 1 0. Map Solution f or D istribution

Solution Mandible

of Nine Cluster K -means P incevent Caribou Mandible 7 4

x vii

Figure 1 1. Map of Three Cluster Solution for P incevent Percoir

K -means 7 7

Figure 1 2. Map of S ix Cluster K -means Solution for P incevent Percoir Distribution

7 8

Figure 1 3. Map Solution D istribution

7 9

of for

Nine Cluster P incevent

K -means P ercoir

Figure 1 4. Map of S ix Cluster K -means Solution for P incevent Caribou Metacarpal D istribution

8 1

Figure 1 5. Map Solution f or D istribution

8 2

of Nine Cluster K -means P incevent Caribou Metacarpal

Figure 1 6. Map of Three Cluster K -means Solution f or P incevent Burin D istribution

8 3

Figure 1 7. Map of S ix Cluster K -means for P incevent Burin Distribution

8 4

Solution

Figure 1 8. Map of Nine Cluster K -means Solution f or Pincevent Burin Distribution

8 5

Figure 1 9. Map of Solution f or D istribution

8 7

Three Cluster K -means P incevent Endicraper

Figure 2 0. Map of S ix Cluster K -means Solution f or P incevent Endscraper Distribution

8 8

Figure 2 1. Low S cale Overlay Map P roduced by K -means Analyses of Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom Pincevent Section 3 6

9 0

Figure 2 2. Medium Scale Overlay Map P roduced b y K-means Analyses of Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom P incevent S ection 3 6

9 1

F igure 2 3. High Scale Overlay Map P roduced by K -means Analyses of Ten Artifact Class D istributions f rom Pincevent Section 3 6

9 2

F igure 2 4. Plot of log(%SSE) Statistics for a ll Ten Artifact Classes a t P incevent Section 3 6 a s Defined by K -means Cluster Analysis to Fifteen Clusters

9 3

F igure 2 5. Three Z ones Defined at Low Scale Solution for Ten Artifact Class D istributions f rom P incevent Section 3 6

9 6

F igure 2 6. Six Zones Defined at Medium Scale Solution for Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom P incevent Section 3 6

9 7

Figure 2 7. Nine Zones Defined at High Scale Solution for Ten Artifact Class D istributions f rom P incevent Section 3 6

9 8

F igure 2 8. Ranks Cluster

Map of Cluster Point Frequency Plotted a t Centroids for Three Solutions at P incevent Section 3 6

1 04

Figure 2 9. Map of Cluster Point Frequency Ranks Plotted at Centroids for S ix Cluster Solutions a t Pincevent Section 3 6

1 05

Figure 3 0. Ranks Cluster

1 06

Map of Cluster Point F requency Plotted at Centroids for Nine Solutions at P incevent Section 3 6

F igure 3 1. Plot Homogeneity Refinement f or

of Accumulation with Scale of P incevent Section

Content Spatial 3 6

Figure 3 2. Circular G raphs f or Standardization of Zone Three Zones Are Considered Section 3 6

Class Maximum Contents when for P incevent

F igure . 3 3. Circular G raphs f or Standardization of Z one Three Zones Are Considered Section 3 6

Zone Maximum Contents when for P incevent

x ix

1 12

1 15

1 18

Figure 3 4. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when S ix Z ones Are Considered f or P incevent Section 3 6

1 20

Figure 3 5. Circular G raphs for Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when S ix Z ones A re Considered f or P incevent S ection 3 6

1 22

Figure 3 6. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Nine Z ones Are Considered f or P incevent Section 3 6

1 27

F igure 3 7. Circular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Nine Z ones Are Considered f or P incevent Section 3 6

1 30

Figure 3 8. Map of Southwestern F rance Showing Location of Le Flageolet I a nd Surrounding Region

1 38

Figure 3 9. Sagittal Sediments Taken

1 45

P rofile o f Le Flageolet a t G rid Units B5/C5

I

Figure 4 0. F rontal P rofile of Le Flageolet S ediments Taken a t G rid Units D 2/D1

I

Figure 4 1. Sagittal Sediments Taken

I

F igure

4 2.

General

P rofile of Le Flageolet a t G rid Units C O/DO

1 47

P lan Map o f Le Flageolet

F igure 4 3. Retouched Stone Flageolet Couche V III

Figure 4 4. Couche V III-1,

1 46

Tools

f rom

1 48

Le

Typological Comparison b etween VIII a s a S ingle Assemblage, Level and Level V III-2

XX

1 58

1 60

F igure 4 5. Comparison of Angles to Edge Angles Levels VIII-1 and VIII -2

F igure 4 6. Damage

Radial for Le

Endscraper Face i n Le Flageolet I 1 71

System Used t o Locate Edge Flageolet Artifacts . ........

Figure 4 7. Frequencies of Visible for Level VIII-1 Unmodified L ithics by Position

Edge Damage and Modified

F igure 4 8. Frequencies of Visible for Level VIII -2 Unmodified L ithics by Position

Edge Damage a nd Modified

1 73

1 74

1 75

F igure 4 9. Ranges of Damaged Edge Angles Position for Levels VIII -1 and VIII -2

by 1 77

Figure 5 0. Plan of Blocks P resent during the Deposition of Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1

1 81

Figure 5 1. Plan of Blocks P resent during t he Deposition of Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

1 82

F igure 5 2. Plot of log(%SSE) Statistics for Cobbles f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 P roduced by K-means Cluster Analysis to Fifteen Clusters

1 84

Figure 5 3. Map of Three Cluster K -means Solution for Le Flageolet I Level — VIII-1 Cobble Distribution

1 85

Figure 5 4. Map of Five Cluster K-means Solution for Le Flageolet I Level — VIII-1 Cobble Distribution

1 86

Figure

5 5.

Plan

Flageolet

of

Hearth

Feature

for

Le

I Level VIII-1

Figure 5 6. Density cm) by Meter Level VIII -1

of Cobble F ragments ( < Square f rom Le Flageolet

1 87

2 I 1 89

xxi

Figure 5 7. Square

Density of Bone ( > 2 cm) by Meter f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1

F igure 5 8. Density of Dechet < 2 cm) by Meter Square I Level VIII-1

1 90

( Lithic Materials f rom Le Flageolet 1 91

Figure 5 9. Density of Debitage Materials > 2 cm) by Meter Square Flageolet I Level VIII-1

( Lithic f rom Le 1 92

Figure 6 0. Plot of log(%SSE) Statistics for Cobbles f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 P roduced by K -means Cluster Analysis t o F ifteen Clusters

1 95

Figure 6 1. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution for Le Flageolet I Lev el V III-2 Cobble Distribution

1 96

Figure 6 2. Map of Seven Cluster K -means Solution for Le Flageolet I L evel — VIII-2 Cobble Distribution

1 97

F igure 6 3. Plan of Cobble Concentration i n Unit Al ( Hearth) for Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

1 98

Figure 6 4. Plan of Cobble Unit B-1 ( Sweepings) Level VIII-2

2 00

Concentration i n for Le Flageolet I

Figure 6 5. Density of Cobble F ragments ( < cm) by Meter Square f rom Le Flageolet Level VIII-2

2 I

F igure 6 6. Density of Bone ( > 2 cm) by Meter Square f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

F igure 6 7. Density o f < 2 cm) b y Meter I Level VIII-2

Dechet Square

2 01

2 02

( Lithic Materials f rom Le Flageolet 2 03

F igure 6 8. Density of D ebitage Materials > 2 cm ) b y Meter Square Flageolet I L evel V III-2

( Lithic f rom Le 2 04

F igure 6 9. P lot o f l og(%SSE) S tatistics f or a ll Ten A rtifact Classes i n L e Flageolet L evel VIII-1 as Defined b y K -means Cluster Analysis t o F ifteen Clusters

2 10

F igure 7 0. Map o f Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I L evel VIII-1 T runcation Distribution

2 13

F igure 7 1. Map of F ive Cluster K -means Solution f or L e Flageolet I L evel — V III-1 T runcation D istribution

2 14

F igure 7 2. Map o f Nine Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I L evel — VIII-1 T runcation Distribution

2 15

F igure 7 3. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I L evel R etouched P ieces D istribution

2 18

F igure 7 4. Map of Nine Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I L evel— V III-1 R etouched P ieces D istribution

2 19

F igure 7 5. Map of Eleven Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I L evel — V III-1 Retouched P ieces D istribution

2 20

F igure 7 6. Map of Two Cluster K-means Solution f or L e Flageolet I — L evel VIII-1 Aurignacian P ieces D istribution

2 23

F igure 7 7. Map of Eleven Cluster K-means Solution f or L e Flageolet I L evel — V III-1 Aurignacian P ieces D istribution

2 24

F igure 7 8. Low S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level V III-1

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Figure 7 9. Medium Scale Overlay Map P roduced by K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1

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Figure 8 0. High Scale Overlay Map P roduced by K-means Analyses of Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I L evel VIII-1

2 28

Figure 8 1. Two Z ones Defined a t Low Solution f or Ten A rtifact Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I VIII-1

2 30

S cale Class L evel

Figure 8 2. Eight Z ones Defined a t Medium S cale Solution f or Ten Artifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1

2 32

Figure 8 3. Twelve Z ones Defined a t High Solution for Ten Artifact Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I VIII-1

2 34

Figure 8 4. Plot Homogeneity Refinement f or

S cale C lass L evel

of Accumulation Content w ith Scale o f Spatial Le Flageolet I L evel V III-1

2 45

Figure 8 5. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Two Z ones Are Considered for Level V III-1

2 48

Figure 8 6. Circular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Two Z ones Are Considered f or Level VIII-1

2 51

Figure 8 7. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Eight Z ones Are Considered f or L evel VIII-1

2 54

Figure 8 8. Circular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Eight Z ones Are Considered f or L evel VIII-1

2 56

xxiv

F igure 8 9. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum S tandardization of Z one Contents when Twelve Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-1

2 60

F igure 9 0. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Twelve Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-1

2 63

F igure 9 1. Hypothetical R econstruction Level VIII-1 O rganization Based Complete Spatial Analysis

2 67

o f on

F igure 9 2. Plot of log(%SSE) S tatistics f or a ll Ten A rtifact Classes i n Le F lageolet Level VIII-2 a s Defined b y K -means Cluster Analysis t o F ifteen Clusters

2 74

F igure 9 3. Map o f Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le F lageolet I L evel V III-2 Notched P ieces D istribution

2 77

F igure 9 4. Map of S even Cluster K-means Solution f or L e Flageolet I L evel — V III-2 Notched P ieces D istribution

2 78

F igure 9 5. Map of Fourteen Cluster K-means Solution f or L e F lageolet I L evel — V III-2 Notched P ieces D istribution

2 79

F igure 9 6. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution f or L e Flageolet I L evel VIII-2 Endscraper Distribution

2 80

F igure 9 7. Map of F ive Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I L evel — V III-2 Endscraper D istribution

2 81

F igure 9 8. Map of E leven Cluster K -means Solution f or L e Flageolet I L evel — V III-2 Endscraper D istribution

2 82

XX V

Figure 9 9. Low S cale Overlay Map P roduced by K-means Analyses of Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

2 85

Figure 1 00. Medium S cale Overlay Map P roduced by K -means Analyses of Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

2 86

Figure 1 01. High Scale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses of Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

2 87

Figure 1 02. Two Z ones Defined a t Low Solution f or Ten A rtifact D istributions f rom Le Flageolet I VIII-2

2 89

Scale Class Level

Figure 1 03. Nine Z ones Defined a t Medium S cale Solution f or Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2

2 91

Figure 1 04. Eleven Z ones Defined a t H igh S cale Solution for Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level V III-2

2 93

F igure 1 05. Plot of Accumulation Content Homogeneity w ith Scale of Spatial Refinement f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2.....

3 07

Figure 1 06. Circular G raphs for Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Two Zones A re Considered f or Level V III-2

3 09

Figure 1 07. Circular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Two Z ones Are Considered f or Level V III-2

3 11

Figure 1 08. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Nine Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V 111-2

3 14

x xvi

F igure 1 09. Circular G raphs for Z one Maximum Standardization of Zone Contents when Nine Z ones Are Considered for Level VIII-2

3 i

F igure 1 10. Circular Graphs for Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Level VIII-2 Medium Scale Z ones 4 , 6 , 8 , A re Combined and Compared to Z one 3

1 9

F igure 1 11. Circular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Eleven Z ones Are Considered for Level VIII-2

3 22

F igure 1 12. Circular G raphs for Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Eleven Zones Are Considered for Level VIII -2

3 25

F igure 1 13. Hypothetical Reconstruction Level VIII-2 Organization Based Complete Spatial Analysis

3 28

F igure 1 14. Homogeneity Plots Levels Overlaid on a S ingle

for a ll G raph

of on

Three 3 36

CHAPTER GENERAL

THE CONTEXT OF

THE

1

I NTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

The r esearch p resented i n t he f ollowing d issertation b egan w ith t he e xplicit goal o f i dentifying d ifferent a reas w ithin a s eries o f Upper P aleolithic h abitation s ites where t he p rehistoric i nhabitants h ad c arried out d ifferent specific a ctivities. This goal i s consistent w ith a l ong-standing i nterest i n paleolithic a rchaeology f or r econstructing t he o ccupations a t s ites t o a llow t heir i ntegration i nto a b roader, r egional-scale u nderstanding o f past h uman a daptations a nd b ehavioural change ( e.g., B inford and B inford 1 966). The approach t aken h ere i nvolves t he a nalysis o f a rtifact d istributions i n s pace, o r " spatial a nalysis", s ince i t s eems r easonable t o s uppose t hat t he l ocations o f a rtifacts i n a s ite w ill b e i nfluenced b y t he various t asks performed i n d ifferent a reas ( Whallon 1 973, 1 974; Dacey 1 973) a nd w ill t herefore r eflect c ertain a spects o f i ndividual s ite u se. I n t he s tudies t hat f ollow, t wo Aurignacian o ccupation l evels f rom a r ockshelter s ite i n s outhwestern F rance called Le Flageolet a re a nalyzed. The d issertation's f ocus on spatial a nalysis i s a lso due t o t he specific p roblems posed b y t he Le Flageolet d ata a nd t o t he e xcavation t echniques u sed t here. The l evels y ielded t housands o f b one and s tone a rtifacts f ound s cattered t hrough a j umble o f v ery l arge r ocks t hat f ell f rom t he s helter r oof d uring t he Pleistocene. As e ach o f t hese a rtifacts was dug f rom t he g round, i ts position i n s pace was r ecorded by t hree d imensional coordinates. This f orm o f r ecovery p rovided a data s et particularly s uited t o spatial a nalysis. However, t he vast n umber o f a rtifacts cataloged i n t his way a nd t he configuration o f t he r ockshelter i tself made t he a nalysis o f spatial patterns i n t he a rtifact d istributions d ifficult. To s olve t hese p roblems, mathematical t echniques f or analyzing spatial d istributions were s ought a nd applied. These s tudies a llow t he d efinition o f s patial p atterns i n t he a rtifact d istributions, a s was t he i nitial goal o f t he r esearch. Yet, a s w ill b e s een, t he i nterpretation o f t he patterns was not possible i n t he a nticipated f ramework--as r eflecting t he s patial l ocations o f s pecific p ast h uman a ctivities.

The Activity Model

f or

Spatial P rocess

A rchaeologists h ave l ong a ssumed t hat t he d istribution o f a rtifacts a cross a n e xcavated s ite s urface h olds i nformation c oncerning t he a ctivities p erformed a t t he s ite b y h uman i nhabitants. I n t he t raditional v iew, a ctivities a re r ather s pecific k inds o f h uman b ehaviour. They a re d iscrete i n t hat t hey i nvolve one o r a f ew a ctions, r equire only a f ew i mplements, a nd h ave a s ingle, u sually f unctional goal ( cf. S chiffer 1 976: 6 6-70; B inford 1 983: 1 47). Activities a lso h ave s patial i ntegrity; t hey a re c arried out w ithin a l imited a rea. H ide-scraping i s a n e xample o f s uch a n a ctivity. Typically, h ides a re s taked o ut on t he g round i n open a reas a nd a re s craped w ith r ather s pecific t ools ( e.g., s crapers o r f leshers). T raditionally, a rchaeologists h ave v iewed s ites a s collections o f t hese k inds o f " activity a reas". Thus, t he t ask o f s patial a nalysis h as b een t he d efinition o f c lusters o f objects over s pace t hat r eflect t hese a reas. An outgrowth o f t his a pproach i s a concern w ith i dentifying t ool k its over s pace. Tool k its a re t he a rtifacts u sed t o p erform a t ask a nd a re d efined, o nce a ctivity a reas ( clusters) h ave b een l ocated, b y c ounting u p t he d ifferent k inds o f a rtifacts i n e ach s patial c luster a nd l ooking f or " cooccurring" s ets o f o bjects. The r esult o f s uch a n approach i s u sually a s ite map w ith a ctivity a reas o utlined a nd a l ist o f t he t ool k its u sed i n d ifferent a ctivities ( e.g., Van Noten, e t a l. 1 979). While s uch r econstructions a re a ttractive, t he a ssumptions u nderlying t his a pproach a re p robably t oo s imple. I n r ecent years, i nformation d erived f rom a v ariety o f r esearch c ontexts, most n otably f rom e thnoarchaeology, h as made a rchaeologists a ware t hat t he a ctivity model may h ave s erious f laws ( e.g., C larke 1 973, 1 977; C lark 1 979; Gould 1 977). John Yellen's observations a t modern ! Kung S an s ites h ave b een p articularly p rovocative i n t his r egard ( 1977). Yellen s hows t hat a complex s et o f h uman b ehaviours a cts t o e liminate t he k ind o f a rtifact patterning e xpected b y t he a ctivity model. For e xample, t he n umber o f s ocial g roups p resent d uring a n o ccupation may a ffect t he n ature a nd extent o f garbage d isposal a nd t he s patial o rganization o f r efuse d eposits ( cf. B inford 1 983: 1 38-42). Yellen's work w ill b e d iscussed i n more d etail i n Chapter 2 . Ethnoarchaeology h as l ed t o r e-evaluation o f t he p rocesses i nvolved i n g enerating d istributions o f objects i n a rchaeological s ites. More g eneral questions h ave a lso a risen concerning t he n otion o f " tool k it" a s u sually applied i n t raditional r esearch. Tool k its a re conventionally v iewed a s t he e quipment r equired b y a n i ndividual performing a g iven t ask ( Binford a nd B inford 1 966; B inford 1 983: 1 47). A r ather i mportant j ump i s made f rom t his d efinition t o t he a ssumption t hat a ll t his equipment w ill b e l eft i n p lace where i t w as u sed a fter t he t ask i s complete. I n f act, t his i s n ot l ikely t o b e

2

t he c ase d ue t o t he n ature o f a rtifact d eposition e ven b efore s uch t hings a s r efuse d isposal o ccur. For e xample, Ammerman a nd Feldman ( 1974) a rgue t hat t he p robability o f a g iven a rtifact b eing d eposited i nto t he a rchaeological r ecord a t a g iven l ocation w as i nfluenced b y a n umber o f p rocesses, i ncluding l oss, b reakage, f requency o f a ctivity p erformance, t he n umber o f d ifferent u ses t o w hich a g iven object was p ut, a nd t he v alue o f t he object i n t erms o f r aw material a nd l abor i nvested i n p roduction. T hey s how t hat a rtifact l oss r ates c onform t o a r andom p robability model. For a ny p articular o bject u sed i n a ny s pecific a ctivity e vent, t he p robability o f d eposition t hrough l oss i s q uite l ow a nd, f or t he most p art, u nrelated t o t he a ctivity. A multinomial s ampling d istribution s eems t o p rovide t he b est model f or o bject d eposition i n t his mode. B ecause o f t his, t he a rchaeological a ssemblage l eft i n a p lace where a s et o f t ools w as u sed i n a t ask h as v ery l ittle c hance o f r eflecting t he k it a ccurately; d uring a s ingle t ask p erformance, r elatively f ew objects w ill b e l ost, b roken, o r worn o ut, a nd t he f requencies o f t hese b y t ool c lasses w ill b e d etermined a t r andom. I n s hort, t here i s l ittle c hance o f f inding a rchaeological a ssemblages r epresentative o f t ool k its a ctually " mapped" i n t heir l ocation o f u se. Another p rocess a dding t o d oubts a bout a ctivity a rea i ntegrity i s w hat B inford h as c alled " curation" ( Binford 1 973, 1 976, 1 979b). This i s a r ather s imple c oncept t hat r eally e ncompasses a s eries o f p rocesses whereby a rtifacts a re c onserved f or f urther u se. Curation i mplies t hat a rtifacts n ot l ost, b roken, o r worn o ut a re u nlikely t o b e d eposited i n t he u se a rea b ecause t hey a re s till u seful. S uch objects m ight b e s tored e lsewhere i n t he s ite, ntirely f rom a r eworked i nto o ther t ools, o r e ven r emoved e p rocesses may s ite u pon abandonment. Thus, c uration ctivity a reas a ffect t he e xpected c orrespondance b etween a hat when h uman a nd t ool k its. I t i s b ecoming c lear t i n a ll b ehaviour w ith " things" i s c onsidered t he t raditional c omplexity, t he a ssumptions u nderlying a nalysis a re " activity a rea" a pproach t o s patial u nwarranted. R esearch f indings s uch a s t hese h ave e ncouraged a g eneral r e-evaluation o f s patial a nalysis i n a rchaeology. P erhaps most i mportantly, i t i s n ow a cknowledged t hat a rtifact d istributions a re t he r esults o f f ormation p rocesses r ather t han s imple " frozen p ictures o f t he p ast." A c hange i n p erception i s o ccurring; a rchaeologists a re b eginning t o t alk a bout s patial p rocess a s t he goal o f s patial a nalysis a nd t o v iew material d istributions a s t he r esults o f d ynamic f orces t hat may b e q uite v aried i n n ature a nd over t ime ( Clarke 1 977). Complete c onceptual c hange h as y et t o b e f ully r ealized, b ut i t r epresents one o f t he e xciting f rontiers o f modern a rchaeological r esearch.

3

This c hange i s c learly manifested i n t he r esearch p resented h ere. The s tudies i n t his volume were i nitiated u nder t he a ctivity a rea model. I s et o ut, a t f irst, t o f ind c lusters o f objects i n t he occupation s urfaces f rom L e Flageolet t hat would a llow me t o i dentify t ool k its. During t he course o f r esearch, a nalytic r esults w ere not consistent w ith t he a ctivity a rea model. F urther work, b oth analysis a nd w ith t he a rchaeological l iterature, i ndicated t hat a more complex v iew o f s patial d istributions was r equired, one a ccounting f or t he d iverse p rocesses t hat f ormed t he a rchaeological r ecord r ather t han a ssuming a s ingle i nferential model. This i s, p erhaps, a s r esearch s hould b e--confusing u ntil u nwarranted a ssumptions a re e liminated. However, t he p rocess o f r esearch i nfluenced t he f inal p roduct t o a g reat extent. I t t herefore s eems p rofitable t o t race t he d evelopment o f t he s tudies p resented h ere.

CHANGING RESEARCH GOALS My r esearch b egan i n 1 978 a fter t hree y ears o f f ieldwork u nder Jean-Philippe R igaud a t Le Flageolet h ad s timulated my i nterest i n t he s patial a nalysis o f a rchaeological d istributions. R igaud's work o n t he d istributions f rom Couche V II a t L e Flageolet s hows t hat d ifferent k inds o f f ractures i n r eindeer b one h ave d istinct s patial p atterns ( Delpech a nd R igaud 1 974; R igaud 1 978). He f ound a reas w ithin t he s ite where b one r efuse h ad b een d eposited a fter b eing r endered f or g rease, a reas where p rimary b utchering r efuse h ad b een p iled, a nd a reas where b one d ebris r eflected marrow c racking more t han o ther p rocessing t echniques. However, R igaud's a nalyses were t ime-consuming a nd d emanding, s ince t hey r equired t he i ntensive v isual i nspection o f complex d istribution maps. The a nalysis o f many more a rtifact c lasses a nd t he comparison o f patterns b etween t hem c learly c alls f or a n a utomated o r c omputer-assisted t echnique. My work b egan a s a s earch f or q uantitative methods t hat could d etect patterning w ithin a nd b etween many a rtifact c lasses. With t hese methods, I wanted t o i dentify a reas w ithin t he s ite, a nalogous t o t hose d efined b y R igaud b ased on b one d ata, where hopefully s everal s tone t ool c lasses h ad b een u sed a nd d eposited t ogether. I n u ndertaking a n a nalysis o f a ctivity a reas a t Le F lageolet, t he f irst o rder o f b usiness i nvolved a s earch f or a n a nalytic method t hat would a ccomodate t he p eculiar data f rom t he s ite's Aurignacian l evels. These d ata had b een r esistant t o q uantitative t reatment f or s ome t ime b ecause o f t he " naturally c lustered" configuration p roduced b y l arge r ocks t hat f ell f rom t he r oof o f t he s helter during t he P leistocene. Most o f t he methods f or s patial a nalysis t hat h ave b een applied t o a rchaeological data i nvolve t he d efinition o f c lusters o f objects i n a rtifact d istributions. This approach makes s ense i n

4

t erms o f t he a ctivity f ocus o utlined a bove. However, i n dealing w ith point maps, c lusters r epresent a reas where points a re concentrated, i .e., bounded b y more-or less empty s paces. The l arge r oof-fall b locks i n Le F lageolet a ct a s empty a reas w ithin t he d istribution s ince most o f t he cultural material was d eposited i n t he c racks a round t hem r ather t han over t heir s urfaces. T raditional analytic t echniques e asily f ound t he w ithin crack c lusters. Yet, t o u nderstand t he a rtifact d istributions i t was n ecessary t o go b eyond t his configuration t o f ind patterns ( 1) over l arger a reas o f t he s ite a nd ( 2) w ithin t he material d istributions contained i n a c rack b etween r ocks. Otherwise, spatial a nalysis would p rovide n othing more t han could b e a chieved b y i nspecting t he map o f r ocks. A method t hat would a ccomplish s uch a nalysis was f ound. I n 1 978, Albert Ammerman i ntroduced me t o a n ew approach t hat h e a nd K eith K intigh were d eveloping c alled " heuristic s patial analysis" ( Kintigh a nd Ammerman 1 982). At t he b ase o f t heir approach i s a n e xpanded k-means c lustering a lgorithm ( cf. Hodson 1 970) t hat s eemed t o a void many o f t he p itfalls i nherent i n o ther t echnqiues. Roy Larick, a f ellow g raduate s tudent a t S .U.N.Y., B inghamton, a nd I b ecame i nvolved i n r efining t he k -means t echnique, a nticipating i ts u se f or t he L e Flageolet data. As a n i nitial application, we a nalyzed a rtifact d istributions f rom a nother Upper Paleolithic s ite, P incevent Section 3 6 ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 972), t hat d id not h ave t he " preclustered" configuration p roduced b y r ocks a t Le Flageolet. P incevent 3 6 i s a well-preserved Magdalenian h abitation s ite where e xcavations u ncovered a s eries o f d iscrete material d eposits i nterpreted a s hut s tructures b y t he a nalysts ( ibid). Because o f t he apparant s patial i ntegrity o f t he d istributions, we f elt t hat P incevent would p rovide a t est f or t he analytic method a nd s urely r eveal t he expected k ind of a ctivity patterning i n s pace. I nitial a nalyses were encouraging. K -means c lustering f ound s everal l evels o f patterning i n t he P incevent d istributions, a nd t hese s howed coherent a reas o f a rtifact concentration. However, i n t he course of i nvestigating a rtifact a ssociation ( or t he l ack o f i t) i n t he d iscovered s patial patterns, we f ound t hat r elations among t he v arious c lasses o ften r eflected t he overall abundance o f other materials a t a g iven l ocation r ather t han t he k ind of l imited i nter-class co-occurrence p redicted b y t he a ctivity model ( Simek a nd Larick 1 983). This was not only confusing b ut a lso uninterpretable i n t erms o f t ool k its ( since n early e very " area" defined by spatial a nalysis contained a complex a ssortment o f a ll a rtifact c lasses). Despite t he excellent p reservation a t P incevent, t he k inds o f a rtifact r elations expected u nder t he a ctivity model--such a s a ssociation among a f ew s tone t ool c lasses i n c ertain a reas o f t he s ite--were not f ound.

5

The r esults o f o ur P incevent a nalyses s uggested t hat, while t he quantitative t echnique p erformed a dmirably a nd p romised t o b e u seful f or a nalyzing t he more-complex L e Flageolet d ata, t he i nterpretive model w as t oo s imple. I n s hort, i t w as a pparant t hat t he k inds o f p rocesses n oted b y Yellen a nd o thers m ight b e operating o n t he Upper P aleolithic d istributions u nder s tudy b ut t hat w e d id n ot h ave t he c onceptual " machinery" t o d istinguish t hem. While e xciting f rom a r esearch s tandpoint, t his c reated s ome i mportant a nalytic a nd i nterpretive p roblems. By 1 979, t he n eed f or a s hift i n p roblem o rientation had b ecome e vident. Rather t han a s earch f or a ctivity a reas w ithin a rtifact d istributions, t he s tudy b ecame a s earch f or methods a nd models f or d etermining i f a ctivity a reas were, i n f act, p resent o r i f o ther f actors, s uch a s garbage d isposal, h ad p roduced t he observed patterning. At t he s ame t ime, t he a nalysis o f t he L e F lageolet Aurignacian l evels p roceeded a s p lanned. A s w ill b e s een, t he r esults o f t he l ater s tudies d iffered f rom P incevent, a nd t hese d ifferences s eemed t o r elate t o f ormation p rocesses t hat possibly i ncluded a ctivity a rea s eparation a t L e F lageolet. An e xplanation o f t he d ifferences b etween P incevent a nd L e Flageolet was n ecessary. To p rovide t his, a s et o f models was d eveloped, d escribing s ome o f t he v ariability t hat m ight o ccur i n s patial d istributions o f a rtifacts r esulting f rom c omplex s ite f ormation p rocesses. These models, a lthough post h oc, were f ormulated t o i llustrate possible w ays t hat d ifferent p rocesses m ight c ombine. Of most i mportance i n t he model d evelopment e xercise was t he i dentification o f v ariables t hat a ccurately measured d ifferences i n d istributions r elated t o s ite f ormation p rocesses. These v ariables w ere d efined d uring a nalysis r ather t han b efore; t heir d efinition r elied o n r esults o f a nalysis a nd c hanges i n o ur p erception o f t he p roblem. I t i s f or t his r eason t hat t he models c ame l ate i n t he s equence o f r esearch. I t s hould b e s tressed a t t he o utset t hat t he f ormation models p resented h ere a re only f irst a pproximations o f t he k ind o f models i deally e nvisioned and a re n ot considered d efinitive. However, a s w ill b e s hown i n t he f ollowing p ages, t hey d o e xpress s ome o f t he b asic d ifferences observed i n s patial p atterning b etween t wo s ites a nd s hould p rovide a u seful f irst s tep i n t he comparison o f s patial p rocess.

OUTLINE O F T HE PRESENTATION The models t hat w ill g uide much o f t he pattern i nterpretation i n t he s tudies t hat f ollow w ill b e d iscussed i n Chapter 2 , a lthough t hey h ad t heir g enesis a t a l ater s tage o f t he r esearch. The a nalytic method u sed i n s tudying e ach l evel i s e xplained i n Chapter 3 , s ince t he s ame a pproach a nd t echniques were applied i n

6

c onsistent f ashion t o a ll d istributions. Chapter 4 p resents t he d etailed a nalysis of P incevent 3 6 t hat p rovided f irst c onfusion, t hen i nsight i nto t he complex i ssues a t h and. Chapters 5 a nd 6 r espectively contain a g eneral i ntroduction t o t he g eology a nd a rchaeology o f L e F lageolet a nd a more detailed i ntroduction t o t he p roblems o f s patial a nalysis f or t he Aurignacian l evels f rom t he s ite. Chapters 7 a nd 8 p resent t he s patial a nalyses o f a rtifact d istributions f rom t wo Le Flageolet Aurignacian o ccupation l evels. Chapter 9 i s a d iscussion o f t he r esults o f s pecific a nalysis a nd a c omparison o f s patial o rganization i n t he t hree a rchaeological l evels. I n a ddition, some g eneral i mplications o f t hese s tudies f or s patial a rchaeology a nd d irections f or f urther r esearch a re p resented i n t he c losing c hapter.

7

MODELLING

THE

S ITE

FORMATION

PROCESSES

D EVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE MODELS

As s tated i n t he p receeding chapter, a s et o f models f or s patial s tructure i n t he P incevent a nd Le F lageolet d istributions was d eveloped a fter most a nalyses were c omplete. This modelling o ccurred i n o rder t o c larify observed d ifferences among t he analyzed s ites t hat s eemed t o r elate t o b asically d istinct depositional c haracteristics. This c larification h ad t wo goals. F irst, models were d esigned t o c haracterize d ifferences observed b etween P incevent a nd Le Flageolet. Second ( and p erhaps most i mportant), models w ere constructed t o r elate s ome potential causes o f s patial variation t o t he p atterns observed i n s pecific c ases. The p rocess o f model d evelopment i nvolved a l ong d ialogue b etween data a nalysis a nd i nterpretation. Thus, t he models consider variables i dentified a s i mportant d uring analyses. For example, s tudies o f t he P incevent d istributions i ndicated t hat t he r elative abundance of materials a t g iven l ocations a cross t he s ite s urface c onditioned t he r elative f requencies o f a rtifact c lasses p resent ( Simek a nd Larick 1 983). Moreover, t his r elation b etween abundance of material a nd a rtifact c lass f requencies varies a s t he multiple pattern s cales r ecognized b y k -means a nalysis a re examined. These observations l eg t o t he consideration o f " homogeneity" i n c luster content over t he s ite s urface. S imilarly, t he s earch f or a nd r ecognition o f d ifferent l evels o f s patial p atterning i n e ach d istribution made t he i nclusion o f " spatial r efinement" appropriate i n t he models. These t wo v ariables w ill b e d iscussed i n more detail s hortly. After d ifferences i n s patial patterns were n oted, t he b est way t o e xpress t hose d ifferences was s ought. Once i nitial e xpectations f or s patial r elations were p roved f alse, a s hift i n f ocus occurred. Observed patterning h ad t o b e e xamined i n t erms o f multiple p rocesses. This e xplanatory r ealm has mostly b een i gnored by a rchaeologists. Typically, models i n a rchaeology a re e xpressed i n t erms o f a s ingle p rocess ( artifact u se, e conomic exchange, r esource a vailability, e tc.). Accounting f or multiple p rocesses i s a f ar more d ifficult t ask t han modelling a s ingle one a nd i s r elatively u ndeveloped i n a rchaeology a t t his point i n t ime. Thus, when t his s tudy b egan, t he u tility o f complex models w as n either a nticipated ( especially i n l ight o f t he p revailing c onceptions of a ctivity a reas a nd t ool k its) nor

r ecognized until s ome a nalytic r esults were i n h and. A b enefit o f t his, however, i s t hat t he v ariables e mployed i n model b uilding a ccount f or more complex a nd p recise d imensions o f p rocess t han m ight o therwise h ave b een t he c ase. Before d iscussing t he model v ariables, h owever, s ome o ther concerns t hat w ere i mportant i n t he r esearch p rior t o i ts i nitiation, i ncluding t he i ntegration o f c ontextual e lements s uch a s f eatures a nd walls, w ill b e considered.

CONTEXT

I N THE

I NTERPRETATION OF S PATIAL PATTERNS

F rom t he o utset, t he i mportance o f c ontextual i nformation t o t he a nalysis a nd i nterpretation o f s patial patterning was r ecognized. I ndeed, K intigh a nd Ammerman ( 1982) s tressed t he i ntegration o f c ontextual i nformation a s b asic t o t heir " heuristic a pproach". That approach i s a n e xplicit a ttempt t o p rovide f or t he i ntegration o f s patial patterning i n a rtifact d istributions w ith o ther a spects o f s ites t hat m ight a ffect t he d ispersal o f objects ( ibid: 3 1): t he h euristic approach i s s ynthetic i n t hat i t a ttempts t o open t he way f or t he u se o f contextual k nowledge a nd h uman e xpertise w ithin a f ormal ( computer-executed) p rocedure f or a iding h uman-directed s patial a nalysis I n t he s tudies p resented h ere, context w ill r efer t o t hose c haracteristics o f a s ite t hat p lace constraints i n a ny way on d istributions o f a rtifacts. Examples o f contextual e lements i nclude t he walls o f a cave o r r ockshelter, t he confines o f a r oom i n a h ouse, l arge b locks f allen f rom a cave wall t hat b reak u p a rtifact d istributions ( important i n t he Le Flageolet c ase), a nd h earths a nd p its t hat h old a rtifacts o r s erve a s " centers o f g ravity" f or d eposition. Some s ite c haracteristics t hat p rovide c ontext f or a rtifact d istributions c an b e a nd o ften a re a nalyzed i n s patial t erms ( features, f or e xample). I n s uch c ases, other a spects o f t he a rchaeological r ecord may s erve a s context f or t he d istributions u nder s tudy. Clarke ( 1977) a rgues t hat t he d ifferent " elements" o f t he a rchaeological r ecord must b e o rganized h ierarchically when c onsidering context. Thus, r oom walls may s erve a s context f or h earths which s erve a s c ontexts f or a rtifacts. C learly, context i s a r elative t erm a nd d epends on t he s cale o f a nalysis a nd t he n ature o f t he d ata e lements u nder s tudy ( Clarke, i bid). Context comprises t hose c onstraints b eyond w hich s patial patterning a nd a rtifact a ssociation can b e g iven b ehavioural i nterpretation. Conversely, patterning r elated t o t hese c onstraints must b e e xplained i n contextual t erms. For e xample, s ome o f t he p atterning

1 0

p resent i n t he Le Flageolet a rtifact d istributions i s due t o t he l arge b locks; i n f act, one l evel o f c lustering can b e i dentified t hat r epresents a ll t he c racks b etween r ocks. This pattern i s explained i n t erms o f t he context--rocks--while patterns w ithin and b etween t he c racks a re i nterpreted i n o ther ways s ince t hey s eem t o b e i ndependent o f t his b asic contextual characteristic. Contextual e lements can b e n atural o r cultural. I n t he s tudies p resented h ere, p rincipal contextual e lements i nclude l arge b locks a nd b edrock walls ( for Le Flageolet) a nd varied constructed f eatures i nvolving t he u se o f f ire ( for b oth P incevent a nd Le Flageolet). Various models f or d eposition a t P incevent a nd L e Flageolet a re a ssessed w ithin t he constraints i mposed b y context. This means t hat patterning i n a rtifact d istributions a re a lways f irst e xamined f or r elations t o h earths, r ocks, t he s helter wall, e tc. Of course, t his k ind of r elationship i s o ften r ecognized i n a rchaeology. I ndeed, i n t he t raditional a ctivity model, a ssociations b etween c ertain a ctivities a nd f eatures a re e xpected. These expectations a re b ased on t he a ssumption t hat c ertain a ctivities -cooking f ood, h eat t reatment o f c hert, g rease r endering -require t he u se o f f ire a s a h eat and l ight s ource a nd a re t hus constrained i n t heir l ocation t o t he i mmediate p roximity o f a h earth. More complex i nterpretive models, concerned w ith multiple p rocesses o f material generation a nd d eposition, must a lso t ake context i nto a ccount.

A L ITTLE HELP

FROM ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALOGY

I n a ttempting t o f ormulate d escriptive models t o a ccount f or t he d ifferences observed b etween P incevent a nd L e Flageolet, the ethnoarchaeological l iterature was s earched for i nformation t hat might i nform o n s ite f ormation p rocesses and t he r ole o f contextual e lements i n t hem. I t s hould b e s tressed t hat, while v irtually a ny u se o f s uch i nformation w ill b e ( by d efinition) analogic, no a ttempt w ill b e made h ere t o p rovide " tailored f its" b etween modern and paleolithic cases. Ethnoarchaeology p rovides i llustrations o f t he potential r ange o f v ariation i n b ehaviour and context--is a s ource f or i deas -and not t he means f or model v erification. This d iscussion o f e thnoarchaeological observations i s d esigned t o i dentify common characteristics o f d eposition a t s ites occupied b y h unting peoples -in particular, a ny p rocesses o f d eposition t hat a re g eneral i n t hese k inds o f s ites. Do h unter -gatherers t oday h ave c ertain u niform ways o f i ntroducing materials i nto t he a rchaeological r ecord? To what a spects of s ite occupation do t hese common d epositional p rocesses r elate? Can t hese b e more g enerally r ecognized i n t he s patial o rganization o f a rchaeological s ites?

1 1

Two e thnoarchaeological c ase s tudies w ere t he most i nfluential i n f orming t he s eries o f models t o b e p resented s hortly. These c ases w ere o f i nterest b ecause t hey a re t he o nly t wo s tudies d evoted t o t he e thnoarchaeological s tudy o f s patial f ormation p rocesses. The works r epresent observations o f modern h unter-gatherer g roups i n q uite opposite e nvironmental s ituations, a nd t hey d o point u p s ome i nteresting g eneral c haracteristics o f s ite f ormation i n f orager s ettlements. One s tudy t o b e c onsidered h ere i s Y ellen's r eport o n observations a mong t he ! Kung S an o f s outhwest Africa ( 1977). The s econd i s B inford's i mportant work a mong t he Nunamiut E skimo o f Alaska ( e.g., 1 976, 1 977, 1 978a, 1 978b, 1 981a, 1 981b, 1 983). These c ase s tudies a re emphasized b ecause t hey w ere d esigned t o a ddress t he p roblem o f s ite f ormation. B inford's work i n particular was d esigned t o i dentify t he k inds o f s ite f ormation p rocess t hat m ight operate i n paleolithic contexts. Many o f h is observations w ere made w ith p roblems o f t he s ort c onsidered h ere i n m ind ( 1983: 9 5-108).

The

! Kung S an Case

Y ellen's l andmark monograph o n ! Kung San e thnoarchaeology ( 1977) was one o f t he f irst c omprehensive a ctualistic s tudies t o c onsider t he r elation b etween h uman b ehaviour d uring t he o ccupation o f a p lace a nd t he s patial r ecord r emaining a fter a bandonment. He n otes t hat f actors s uch a s t he n umber o f p eople occupying a s ite, t he s ocial r elations among t hem, t he t emporal d uration o f t he o ccupation, a nd t he r eason f or s ite u se w ithin a l arger r egional s ubsistence s ystem a ll a ffected t he k inds o f materials d eposited a nd t he s patial patterns p resent i n t hose d eposits ( ibid: 9 8). I ndeed, Yellen a rgues t hat s uch f actors may h ave a g reater i nfluence o n t he c haracter o f a rchaeological d istributions t han does t he s patial c onfiguration o f s pecific a ctivities d uring o ccupation. ! Kung San r esidential s ites c an b e d ivided i nto a " nuclear" o r c ore a rea c entered a round h earth f eatures a nd " peripheral" a reas a way f rom t he core ( Yellen 1 977: 1 26). The t wo k inds o f a rea a re c haracterized b y q uite d istinct modes o f a rtifact d eposition. Core a reas a re t he l oci f or a s ocial g roup's d omestic a ctivities. For e xample, a f amily cooks i ts m eals, consumes f ood, r epairs t ools, a nd manufactures c lothing a round t he h earth. S leeping o ccurs i n a b rush s helter positioned n earby. Typically, material d eposits g enerated i n t he c ore a rea h ave a p articular s patial o rganization--domestic a ctivities t end t o b e r epeated d uring a n o ccupation a nd t he s pace r equired f or t ask P erformance must b e k ept c lear o f d ebris. Thus, r efuse f rom i ndividual a ctivity e vents i s c ollected a nd d isposed o f i n a s ingle " dump", u sually l ocated o n t he h earthside opposite t he b rush s helter. The a rchaeological r ecord o f a s ingle f amily u sually c omprises a h earth

1 2

f eature a nd a r efuse d ump on o ne s ide o f t he h earth where r efuse f rom many a ctivities ( related o nly i n t heir c ontext o f p erformance) i s m ixed. An open a rea i s p resent o n t he o ther s ide o f t he h earth where a s helter p rovides s hade f or r est, s leep, a nd c ertain g roup maintenance t asks. P eripheral a reas o f ! Kung o ccupation s ites a re t he l oci o f a ctivities r equiring open s pace, i nvolving o r p roducing e specially o bnoxious materials, o r n eeding t o o ccupy a s pace f or r elatively p rolonged p eriods o f t ime. E ven h ere, d ifferent t asks may b e p erformed i n t he s ame l ocation over t he p eriod o f s ite o ccupation. However, p eripheral a rea d eposits t end t o c omprise " bouts" o f s pecific t ask p erformances. The o rganization o f p eripheral a reas c an b e c omplicated b y s everal f actors. S helter f rom t he s un may i nfluence a ctivity l ocation. For e xample, material r efuse f rom a s ingle e vent o f mongongo n ut p rocessing may b e s cattered over a l arger a rea t han r equired f or t he t ask a s t he p rocessor moves f rom s haded a rea t o s haded a rea d uring t he day ( Yellen 1 977: 9 2). Overall, h owever, d eposits c reated i n t he p eripheral a reas o f ! Kung o ccupation s ites a re more d irectly r elated t o s ingle t asks t han a re t hose i n t he r esidential c ore. P eripheral a reas a re s cattered i n a c ircular p attern a round t he domestic c ore, f orming w hat Y ellen h as t ermed a " ring" pattern o f d eposits ( 1977: 1 25-31). The p resence o f more t han o ne s ocial g roup i n ! Kung s ettlements a lso a ffects t he o rganization o f c ore a nd p eripheral a reas. When, f or e xample, s everal f amilies a re p resent, e ach o ccupies a nd maintains i ts own domestic core a rea. These a re l ocated t ogether b ut s paced a ccording t o ( 1) t he a mount o f a rea r equired f or d umping i n e ach h ousehold a nd ( 2) t he s ocial b onds among g roup m embers ( ibid: 1 28). Peripheral a reas a re d ispersed a round a ll c ore a reas. I n e ffect, t he core r epresents t he h earth centered d omestic a reas o f a ll f amilies p resent. T he r ich material a ccumulations g enerated b y e ach f amily a t t heir h earth w ill b e i nternally m ixed i n t erms o f a ctivities b ut w ill b e s eparated o ne f rom t he o ther. The n umber o f t hese c ore d eposits i s d irectly r elated t o t he n umber o f f amilies p resent d uring t he o ccupation.

T he Nunamiut Case L ewis B inford's work a mong t he Nunamiut E skimo ( e.g., 1 978b) s upports Y ellen's p icture o f i ntrasite f ormation p rocesses, a lthough B inford i s f ar more concerned w ith t he s pecific p rocesses l eading t o d eposition t han i s Y ellen. B inford b elieves t hat s patial p rocess i n Nunamiut s ites c an b e u nderstood g enerally i n t erms o f ( 1) h uman b ody s ize a nd ( 2) t he n ature o f t he t asks b eing p erformed i n g iven l ocations. However, h e s ees much material d eposition r esulting f rom t hree p rocesses t hat a re n ot r elated t o a ctivities. Two o f t hese p rocesses d epend o n

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t he s ize o f material b eing d eposited. Objects a re i ncorporated i nto t he a rchaeological r ecord b y b eing d ropped ( if t hey a re s mall) o r t ossed ( if t hey a re l arge). A t hird d isposal mode i nvolves r efuse d eposition o r w hat B inford t erms " aggregate" t ossing. All t hree o f t hese p rocesses o ccur a round h earths a nd r esult i n h earth-area d umps, r egardless o f t he n umber a nd r elation o f a ctivities p erformed. I n f act, d isposal modes may b e r eflected i n s pace while a ctivities a re n ot. For e xample, a " drop z one" made u p o f v ery s mall o bjects f allen b etween a worker's l egs can b e d istinguished e ven when s everal d ifferent a ctivities ( each g enerating s mall b its) w ere c arried out s equentially. For B inford, i t i s t he p osition o f t he h umans a round t he h earth t hat c onditions t he f orm a nd l ocation o f t he a ccumulations: The p rior e xistence o f t he s mall b one j uice d ump l ocated b ehind i ndividual n o. 1 a cted a s a s ort o f ' magnet' a ttracting f urther d isposal, s o t hat most o f t he i tems t ossed a way b y men s eated a t t he l ater h earth w ere a dded t o t he e arlier d ump, s till v isible f rom t he p revious d ay [ 1983: 1 55]. I n s hort, h earth a reas a re l ocations where many a ctivities a re p erformed a nd r efuse f rom t hese e jected o r d ropped i nto m ixed d ump d eposits. B inford ( ibid: 1 65) makes a d istinction b etween " intensive" a ctivity a reas l ike h earths ( where many a ctivities a re p erformed a nd t heir material r esults m ixed) a nd " extensive" a ctivity a reas ( that i nvolve t asks r equiring l arge a mounts o f s pace a nd a re o ften p erformed i n a s tanding position). I n d epositional c haracter, B inford's extensive a ctivity a reas a re Yellen's p eripheral a reas: I t i s g enerally t rue, i n f act, t hat a ctivities l ike r oasting a nd b utchery, which monopolize considerable a mounts o f s pace, a re l ocated a way f rom a reas u sed i ntensively o n a d ay-to-day b asis [ Binford 1 983: 1 70]. H ide working i s y et a nother a ctivity r epeatedly s een t o o ccur i n a reas p eripheral t o t he c entral parts o f r esidential c amps [ ibid: 1 72]. The b asic p eripheral a rea pattern--activities s eparated f rom b ut s ituated a round c entral d omestic h earth a reas--is c ommon t o B inford a nd Yellen's models. A lso c ommon, b ut n ot e xplicit i n B inford's c ase, i s t he n otion t hat a ctivities performed i n p eripheral z ones a re l ess o ften r epeated t han c ore a rea t asks a nd t hus l eave more-discrete d eposits i n t he a rchaeological r ecord.

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ORGANIZATION

OF

HUNTER-GATHERER

S ETTLEMENT

Actualistic s tudies o f h unter-gatherer s ettlements i ndicate general patterning i n material d eposition t hat w ill be u sed i n t he models p resented b elow. Two k inds o f d eposit can b e i dentified b ased on t he work o f Yellen and B inford. First, domestic d umps, r epresenting t he d ebris a ccumulated f rom a variety o f a ctivities, w ill b e p resent i n v irtually e very s ite w here g roup maintenance t asks were carried out. S ince many o f t hese t asks a re very b asic--eating, f or example--dumps s hould b e a lmost u biquitous. Dumps h ave particular contextual c haracteristics. Second, a ctivity s pecific d eposits may b e p resent i n a s ite, b ut t his i s not u niversally t rue. These will have particular l ocational r elations w ith domestic a reas. Domestic h earth d eposits, o r dumps, a re g enerated b y a rather specific p rocess, namely t he g radual a ccumulation o f material t hrough r epeated bouts o f r efuse d isposal. Most of t his r efuse i s p roduced during t asks r elated t o g roup maintenance. The context o f t hese d umps may i nclude a hearth f eature, s ince many g roup maintenance t asks occur i n p roximity t o f ire. Hearth d umps a re positioned n ear b ut not i n the f eature a nd a re very dense on only one s ide o f t he f ireplace. This i s b ecause t he people g enerating t he a ccumulations s at on t he opposite s ide. This pattern c haracterizes h earth u se i n most k nown h unter-gatherer s ettlements ( Binford 1 983: 1 75; Figure 1 15). Because hearth a rea dumps r epresent t he r efuse g enerated by a wide r ange of a ctivities, t hey have particular, characteristic content. Hearth d eposits may i nclude t he material byproducts o f t he f inal s tages o f f ood p rocessing a nd consumption, e .g., l arge n umbers of s mall, burnt bone f ragments. Some t ool p roduction and r epair may occur i n h earth contexts, and t he waste p roducts o f these a ctivities may b e i ncorporated i n dumps. Because many t asks a re p erformed a t t he h earth, a v ariety o f tool c lasses b roken i n u se o r no longer s ervicable may b e p resent. What n eeds emphasis h ere i s t he f act t hat h earth dumps a re t he r esults o f r efuse d eposition away f rom t he a ctual l ocation o f a ctivity. Waste material r esulting f rom a ctivities p erformed on one s ide o f t he h earth i s most o ften d isposed on t he other s ide. This p rocess forms a m ixed deposit a s f ar a s a ctivities a re c oncerned. The r epetition o f v arious t asks i n h earth c ontexts i s a lso i ndicated by e thnoarchaeological s tudies. This u ltimately r esults i n r elatively r ich a ccumulations o ccupying a confined a rea t o one s ide o f t he h earth f eature ( Yellen 1 977: 1 31). When more t han one dump i s p resent, e ither t here were s everal domestic h earths i n u se ( i.e., s everal g roups) o r contextual constraints p recluded t he f ormation o f a s ingle d eposit. I n e ither c ase, a ll

1 5

h earth d umps i n a s ite s hould b e s imilar i n content, s ince t he maintenance t asks p erformed i n t he domestic c ontext a re s imilar f rom day t o d ay a nd f rom g roup t o g roup ( ibid). For e xample, f ood p reparation a nd c onsumption i s a b asic g roup maintenance t ask t hat i s u sually r epeated d uring a n o ccupation ( assuming, o f course, t hat f ood i s a vailable). Between s ites, d umps s hould b e s tructurally s imilar, a nd h ave t he f ollowing g eneral c haracteristics a lthough t he a rtifact c lasses i nvolved m ight v ary: h earth a rea d umps t end t o b e ( 1) r elatively r ich d eposits, ( 2) a ssociated w ith a f eature, a nd ( 3) h ave c ontents t hat r eflect many d ifferent a ctivities i nternally ( have a w ide v ariety o f a rtifact c lasses). The f ormation p rocess c haracteristic o f h earth c ontexts ( the g radual a ccumulation o f r efuse t hrough r epeated d isposal e vents i n t he s ame p lace) i s p rimarily r esponsible f or t he content c haracterics n oted a bove. This f orm o f r efuse c ontrol may a lso o ccur i n n ondomestic c ontexts w hen conditions d ictate ( e.g., when d ifferent t asks r equiring c lean s urfaces a re p erformed i n s equence o r when t he p resence o f s everal s ocial g roups r equires e ach g roup t o c lean u p i ts r efuse f rom c ommon u se a reas). I f r efuse control i s a p revalent d eposition mode a t a s ite, a ll l ocalized d eposits s hould b e s imilar i n c ontent, w ith a ny d ifferences r elated only t o t he n umber o f o bjects c omposing a c oncentration ( sample s ize). I n o ther w ords, t he r epeated d isposal o f d ebris f rom many t asks i n f ew c ontrolled l ocations, r egardless o f w here t he a ctivities were a ctually p erformed, w ill r esult i n a s eries o f material c oncentrations over t he s ite s urface w hose contents a re h omogeneous when a ll a re c ompared ( after a ccounting f or s ampling e ffects). The s econd k ind o f d eposit c haracteristic o f h unter-gatherer s ettlements i s t he p eripheral o r e xtensive a ctivity a rea. These h ave particular l ocational a ttributes a ccording t o b oth B inford a nd Y ellen. A s t heir n ame i mplies, p eripheral a reas a re s ituated o utside o f a nd Thus, t hey a re a way f rom domestic h earth a reas. P eripheral a reas " peripheral" r elative t o t he core a reas. a ctivities t hat, a re t ypically t he l oci o f s pecific o ccupation, a re a lthough t hey may b e r epeated d uring a n patial i ntegrity u sually l ess u biquitous a nd h ave more s t han g roup maintenance t asks. Formation p rocesses i n t he p eripheral z one a lso d iffer f rom t hose a round t he h earth. Deposits r esulting f rom a ctivities i n p eripheral a reas o ften c omprise w aste materials l eft i n p lace, s ince t hese a re a lready o ut o f t he way o f i ntensive h uman t raffic d uring t he o ccupation. A lso, ,material a ccumulations i n t he peripheral z one a re o ften t he r esult o f a s ingle a ctivity e vent ( Yellen, op c it.). Thus, while t ool d eposition i n t hese a reas may n ot a ccurately r eflect t he " tool k it" u sed i n t ask p erformance ( for t he r easons mentioned i n Chapter 1 : c uration, l oss a nd d ropping r ates, e tc.), waste materials h ere may b e

1 6

d irectly r elated t o t he a ctivity. B inford a rgues t hat t hese a reas may h ave a c ircular pattern a s opposed t o f an-shaped h earth dumps ( 1983: 1 65-72), b ut t his s eems particularly contingent on context, a s t he s hade-seeking ! Kung i llustrate. In content, p eripheral z ones s hould b e composed of r estricted s ets o f a rtifact c lasses. More i mportantly, p eripheral a ctivity a rea d eposits s hould b e e xternally h eterogeneous. This i s b ecause t hey h ave d istinct contents when t hey r esult f rom d ifferent t asks a nd d iffer f rom general h earth deposits i n t erms o f f ormation p rocesses ( Yellen 1 977: 1 31). Thus, peripheral a rea d eposits may i nform most d irectly on t he r eason f or s ite occupation, s ince t hey r epresent t he " special", nonmundane a spects o f s ite u se. This b rief d iscussion b ased on a ctualistic observations h as a llowed s ome g eneral characteristics o f h unter-gatherer s patial o rganization t o b e d efined. These i nclude two d ifferent k inds of d eposits generated a t s ites, t wo d istinct p rocesses o f r efuse a ccumulation, a nd some expectations f or how t hese m ight b e d istributed i n s pace. A rmed w ith t hese n ew t ools, variables r elevant t o modelling s ite f ormation a t P incevent a nd Le Flageolet can n ow b e d iscussed.

VARIABLES

FOR CHARACTERIZING S ITE FORMATION

PROCESSES

Based on e thnoarchaeological observations, t he content of deposits r esulting f rom v arious f ormation p rocesses can b e expected t o vary i n d ifferent ways. For example, specialized a ctivities p erformed a t t he p eriphery o f an occupation a rea w ill t end t o r esult i n a rchaeological deposits t hat a re made up o f waste p roducts, t ools b roken i n t ask completion, and l ost i tems o f continuing u tility r elated t o t he a ctivity. Each s eparate d eposit w ill b e a s d istinct f rom a ny o ther a s a re t he t ools, raw materials, and p robable t ool b reakage r ates i nvolved i n t asks performed t here. On t he other h and, core a rea d umps t end t o c omprise materials g enerated over l onger periods o f t ime, r epresent a variety o f a ctivities, a nd f orm by f requent a nd r epeated e vents o f r efuse d isposal. Each dump f ormed i n t his way w ill t end t o b e s imilar t o others g enerated i n t he s ame way. When t he s ite s urface i s considered a s a whole--the contents o f a ll c lusters o r a ccumulations a re compared-t he r elative i mportance o f t he f irst k ind o f d eposit ( activity a reas) t o t he s econd ( refuse d umps) w ill b e r eflected i n t he homogeneity o f c luster content, d efined a s t he s imilarity i n content e xhibited b y a ll s patially d iscrete material a ccumulations over a n occupation s urface. I f a ccumulations a re homogeneous, t hen most were generated by d umping ( the " Homogenizing P rocess"). I f

1 7

d eposit c ontent i s h eterogeneous t hen many a ccumulations r elate t o more s pecific k inds o f a ctivities, a nd contents t herefore vary f rom one d eposit t o a nother. Thus, one d imension t hat c an b e u sed i n modelling v ariation i n s ite f ormation p rocess i s t he homogeneity o f a rtifact c luster content. The measurement o f t his v ariable w ill b e d iscussed i n Chapter 3 . A s econd d imension t hat w ill b e i nvolved i n c haracterizing s ite f ormation concerns expected variation i n t he s izes o f a reas i nvolved i n d ifferent d epositional p rocesses. As we have s een, a t l east t wo e thnoarchaeologists s uggest t hat core a reas a re e ssentially constant i n amount o f s pace d evoted t o t he h earth a nd d umps. This consistency may b e r elated t o t he n umber o f people n ormally composing a f amily o r t ask g roup i n h unter-gatherer s ocieties o r may h ave a n e ven more f undamental constraint i n t he s ize o f t he h uman b ody ( Binford 1 983). I n c ontrast t o d omestic a reas, p eripheral a ctivity a reas can b e quite v aried i n s ize, d epending o n t he s pace r equired f or e ach a ctivity. H ide p rocessing a reas, f or e xample, w ill vary i n s ize d epending o n t he n umber o f h ides, t he a nimal s pecies, a nd t he n umber o f p eople i nvolved. Roasting a porcupine, r equiring p it construction, t akes a d ifferent a mount o f s pace t han p rocessing mongongo n uts ( Yellen, i bid). I n s hort, d ifferent s ite f ormation p rocesses may r esult i n a ccumulations o f d ifferent s izes. This p roblem was r ecognized by K intigh a nd Ammerman ( 1982), a nd, i n part, motivated t heir d evelopment o f t he k -means a pproach. More r ecent work h as i llustrated how t his problem might be t reated a nalytically ( Simek a nd Larick 1 983). Thus, when d istributions i nvolving a s ingle s ite f ormation p rocess a re a nalyzed, t echniques must b e a ble t o i dentify t he r elevant l evel o f s patial r efinement, d efined a s: t he s ize o f s patial concentrations c haracterizing a pattern. I t f ollows t hat s ites g enerated b y more t han one f ormation p rocess r equire a nalysis i n t erms o f a ll t he appropriate l evels o f s patial r efinement. This p resents a t echnical p roblem which, i t w ill b e s hown i n t he n ext chapter, h as b een s olved. I t a lso r equires t he a ssessment o f h omogeneity r elative t o a ll l evels o f s patial r efinement t hat may b e r elevant t o t he d ifferent f ormation p rocesses. For e xample, when a ! Kung San o ccupation s ite i s considered a t a l ow l evel o f s patial r efinement, s o t hat t he a ccumulations b eing a ssessed f or h omogeneity t ake u p a l arge part o f t he s ite s urface, content a mong c oncentrations i s h omogeneous a nd r eflects r ecurring f amily-size domestic a reas a long w ith n earby peripheral a reas. On a h igher l evel o f r efinement, ! Kung s ites a re more h eterogeneous i n t erms o f a ccumulation content. This i s b ecause s maller u nits o f s pace c ompose t he pattern, a nd d ispersed a ctivity a reas a re d efined a s s eparate entities. Clearly, homogeneity must b e c onsidered o n a v ariety o f l evels o f s patial r efinement s ince d epositional p rocesses v ary i n t his d imension.

1 8

S IMPLE MODELS

FOR VARIATION

I N

DEPOSITIONAL

PROCESSES

Based on t he f oregoing d iscussion, t he d imensions " homogeneity" a nd " spatial r efinement" a re employed t o p roduce models f or a rchaeological s ite f ormation t o b e u sed i n t he c ase s tudies t hat f ollow. Two-dimensional r epresentations a re employed. The v ertical a xis r epresents homogeneity i n content among concentrations ( measuring t his a xis f or a n a ctual d istribution i s a hapter on c omplex p roblem a ddressed i n t he f ollowing c a nalytic t echniques). The horizontal a xis r epresents efinement c hanges i n t he r efinement o f space: " low" r r efers t o l arge s patial u nits ( more i nclusive of s pace) more a nd " high" r efinement means small a nd u sually n umerous u nits. Refinement i s t hus s ynonomous w ith " resolution": h igher r esolution r eflects more detail, a nd t he d istribution i s more r efined. t he models o f p rocess I t s hould b e s tressed t hat elations p resented h ere a re only a f ew o f many potential r b e i magined. This i s b etween t he variables t hat could eveloped i n b ecause, a s was s tated e arlier, models were d particular contexts and part t o b e r elevant t o t he Flageolet. The p rimary a nalyses o f P incevent a nd Le h euristic d evices t hat p urpose f or t hese models i s a s i llustrate specific s ituations. G iven t he n ature of t he v ariables i ncluded i n model f ormation, i t i s h ighly l ikely t hat i nterrelations a re potentially continuous a nd t hat t he models p resented h ere may r equire modification o r r eplacement b efore t hey c an b e a ssessed i n other a rchaeological contexts. However, I would s uggest t hat t he variables t hemselves m ight b e u seful i n other s ituations. I n modelling possible r elations b etween a ccumulation homogeneity and l evel o f spatial r efinement, f our d iscrete s ituations w ill b e considered. The f irst r epresents a r eformulation o f t he t raditional a ctivity model, wherein a ll material a ccumulations over a s ite s urface r epresent d istinct a ctivity d eposits. I n s uch a s ituation, a s ingle d epositional p rocess i s r esponsible f or a ll material concentrations i n s pace: t he d isposal o f objects p roduced o r u sed i n a s patially i solated t ask a t o r n ear t he locus o f generation. This k ind o f deposition m ight occur i n p laces w here o ccupation i nvolves t he r apid p erformance of s pecific t asks w ith l ittle o r n o g roup maintenance c oncurrent; f or e xample, a k ill s ite m ight e xhibit s uch s pecific patterning ( Wheat 1 973, B inford 1 978b). F igure 1 i llustrates t he expected r elation b etween homogeneity among a ccumulations a nd spatial r efinement i n s uch a s ituation: homogeneity i s l ow a t a ll s cales. The f orm o f t his r elationship r eflects t he g reat variation i n content a mong a ccumulations over t he s ite s urface r egardless o f s uch f actors a s s ample s ize o r t he s ize o f t he spatial u nit d efined.

1 9

A s econd model r eflects a s ituation w here g roup maintenance i s a n i mportant f actor i n s patial p rocess b ut w here s pecialized a ctivity p erformance i s a lso s ubstantial. Here, d eposits a re h omogeneous a t a l ow l evel o f s patial r efinement, r eflecting t he n umber o f s ocial g roups u tilizing a s eparate " domestic c ore a rea". At h igher l evels o f r efinement, s patial u nits a re more h eterogeneous, r eflecting t he v ariation i ntroduced b y a ctivity a reas t hat w ere n ot d efined a s s eparate s patial u nits a t l ower l evels. F igure 2 i llustrates t he e xpected r elation b etween t he model v ariables when a ccumulations s een a t a l ow l evel o f r efinement a re h omogeneous w hile s mall s patial u nits a re h eterogeneous. This f orm o f model m ight b e e specially appropriate f or i dentifying s ites w here s everal s imilar s ocial u nits, e ach o ccupying a d iscrete domestic a rea, w ere p resent d uring o ccupation. This model c haracterizes t hose ! Kung S an s ettlements d escribed a s h abitation s ites b y Yellen ( loc c it.). F igure 3 i llustrates a s ituation opposite t o t hat modelled i n F igure 2 . Here, l arge s patial u nits a re h eterogeneous while s mall u nits a re h omogeneous. S uch a r elation i s d ifficult t o e nvision i n b ehavioural t erms a nd would r equire: ( 1) t hat l arge a reas o f a s ite w ere r eserved f or s pecialized a ctivities, ( 2) material c lasses i nvolved i n e ach a ctivity w ere t he s ame w ith c ontinuous v ariation i n c lass f requencies b etween a reas, a nd ( 3) t he r efuse g enerated w ithin a n a ctivity a rea was d isposed o f i n a c ontrolled f ashion ( dumped i n t he t erminology e mployed h ere) t hereby h omogenizing s mall a ccumulations. This k ind o f d eposition w as n ot e ncountered i n t he c ourse o f r esearch a t P incevent o r F lageolet b ut i s p resented h ere f or c omparative p urposes. The f ourth a nd f inal f ormation model i s p resented i n F igure 4 . Here, b oth l arge a nd s mall a ccumulations a re h omogeneous i n c ontent, r epresenting t he opposite o f t he s ituation d iscussed i n Model 1 . S uch a f orm m ight r esult i n o ccupations where s ystematic d umping i s p racticed. R efuse f rom a v ariety o f a ctivities, p erhaps d iscretely o rganized i n s pace, i s c ollected a nd d eposited i nto a f ew l ocations t hat a re u ndifferentiated a s t o t he c ontext o f material g eneration. Small s patial a ccumulations r epresent " pieces" o r l ittle v ersions o f l arger o nes. A k ey h ere i s t he s ingle f ormation p rocess operating, t his p rocess r esults i n t he m ixture o f materials r esulting f rom a v ariety o f a ctivities. The f our models i llustrated i n t he p receeding g raphs a re i ntended a s g uidelines f or i nvestigating s ite f ormation p rocesses o n a n a nalytic l evel. They r epresent f our , extreme conditions a nd c an t herefore s erve a s b ases f or e valuating observed r elations b etween a ccumulation h omgeneity a nd l evel o f s patial r efinement. I n t he s tudies o f a rchaeological d istributions p resented i n Chapters 4 , 7 a nd 8 , t hese models a llow t he a ssessement o f f ormation p rocesses i n t he s ites a nd s ome measure o f

2 0

comparison o f d iffering s tructural p roperties a mong t he a rchaeological cases. Before t urning t o t he c ase s tudies, however, Chapter 3 w ill d iscuss t he t echniques e mployed t o operationalize t he concerns expressed i n t his a nd t he p receeding chapter.

2 1

o . H o m g e n i t y

S pat ia l

R e f inemen t

F igure 1 . Expected Relation Spatial Refinement: Model 1 .

2 2

b etween

Homogeneity

a nd

0

S pa t ia l

F igure Spatial

2 .

Expected

Refinement:

R e f inemen t

Relation

Model

2 .

2 3

b etween

Homogeneity

a nd

> . . . , M C C D M 0

E o I

S pa t ia l R e f inemen t

F igure 3 . Expected Relation S patial Refinement: Model 3 .

2 4

b etween

Homogeneity

a nd

1 ••• •••• 1• I M M I I MM

S pat ia l

+ 1 1 11 1 1 1 10 1.

R e f inemen t

F igure 4 . Expected Relation Spatial Refinement: Model 4 .

2 5

b etween

Homogeneity

and

CHAPTER 3 METHODS O F ANALYSIS

I NTRODUCTION I n o rder t o e valuate t he models p resented i n t he p receeding c hapter, a nd t o a ddress t he u ltimate goal o f u nderstanding paleolithic s ite u se a t L e Flageolet a nd P incevent, a nalytic methods t hat a re c onsonant w ith t he modelled v ariable i nteractions a re r equired. I n s hort, t hese methods must a llow t he complex v ariables " homogeneity" a nd " spatial r efinement" t o b e measured. Clearly, methods employed t oward t his e nd w ill b e v aried, s ince e ach v ariable r elates t o data o f s omewhat d ifferent f orm. For e xample, s patial r efinement must i nvolve s ome c haracterization o f l ocation ( position) over t he s ite s urface, while h omogeneity n eed n ot. As a f irst s tep, a t echnique f or r ecognizing s patial patterns w ithin d istributions i s n eeded ( to d efine u nits t hat c an b e e xamined a s " accumulations" a t a s ingle s patial s cale). A v ariety o f methods p roporting t o d o t his a re a vailable. However, n ot a ll pattern r ecognition t echniques employ t he c ritical v ariable l ocation; t hose t hat do n ot a re o f l ittle u se i n t he p resent r esearch context. Techniques p reviously u sed t o a ddress t he p roblem o f pattern r ecognition i n a rchaeology w ill b e d iscussed b elow, a nd t he c hoice o f method a pplied h ere w ill b e j ustified. I n a ddition t o pattern r ecognition on a s ingle s patial s cale, a nalytic methods d esigned t o a ssess t he f ormation p rocesses d iscussed i n Chapter 2 must b e a ble t o i dentify patterning on a v ariety o f l evels s o t hat t hese c an b e c ompared. I t w ill b e r emembered t hat expectations a re f or multiple s ite f ormation p rocesses a t a s ingle l ocation, e ach o f w hich may operate o r b e e xpressed o n a d ifferent l ocational o r s ize s cale. This i s o f considerable i mportance g iven t he d ata s ets a nalyzed h ere, Le Flageolet i n particular has a lready d efeated s ome methods b ecause o f i ts c ontextual c omplexity ( see Chapter 1 ). As w ill b e d iscussed s hortly, a method t hat s atisfies t hese r equirements i s a vailable; p attern r ecognition c an b e p ursued a t a variety o f s patial s cales w ithout l osing i nformation a t a ny one s cale. The p roblem o f i dentifying a nd characterizing homogeneity a mong s patial a ccumulations r equires a d ifferent a pproach t han b asic pattern r ecogniton, s ince data a re o f f requency r ather t han l ocational f orm. To e xamine h omogeneity, pattern r ecognition methods must r esult i n meaningful u nits w ithin a nd b etween which v ariation i n c ontent c an b e a ssessed. I n s hort, c ounting

u nits w ith s patial r elevance a re r equired t hat can b e compared b oth i n t erms o f a bundance ( e.g., t he absolute n umbers o f i tems) a nd i n t erms o f v ariety ( i.e., r eferring t o d ifferent c lasses o f material). F inally, t he l ast t wo c haractersitics must b e combined t o f orm a homogeneity measure t hat c an b e e xamined over s pace. These r equirements a re, i n f act, l ess d emanding t han t hey m ight a ppear w hen c onsidered a bstractly. Methods f or c arrying o ut a ll o f t hese a nalytic phases a re applied h ere, a nd most a re r ather s imple i n s tatistical t erms. Before d iscussing t he a ctual s ystem u sed i n t he s tudies o f P incevent a nd L e Flageolet, h owever, a b rief d iscussion o f conventional s patial a nalysis i n a rchaeology ( with s pecial r eference t o t echniques u sed t o c arry o ut both pattern r ecognition a nd a ssociation s tudies) i s appropriate. The methods u ltimately s elected f or u se w ere c hosen b ecause t hey ( 1) a ddress t he perceived p roblem a t h and i n ways o ther t echniques d o n ot, a nd ( 2) s eem more consistent w ith modern concerns a nd e xpectations f or t he n ature of t he a rchaeological r ecord t han do p reviously-applied methods. For t his r eason, o ther t echniques a nd t he r easons f or t heir e limination f rom u se i n t hese a nalyses w ill b e examined. But f irst, a f ew words c oncerning t he n ature o f a rchaeological s patial d ata, a nd i n particular t he data collected i n r ecent e xcavations o f paleolithic s ites, a re p resented t o s et t he b ackground f or t he d iscussions t hat f ollow.

THE A NALYTIC CHALLENGE:

ALL THAT DATA

A rchaeologists u ndertaking a s patial a nalysis o f t heir e xcavation d ata a re f requently c onfounded b y s everal a nalytic p roblems. Modern d ata r ecovery t echniques a re o ne s ource of t hese p roblems. Recent e xcavations, particularly t hose c arried out i n paleolithic s ites, s tress t he r ecording o f a ll potential i nformation. Often, t his i ncludes t he t aking o f t hree d imensional coordinates f or much o r a ll o f t he a rtifactual material u nearthed i n a s ite. These s patial data a re u sually t ransformed i nto point d istribution maps o f s ometimes d aunting c omplexity, e specially when t housands o f a rtifacts a re p lotted. As a r ule, p reliminary d ata r eduction i s c arried o ut, o ften c omprising t he d ivision o f v ery d ense maps i nto s eries o f l ess-complex c lass d istributions. These c lasses m ight r eflect f unctional c lassification o f t ools, a nimal s keletal p arts, o r e ven a spects o f a rtifact a ttributes. For t he s patial a nalyst, t he s ite i s t hus r epresented b y n ot o ne, b ut many point p lots. The t ask i s t o e xamine t hese f or overall patterning i n t he d istributions, patterns w ithin i ndividual c lass p lots, a nd a ssociations i n s pace b etween a rtifact c lasses.

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The complexity of t he a nalytic p roblem obviously p recludes t he u se o f a s ingle method. Because a s eries o f d ifferent questions i s b eing a sked o f t he d ata, v arious s ystems f or a nalysis a re r equired, each d esigned t o a ddress part of t he question. At t he o utset, point pattern maps must b e examined for patterning i n t he d istributions. This a spect o f s patial a nalysis c an b e t ermed " pattern r ecognition" a nd may have s everal l evels o f r elevance w ithin a s ingle s tudy. For example, pattern r ecognition i s r equired f or t he d istribution o f a ll r ecovered materials ( without d efining c lasses) t o examine t he o rganization o f t he s ite a s a whole. Such a " global" o rganization may o r may n ot b e p resent, b ut i f i t i s, i t m ight condition patterns w ithin s pecific a rtifact c lasses. To i dentify s uch a r elationship, pattern r ecognition must a lso b e carried out within c lass d istributions. Once patterns h ave b een i dentified, t he r elationships a mong d ifferent a rtifact c lasses over s pace can b e examined i n t erms o f t he extant patterning. Of concern h ere i s t he a ssociation among a rtifact c lasses over s pace. This a nalytic phase can b e t ermed t he " pattern a ssociation" s tage o f spatial a nalysis, s ince one s eeks t o c ompare s patial patterns f rom d ifferent c lasses i n s earch o f r egularities.

PATTERN I nformal

R ECOGNITION:

PREVIOUS

APPROACHES

Pattern Recognition

t raditionally Two f orms o f pattern r ecognition have The o ldest and b een employed i n a rchaeological r esearch. t he i nformal perhaps most p revalent t echnique i nvolves i n s earch of v isual examination of d istribution maps b enefits when patterning. The v isual approach h as many o f which i s p roperly carried out, not t he l east p lausibility. At i ts b est, v isual i nspection may b e t he most s atisfying method available. Given s ufficient t ime, a ll possible permutations a nd c ombinations o f t he d ata c an b e s tudied, patterns can b e f ound and compared, contextual e lements c an b e i ntegrated w ith observed patterns, a nd a reas w ithin a s ite t hat s eem t o have meaning i n l ight o f t he excavator's e xpertise c an b e i solated. I ndeed, t he v isual approach a llows t he most complex r elationships b etween empirical f acts a nd t he a rchaeologist's k nowledge t o b e e stablished of a ll spatial a nalytic t echniques. This i s b ecause t he method i s nonmechanistic a nd l eaves r oom f or c reativity i n a nalysis and i nterpretation. However, w ith t he k inds of d ense d istribution maps generated b y t oday's excavation t echniques, t he i nspection approach i s p rone t o " data overload" s o t hat c omplete analysis can b e t oo complicated u sing i ntuition a lone.

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V isual i nspection i s, a lmost b y d efinition, v ery t ime consuming. More i mportantly, a dequate e valuation o f patterning ( and s ubsequent i nterpretion) r equires a nalytic i nput f rom a v eritable a rmy o f s pecialists. Specialized s tudies a re n ecessary s ince t he d erivation o f i nformal i nferences d epends o n a complete u nderstanding o f a ll f actors t hat m ight i nfluence a g iven d istribution. This i s n ot t o s ay t hat a rchaeologists u sing quantitative methods f or p attern r ecognition d o n ot r equire s pecialized i nformation; t hey s imply do not n eed t hat i nput f or pattern r ecognition a s i s t he c ase i n t he v isual m ethod. I n t he i nformal approach, " pattern" a nd " meaning" a re s ynonomous. P atterns a re i dentified o nly when t hey a re " reasonable" i n t erms o f what t he a nalyst a lready k nows. The a nalyst t herefore r equires a s c omplete a k nowledge o f t he s ite a s possible s o t hat u nreasonable patterns c an b e i gnored. Visual i nspection, d espite i ts t ime-consuming n ature, h as p roduced r emarkable s ynthetic i nterpretations a t s ites l ike P incevent ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon 1 966, 1 972) a nd L e F lageolet ( Delpech a nd R igaud 1 974; R igaud 1 980). Despite potentially s atisfying r esults, t he v isual approach d efies f ormal r eplication, a nd s uccess must b e j udged b ased o n t he eminence a nd c apability o f t he a nalyst. Comparison a mong i nterpretations o ffered b y d ifferent a rchaeologists i s v irtually i mpossible b ecause t he c riteria f or pattern d efinition a re r arely equivalent. What c onstitutes a p attern, what i s i ncluded i n a c luster, a nd how a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses a re d efined; a re a ll s ubject t o v ariation i n d efinition a nd a pplication. We a re l eft w ith a s eries o f " plausible s cenarios" t hat a re d ifficult ( if n ot i mpossible) t o r elate i n a s ystematic, s ynthetic f ashion. Where t he v isual a pproach i s, p erhaps, weakest i s i n i ts a bility t o d etect multiple o r h ierarchically-related p atterns. G iven t he c omplex n atural a nd c ultural f actors t hat m ight h ave operated t o p roduce s patial patterning a t a n a rchaeological s ite, i t i s s omewhat n aive t o e xpect a s ingle pattern t o a ccount f or a ll t he e xtant s patial v ariability. I t i s more l ikely t hat s imple p atterns ( those t hat a re manifested over l arge a reas o f t he s ite s urface) contain f iner-scale p atterning. V isual i nspection i s more t han able t o d etect l arge-scale patterns, b ut t hese a re o ften t he only o nes s een. L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon's work a t P incevent ( ibid) a nd Wilmsen's s tudies o f t he L indenmeier s ite ( 1974, 1 978) r epresent e xamples o f t his p roblem. I n b oth c ases, patterns i n t he s patial d istribution o f objects w ere d etected a nd i nterpreted a s r eflecting " household" u nits. Smaller-scale patterns w ithin t he h ouseholds w ent u nrecognized, p robably b ecause t he h uman e ye i s " held" b y obvious patterning. Collingwood ( 1946) r elates t his p roblem t o t he Gestalt e ffect d efined b y p sychologists. I t s eems l ikely t hat t his i s a g eneral p roblem: t he h uman eye i s b linded t o p atterns w ithin p atterns o nce t he more

3 0

obvious f orms a re s een b ecause more e vident c onfiguration.

i t

b ecomes

f ixed

o n

t he

Formal Pattern Recognition As a n a lternative t o v isual i nspection, r ecent s patial a nalyses o f a rchaeological d ata h ave r elied o n q uantitative t echniques, f or t he most p art b orrowed f rom o ther f ields o f s tudy. These methods h ave t he a dvantages o f f ormal d efinition o f t erms a nd r elationships, r eplicability, a nd t he ability t o d etect patterns t hat m ight n ot b e v isible t o t he h uman e ye. S ince most o f t he q uantitative methods e mployed i n a rchaeological s patial a nalysis a re c omputer-assisted ( or potentially s o), t hey a re able t o h andle l arge n umbers o f d ata c ases i n much l ess t ime t han r equired f or v isual a nalysis. Quantitative approaches applied t o a rchaeological p attern r ecognition c an b e d ivided i nto t wo main t ypes: t hose which employ d ata r educed t o quadrat c ounts a nd t hose which a ct on point d ata. An i mportant c haracteristic o f most methods, o f b oth k inds, i s t hat t hey w ere b orrowed f rom d isciplines o ther t han a rchaeology t hat h ave l onger t raditions o f s patial a nalysis. Many t echniques w ere d eveloped f or a pplications t o e cological p roblems, while o thers were o riginally d esigned t o a ddress q uestions posed b y g eographers, g eologists, a nd e conomists. Hodder a nd O rton ( 1976) p rovide a g eneral s urvey o f many o f t hese methods, s o a d etailed d igression i s u nnecessary h ere. One p roblem i nherent i n t he u se o f b orrowed t echnology concerns t he r elevance o f a ssumptions u nderlying t he p rocedures. For many methods d eveloped i n p lant e cology ( e.g., Cormack a nd O rd 1 979; K ershaw 1 964; P ielou 1 977), t he u nderlying goal i s t o d etect r andom a nd n on-random d istributions o f p lants w ithin a g iven a rea o f l and. This goal i s b ased on k nown p rocesses o f s eed d ispersal a nd t he a ssumption t hat, a ll t hings b eing equal, t hese p rocesses w ill p roduce r andom s patial d istributions. Non-random patterns o f p lant l ocations, t hus, i ndicate t hat a ll t hings a re n ot e qual, a nd t he e cological c onstraints o n d ispersal c an b e i nvestigated. A rchaeologists h ave u sed t hese k inds o f methods w ithout c ritically e valuating t he p urpose o f t he t ests. Dacey's ( 1973) a pplication o f t he v ariance/mean r atio t est ( based on a Poisson model f or r andom f requency d istributions) t o t he p roblem o f a rchaeological d istributions i s a n e xample o f t his k ind o f b orrowing. The goal o f Dacey's s tudy was t o d etect t he p resence o f n on-random a rtifact d istributions over a s ite s urface. He n ever a dequately e xplains why a r andom model i s appropriate i n a rchaeological s ituations, a nd w e a lready k now t hat s uch d istributions a re t he r esults o f n on-random

3 1

f ormation p rocesses ( human b ehaviour, n atural e rosion, e tc.). R ejection o f t he n ull h ypothesis i n t his t est ( indicating t hat t he d istribution u nder s tudy i s n ot r andom ) t ells u s n o more t han w e a lready k now; a cceptance o f t he r andom hypothesis i s i n opposition t o t he f acts. Moreover, a s Hietala a nd Stevens n ote ( 1977: 5 39), t hese t ests d o n ot consider possible s patial a ssociation b etween d ifferent maps ( e.g., o f d ifferent a rtifact c lasses) t hat may i ndividually s how s tatistically r andom d istributions. I n s hort, t he u tility o f t ests f or r andom d istributions i n a rchaeological s patial a nalysis must b e questioned.

Quadrat Techniques. Quadrat-based methods h ave b een p roposed t hat s earch f or c lustering w ithin d istributions w ithout r eference t o t he r andomness o f t he g lobal configuration. Most o f t hese a ssess c lustering o f f requencies a t a variety o f d ifferent b lock s izes b ased o n a n o riginal g rid o f c ells a nd t est f or c hanging v ariance a mong c ells b etween b lock s izes ( e.g., Whallon 1 972, 1 973). These methods h ave b een c riticized f or a v ariety o f s hortcomings ( Doran a nd Hodson 1 975; Hodder a nd O rton 1 976; H ietala a nd Stevens 1 977). The b iggest p roblems l ie i n t he methods' l ack o f s ensitivity t o c lusters o f v arying s izes a nd s hapes o ver a s ingle d istribution a nd i n t heir d ependence o n g rid u nits o f s tandard s hape. Because o f t hese p roblems, other f actors ( for e xample, t he s tipulated s ize a nd o riginal position o f t he g rid c ells a nd t he l ocations o f g rid b oundaries) a ffect r esults o f t he t ests more t han i s d esirable. S everal quadrat methods h ave r ecently b een p roposed t hat w ere d esigned s pecifically w ith a rchaeological p roblems i n m ind. However, t he b asic machinery f or t hese t echniques d erives f rom o ther r esearch contexts. S till, i nteresting r esults h ave b een a ttained. Among s uch t reatments a re " Local Density Analysis" ( Johnson 1 976) a nd t he p robability-based methods s uggested b y H ietala a nd Stevens ( 1977). Of t hese, Local D ensity Analysis i s t he l east s atisfying, p articularly when a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses a re a ssessed. The t echnique e mploys P rincipal Components Analysis t o d etect c ooccurring a rtifact c lasses over a s ite s urface, t hereby a ssuming t hat a l inear model i s appropriate f or t hese k inds o f r elations. S uch a n a ssumption i s p robably u nwarranted a nd must i n a ny c ase b e d emonstrated b efore a pplication o f l inear models ( Speth a nd Johnson 1 976). Hietala a nd Stevens' method h as a s tronger b ase s tatistically. However, t he r equirements o f s tatistical t ests f or a ssociation o ften r esult i n t he a ggregation o f s mall g rid u nits i nto l arger c ells when s ample s izes f or c ertain a rtifact c lasses a re s mall. I n o ther words, w hen a ssociations a mong c lasses a re b eing a ssessed, a ll i nformation must b e s caled t o t he l east i nformative l evel b ecause c ell counts f or a ll c lasses must b e a ggregated

3 2

u ntil

e xpected c ounts

a re

s ufficient

f or

t he

r arest c lass.

Point Pattern Techniques. Most t echniques p reviously a pplied t o point p attern d ata i n a rchaeology i nvolve s ome f orm o f n earest n eighbor measure. These methods r etain s ome o f t he i nformation c ontained i n e xact a rtifact p rovenience l ost b y r eduction t o q uadrat c ounts. However, many e arly a pplications o f n earest n eighbor t echniques s uffered f rom t he s tatistical e ffects o f a rbitrary e xcavation b oundaries t hat s everely i mpacted a nalytic r esults ( cf. Whallon 1 974). More r ecent a pplications o f n earest n eighbor s tatistics i nclude c orrection f actors d esigned t o o vercome b oundary e ffects ( e.g., P inder, e t a l. 1 979). Y et, a b asic f law r emains. Nearest n eighbor a nalysis r esults i n a s ingle s tatistic t hat c an b e u sed t o c haracterize t he p oint d istribution u nder s tudy a s " clustered" ( aggregated), " random", o r " regular" ( uniformly s paced). R egardless o f t he s tate t o which a d istribution i s a ssigned, i ts s patial a spect i s t hereby l ost. Thus, e ven t hough a d istribution m ight b e i dentified a s " clustered", t he method p rovides n o means f or l ocating c lusters i n s pace. This l ast p roblem i s a n i mportant o ne, a nd i t c haracterizes most o f t he b orrowed t echniques t hat h ave b een employed b y a rchaeologists. A gain, t his i s d ue t o t he n ature o f t he p roblems f or which t he methods were o riginally d esigned. I n p lant e cology, r esults i ndicating t hat a d istribution i s r andom, c lustered, o r u niform h ave c lear a nd d istinct meanings. S patial l ocation i s n ot i mportant, s ince t he t ests a re c arried out t o d elimit p otential r anges o f e xplanation. But i n a rchaeological s patial a nalysis, w e must k now where c lusters o ccur b efore w e c an b egin t o i nfer t heir meaning. This i s t rue a t b oth a n i ntrasite a nd a r egional s cale o f a nalysis. Our e xplanatory f rameworks f or s patial d istributions i nvolve l ocation. This i s b ecause w e d o n ot k now t he c ausal p rocesses operating t o p roduce a ny s patial configuration. P lant e cologists d o. A rchaeologists must i nfer p rocess o nce t he n ature o f a d istribution c an b e r elated t o o ther a spects o f t he a rchaeological r ecord. To a ccomplish t his, w e must k now h ow patterning i s manifested, i .e., l ocated, o ver t he s pace b eing a nalyzed. Only t hus c an o ther c haracteristics o f t he r ecord a t t he s ame p laces b e r elated t o d iscovered s patial patterns. Quantitative t echniques t hat e liminate l ocation f rom r esults t herefore d eprive u s o f o ur i nferential b ase.

Useful Techniques. I t w ould s eem, t hen, t hat most o f t he quantitative t reatments p reviously a pplied t o p attern r ecognition i n a rchaeology d o n ot p rovide t he k inds o f i nformation n ecessary a nd r elevant t o t he p roblem. These t echniques a re o ften i nsensitive t o v ariability i n t he

3 3

s ize and s hape of material concentrations, r educe excavation data t o t he point where c ritical i nformation i s lost, and e liminate l ocation a s a d imension o f i nterest i n analyzing spatial d istributions. S uch p roblems c learly make t he u se of t hese k inds of methods i nappropriate f or a rchaeological concerns. To a dequately a ddress a rchaeological i nterests, r elevant pattern r ecognition t echniques must satisfy a t l east f our c ritical c riteria: 1 ) A certain amount of data r eduction must o ccur, s ince typical, modern excavations p roduce overwhelmingly dense d istribution maps. Such d ata r eduction must i nvolve t he r ecognition a nd evaluation of patterns i n s patial d istributions. 2 ) Pattern r ecognition t echniques s hould b e quantitative for two r easons. F irst, t he massive amounts o f data p roduced i n t oday's excavations c an only b e handled i n quantitative f ashion. Second, s olutions t hat a re f ormal and r eplicable c an b e j udged objectively a nd t ested empirically. 3 ) Locational i nformation obtained i n excavations s hould not b e i gnored i n a nalysis. Results s hould b e comparable t o characteristics of s ite l ocale, f eatures, t opography, e tc. Thus, i n addition t o t he d ata r eduction called f or i n ( 1), one m ight a dd t hat t oo much r eduction i s undesirable. 4 ) A u seful a nalytic t echnique w ill a llow i dentified patterning t o b e mapped i n t erms o f t he s ize and s hape o f constituent u nits ( e.g., material concentrations). These units w ill a lso a llof comparisons a mong d ifferent a rtifact classes a nd b etween s ites. Without s uch a n ability, t he i dentification o f a ny a ssociations among c lasses over a s ite s urface i s i mpossible s ince t he s cale a nd position of a ssociation cannot b e defined. Of a ll t he s patial a nalytic methods s o f ar p roposed f or a rchaeological pattern r ecognition, only one s atisfies t hese c riteria while a voiding t he t ime r equired f or i nformal v isual i nspection. This method, based on a k -means c lustering a lgorithm, was d eveloped a nd p roposed b y Keith Kintigh and Albert Ammerman in a recent American Antiquity a rticle ( 1982). I t i s t he t echnique t hat will b e u sed i n t he s patial a nalyses c omposing t his volume.

PATTERN The

RECOGNITION: b asic

goal

THE HEURISTIC APPROACH of

K intigh

b uild,

3 4

a nd Ammerman' s

method

i s

t o

a n umber o f i ntuitively d erived h euristics i nto a n a nalytically u seful computer p rogram.. . We wish t o construct a p rogram t hat w ill e xamine spatial data a nd d erive concise h igher l evel i nformation concerning t heir d istribution [ 1982: 3 4]. The h euristic n ature of t he method combines t he d escriptive r igour o f quantification with t he e legance a nd c larity o f i ntuitive pattern i nterpretation. I ndeed, i t i s t he i nterplay b etween a n analyst's k nowledge about a s ite ( e.g., o f contextual f eatures) a nd t he r esults o f mathematical c haracterizations o f t he d istribution u nder s tudy t hat g ives t he approach i ts h euristic quality. By " heuristic" t hen, K intigh a nd Ammerman r efer t o t he u se o f q uantitative t echniques a s means f or d escribing data s o t hat t he a rchaeologist can occupy h is o r h er t ime w ith u nderstanding--interpretation--of t he r ecord. They a re a llowing f or t he f act t hat t he h uman mind can o ften s ort o ut i mportant patterns f rom a s eries o f possible ones b etter t han can a machine.

K -means

Cluster

Analysis

As t he b asic pattern r ecognition t ool, a k -means c lustering a lgorithm i s u sed ( Hodson 1 971; Johnson a nd Johnson 1 975). According to Hodson ( ibid: 3 1): t he k -means method o f c luster analysis s eems t he most p romising approach t o f ollow f or l arge quantities o f data, p rovided t hat r elatively f ew variables a re c oncerned a nd a r elatively s mall n umber of g roups i s s uspected. More specific a dvantages of t he k -means method f or a rchaeological a nalysis w ill b e d iscussed b elow. The g eneral c haracteristic of t he t echnique--an a bility t o handle l arge data s ets i nexpensively--is a n i mportant one i n a rchaeological s patial a nalysis. I n t he k -means p rogram i mplementation d eveloped b y K eith K intigh, a s eries o f s upplementary s tatistics a re p roduced t hat a re o f g reat u tility f or s patial a nalysis. These h elp t o overcome s ome o f t he e arly p roblems w ith t he method noted by Hodson, i ncluding a t endency t o f ind " local" r ather t han " global" s olutions ( Hodson 1 971: 3 2). These s tatistics p rovide l ocational i nformation a nd characterize t he s ize a nd content o f spatial concentrations within t he b asic r educed pattern description r esulting f rom k -means a nalysis. Other s tatistics a llow t he p roduction of d isplay maps f or r esults. These maps c an b e compared among various partitions o f t he d istribution, f or example, b y a rtifact c lass. A complete d iscussion o f t he k -means method a nd

3 5

p rogram i s p resented i n K intigh a nd Ammerman, b ut t he r elevant a spects o f t he t echnique w ill b e d iscussed h ere a s a b ackground f or t he applications which f ollow. While k -means c luster a nalysis i s n ot e ntirely n ew t o a rchaeology, i t h as n ot p reviously b een a pplied t o p roblems o f s patial a nalysis. This i s s omewhat s urprising c onsidering t he a dvantages d escribed b y Hodson. The method h as b een u sed p rimarily i n a rtifact c lassification s tudies ( Hodson 1 970, 1 971) a nd a s a t echnique f or c hronological s eriation o f c eramics ( Johnson a nd Johnson 1 975). I n p revious a pplications, e mphasis h as b een o n t he data h andling c apacity o f t he a lgorithm. I n o ther words, k -means h as b een u sed w hen d ata s ets a re s o l arge a s t o p reclude t he e conomical u se o f o ther c lustering a lgorithms. Because t he p rogram a cts d irectly o n t he i nput v ariables t here i s n o n eed t o c alculate a nd s tore s imilarity matrices t o measure r elations a mong t he d ata c ases. A more d irect measurement a mong c ases i s made--in t his c ase t he l inear d istance b etween objects i n g eometric s pace--so t hat m assive matrix p roduction a nd manipulation i s u nnecessary. This i s p recisely why k -means c an h andle v ery l arge n umbers o f points. That k -means r educes c omputation costs i s one o f i ts more mundane a ttractions. More i nteresting f rom a n a rchaeological p erspective, t he method c an c haracterize s patial p atterns w ith r eference t o t he a ctual s pace i nvolved a nd t o t he r elations a mong d ata points w ithin t hat s pace. No i ntermediate d ata t ransformations a re r equired t hat i nvolve u nwarranted a ssumptions a bout d ata f orm o r d istribution c haracteristics. The k -means a lgorithm h as t he a dvantage o f s implicity-7 Moreover, t he t echnique h as t hree c haracteristics t hat d ifferentiate i t f rom o ther c lustering methods applied i n a rchaeology, most n otably s ingle- a nd complete-link c luster a lgorithms ( cf. Hodson 1 970; S neath a nd Sokol 1 973). The method i s d ivisive r ather t han a gglomorative. This means t hat t he d istribution i s i nitially c onsidered a s a w hole a nd d ivided i nto s maller a nd s maller c lusters; a gglomorative a lgorithms b egin w ith a ll i ndividual points a nd b uild c lusters s equentially u ntil a s ingle c luster r esults. B ecause o f t his, b oundary e ffects a re overcome w ith k -means s ince t he i nitial s hape o f t he d istribution p rovides t he a nalytic s pace. K -means a nalysis i s a lso overlapping i n n ature. An i ndividual c ase a ssigned t o o ne c luster a t a c ertain point i n t he a nalysis ( according t o t he p roximity o f t hat c ase t o t he c enter o f t he c luster) c an move t o a nother c luster l ater i n t he r un i f t he d istribution i s c haracterized b etter b y t hat r eassignment. F inally, t he k -means method i s n onhierarchical, s ince c luster c onfigurations p roduced a t o ne l evel d o n ot d etermine configurations a t o ther l evels. I n o ther words, c lusters d efined l ate i n t he a nalytic s equence ( when more c lusters a re b eing f ormed) a re n ot n ested i n o r d ependent on e arlier s olutions. The p roblem o f " chaining" t hat

3 6

,

a ffects s o many o ther c lustering t echniques ( Sneath a nd S okol 1 973) i s t hereby a voided. At t he s ame t ime, t he d endogram method o f i llustrating c lustering may n ot b e a r elevant way t o d isplay k -means r esults. These c haracteristics o f t he k -means a lgorithm overcome many o f t he p roblems i nherent i n p revious c lustering methods u sed i n a rchaeology. I ts d ivisive n ature overcomes b oundary e ffects. By b eginning w ith t he d istribution i tself a s t he i nitial a nalytic s pace, k -means i s u seful f or a nalyzing a v ariety o f s patial — d ata, i ncluding l inear d istributions s uch a s m ight c haracterize r iverine s ettlement s ystems. ( This u tility i s d emonstrated i n K intigh a nd Ammerman 1 982). B ecause k -means c an h andle l arge d ata s ets, point p attern d ata c an b e analyzed i n t heir p ure f orm w ithout i nitial d ata r eduction a nd r esultant l oss o f i nformation. Allowing overlap b etween c lustering l evels i nsures t hat p oints a re a ssigned membership i n t he c losest c luster a t e ach a nalytic l evel. When t his a spect i s c ombined w ith t he n onhierarchical c haracter o f k -means, a s equential p rocess o f a nalysis r esults whereby — a s eries o f s olutions i s p roduced, a ny one o f which c an b e c onsidered i ndependent o f t hose b efore o r a fter i t. This i s a n i mportant a dvantage when s everal s cales o f patterning a re a nticipated w ithin a s ingle d istribution.

How K -means Works The k -means a lgorithm, i n i ts c urrent i mplementation, h as s everal p arts. The f irst i s c alled t he " split" p hase, a nd i t i s h ere t hat c lusters a re a ctually f ormed. At t he o utset, t he c enter o f t he whole d istribution i s l ocated b y c omputing t he m ean v alue f or e ach c oordinate. The point t hus d efined i s c alled a c entroid s ince i t r epresents t he c enter o f a c luster ( here t he e ntire d istribution o r t he o ne c luster l evel). Next, t he f urthest point f rom t he c entroid i s f ound b y c alculating t he d istances b etween i t a nd a ll d ata p oints. This f arthest point b ecomes t he " seed" f or a s econd c entroid, i .e., a t t he t wo c luster l evel. The d istances b etween a ll d ata p oints a nd t he s eed a re c omputed, a nd t hose p oints c loser t o t he s eed t han t o t he o riginal c entroid a re a ssigned t o a n ew c luster i ncluding t he s eed ( distances t o t he o riginal c entroid a re a lready k nown). The c entroids o f both n ew c lusters a re c omputed b y a veraging x a nd y c oordinate v alues f or member points, a nd a nother — p ass — i s made t hrough t he d ata measuring d istances a nd r eassigning data points t o t heir n earest c entroid. This p rocess i s c arried o ut u ntil n o more r eassignments a re made, i .e., a s table s olution i s r eached. By t his t ime, t he c entroids h ave " migrated" u ntil t hey l ocate t he c enters o f t he t wo s table c lusters. The r esult i s a t wo c luster s olution f or t he d istribution u nder e xamination.

3 7

After t he d istribution h as b een c haracterized a t a g iven l evel, t he r esulting c lusters a re " lumped" b ack t o t he p revious s olution l evel by c ombining t he t wo c lusters w ith t he c losest c entroids. This l umped c onfiguration i s c ompared t o t he p revious s olution o f t he s ame n umber o f c lusters u sing t he S SE s tatistics c omputed f or e ach l evel ( see b elow ). I f t he f irst s olution h as a l ower S SE t han t he l umped s olution, i t i s r etained a nd l umped a gain. I f, however, t he l umped s olution i s " better" t han t he o riginal ( has a l ower S SE), t hen i t i s r etained, a nd t he s earch f or o ne more c luster p roceeds b y s plitting. The p rocess o f c luster f ormation a nd e valuation composes a p rogram l oop. I n o rder t o a chieve t he " best" s olution f or a c lustering l evel, l umping must p roceed a ll t he way b ack t o one c luster. When t his o ccurs, i t means t hat a ll r etained s olutions a re t he b est ones possible. The s olution obtained a t t he h ighest l evel d uring t he pass ( two c lusters i n o ur e xample) i s t hen u sed a s a b asis f or a s plitting p hase s eeking t he n ext h ighest s olution. The k -means p rogram p roceeds i n t his manner f rom one t o t wo to a u ser-specified t erminal n umber o f c lusters ( hence " k means"). At e ach c lustering l evel, t he b est s olution - i s f ound b efore going o n t o t he n ext l evel. The c riterion f or s uccessful c lustering a t e ach s olution l evel i s d efined u sing t he S SE. This s tatistic i s c alculated a s t he s um o f t he s quared d istances b etween a ll d ata points a nd t heir c luster c entroids. The S SE, t herefore, r epresents a s um o f s quares e rror measure f or e ach s olution. The k -means p rocedure m inimizes t his measure during t he s plitting a nd l umping p hases a t e ach l evel. By f inding t he l owest value f or t his s tatistic, t he most a ppropriate c haracterization o f t he d istribution u nder s tudy i s a chieved.

Defining Relevant P atterns I t i s u nlikely t hat r elevant p atterning f or a g iven d istribution e xists a t a ll t he s olution l evels d efined d uring a k -means r un. For e xample, e ven t hough t he k -means p rogram w ill p roduce b est d escriptions o f a d istribution a t f rom onet o f ifteen-cluster configurations, r elevant patterns m ight o ccur o nly a t t he t wo a nd e ight c luster s olution l evels. Again u sing t he S SE s tatistic a s a b asis, t he e ntire s equence o f s olutions p roduced d uring a r un c an b e a ssessed i n r elative t erms t o f ind t he optimal s olutions -those t hat a ctually conform t o patterns i n t he d ata. Here i s h ow t his i s a ccomplished. At t he e nd o f a k -means r un, a s eries o f S SE s tatistics i s p roduced, e ach o ne r epresenting t he m inimum s um o f s quares a t a t g iven c luster l evel. S ome o f t hese ( the ones t hat r epresent a ctual pattern l evels) a re " more m inimal" t han others. To d etermine which a re t he optimal s olutions, t he S SE f or e ach l evel i s e xpressed a s a

3 8

percentage o f t he t otal S SE i n t he d istribution. This v alue i s t hen t ransformed b y l og10 f or convenient d isplay. The t ransformed s tatistic ( the l og(%SSE)) h as a s cale w ith a n upper l imit o f t wo ( a value corresponding t o t he e ntire d istribution considered a s a s ingle c luster) a nd d ecreasing values f rom t his maximum t hrough t he s olution s equence. The l og(%SSE) c an b e e xpected t o d ecrease n aturally a s more a nd more c lusters a re f ormed, s ince t he d istances b etween d ata points a nd c entroids d ecrease w ith more c entroids. However, when s ubstantial i mprovement i n t he d escription o f patterning o ccurs f rom o ne s olution t o t he n ext, a n i nflection, o r d rop, i n t he l og(%SSE) a lso i s apparant. By p lotting t he l og(%SSE) a gainst t he s equence o f c lustering l evels f or a ll s olutions i n a r un, s uch i nflections a re d isplayed a nd i dentify t he optimal s olutions f or a g iven d istribution. Figure 5 i llustrates t he l og(%SSE) p lot p roduced b y a k -means a nalysis o f b urin d istributions a t t he Upper P aleolithic s ite a t P incevent ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 972). I nflections i n t he p lot a re e vident a t t he t hree, s ix, a nd f ourteen c luster l evels. F rom t his, t hree optimal s olutions f or t he b urin d istribution c an b e d efined. I t s hould b e pointed o ut t hat t he r elative s trength o f i nflections cannot b e t aken a s i ndicative o f t he s trength o f t he patterns t hemselves. Even t hough t he t hree c luster s olution s hows t he most s evere d rop i n l og(%SSE), t his does n ot mean t hat t he t hree c luster s olution i s s omehow t he " best". As was mentioned above, t here i s more c orrespondance b etween t he t otal S SE a nd a s olution l evel S SE when f ewer c lusters a re considered. This i s b ecause t he d istances b etween c entroids a nd d ata points a re b y d efinition g reater w ith f ewer c entroids. When more c lusters a re f ormed, t here i s l ess v ariation a vailable f rom l evel t o l evel, a nd i nflections appear t o h ave l ess magnitude l ater i n t he c lustering s equence. Just t he s ame, t his f eature o f t he k -means p rogram i s v ery i mportant s ince i t p rovides a means f or r ecognizing s mall s cale p atterns w ithin l arger, p erhaps v isually more obvious, ones. G iven s tated expectations f or i ntrasite s patial a nalysis ( Chapter 2 ), t he k -means p rocedure s atisfies a nother o f t he b asic r equirements d efined f or a u seful s patial a nalysis t echnique. Several o ther s tatistics a re g enerated d uring e ach k -means r un t hat p rovide i mportant i nformation concerning t he d istribution u nder s tudy. Cluster c entroid coordinates l ocate t he r educed data d escriptions i n s pace, t hereby r etaining t he l ocational i nformation c ontained i n t he i nitial point d istribution. As h as b een d iscussed, t hese c entroids a re t he a verage x a nd y coordinate v alues f or c luster members. S ince e very p oint i s a ssigned t o a c luster a t e very l evel, t he t otal n umber o f member points can b e counted f or e ach c luster--the point f requency. This value g ives a n i ndication o f c luster content. A s a measure o f c luster s ize a nd d ispersal, a n RMS s tatistic i s

3 9

2 .0 -

1 . 5 -

. 5 « .

. .-i . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N u mber

o f

. .. . . V 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

C lusters

Figure 5 . of Burins

An Example log(%SSE) Plot f rom Pincevent Section 3 6

Brezillon

1 972).

4 0

N IM IM I O

P roduced by Analysis ( Leroi-Gourhan and

c omputed f or e ach c luster a t every l evel. The RMS can b e considered a k ind o f s patial s tandard d eviation o f points a ssigned t o a c luster c entroid and i s expressed a s a r adius w ithin w hich 6 6% of a ll c luster members o ccur. A s mall RMS does n ot n ecessarily r epresent a s mall c luster a s much a s a c ompact c oncentration o f many points. On t he o ther h and, a l arge RMS r adius a round a c entroid u sually r eflects a d ispersed a nd o ften s parse s catter o f points. These characteristics w ill b e c lear when maps o f k -means optimal s olutions a re p resented. As a s imple d isplay t echnique, c luster c entroids a t a g iven s olution l evel can b e mapped on t he s ite s urface t o l ocate t he c lusters. Then, t he RMS values c an b e u sed t o d raw a c ircle a round t he centroids t o s how c luster s izes ( actually r elative l ocal a bundance of points a nd t heir d ispersal pattern a round t he mean). Figure 8 i n Chapter 4 s hows s uch a map. By mapping a ll t he s olutions i dentified a s optimal b y t he l og(%SSE) plot f or a k -means r un, t he multiple patterns characterizing a d istribution can b e d isplayed a nd e xamined. In s um, t he k -means p rocedure f ulfills t he r equirements outlined above f or a u seful pattern r ecognition t echnique. I n doing s o, i t overcomes many o f t he c ritical p roblems t hat h ave p lagued o ther quantitative t echniques applied i n a rchaeology. When k -means i s u sed, data r eduction f rom massive point maps i s a ccomplished w ith minimal i nformation l oss. The method h as t he a dvantage o f b eing f ormal ( thus r esults can b e evaluated a nd r eplicated) a nd c an h andle l arge data s ets quickly a nd e conomically. The k -means a lgorithm i s s imple a nd comprehensible. The — d escriptions p rovided by t he t echnique r etain l ocational i nformation, g ive i ndications o f c luster s izes, a llow c luster content t o b e d efined, a nd a re easily d isplayed. The l ast a dvantage i s v ery i mportant b ecause d ifferent s olution maps c an b e overlaid ( as w ill b e s een) t o a llow d irect v isual a ssessment o f pattern a ssociation a nd t o a llow t he r elating o f a rtifact c lasses t o contextual e lements p resent on a s ite s urface.

PATTERN ASSOCIATION: Informal

PREVIOUS

APPROACHES

Pattern Matching

P revious approaches t o t he s earch f or pattern a ssociation i n a rchaeological d istributions can a lso b e d ivided i nto i nformal a nd f ormal methods. I nformal i nspection u sually does not make a d istinction b etween pattern s earch a nd a ssociation s tudies, b ecause t hey a re most o ften carried out s imultaneously. A now-classic example of t his t echnique i s J . B . Wheat' s a nalysis o f t he Olsen-Chubbuck s ite ( 1972). Examining t he contents o f material concentrations observed during t he e xcavation o f Olsen-Chubbuck, Wheat was able t o d efine s everal s ets o f

4 1

b ison body p arts, b ones f rom w hich w ere l ocalized i n s pace. S ets o f s tone t ool c lasses were i dentified t hat a ssociated w ith t he b one s ets. Wheat s uggests t hat t hese s patial a ssociations r epresent r efuse f rom particular a ctivities w ithin t he b ison b utchering s equence c arried out a t t he s ite b y paleoindian h unters. The i nformal approach t o a ssociation s tudy h as b oth t he s trengths a nd weaknesses o f i nformal p attern r ecognition.

Formal Pattern Matching Many o f t he quantitative methods applied t o a rchaeological d istributions a lso a ddress t he p roblems o f pattern r ecognition a nd a ssociation s imultaneously. S everal o f t hese t echniques a re, i n f act, more c oncerned w ith a ssociation t han w ith p attern r ecognition, a nd i t i s f or t his r eason t hat s uch i mportant i nformation a s " location" i s i gnored. Most o f t hese methods a re p robability b ased; t hey r ely on v arious model d istributions w ith k nown p robability p rofiles. For t he most part, t he s earch f or a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses i s c arried o ut u sing t he a ssemblage a s t he u nit o f a nalysis. Again, t his r esults i n l ocation b eing e liminated f rom t he e quation. The a ssemblage emphasis h as t wo main e ffects. F irst, e ven w hen s patial i nformation i s u sed i nitially i n t he a nalysis, r esults a re u sually i n t he f orm o f a s ingle s tatistic e xpressing t he d egree o f s patial overlap b etween t wo ( or more) d istributions; s patial r elevance i s l ost. S econd, b ecause many o f t he t echniques l ook f or overall a ssociations a mong c lasses--using t he a ssemblage a s t he a nalytic u nit--the r esults a re s caled t o a g lobal l evel. I n o ther w ords, a ssociations a re i dentified o nly i f t hey o ccur a cross t he e ntire s ite s urface. The possibility o f s maller-scale o r l ocalized a ssociation i s i gnored. Such methods, t hus, a ssume a monothetic p rofile f or t ool u se a nd d eposition ( Clarke 1 968). I f, a s i s more l ikely, s tone t ools o f g iven f orm w ere u sed i n more t han o ne t ask ( cf. K eeley 1 981), t hen t he s patial s cale o f i nterest i s much s maller t han t he e ntire s urface u nder s tudy. An e xample o f t his k ind o f p roblem i s B inford a nd B inford's s tudy o f Mousterian a ssemblage v ariability i n which t heir " functional h ypothesis" was f irst p ut f orth ( 1966). They a ttempt t o d efine " tool k its" a mong a s eries o f Mousterian l evels u sing Factor Analysis. By b eginning w ith t he a ssemblage a s t heir u nit f or a nalysis, t he B infords e liminate s patial i nformation a p riori f rom t heir i nvestigations. Although t hey m ight a rgue t hat t heir s tudy , was n ot " spatial a nalysis" p er s e, t his d ecision s eems t o go a gainst e ven t heir i deas concerning t he n ature o f " tool k its" a nd " functional v ariability" ( e.g., B inford 1 978b). Moreover, t he a ssumptions u nderlying Factor Analysis a re i nappropriate u ntil c ertain c haracteristics o f t he d ata h ave b een d emonstrated ( Cowgill 1 968). I n

4 2

particular, t he u se o f Pearson's r c oefficient of correlation a ssumes t hat variable d istributions a re normal ( clearly, a n u nfounded a ssumption when p ercentages a re u sed), a nd t he calculation o f e igenvectors w ithin t he c orrelation matrix a ssumes t hat a l inear model i s r elevant ( Doran a nd Hodson 1 972; Rummel 1 970; S peth a nd Johnson 1 976). S uch t echnical p roblems c ompound t he more basic p resumptive s hortcomings o f t he B inford's s tudy. Unfortunately, many methods applied t o t he s earch f or a rtifact c lass a ssociations s hare t hese k inds o f u nwarranted a nd u nfulfilled a ssumptions. F reeman ( 1978) a lso u ses Factor Analysis i n a s earch f or a rtifact c lass a ssociations a t t he Mousterian s ite Cueva Morin i n northern Spain. I n c ontrast t o t he B infords, F reeman i ncorporates l ocational i nformation i n h is analysis. Using i nformally d efined " areas" w ithin t he s ite s urface t hat, h e a rgues, h ave b ehavioural r elevance, h e analyzes a rtifact c lass counts f or t he a reas. Even t hough F reeman h as t he s ame p roblem w ith t he a ssumptions u nderlying Factor Analysis a s t he B infords, h is a ssociation s tudy r etains s patial i nformation b ecause t he u nits a nalyzed h ave l ocational r elevance. S till, h is s patial u nits a re i nformally d efined a nd h ave t he u sual p roblems w ith e valuation a nd r eplicability.

Quadrat Techniques. Many methods f or e xamining s patial a ssociations a re b ased on quadrat u nits. Most o f t hese t echniques i nvolve comparisons b etween observed a rtifact f requencies a nd modelled r andom d istributions. Some compare t he observed counts t o other a rtifact c lasses t o d etermine i f c oincidence i n t he d istributions i s p resent over s pace. For example, Dacey u ses a c hi-square t est on a c ontigency t able r ecording t he n umber o f c ells i n a g rid containing members o f t wo c lasses, one o f e ither c lass, o r n either c lass ( 1973). I n t his t echnique, s ignificant c hi-square v alues i ndicate e ither s eparation o r a ssociation b etween t he c lasses b ut c annot d istinguish b etween t hese t wo t ypes o f r elation. As h as b een d iscussed, a b asic p roblem w ith most quadrat t echniques, both f or pattern r ecognition a nd f or a ssociation, i nvolves t he i mposition o f a n a rbitrary g rid over t he d istribution u nder s tudy. I t h as b een noted ( e.g., Doran a nd Hodson 1 972; Hodder a nd O rton 1 976) t hat g rid position r elative t o extant patterning s everly e ffects t he o utcome o f quadrat-based a nalysis. B ecause p atterns a re n ot k nown a p riori, a g rid may e asily b e positioned s o a s t o b isect — concentrations o f material. This h as t he u nfortunate e ffect o f " creating" d ispersion where concentration i s r eally p resent b y f illing s everal c ells w ith f requency values. I n e xtreme c ases, t his r esults i n Type I I e rror, a nd a n ull hypothesis o f r andom patterning may b e a ccepted i n s tatistical t ests when t he d istribution i s c lustered. There i s, a t p resent, n o

4 3

a cceptable method f or d etermining i f a ssociation i s p resent b etween r andom patterns, s o t hat q uadrat methods r un t he r isk n ot only o f m istaking c lustered f or r andom d istributions b ut a lso o f f ailing t o d etect a ssociations among a rtifact c lasses when t hey e xist. All o f t hese p roblems c an a rise d ue s imply t o t he i nitial positioning o f t he c ollection g rid. Quadrat methods t end t o a ddress t he p roblem o f s patial c lustering a nd a ssociation o n a g lobal s cale--over t he d istribution a s a whole. This h as t wo r esults. F irst, a rtifact c lass a ssociations must o ccur o ver t he e ntire s ite s urface t o b e d etected. Local a ssociations a mong c lasses a nd t he possibility o f polythetic a ctivity a ssemblages a re m issed. S econd, b ecause a s ingle s tatistic i s p roduced t o c haracterize t he d egree o f i nter-class a ssociation, t he l ocation o f s uch a ssociation i s l ost. This i s c ompounded i n methods t hat u se r aw a rtifact c ounts a s t he b asic d ata b ecause c ertain a reas o f a s ite s urface ( refuse d umps a re a n e xample) may contain s o much o f t he material p resent a t t he s ite t hat t hey " dominate" t he a ssociation c omputations. When t he goal o f a nalysis i s t o i dentify a ctivity-specific t ool k its, t his b ecomes a n i mportant p roblem. A rtifact c lasses may h ave a g lobal a ssociation i ndicated b ecause o f t he overwhelming i nfluence o f r efuse d umps o n s tatistical c alculations. S uch a n a ssociation may h ave n othing t o d o w ith a ctivity a reas o r e ven g lobal patterns b ut w ill b e i nterpreted t hat way s ince t he r esearch d esign u sually d efines a ssociation a s h aving t his k ind o f meaning. Not a ll quadrat methods h ave t hese k inds o f f ailings. One t echnique, d eveloped s pecifically t o a ddress a rchaeological p roblems s uch a s t hese, was p roposed b y H ietala a nd S tevens ( 1977; s ee a bove). This method i nvolves t he p airwise c omparison o f q uadrat maps u sing p robability models f or e xamining a rtifact c lass a ssociation o ver s pace. The t echnique u ses a s eries o f n onparametric s tatistics f or c omparing a mong maps ( chi-square t ests, K endall's t au, l oglinear models d epending o n t he k inds o f a ssociation b eing considered). The method i s p romising a nd p roduces i nformative r esults, b ut i t s uffers i n t wo ways. Because i t i s q uadrat-based, t he p roblems w ith i nitial g rid p osition d iscussed above apply h ere. A s econd p roblem i nvolves s caling o f d ata t o t he l east i nformative c lass a nd w as a lso d iscussed e arlier. My own e xperience w ith t he t echnique would s uggest t hat t his i s a n i mportant p roblem, s ince t he d egree t o w hich c ells a re c ombined i nto l arger u nits t o s atisfy s tatistical r equirments s everely a ffects t he o utcome o f a nalysis. For e xample, i f t wo a rtifact c lasses ( one , abundant, o ne r are) a re c ompared b ased o n a meter-square g rid, t he c ells f or b oth c lasses must b e combined i n t he s ame way u ntil e xpected c ell f requencies f or t he r are c lass a re s ufficient f or s tatistical t esting. What constitutes a s ufficient c ell s ize i s a matter o f s ome d ebate. B lalock ( 1972) s ays t hat a m inimum v alue o f

4 4

o ne i s s ufficient. S iegal ( 1956) wants a n e xpected v alue o f f ive f or e ach c ell. I p erformed H ietala a nd S tevens' a nalysis o n d ata f rom Le F lageolet u sing b oth m inimum e xpected v alues. I n t he t est w here o ne w as c onsidered s ufficient, t here was n o a ssociation a mong t he a rtifact c lasses. I n t he t est w here f ive was c onsidered s ufficient, t he c lasses were a ssociated. The l umping o f c ell u nits i n H ietala a nd S teven's t echnique a lmost a lways p roduces f airly l arge s patial u nits f or c omparison ( that m ight obscure s maller-scale pattern a ssociation), a nd a nalytic r esults may b e c onditioned b y s tatistical d ecisions more t han i s d esireable.

Point Pattern Techniques. Examining s patial a ssociation a mong a rtifact c lasses u sing point p attern d ata i s n ot w ell d eveloped i n a rchaeology. Application o f t his k ind o f a pproach i ncludes s patial a utocorrelation ( Hodder a nd O rton 1 976: 1 75-83), v arious f orms o f n earest n eighbor a nalysis ( ibid: 2 02-7), a nd s ome f orms o f l ocal d ensity a nalysis ( Johnson 1 976). Spectral a nalysis ( Graham 1 980) h as b een u sed i n a rchaeology t o d etect s patial p atterning, b ut i ts meaning i s u nclear g iven t he a ssumptions u nderlying t his a stronomical t echnique. Random w alk s imulations h ave a lso b een a pplied t o p oint pattern d ata t o i dentify s patial a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses ( Hodder a nd Okell 1 978). Most o ften, point pattern a nalyses c oncentrate on i dentifying s patial u nits t hat a re u sed t o s earch f or pattern a ssociation w ith o ther s tatistics. The u se o f point pattern t echniques e xclusively i n t he p attern r ecognition p hase o f s patial a nalysis s eems r easonable, s ince t here i s n o r eason t o a ssume t hat a s ingle t echnique s hould o r c ould b e u sed t o c arry o ut a ll a spects o f what i s a c omplex a nalytic p roblem. The a pproach f avored b y many s patial a nalysts, a nd t hat t aken h ere, i nvolves t he u se o f s everal t echniques d esigned t o a ddress t he d ata a nd p roblems r elevant t o e ach s tage o f i nquiry. As w ill b e s een, t his a pproach c omprises t he u se o f k -means f or pattern r ecognition a nd t he a nalysis o f a ssociation a mong p atterns u sing d ifferent t echniques b ut b ased o n k -means r esults. I t i s c lear t hat a s earch f or pattern a ssociation i s o nly a s u seful a s a re t he u nits b eing c ompared. I h ave a lready a rgued t hat t he k -means p rocedure p rovides u seful u nits. This w ill b e i llustrated s hortly. The a pproach t o pattern a ssociation e mployed h ere u ses t hese u nits w ithin a n h euristic a nalytic f ramework. B ecause o f t his, b oth i nformal a nd f ormal ( i.e., s tatistical) methods w ill b e u sed i n a ttempts t o d etect p attern a ssociations.

4 5

PATTERN A SSOCIATION:

THE HEURISTIC APPROACH

All o f t he p reviously applied t echniques f or i dentifying spatial a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses h ave b een g uided b y a c oncern w ith d efining " tool k its". This i s n ot t he goal h ere. Thus, t he concept o f s patial a ssociation upon which method s election i s b ased i s d ifferent. The goal o f pattern r ecognition h ere i s t o c haracterize material d istributions i n s pace s o t hat t hey c an b e a ssessed i n t erms o f h omogeneity. As was d iscussed i n Chapter 2 , h omogeneity i s a r elational v ariable l inking v ariety i n content o f material a ccumulations w ith r elative abundance a t s pecific l ocations. As a f irst s tep, i t s eems r easonable t o e xpress t he composition o f a ccumulations i n t erms o f s ubsets--classifications--of t he material t hey contain. I n t his s tudy, c luster c ontent will b e e xpressed b y r eference t o a s eries o f a rtifact c lasses d efined b y p roduction t echnology. Abundance r eflects t he a mount o f materials p resent i n l ocations a nd w ill b e e xpressed h ere b y t he a bsolute n umber o f objects i n a n a ccumulation. Content w ill b e expressed b y t he p roportional r epresentation o f d istinct c lasses a t a g iven l ocus. Thus, a ssociation can r eflect c lasses t hat go t ogether o ver s pace i n t erms o f t heir c ooccurrence i n c lusters a nd i n t erms o f s imilar abundance p rofiles. Homogeneity w ill b e a ssessed i n t erms of h ow many a ssociations a re p resent over a s ite s urface a nd h ow consistent a ssociations a re w ith changing material abundance. I n t his c onception, t he a ssessment o f pattern a ssociation h as t wo a spects. The f irst i nvolves t he i dentification o f a ccumulations w here many o r a f ew a rtifact c lasses a re g rouped i n s pace. The s econd comprises s eparate a nalyses o f c ontent a nd a bundance over s pace a nd t he s ynthesis o f t hese i nto s tudies o f homogeneity. Data p roduced b y k -means a nalysis o f i ndividual a rtifact c lass d istributions s olve t he f irst p roblem. Statistical e xaminations o f t hese d ata u sing a s eries o f n onparametric t echniques a llow t he s econd p roblem t o b e a ddressed.

Heuristic

Z one Definition

I n a ttempting t o d efine a ssociations among a rtifact c lasses ( based o n variety i n content) t he r un s tatistics p roduced b y k -means c an b e u sed t o g enerate maps o f optimal c lustering s olutions. Solutions f or a v ariety o f c lasses c an even b e mapped t ogether a t s imilar s patial s calea. Visual i nspection o f t he overlay maps t hat r esult f rom mapping more t han one c lass s olution c an b e e asily c arried o ut t o d etermine i f t here a re g eneral a reas w ithin a s ite--accumulations--where c entroids a re concentrated a nd where RMS r adii overlap. F igure 2 1 i n Chapter 4 r epresents s uch a n overlay map g enerated f rom t en s eparate

4 6

k -means r uns. The d ecision o f how much c entroid concentration a nd RMS overlap c onstitute a n " accumulation" i s a n i ntuitive one. The k -means maps a re u sed i n h euristic f ashion, s o t hat b asic data d escription i s a ccomplished mechanically a nd i ntuition operates o n r educed a nd c larified p atterns. As w ill b e s een i n t he s tudies t hat f ollow, a ccumulation d efinition b ased o n overlay maps i s u sually quite s traightforward. A b rief d igression c oncerning t he u se o f i nformal t echniques a t t his s tage o f a nalysis i s appropriate. During t he course o f r esearch, a ttempts w ere made t o quantify s patial coincidence a mong k -means maps. These a ttempts continue. One approach i nvol ve d c omparing maps b y d etermining t he a rea o f overlapping c ircles. At f irst, t his s eemed a f ruitful approach, computations w ere n ot complicated, r equiring only measures o f d istance a mong c luster c entroids a nd t he u se o f RMS t o calculate c luster overlap. A basic p roblem a rose w ith t his method, h owever. As was d iscussed earlier, t he r elation b etween t he RMS r adius a nd t he d ensity a nd d ispersal o f materials a ssociated w ith a c luster i s c omplex. A n umber o f f actors a ffect t he RMS i n a v ariety o f ways, a nd t he n ature o f t hese i nfluences must b e s tudied i n d etail b efore a u seful a ssociation s tatistic c an b e p roposed. Attempts a t quantifying i nter-class a ssociations b ased o n k -means a nalysis were ( temorarily, a t l east) a bandoned i n f avor o f more d irect a nd s imple t echniques. Thus, a d ecision was made t o u se k -means a nalysis h euristically .ive a nd t o r ely on i ntuit methods f or d efining a reas o f material a ccumulation over a s ite s urface. These would t hen s erve a s u nits f or e xamining a rtifact c lass a ssociations over s pace a nd h omogeneity a mong a ccumulations. I n e ach o f t he s ites a nalyzed a s c ase s tudies, a s eries o f k -means r uns a re p erformed on i ndividual a rtifact c lass d istributions. These a re c ombined on overlay maps a t d ifferent optimal c lustering l evels b ased o n c entroid a nd RMS s tatistics. Maps a re i nspected i n o rder t o d efine s patial u nits t hat w ill b e c alled " zones" a nd t hat c orrespond t o d iscrete a reas o f material a ccumulation. Specifically, z ones w ill b e d efined b ased o n overlay maps when k -means c luster c entroids a re c oncentrated and RMS c ircles overlap. I mportant c haracteristics o f z ones a re t hat t hey a re h euristically d efined a nd h ave s patial r elevance. I n p ractice, z ones w ill b e d efined i n s everal w ays. One condition t hat w ill r esult i n z one d efinition i s many c luster c entroids c oncentrated i n a s mall s pace w ith e xtensive overlap a mong t heir RMS c ircles. A s econd c ondition t hat w ill r esult i n z one d efinition i s t he c lear s patial s eparation o f a s et o f c entroids f rom s urrounding z ones, i .e., l ittle RMS overlap w ith member c lusters o f other z ones. Z ones a re a lso d istinguished when t here i s s ubstantial overlap i n RMS w ithin t wo g roups o f c lusters a nd l ess overlap b etween t hem, even i f t he c entroids a re

4 7

r elatively c lose t ogether. F inally, a z one w ill b e d efined when a s et o f c lusters i s b ounded b y a s eries o f other z ones h aving t he a bove c haracteristics, e ven i f t he s et i tself i s d iffuse. Z ones a re a lways c omprised o f more t han one c luster. C lusters t hat a re s eparate f rom a ll o thers i n s pace a re t ermed i solates. I t s hould b e e vident t hat t his a pproach t o z one d efinition w ill p roduce s patial u nits t hat d o n ot n ecessarily r epresent t he s ame k ind o f r elation a mong a rtifact c lass c lusters. However, i n t heir variability, t hese u nits h ave t he a dvantage o f r etaining a ny l ocal variation i n s patial patterning. The method's p rimary d isadvantage i s t he s ubjective n ature o f z one d efinition. As t he method i s a pplied, t he d ecision-making p rocess w ill b e d iscussed i n l ight o f t his s ubjectivity, a nd t he c riteria f or s pecific z one b oundary d efinitions w ill b e made e xplicit s o t hat t he n ature o f t he h euristic a nalysis w ill b e c lear.

Global Association

a mong A rtifact C lasses

Using z ones d efined i n t his way, a s eries o f t echniques w ill b e u sed t o d etermine i f a rtifact c lasses a ssociate w ith others over s pace a nd t o e xamine h omogeneity w ithin a nd b etween a ccumulations. The f irst method employed a fter p attern r ecognition i s d esigned t o i dentify a ssociations a mong c lasses. Objects w ithin a z one a re c ounted b y c lass, t he c ounts a re c onverted t o r anks w ithin c lasses, a nd correlation a nalysis i s p erformed o n t he r esultant r ank matrix. B ecause, a s w ill b e s een, k -means a nalysis i dentifies s everal optimal s olutions f or e very d istribution a nalyzed, c orrelation i s a ssessed a t multiple s cales o f s patial r efinement. Rank o rder c orrelation i s u sed h ere f or s everal r easons. The most i mportant i nvolves potential p roblems a rising f rom t he u se o f c orrelation measures o n r aw c ounts ( cf. Speth a nd Johnson 1 976). The b est k nown c orrelation measures a re p arametric a nd a ssume t hat t he v ariable d istributions u nder s tudy a re n ormal. For a rchaeological d ata, t his a ssumption may n ot h old a nd must b e d emonstrated. Nonparametric s tatistics, i ncluding r ank-order c orrelation, d o n ot make t his a ssumption o f d ata d istributions ( Siegal 1 956). Most n onparametric s tatistics i nvolve c onversion o f d ata t o o rdinal s cales, a nd r anks r epresent t his l evel o f d ata expression. Nonparametric s tatistics h ave t he a dded a dvantage o f r elative r obusticity e ven when s amples a re s mall ( Blalock 1 972) , As w ill b e s een i n t he n ext c hapter, t his i s t he c ase f or a rtifact counts i n many o f t he s patial z ones d efined d uring t he a rchaeological c ase s tudies.

4 8

To d etermine i f i ndividual a rtifact c lasses a ssociate over s pace, Spearman's r ho s tatistic f or r ank o rder correlation i s c alculated b etween e ach pair o f a rtifact c lasses. The b asic s trategy i s a s f ollows:

1 ) K -means a nalysis i s performed c lass point d istributions.

on

s eparate

a rtifact

2 ) All optimal c lustering s olutions b etween one f ifteen c lusters a re i dentified b y i nflections l og(%SSE) p lots f or e ach a rtifact c lass.

a nd i n

3 ) Overlay maps f or a ll a rtifact c lasses a re p roduced a t e ach i dentified c lustering s cale. The s olutions f or a ll c lasses c omprising t he f ewest c lusters a re mapped a t a l ow s cale s olution. Solutions w ith t he g reatest n umber o f c lusters a re c ombined f or a h igh s cale s olution. Middle-range s olutions a re mapped t ogether a t t he medium s cale. 4 )

Z ones

a re

d efined

5 ) The n umber e ach z one.

o f

f or

e ach overlay map.

a rtifacts

i n e ach c lass

a re

6 )

Raw c ounts a re converted t o w ithin-class example, t he z one w ith t he most e ndscrapers h as o ne, t he z one w ith t he s econd l argest population has a r ank o f t wo, a nd s o f orth.

c ounted

f or

r anks; f or a r ank o f e ndscraper

7 ) Spearman's r ho i s c alculated f or a r ank matrix where a rtifact c lasses a re r ows a nd z ones a re c olumns. Correlations a re c omputed b etween pairs o f a rtifact c lasses. 8 )

Rho v alues

a re

Spearman's c alculate:

a ssessed

r ank

f or

o rder

s ignificance.

s tatistic

i s

s imple

t o

2

6 [ED ) r ho = 1 -

i =1 2 N (N 1)

where N r epresents t he t otal n umber i s t he d ifference b etween r anks

4 9

o f c ases ( zones) a nd D f or a g iven c ase. The

value t hus obtained can r ange f rom + 1 w hen t here i s perfect a ggreement among a ll r ank v alues f or t wo c lasses ( here, p erfect a ssociation), t hrough 0 when t here i s n o r elation, t o 1 when t he r ank v alues a re p erfectly opposite ( the c lasses a re s eparated i n s pace). S ignificance c an b e a ssessed f or e ach c orrelation s tatistic b ased on t he s ample s ize i nvolved a nd t he magnitude o f t he c orrelation v alue. S ignificance i s h ere e xamined u sing a n ormal d eviate a nd i s c omputed a s f ollows:

r -0 z= 1 /N-1

Z i s e valuated u sing a z -table a t p redetermined s ignificance l evels. The s ignificance l evel e mployed h ere i s ( p < . 05), a lthough b oth h igher ( p < . 01) a nd l ower ( p < . 1) l evels a re s ometimes d iscussed. For a ll correlation t ests, t he n ull h ypothesis b eing t ested i s: H O: The observed correlation c oefficient i s n ot h igher t hat would b e e xpected d ue t o c hance g iven t he s ample s izes i nvolved. Using t his s trategy, t here i s a 5 % c hange o f Type I E rror, r ejecting t he n ull hypothesis w hen i t i s t rue. Conversely, w e c an b e 9 5% s ure t hat c orrelations d efined a s s ignificant r epresent s ystematic c oincidence i n r ank v alues b etween a rtifact c lasses. The u se o f r ank o rder correlation a llows a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses t o b e i dentified o n a g lobal l evel, i .e., over a n e ntire a rchaeological s urface c haracterized a s a s eries o f a ccumulations. S uch a g lobal measure i s u seful, s ince i t g ives a n i ndication o f s ite-wide r elationships. Moreover, b ecause s everal d ifferent r efinement s cales a re a nalyzed f or e ach s ite, c hanges i n g lobal r elations a mong a rtifacts c an b e e xamined t hrough t he s equence. However, l ocal a ssociation a mong c lasses i s n ot a ssessed u sing t his c orrelation t echnique.

Local Association a mong A rtifact Classes The p roblem o f l ocal a ssociation i n s pace i s s omewhat more c omplex t han g lobal a ssessment o f c orrelation. To d etermine o f t here a re a ssociations a mong c lasses t hat m ight b e p resent i n a f ew l ocations a cross a s ite s urface, a t echnique i s r equired t hat r etains a t l east s ome o f t he i ndividuality o f s pecific z ones. S uch a t echnique must a lso a llow z ones o f d iffering r ichness t o b e c ompared w ithout r ich z ones overpowering s parse o nes b ecause o f

5 0

t heir n umerical s uperiority. Unfortunately, n o s tatistical methods e xist t hat f ulfill t hese r equirements. A s a p reliminary a ttempt a t l ocal a ssociation a ssessment, a n h euristic a nd i ntuitive a pproach i s t aken h ere. The e xamination o f l ocal v ariation i n a rtifact a ssociation w ill b e r eferred t o a s " content a nalysis" i n t he s tudies t o f ollow. This s pecific t erm i s u sed b ecause i t i s t he v ariation i n z one c omposition a t v arious l evels o f r esolution t hat i s o f c oncern. No f ormal method i s e mployed i n c omparing z one c ontents. I nstead, c ounts f or i ndividual a rtifact c lasses a re s tandardized t o e liminate " noise" p roduced b y r elative a bundance w ithin a nd b etween z ones, a nd t he s tandardized v alues a re d isplayed a nd e valuated v isually. The s tandardization p rocedure u tilized h ere i s n ot n ew t o a rchaeology, b ut i t h as n ot b een u sed o ften. B inford a pplies t he t echnique t o compare b etween b one a ssemblages s howing v ariability i n t he n umber a nd k ind o f a nimals p resent ( 1977, 1 978a, 1 981). He u ses t he m ethod t o " iron o ut" abundance r elated c ounting p roblems f requently e ncountered i n c omparing f aunal d ata. I t i s f or s imilar r easons t hat t he s ame s tandardizations a re e mployed h ere. S tandardization o f d ata i s a ccomplished u sing a r ather s imple f ormula. I n t wo d ifferent d imensions--by r ow ( artifact c lass) a nd b y c olumn ( zones)-matrices o f r aw a rtifact c ounts a re e xpressed a s p ercentages o f t he maximum v alue i n a d imension. Two s tandardized matrices a re t hus p roduced f rom e ach r aw c ount t able: a c lass maximum a nd a z one maximum matrix. The f irst f our s teps o f t he s tandardization p rocedure a re i dentical t o t hose e mployed i n correlation a nalysis ( see a bove). S ucceeding s teps a re a s f ollows:

5 ) To p roduce c lass maximum v alues, e ach c ell i n t he matrix i s d ivided b y t he maximum v alue i n i ts r ow a nd t he r esult i s multiplied b y 1 00. A n ew matrix i s obtained r epresenting t he p ercentage o f t he r ichest o ccurrence o f a n a rtifact c lass c ontained i n e ach z one. Class maximum matrices h ave t he f ollowing c haracteristics: ( a) t here i s a maximum v alue o f 1 00 p resent i n e very r ow, r epresenting t he l ocation o f maximum a bundance f or t he a rtifact c lass, a nd ( b ) o ther r ow v alues r epresent t he p ercentage o f t he maximum v alue p resent i n e ach z one. Class maximum s tandardization r educes t he e ffects o f r elative a bundance w ithin a rtifact c lasses s o t hat t he d istribution o f a bundance i tself c an b e e xamined over s pace. Variation i n c lass maximum values i ncreases a s c lasses a re c oncentrated i n a f ew l ocations, s o t hat h igh v alues i n o ne o r t wo c olumns ( zones) i nsures l ow v alues i n o thers. 6 ) Z one maximum s tandardization i s p erformed w ithin c olumns o f t he r aw d ata matrix r ather t han w ithin r ows.

5 1

The s ame calculations a re carried o ut. All c ell v alues i n a c olumn a re d ivided b y t he l argest c ell value i n t he column, a nd t he r esult i s multiplied b y 1 00. Each c olumn h as a t l east one maximum v alue o f 1 00. This matrix expresses z one contents a s p ercentages o f t he r ichest c lass i n t he z one. Using z one maximum s tandardization, z one contents c an b e c ompared w ith v ariation i n overall z one r ichness c ontrolled. I n o ther words, r ich z ones c an b e c ompared d irectly t o s parse ones. 7 ) Results o f s tandardization t echniques d escribed b elow.

a re

d isplayed

u sing

Class a nd z one maximum s tandardizations a re u seful b ecause t hey p rovide t wo d ifferent p erspectives on t he d ata a nd r etain l ocal d ifferences a mong z ones. S ample s ize variation i s controlled i n t wo d imensions, y et t he e ffects o f v ariability i n material a bundance c an b e e xamined over t he s ite s urface. I n a ddition, l ocal v ariation c an b e examined t hrough c omparisons a mong s patial u nits o n a s ingle measurement s cale. I t s hould b e pointed o ut h ere t hat, while s tandardized d ata p rovide s ome measure o f c omparabiltiy among z ones o f d ifferent r ichness, t he e ffects o f s tochastic v ariation o n v ery s parse z ones ( those w ith f ew a rtifacts) may b e g reat. This i s e specially t he c ase f or z one maximum values i n s parse z ones; t he a ddition o r s ubtraction o f a f ew a rtifacts o f a g iven c lass m ight d ramatically a lter t he z one p rofile i f t here a re f ew a rtifacts a ltogether. C lass maximum v alues c an a lso b e a ffected b y s tochastic p rocesses o f t his k ind f or a rtifact c lasses t hat a re p oorly r epresented i n t he s ite a s a whole. However, t his i s l ess o f a p roblem i n t he s tudies t hat f ollow, s ince most a rtifact c lasses h ave r easonable s ample s izes. The potential e ffects o f s tochastic v ariation s hould b e k ept i n m ind a s t he r eader p rogresses t hrough t he c ase s tudies. I n particular, v isual s creening o f c ontent p rofile g raphs must b e c arried o ut w ith t hese potential e ffects i n m ind. This c annot b e s tressed t oo s trongly a nd w ill b e c onsidered a gain l ater a s s pecific a nalysis a re d iscussed. To make c onsideration o f c ontent p rofiles e asier, a d isplay method w ill b e employed t hat a llows s tandardized v alues t o b e r epresented g raphically. The i llustrative t echnique was o riginally b orrowed f rom geologists, who u se i t t o d epict t he c omposition o f s ediment s amples. A rchaeological u sage h as b een i n i llustrating a ssemblage c omposition ( e.g., Delporte a nd Maziere 1 977; R igaud 1 978, 1 982) : The d isplay i nvolves a c ircular g raph. A c ircle, t he c ircumference r epresenting a maximum v alue ( here 1 00% o f t he possible maximum), i s s egmented b y e quidistant r adii. The r adii a re a ssigned t o a rtifact c lasses a nd r uled f rom z ero a t t he c enter t o 1 00 a t t he p erimeter.

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The s tandardized v alue f or e ach a rtifact c lass i s l ocated a long t he c orresponding r adius, a nd t hese p oints a re connected. A polygon w ithin t he c ircle i s p roduced i n t his way. P eaks i n t he p olygon r epresent c lasses t hat h ave h igher s tandardized v alues t han o thers. To f acilitate c omparisons, s pecific a rtifact c lasses a re a lways l ocated o n t he s ame r adius o n a ll g raphs. Thus, g raphs a re c omparable b etween l evels o f s patial r efinement a s well a s b etween z ones a t t he s ame r efinement s cale. At e very c lustering s olution l evel, a z one d efined o n t he overlay map w ill h ave t wo content p rofiles a nd t wo c ircular g raphs. One p rofile d epicts c lass maximum s tandardized v alues f or t he z one; t he o ther i llustrates z one maximum s tandardized v alues. For t he Aurignacian l evels f rom L e F lageolet I , t he a rtifact c lasses e mployed i n t he a nalyses a re t he s ame. Therefore, c ontent p rofiles a lso a llow c omparison a mong a rchaeological l evels a t t hat s ite.

Examining Homogeneity over

a S ite S urface

F inally, t o a ssess h omogeneity i n z one c ontents a t a p articular s patial s cale a nd t o e xamine c hanges i n h omogeneity b etween s cales ( in s hort, t o p rovide t he means f or evaluating t he models p resented i n Chapter 2 ), t he n onparametric c orrelation matrix p roduced a t e ach s cale o f s patial r esolution w ill a gain b e u sed. At a g iven s olution l evel, h omogeneity w ill b e c haracterized b y t he p ercentage o f a ll possible c orrelations t hat a re positive a nd s ignificant. This p ercentage c an b e p lotted o ver a ll s olution s cales f or a d istribution f rom l argest t o s mallest, i n o rder t o s ee c hanges i n t he p attern o f z one c ontent a nd a bundance. By e xpressing h omogeneity w ith t his p ercentage, t he a mount o f potential a rtifact c lass r elationships t hat a ctually e xist can b e e xamined a nd c ompared b etween l evels. For e xample, a p ercentage v alue o f 8 5% i ndicates a v ery h omogeneous s eries o f z ones s ince many a rtifact c lasses a re p resent i n s imilar r elative a bundance over t he e ntire s ite s urface, i .e., t here i s n ot much v ariety i n z one c ontent t hat c annot b e a ttributed t o s ample s ize. A l ow p ercentage value i s e xpected when o nly c ertain a rtifact c lasses g o t ogether i n s pecific p laces while o ther c lasses a re i ndependent o r h ave o ther p attern a ssociations. This c ondition i mplies a v ariety o f z ones i n t erms o f t heir contents. Both abundance a nd c ontent a re a ccounted f or i n t his p ercentage f igure b y u sing r ank o rder c orrelations ( reflecting abundance) b y a rtifact c lass ( reflecting c ontent).

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OUTLINE REVIEW OF THE ANALYTIC S EQUENCE In s ummary, the methods o f a nalysis d iscussed i n t his chapter w ill b e applied i n i dentical s equence t o t he spatial d istributions f rom P incevent a nd t wo a rchaeological l evels f rom Le Flageolet I . A b rief r eview of t he t echniques t o b e employed a nd t he p roposed a nalytic s equence i n outline f orm would s eem appropriate a t t his point:

A .

Stage

I Analysis:

1 . K -means c luster d istributions.

Pattern Recognition.

analysis o f

i ndividual

2 . Examination of t he l og(%SSE) p lots run t o i dentify optimal s olutions f or d istribution.

a rtifact

c lass

f or e ach c lustering e ach a rtifact c lass

3 . Examination of maps p roduced w ith k -means r un s tatistics ( centroids a nd RMS) f or i ndividual a rtifact c lasses t o a ssess patterns w ithin a nd b etween c lass d istributions.

B . Stage Definition

I I

Analysis:

Pattern

Association,

Z one

1 . P roduction of overlay maps a t a v ariety o f s olution s cales u sing k -means r un s tatistics f or i ndividual c lass d istributions: Heuristic d efinition o f z ones f or e ach map.

C . Stage Analysis

I II

Analysis:

Pattern

Association,

Content

1 . P roduction o f a rtifact c lass f requency c ounts b y z one f or e ach k -means s olution l evel. A rtifact c lasses f orm t he r ows — a nd z ones f orm t he c olumns i n t he r esulting f requency matrix. 2 . Analysis o f g lobal a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses. Raw f requencies p roduced i n A :(1) r eplaced b y r ow r anks. Spearman's r ho u sed t o d efine c orrelations among a rtifact c lass pairs. Correlations t ested f or s ignificance. Correlation a nalysis i s carried out f or a ll s olution s cales d efined i n B :(1). 3 . Heuristic e xamination o f l ocal variation i n z one content. Raw f requencies a re s tandardized i n t wo d imensions: a s percentages o f r ow ( class) maximum c ell values a nd o f c olumn ( zone) maximum c ell v alues. C ircular g raphs p roduced t o d isplay varieties o f content p rofiles. Raw f requency t ables p roduced i n B :(2) a re t reated i n t his manner f or a ll s olution s cales.

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4 . Examination o f z one h omogeneity. The p ercent o f e ach c orrelation t able p roduced i n B :(3) comprising s ignificant positive r elations a mong c lasses i s c alculated f or e ach s olution l evel. I n a ll c omputations, ( p < . 05) i s considered s ignificant. 5 . Examination o f c hanging h omogeneity w ith c hanging s patial r efinement. Percentage v alues obtained i n B :(4) a re p lotted f or a ll s olution s cales d efined f or a s ingle a rchaeological d istribution. These p lots a re c ompared t o models d iscussed i n Chapter 2 .

C .

I nterpretation o f Results.

1 . All a nalyses p erformed f or a n a rchaeological d iscussed a nd i nferences d rawn f rom r esults.

l evel

a re

I n t he f ollowing c hapters, t his a nalytic p rocess w ill b e applied t o a rtifact d istributions f rom t hree Upper P aleolithic o ccupation l evels. I n a ll o f t hese c ase s tudies, r elationships b etween t he r esults o f s patial a nalyses, f ormal a nd i nformal, a nd other c haracteristics o f t he a rchaeological r ecord u nder examination w ill b e d iscussed. I n o rder t o make t he r esults o f s patial a nalyses more u nderstandable, a nd i n o rder t o p rovide h euristic means f or e valuating r esults a t e ach a nalytic s tage, e lements o f a rchaeological context w ill b e u sed i n making i nferences about quantitative observations. Elements l ike h earth f eatures, t opography a t t he s ites u nder i nvestigation, a nd t he overall configuration o f a vailable s pace w ill b e considered i n a ssessing a nd i nterpreting s patial a nalyses. For t his r eason, g eneral d iscussions o f t he t wo s ites, i ncluding p revious a nalyses a nd i nterpretions, w ill p receed e ach d etailed s patial a nalysis. These d iscussions w ill b e r eferred t o f requently d uring t he p resentation o f s patial i nvestigations a nd a re i ntegral t o t he h euristic approach.

TERMINOLOGY I n c oncluding t his c hapter on a nalysis, a b rief consideration o f t he t erminology employed i n c ase s tudies i s i n o rder. Terminology i s a n i mportant e lement i n t he i nvestigations which f ollow. Words w ill b e u sed r ather p recisely, a nd t he meanings i mplied h ere may d iffer s lightly f rom n ormal u sage. A ny s uch d ifferences i nvolve more e xact meanings t han may b e c urrent. Many o f t he t erms h ave a lready b een d iscussed i n t his a nd t he p receeding c hapters. However, o ther t erms r equire d efinition a s well, a nd t hese o ften r efer t o a spects o f t he a rchaeological r ecord t hat w ill b e i ntegrated w ith

5 5

quantitative

r esults.

Terms Referring

t o

t he A rchaeological R ecord

The f irst s et o f t erms t o b e d efined r efer t o g eneral c haracteristics o f t he a rchaeological r ecord a nd t he d ata t o b e a nalyzed. The b asic s patial u nit f or a nalysis, c omprising a ll a rtifacts o ccurring w ithin a d istribution, i s t he s urface. This t erm c orresponds t o t he F rench s ol d 'habitat a nd i s a ssumed t o r epresent a n a rea i nhabited o r u sed b y h umans d uring a s ingle " occupation" o f a s ite. A s ynonym f or s urface i s f loor. Occupation h ere r efers t o a n a nalytic u nit: t he f inest, a rchaeologically d iscerned s tratigraphic e ntity. This t erm i s s ynonomous w ith a rchaeological l evel a nd may, i n f act, r epresent s everal b rief periods o f a ctual s ite u se w hich c annot b e d istinguished b y a rchaeological means ( e.g., s edimentology, l ithic c onjoining, m icrostatigraphy, e tc.). A s urface may contain f eatures o r t he r emains o f h uman a ctivity t hat i nvolve multiple objects ( in e ssence, w ere c onstructed o f parts) a nd t hat a re r estricted i n s patial e xtent y et c over more o f t he s urface t han d oes a s ingle a rtifact. A s pecific t ype o f f eature r elated t o t he u se o f f ire ( virtually a ll o f t hose c onsidered h ere) i s a h earth. Hearths a re f requently c onstructed o f i gneous o r metamorphic r ocks i mported t o s ites f or t his particular u se. The part o f a s urface i mmediately s urrounding a h earth w ill b e r eferred t o a s a n a rea; a rea i s a g eneral t erm a nd does n ot r efer t o a nalytically d efined s paces. Another t erm u sed t o r efer t o g eneralized parts o f a s urface i s s ector. S ector w ill b e u sed t o d esignate a n e xtensive part o f a s ite s urface s eparated f rom o ther parts b y contextual, e .g., t opographic, c haracteristics.

Terms R eferring

t o Aspects

o f Spatial Analyses

Terms t hat a re u sed t o d escribe a spects o f s patial a nalysis h ave b een d iscussed, b ut t hey a re r eiterated h ere f or r eference. Analytic t erms r efer b oth t o characteristics o f k -means a nalysis a nd t o more g eneral concepts d erived f rom s pecific s tudies. The most b asic t erm u sed h ere i s p attern. P attern w ill r efer t o a n o rganized a rrangement o f materials over a s urface. Patterns c an b e d escribed, f or e xample i n t erms o f clusters, b ut while c lusters a re d efined a nalytically, patterns a re p resent i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. They a re empirical p henomena. A c luster r efers t o a s ingle s patial u nit d efined b y k -means a nalysis o f a n a rtifact c lass d istribution i n a— s ingle s olution. A c luster h as a c entroid expressed a s coordinates i n s pace a nd d efined b y

5 6

a veraging t he x and y coordinate values o f c luster members. A c luster h as a s ize d efined b y t he RMS r adius ( a r adius f rom t he c entroid w ithin which 6 6% o f a ll c luster members a re l ocated). A l arge c luster h as a l ong RMS, b ut t his u sually means t hat i t i s a d ispersed c oncentration o f points. A s mall c luster h as a s hort RMS r adius a nd u sually r epresents a compact a nd d ense concentration of points. The n umber o f a rtifacts making up a c luster i s i ts point f requency. Thus, a p oint f requency r efers only t o a s ingle a rtifact c lass. S everal t erms r efer t o t he k -means c lustering p rocess. As was d iscussed e arlier, e very k -means r un p roduces a s eries of S SE s tatistics b y s umming the s quared d istances b etween a ll points i n a ll c lusters a nd t heir n earest c entroid a t e ach c luster s olution l evel. This s tatistic i s u sed i n s earching f or optimal s olutions f or a g iven d istribution. The S SE i s t ransformed t o p roduce t he l og(%SSE) which i s a s calar measure o f t he c hange i n c lustering e fficacy f rom s olution t o s olution. I nflections i n a p lot of t he l og(%SSE) a gainst s olution l evels i ndicates optimal d escriptions o f t he d ata d istributions. As t he k -means p rocedure f inds c luster s olutions f rom one t o a s many c lusters a s t he u ser s tipulates, t he p rocess passes t hrough a s eries o f c luster l evels. At e ach l evel ( i.e., one, t wo, t o k ), t he p rocedure f inds a s olution, r epresenting t he " best" d ivision o f t he d istribution i nto t hat many c lusters, by m inimizing t he S SE. Optimal s olutions a re t hose t hat t he l og(%SSE) p lot i dentifies a s patterns i n t he d istribution. I n t he d iscussions t hat f ollow, t he a djectives l ow a nd h igh a re u sed t o qualify " level" a nd " solution". These t erms r elate t o t he k -means s equence: l ower l evels a re t hose f ormed e arly i n t he r un a nd a re c omprised o f f ewer c lusters, a nd h igher l evels a re f ormed l ater a nd a re made u p o f more c lusters. For e ach k -means a nalysis o f a n a rtifact d istribution, s everal optimal s olutions a re e xpected. These c an b e o rganized, f or purposes o f comparison among d istributions, a long a s cale f rom l ow l evel t o h igh l evel. One a rtifact c lass d istribution may h ave optimal s olutions when, f or example, t wo a nd f ive a nd e ight c lusters a re d istinguished. A s econd a rtifact c lass may h ave optimal s olutions a t t hree, f ive, a nd e leven c luster c onfigurations. I n c omparing t hese t wo c lasses, l ow s cale s olutions i nclude t he t wo c luster pattern f rom t he f irst a nd t he t hree c luster s olution f rom t he s econd. While t he absolute n umber o f c lusters i s s lightly d ifferent, t he s cale r elationship o f t he c luster l evels b eing compared f or t he t wo d istributions i s t he s ame. I n t his e xample, a medium , s cale c an b e d istinguished w ith a f ive c luster s olution f rom t he f irst c lass a nd a f ive c luster s olution f rom t he s econd. High s cale s olutions a lso o ccur i n b oth c lass d istributions.

5 7

To c ompare b etween i ndividual k -means r uns, c lusters a t s imilar s cales a re mapped t ogether u sing c entroid a nd RMS s tatistics, p roducing a n overlay"Map c orresponding t o a s ingle s cale o f s patial r efinement. Based o n t hese maps, z ones c an b e d efined h euristically when c entroids a re concentrated a nd/or RMS r adii overlap among c lusters o r when more d iffuse c lusters a re bounded b y c ompact z ones. Each s urface may contain f ew o r many z ones a t every s olution s cale. I ndividual p ieces o r c lusters t hat a re s o f ar a way f rom a ll o ther c lusters a s t o h ave n o RMS overlap a re t ermed i solates. I t s hould b e n oted t hat i ndividual a rtifacts may b e parts o f z ones. Also, a z one i s a n a nalytic concept; i t may t hus occur i n a n a rea, i .e., n ear a h earth, b ut cannot a lone c ompose a n a rea. F inally, once c luster z ones a nd i solates a re i dentified a t a v ariety o f s cales, t hey must b e characterized f or f urther analysis. A z one can b e described i n t erms o f i ts c ontent, r eferring t o t he point f requencies f or a ll a rtifact c lass c lusters c omposing t he z one. Content f or a g iven c lass i s c alculated b y s umming point f requencies f or a ll c lusters o f a c lass i n a z one, and content i ncludes z ero values f or c lasses h aving n o c lusters i n t he z one. With t hese d efinitions i n m ind, we t urn n ow t o applications o f h euristic s patial a nalysis. The f irst c ase s tudy e xamines t he a rtifact d istributions a t t he Upper Paleolithic s ite a t P incevent. Then, t wo occupations u ncovered a t t he Upper Paleolithic r ockshelter s ite Le Flageolet I a re a nalyzed u sing t he s ame p rocedures. These s tudies a re c ompared a t t he e nd o f t his volume i n t erms o f d epositional c haracteristics i nferred f rom s patial a nalyses a nd e valuation o f t he models p resented i n Chapter 2 .

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CHAPTER 4 P INCEVENT

S ECTION

3 6:

L EVEL

I V(2)

I NTRODUCTION The Magdalenian o ccupation s ite a t P incevent ( Seine-et-Marne) i s one o f t he most i nteresting Upper P aleolithic l ocalities k nown i n Europe. Extensive a nalyses h ave b een p erformed a nd p ublished b y t he e xcavators ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 966, 1 972). Because much o f t he a nalysis t hat f ollows d epends h eavily o n t he i nterpretations p resented b y Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon, i t s eems appropriate t o i ntroduce t he s ite, a s d escribed i n t heir monograph, i n s ome d etail. This d iscussion w ill s erve t o a cquaint t he r eader w ith t he s ite i tself a nd t o o utline d ata a nd i nterpretations t hat w ill b e r elevant t o t he p resent s tudy. P incevent i s t hat r arest o f a rchaeological f inds, a s eries o f well-preserved Paleolithic o ccupation s urfaces. The a rea d esignated " Section 3 6" h as y ielded f ive a rchaeological l evels w ithin a d eep s equence o f f lood s ilts a nd v arves. R ich Upper Paleolithic s urfaces o ccur i n Level IV, which s eems t o e xtend over o ne a nd one-half h ectares. P reservation a t P incevent r esulted f rom r apid b urial o f cultural d eposits b y g entle f looding. I t s eems t hat t he Magdalenian o ccupations o f t he s ite o ccurred d uring a period o f considerable r iver movement. The s ite was o ccupied when d ry a nd quickly b uried a s waters r ose. L enses o f g ravel a nd s and a re f ound w ithin t he s ilt s equence, i ndicating t hat t he S eine moved over, t he l ocation b etween o ccupations. The t wo meters o f f lood s ilts, f requently d iscernible a s v arve s equences, s uggests t hat l ow t ransport s trength c haracterized t he d eposition. Deposits w ere r apidly p rotected f rom t he r avages o f w eather a nd s cavengers, yet t heir s patial i ntegrety s eems t o h ave b een l ittle d isturbed d uring i nundation. Two m icrostratigraphic o ccupation l evels can b e d iscerned w ithin Level IV. L evel I V(4) i s a n e arly a nd n ot v ery d ense l ayer t hat may r elate t o t he Habitation 1 l ocus ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 966). A much d enser l ayer, I V(2), o ccurs h igher i n t he s ilts, a nd t his w as e xcavated over 6 00 s quare meters o f s urface. Twenty-three f eatures, over 9 4,000 k g. o f f lint, t he r emains o f a t l east, 4 3 r eindeer ( Rangifer t arandus), a nd masses o f f ire-cracked r ock, manganese a nd i ron o xides, e tc., w ere r ecovered f rom t he I V(2) occupation s urface. All f inds a re mapped a nd r egistered, p roviding a c omplete a nd r ich data b ase f or d etailed s patial analysis.

The monograph o n P incevent S ection 3 6 b egins w ith B rezillon's d iscussion o f t he l ithic materials. H e n otes a r ather h igh p ercentage o f b acked b ladelets i n t he a ssemblage, a nd a l ow b urin count. P ercoirs ( awls) a lso o ccur i n g reater n umbers t han e xpected f or t his Magdalenian p hase. " Topographic Analyses", o r t he e xamination o f s patial d istributions, i s t hen u ndertaken f or a ll materials r ecovered. The s patial a rrangement o f e ach material c lass ( e.g., f ire-cracked r ock, ocre, b urins, a ntlers) i s e xamined s eparately a nd t he f indings i ntegrated i nto a n i nterpretation o f t he s ite. During t hese a nalyses, a s eries o f o bservations a re made b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon t hat w ill b e r elevant t o t his s tudy. F irst, t he t wenty-three f eatures u ncovered s eem t o b e g rouped i nto f our t ypes. The t hree l argest f eatures a re c oncentrations o f a sh, b urnt b one, a nd f ragmented r ock w ithin s hallow, s lab-lined d epressions. These a re i nterpreted a s t he r emains o f c entral h earth s tructures ( fr. f oyers) a nd s eem t o b e t he f ocus o f much s urrounding d eposition. Flat, u nlined h earths o ccur t hat a re f illed w ith g ravel a nd s mall f ragments o f r ock. " Gravel h earths" a re c oncentrations o f c arbon f ragments c overed o r b lended w ith g ravel. F inally, s mall d epressions c ontaining l ittle material a re d esignated a s " small c up h earths" a nd a re f requently a ssociated w ith l arge f lat l imestone s labs p ositioned w ithin o ne t o t wo meters. Another s eries o f observations c oncerns t he d istribution o f r ed o cre s taining r elative t o c entral h earth p ositions. Heaviest s taining o ccurs t o o ne s ide o f a ll t hree c entral h earth f eatures a nd c oincides w ith t he a rea o f d ensest s tone t ool c oncentration. Ocre s taining i s d iscontinuous b etween c entral h earths, p roducing t hree g eneral a reas o f s taining w ith c lear a reas b etween. L ithic waste a lso s hows c haracteristic s patial c oncentration. Debitage t ends t o b e c oncentrated i n s mall p iles ( ibid: 1 01), a nd t hese p iles o ccur i n t he a reas o f t he c entral h earths a nd n ear a s mall h earth i n u nit V101 ( see F igure 6 f or t his a nd f ollowing l ocations). According t o L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon, t he g eneral i mpression o f t he d ebitage i s t hat n o " workshop" c oncentrations o f waste a re p resent. They s uggest t hat h uman a lteration, s election, a nd movement o f l ithic materials o ccurred a t a ll l ocations o n t he s ite. I n o ther words, s pecific p ieces were moved t o particular l ocations f or u se, b ut f urther s election, manipulation, a nd t ransport o ccurred a fterwards. I t i s possible t hat e ntire k napping a nd u se " events" h appened, a nd t he r esults w ere r emoved f rom one l ocation i n containers o r g round-cloths o f s kin t o b e r edeposited e lsewhere. Debitage t ends t o b e c oncentrated, w ith f ire-cracked r ock, o n o ne s ide o f t he t hree c entral h earth f eatures. The d istributions o f o cre

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( and s tone pattern i s

t ools) coincide o n t he opposite s ide. This r epeated a t a ll t hree c entral h earth l ocations.

Further e vidence f or r edeposition o f l ithic materials a fter p roduction i nvolves f lint c ores. Cores o ccur a t t he f ar margins o f r efuse masses a ssociated w ith c entral h earths a nd a re r arely f ound i n a ssociation w ith d ebitage p iles. At t he s mall h earth l ocated i n u nit I 101, which s hows n o c haracteristics o f a c entral h earth, c ores a nd d ebitage a re f ound t ogether. Even h ere, h owever, t he t wo a rtifact t ypes a re s eparated b y t he h earth i tself. A general l ack o f o ther material t ypes a t I 101, i .e., bone, r ock, o cre, e tc., a rgues f or i ts p articular n ature. The e xcavators a ssert t hat, " its composition s eems t o i ndicate t hat i t was o nly u sed once" ( op. c it.: 1 16), which s uggests a f unctionally s pecific p urpose. To L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon, observations concerning t he g eneral d istributions o f s erveral a rtifact c ategories--fire-cracked s tone, c ores, f lint d ebitage, o cre--reflect t he r epetition o f a s ingle pattern t hree t imes. Three l arge, s lab-lined h earths a ct a s t he f oci f or a ll materials. Tools made o f s tone a nd r ed o cre a re concentrated o n o ne s ite o f t he h earth. Bone d ebris a nd f ragmented r ock f orm r efuse masses o n t he o ther s ide o f t he h earth f rom t ools a nd o cre. Debitage s eems t o o ccur i n s mall pockets w ithin t he d ebris p iles, while f lint c ores o ccur a t t he o uter margins o f t he b one/rock/lithic masses. I nterpreting t hese g eneral observations, t he e xcavators s uggest t he p resence o f t hree h abitations c entered o n t he t hree f ocal h earths. They r efer t o t hese, a fter t he e xcavation u nit where t he f eatures o ccur, a s V105 i n t he n orthwest, T112 i n t he n ortheast, a nd L 115 i n t he s outheast. The a uthors conclude t hat t he h earths were t he f oci o f " habitation" u nits s ince t hey r epeat e ssentially " identical s patial patterns o f f ire-cracked r ock, o cre, a nd p iles o f l ithic material ( knapping waste a nd cores)" ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 972: 1 16). Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon a nalyze t he s patial d istributions o f i ndividual a rtifact c lasses i n t erms o f t he t ripartate d ivisions i dentified a bove. S tone t ool c lasses h ave p atterned r elationships t o t he c entral h earths. Burins, which h ave a l ow c ount f or t he s ite a ssemblage a s a w hole, s eem t o b e w idely d istributed over t he e ntire e xcavated s urface. I n h abitations V105 a nd T 112, b urins t end t o o ccur i n " domestic a reas" i n a ssociation w ith o cre a nd o ther t ools, a nd t hey " thus s eem t o h ave b een a bandoned i n p lace" w ithin t hese a reas ( p. 1 24). B urins a lso o ccur i n r efuse masses a ssociated w ith e ach C entral h earth b ut i n much l ower d ensity. Burin d istribution i n t he a rea o f L115 i s " non s ignificant" ( p. 1 25), i .e., t hey appear t o b e r andomly s cattered t hroughout t he s outheast p ortion o f t he s ite. Burins a lso s eem t o a ssociate w ith f lat h earths G115, C114, a nd P 102.

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Backed b ladelets h ave a d ifferent d istribution. These t ools s eem t o b e concentrated n ear o r w ithin t he t hree c entral h earth f eatures. Where t hey o ccur, t hey a re a bundant i n a r elatively s mall a rea. F ive a reas a re t he f oci f or b acked b ladelets: w ithin t he h earths, i n t he r efuse mass b efore V105, i n a s mall z one n orthwest o f V105 ( designated X -Y,102-103), i n a n a rea b etween t he t wo n orthern h earths ( Q-R-S,107-108), a nd w est o f f lat h earth G115. P ercoirs a nd m icropercoirs h ave a h igh f requency i n t he a ssemblage a s a whole. The most s triking c haracteristic o f t heir d istribution i s c oncentration a round h earth T112. Elsewhere, t hey t end t o b e c oncentrated a t c entral h earths i n a ssociation w ith o cre a nd o ther t ools. Endscrapers h ave a s omewhat d ifferent g eneral d istribution t han o ther t ool c lasses. They t end t o b e s cattered o ver t he s ite, occurring i n d omestic a nd r efuse a reas c lose t o t he c entral h earths a nd n ear c ertain o utlying f eatures. There a re n o d ense c oncentrations o f s crapers, a lthough s ix o f t hese t ools a re d ispersed w ithin t wo meters o f f eature Q 111 which h as n o o ther s tone t ool a ssociations ( p. 1 37). The d istribution o f b one materials i s g enerally s imilar t o t hat f or s tone. Dense masses o ccur n ear V105 a nd T112, where t hey o ccupy t he " refuse" s ide o f t he h earths a long w ith f ire-cracked r ock a nd d ebitage. A round L 115, b one t ends t o b e l ess a bundant a nd more d ispersed. I n l ooking a t t he d istributions o f s pecific b ones, L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon n ote t hat a ntler f ragments t end t o b e l ocated only i n r efuse d umps n ear f ocal h earths, a nd l arger a ntler p ieces a re f ound a t t he external e dges o f r efuse p iles, i .e., f urthest f rom t he h earth i tself. All l arge a ntlers appear t o h ave b een worked. Dental materials p rovide a n e stimate o f m inimum n umber o f i ndividual a nimals p resent i n t he h earth r efuse p iles. The t wo n orthern h abitations c ontain t he r emains o f a round t wenty a nimals e ach, w hile L 115 contains a m inimum o f o nly t wo a nimals. Spatially, t eeth a nd mandibular/maxillary f ragments t end t o concentrate i n r efuse p iles a ssociated w ith t he c entral h earth f eatures. Few d ental r emains a re a ssociated w ith L 115, a nd t hese o ccur a t a 2 m d istance f rom t he f eature. The a uthors a rgue t hat t he c oncentration o f d ental materials n ear t he f ocal h earths i ndicates t hat a nimal h eads w ere p rocessed a t t he h earths:

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I t m ight b e s uggested t hat p reparation o f t he h ead f or c onsumption o ccurred i n t he i mmediate p roximity o f t he t hree p rincipal h earths... [ 1972: 1 72]. S ince c aribou h unters r arely t ransport t he h ead f rom k ill l ocation t o b ase c amp s ites, t he p resence o f h eads a nd t heir o n-site p rocessing would i ndicate e ither a n earby k ill/cache l ocation o r s omething o f a p roduction c risis i n t he h unting p opulation ( see B inford 1 978: 4 7-90). Other b ones ( long b ones, metapodials, r ibs, v ertebrae, t arsals, p halanges, a nd s esamoids) a re a ll more o r l ess concentrated i n r efuse a reas n ear f ocal h earths. Smaller f eatures s how l imited b one c ontent, a lthough v ertebrae s eem t o b e s cattered a round t he e xcavated a rea f orming l ittle c oncentrations a t s ome p eripheral h earths. F lat b ones ( e.g., omoplates) a re e ntirely a bsent f rom t he c entral h earth z ones. They t end t o o ccur a t t he o uter p eriphery o f r efuse p iles, however, s upporting t he n otion t hat h eads w ere p rocessed a t t he c entral h earths. A s t heir i nterpretation o f t he P incevent S ection 3 6 d eposits, L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon p resent a " model" o r s tylized d escription o f s patial o rganization w ithin t he i nferred h abitation s tructures ( 1972: 2 54). The c entral h earth i tself i s d esignated a s Z one A s ince i t s erves a s t he f ocus o f h abitation ( Figure 6 ). S urrounding t he h earth i s a B z one w ith t wo s ubdivisions. Z one Bl i s t hat a rea t o o ne s ide o f t he h earth w here o cre a nd f inished s tone t ools dominate. A r elatively e mpty a rea which r epeatedly a buts t he Bl z ones a t e ach h earth i s i dentified a s i nterior s pace, s ince t he e xcavators a rgue t hat t he l ack o f r efuse i ndicates a c overing s uperstructure o ver t hese z ones. Z one Bl, t hen, i s d efined a s i nterior a ctivity s pace. On t he o ther s ide o f t he h earth, Z one B 2 r epresents e xterior a ctivity d eposits t hat i nclude masses o f b one d ebris, l ithic w aste, a nd f ire-cracked r ock. W ith i ncreasing d istance f rom t he c entral h earth t owards t he e xterior o f t he i nferred s tructures, a s eries o f z ones r eflect d ecreasing r efuse d eposition. The D z one r epresents n ear r efuse e vacuation s pace a nd o ccurs f rom o ne t o t wo meters f rom t he h earth. Here, quantities o f b one d ebris a nd d ebitage r eflect d umping b ehavior f rom t he i nterior s ide o f t he h earth. Three t o f our meters f rom t he h earth, a d ispersed e vacuation s pace i s d esignated a s Z one E . Z one F , f rom f ive t o s ix meters a way f rom t he c entral h earth, r epresents a n a rea o f r are d eposition. F inally, Z one G makes u p most o f t he e xcavated a rea, a nd r epresents a reas o f r are d eposition b etween t he h abitation s tructures. The e vidence a nd c onclusions p resented L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon a s s ummarized a bove w ill a s a c omparative i nterpretation f or t he q uantitative

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b y s erve s tudy

1 00

1 05

10

15

1 20

F igure 6 . Excavators' Model f or Habitation Z ones a t P incevent S ection 3 6 Overlaid on Map o f Features ( after L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 972).

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u ndertaken h ere. The e xcavators' c onclusions w ill n ot b e " tested" i n a f ormal s ense. I nstead, t he s ame d ata w ill b e a nalyzed i n a q uantitative way. Coincidence b etween i ntuitive a nd quantitative a nalyses would n ot, methodologically, i ncrease t he p lausibility o f t he e xcavators' c onclusions, b ut c onfidence i n t he quantitative method's ability t o d etect r easonable patterning would b e b olstered. Furthermore, quantitatively d efined s patial u nits c an b e u sed f or f iner s cale e xaminations o f s patial v ariation i n a rtifact a ssociation, d epositional i ntensity, e tc., s ince t hey can b e c haracterized i n t erms o f s ize, s hape, a nd f requencies o f a rtifacts. I n other words, t hey p rovide e xplicitly d efined a nalytic u nits. Two goals g uide t he f irst s patial a nalysis p resented. F irst, t he k -means method w ill b e applied t o t he P incevent d ata, a nd r esults w ill b e c ompared t o t hose obtained b y extensive i ntuitive analysis. S econd, i f t he t wo s ets o f r esults d iverge, t he d ifferences must b e e xplained. I f t he t wo coincide, however, f urther a nalyses w ill b e u ndertaken t o e xamine s patial v ariability i n a rtifact a ssociation.

Description o f

t he Data

Data u sed i n t his s tudy c onsist o f point c oordinates i n t wo d imensions. Ten data maps f or a rtifact c lasses a re d istinguished. These i nclude f ive s tone t ool c lasses: percoirs o r a wls, e ndscrapers, b urins, c hert cores, a nd b acked b ladelets. F ive c aribou b one c lasses i nclude: metacarpals, metatarsals, a ntlers, mandibles a nd t eeth ( considered t ogether), a nd r ibs. I n a ll c lasses, f ragmentary materials a re i ncluded i f t hey were mapped b y t he e xcavators. Spatial c oordinates w ere obtained f rom t he maps p ublished i n t he monograph. Classes o f b one a nd s tone materials c onform t o t hose u sed b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon. For b one, t hese s ubdivisions a re b ased o n i dentified b ody parts. S ince only c aribou bones were i dentified a nd mapped i n d etail, o ther a nimal bones ( which make u p a v ery s mall part o f t he f aunal c omponent a t P incevent) a re e xcluded h ere. Stone t ools a re s ubdivided i nto g eneral t echnological c lasses. A lthough t hese d ivisions a re conditioned b y t heir p resentation i n t he monograph, t he b road c lasses p rovide ( 1) s ufficient s ample s izes f or i ndividual a nalyses b y c lass, a nd ( 2) g roupings t hat may r eflect c ertain a spects o f t ool u se b etter t han t he f iner s cale t raditional t ypes. For e xample, s even t ypes o f e ndscrapers o ccur a ccording t o t he d e Sonneville-Bordes a nd Perrot t ypology ( 1956, 1 957). Four t ypes o f p ercoirs a re c ounted ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon 1 972: 5 2-53), while t hirteen b urin t ypes a re n oted. Backed b ladelets c omprise a s ingle t ype a ccording t o t he l ist, a nd cores a re g rouped u nder a s ingle h eading

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w ithout a ccounting f or morphological v ariation. The r efined t ypes o f t he c lassic t ypological l ist h ave b een c riticized i n t he p ast, s ince t he r eference o f s pecific t ypes, i .e., t o c hronological, f unctional, o r s tylistic v ariation, h as n ever b een f irmly e stablished. The more g eneral c lasses mapped b y Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon r eflect b asic t echniques o f t ool manufacture t hat a re c onsistent i n a g eneral w ay o ver t ime a nd s pace. I t s hould b e n oted t hat t he t otal n umber o f objects w ithin a c lass a nalyzed h ere may v ary s omewhat f rom t otals f or t he s ite p resented b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon. This d iscrepancy r esults f rom o ur d ata c ollection t echnique. Cartesian c oordinates w ere obtained f rom t he p ublished maps u sing a c omputer d igitizer. All p oints o n t he p ublished maps w ere r ecorded a nd c hecked. Yet a n e rror f actor i s i ntroduced b y t his method s ince d ata modification o r r erecording a lways r educes a ccuracy. Objects n ot p resent o n t he p ublished maps, e .g., t hose f ound d uring s creening operations a t t he e xcavation, a re n ot i ncluded i n t he q uantitative a nalyses w hich f ollow. A b ias i s p robably p resent h ere a gainst s mall t ool c lasses, b acked b ladelets f or e xample, b ut t he r ecovery t echniques employed d uring e xcavation e nsure t hat most i f n ot a ll objects i n a c lass a re p resent o n t he p ublished maps. Table 1 p resents t he a rtifact c lasses u sed f or t he a nalyses w hich f ollow, t he n umber o f objects w ithin e ach c lass r ecorded f rom t he p ublished maps, a nd t he F igure a nd p age r eferences f rom t he s ite monograph.

S TAGE

I A NALYSIS:

PATTERN R ECOGNITION

The f irst s tage o f t he P incevent c ase s tudy i nvolves t he application o f k -means c luster a nalysis t o e ach a rtifact c ategory. Each a nalysis i s c arried t o a f ifteen c luster s olution. Above f ifteen c lusters, s ingle object c lusters w ere c onsistently f ormed f rom s olution t o s olution. This c haracteristic p robably r eflects a f inal s olution l evel a bove w hich n o f urther p rogress i s m ade i n pattern r ecognition. P resentation o f t he d etails o f e ach i ndividual r un would b e l ong a nd r epetitive. Only s ome o f t he r uns a re d iscussed w hen t hey r epresent g eneral p atterns o r w hen c lass s pecific patterning i s i ndicated. A s a n i ntroduction, t he k -means r un f or mandible a nd t eeth l ocations i s o utlined t o i llustrate t he m ethod. Other c lasses a re d iscussed i n l ess d etail. F rom Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon's p ublished m ap, 2 19 points w ere d igitized f or caribou d ental materials. These w ere u ndifferentiated a s t o w hether t hey w ere w hole o r f ragmentary s pecimens, o r i f t hey were mandibular o r maxillary p arts.

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TABLE

1 .

A rtifact c lasses u sed f or P incevent 3 6 a nalyses r eferences t o c lass d istribution maps i n L eroi-Gourhan B rezillon ( 1972). This Table i s r eproduced f rom S imek Larick ( 1983).

ARTIFACT CLASS Cores Burins Backed Bladelets Endscrapers Percoirs Antlers Mandible F ragments Metacarpals Metatarsals R ibs

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1 12-115 1 26-128 1 34-136 1 38-140 1 38-140 1 56-158 1 68-170 1 78-180 1 78-180 1 82-184

a nd a nd a nd

The f irst r un s tatistic o f i nterest i s t he l og(%SSE) p lot. F igure 7 i llustrates t hat p lot, a nd i t s hows t hree c luster l evels w ith good c lustering s olutions. Using t he c luster c entroids a nd RMS measures, t hree maps c an b e p roduced, o ne f or e ach i ndicated l evel. The f irst o f t hese l evels, t hree c lusters, s hows c lusters positioned n ear t he t hree c entral h earth f eatures d efined a s " A Z ones" b y t he e xcavators ( Figure 8 ). Centroids a re p laced i n t hose a reas d esignated r efuse d eposition z ones, i .e., on t he p roposed " exterior" s ides o f t he h earths. This r elationship b etween q uantitatively d efined p atterning a nd s tructural f eatures, a t t he t hree c luster l evel, c oincides w ith t he e xcavators' i nterpretations. The s ix c luster s olution ( Figure 9 ) s hows f our s eparate c lusters f ormed i n t he n orthwest quarter o f t he e xcavated a rea. The t wo o ther c lusters more o r l ess conform t o t he i nitial t hree c luster s olution. Some i ndividual p oints a re l ost f rom t hese l atter c lusters i n t he b reakdown a nd r efinement o f t he n orthwest d istribution. Tables 2 a nd 3 s how t he n umber o f mandible f ragments p resent i n e ach c luster a t t he t hree a nd s ix c luster s olutions, r espectively. Also l isted i n t hese t ables a re t he c entroid c oordinates a nd RMS s tatistics b y which F igures 8 a nd 9 were p roduced. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he r ichest c luster p roduced a t t he t hree c luster l evel--the n orthwest c luster--is t he f irst t o b e d ivided. I t i s partitioned a t t he s ix c luster l evel, while o ther a reas a re l eft a s d efined e arlier. P erhaps t he a rea o f h ighest a rtifact concentration r eflects s everal s maller concentrations w ithin a l imited a rea. I f t his i s s o, t hen f iner-scaled patterning would b e i ndicated w ithin t he t hree c luster g eneral p attern. This f iner c lustering, moreover, s eems t o r elate t he a bundance o f objects i n a g eneral a rea t o t he l ocation o f s maller c oncentrations, i .e., a k ind o f t iered packing o f s maller u nits i nto l arger ones. Other e xamples o f t his r elationship w ill b e d iscussed w here t hey o ccur i n o ther i ndividual a rtifact c ategories. A n ine-cluster s olution i s a lso i ndicated i n t he l og(%SSE) p lot. Table 4 p resents t he c luster s tatistics f or t his s olution, a nd F igure 1 0 s hows t he map p roduced f rom t hese s tatistics. R ich c lusters a re l ocated c lose t o t he c entral h earth f eatures a gain. Other c lusters a re positioned f urther away f rom t he t hree h earths, a nd s eem t o b e n ear f eatures d esignated a s p eripheral b y t he e xcavators. A reas d efined a s " C Z ones"--the i nteriors o f i nferred s tructures, h ave n o c luster c entroids. The t hree r ichest c lusters a re t hose a ssociated w ith f ocal h earths, w ith o ver 6 8% o f a ll d ental materials. ( This p attern a lso obtains a t t he s ix c luster l evel, where over 8 3% o f a ll objects o ccur w ithin t he t hree c lusters c losest t o t he h earths.) The n ortheastern a nd s outhern c lusters, w hich r emained i ntact a t t he f irst t wo c lustering l evels, a re s ubdivided h ere. While a f ifth c luster i s a dded t o t he

6 8

200

' 75

5 0

2 5

. 3

a

5

6

7

5U6 4 6 6 6 .06

6 CL U S

9 ,

1 0 E. S

11

, 2

t 3

2

1 5

F igure 7 . P lot o f l og(%SSE) Statistics f or Caribou Mandibles a nd Dental F ragments f rom P incevent S ection 3 6 P roduced b y K-means Cluster Analysis t o Fifteen Clusters.

6 9

0 07

a

,

a Li

0

0

a

Figure 8 . Map of Three Cluster K -means Pincevent Caribou Mandible Distribution. cluster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

70

Solution f or Dots mark c lusters.

TABLE

2 .

Table 2 . Three c luster s olution s tatistics mandibular a nd d ental f ragments ( reproduced Larick 1 983).

RANK 1 2 3

N

X

Y

1 32 7 8 9

8 .36 1 4.36 1 6.00

6 .18 6 .36 1 5.27

7 1

f or P incevent f rom S imek a nd

RMS 1 .51 1 .15 1 .71

C>

2 f e l

0

F igure 9 . Map of S ix Cluster K -means P incevent Caribou Mandible D istribution. c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

7 2

Solution f or Dots mark c lusters.

TABLE S ix c luster a nd d ental 1 983).

3 .

s olution s tatistics f or f ragments ( reproduced

RANK

N

1 2 3 4 5 6

6 9 6 3 5 9 1 5 9 4

P incevent mandibular f rom S imek a nd Larick

X

Y

1 4.55 8 .73 1 0.00 5 .09 1 6.73 4 .55

6 .18 5 .45 8 .00 3 .45 1 5.82 8 .91

7 3

RMS 1 .00 0 .76 0 .98 1 .03 1 .33 0 .76

Figure 1 0. Map of Nine Cluster K -means P incevent Caribou Mandible Distribution. c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii for

7 4

Solution f or Dots mark c lusters.

TABLE N ine c luster a nd dental 1 983).

4 .

s olution s tatistics f or f ragments ( reproduced

RANK

N

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 6 5 0 4 0 2 3 1 9 1 3 9 6 3

P incevent mandibular f rom S imek a nd Larick

X

Y

9 .81 1 3.82 7 .82 1 0.00 1 6.36 4 .91 1 6.73 1 3.09 4 .18

7 .64 6 .00 5 .82 4 .91 1 5.82 3 .27 1 5.82 1 1.09 9 .09

7 5

RMS 0 .71 0 .71 0 .56 0 .51 1 .33 1 .00 1 .33 0 .98 0 .58

n orthwest c omplex, t he n ortheast c luster i s d ivided i nto t hree s eparate c lusters, a nd t he s outhern a rea i s b roken i nto n orthern a nd s outhern u nits. I nterpreting t he patterns d efined h ere r equires c onsideration o f c luster p oint f requency, a s t his f actor s eems l inked t o t he s patial p atterns a nalytically d efined. I n t he c ase o f mandibles a nd t eeth, t he r ichest c luster i n t he f irst s olution i s d ivided i nto t he most c lusters i nitially, a nd t hese a re f urther d ivided a s t he r un p roceeds. The s econd r ichest c luster i s d ivided o nly o nce i n t he l ast s olution. As w as n oted a bove, t he c lusters h aving g reatest point f requencies s eem t o r eflect, a s c lustering p roceeds, s eries o f s maller c oncentrations l ocated t ogether. Conversely, c lusters h aving f ew materials i n e arly s olutions a re made u p o f f ewer c lusters p acked i nto t he a rea. The e xample o f mandibles a nd t eeth s hould i llustrate h ow t he k -means p rocedure operates t o d efine multiple l evels o f — patterning i n t he s patial d istributions o f a rtifact c ategories. The e xamination o f o ther i ndividual c lasses r eveals s ome i nteresting p atterns i n t his r egard. Dental materials h ave t heir g reatest a bundance i n t he n orthwestern a rea o f S ection 3 6, a nd most c lusters a re c entered i n t his a rea a s t he c lustering p rocess i s c arried o ut. Other materials s eem t o b e more e venly d ispersed a mong t he t hree h earth a reas. Metatarsals a nd p ercoirs h ave s imilar patterns o f c luster f ormation t hrough t he b reakdown p rocess. F igures 1 1 t o 1 3 i llustrate t he t hree, s ix, a nd n ine c luster s olution maps f or p ercoirs. For t his a rtifact c lass, c luster f ormation i s more u niform i n t he n orthern p art o f t he s ite. At t he s ix c luster l evel, t hree c lusters a re l ocated i n t he v icinity o f t he n orthwest h earth, t wo a re a ssociated w ith t he n ortheast f eature, a nd a s ingle c luster r emains i n t he s outhern p art o f t he s ite. At t he n ine c luster l evel, t his g eneral u niformity continues. Four c lusters o ccur i n t he n orthwest, t hree i n t he n ortheast, a nd t wo i n t he s outh. The r ichest c lusters o ccur c losest t o t he h earths t hroughout t he s eries o f s olutions, a s w as t he c ase f or mandibles a nd t eeth. When s ix c lusters a re d istinguished, 9 4.1% o f a ll p ercoirs a nd 6 5.5% o f a ll metatarsals a re c ontained i n t he t hree a Tusters c losest t o t he t hree f eatures. I t s hould b e pointed o ut t hat t hese t hree c lusters may n ot b e t he r ichest overall, b ut t wo o f t he t hree l argest point f requency v alues a re l ocated i n t he n orthern a reas. Nine c luster s olutions a lso p lace t he r ichest c lusters c lose t o t he h earths. F ifty p ercent o f a ll metatarsals o ccur i n t he t hree c losest c lusters a t t his l evel, s ince t wo c lusters a re i ndicated v ery n ear t o e ach o f t he n orthern f eatures ( Figure 1 3). When b oth c lusters a re considered " closest" t o t he h earths, a t otal o f f ive c lusters c ontribute t o a n 8 2.4% o f a ll p ercoirs a t t he t hree f eatures. When only t he c losest c lusters a re c ounted f or t he t wo n orthern h earths, 4 6.3% o f a ll

7 6

F igure 1 1. P incevent c entroids;

Map of Three Cluster Percoir Distribution. c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

7 7

K -means Solution f or Dots mark c luster clusters.

F igure 1 2. P incevent c entroids;

Map o f S ix Cluster K -means Solution f or P ercoir D istribution. —D ots mark c luster c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

7 8

F igure 1 3. P incevent c entroids;

Map of Nine Cluster Percoir D istribution. c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

7 9

K -means Solution f or Dots mark c luster c lusters.

percoirs a re l ocated c lose t o t he f eatures. G iven t he p roximity o f t he c lusters c omposing t he f irst p ercentage, t his n umber i s p referred a s r eflecting p ercoirs a ctually a ssociated w ith t he f eatures. Metacarpals h ave a s imilar b reakdown b etween t hree a nd s ix c luster s olutions t o t hat d iscussed a bove f or metatarsals a nd p ercoirs. This c lass o f a rtifact d iverges f rom t he o ther t wo b etween t he s ix a nd n ine c luster l evels ( Figures 1 4 a nd 1 5). The t hree c lusters d efined i n t he n orthwest a rea b ecome f our i n t he n ine c luster s olution. However, i n c ontrast t o metatarsals a nd p ercoirs, f our c lusters a re a lso f ormed i n t he n ortheastern a rea. A s ingle c luster r emains n ear t he s outhernmost h earth. A s was t he c ase f or p ercoirs, t wo c lusters a re c losely a ssociated w ith e ach o f t he t wo n orthern f eatures. At t he s ix c luster l evel, 6 4.7% o f a ll m etacarpals o ccur i n t he t hree c lusters c losest t o t he h earth. The s ame p ercentage i s obtained when f ive c lusters--two e ach i n t he n orthern a reas a nd o ne i n t he s outh--are c ounted a t t he n ine c luster s olution l evel. When o nly t he t hree c losest c lusters a re c onsidered a t n ine c lusters, 2 6.8% o f a ll metacarpals o ccur i n t he h earth a reas. Both o f t hese f igures a re l ower t han p ercentages o btained f or p ercoirs, s uggesting a l ess c ompact concentration o f metacarpals a round t he h earths. Two o ther material c lasses w ill b e d iscussed t o i llustrate v ariation i n c luster f ormation. F igures 1 6, 1 7, a nd 1 8 i llustrate maps p roduced f rom t he t hree, s ix, a nd n ine c luster s olutions f or b urins. Here a gain, t he n orthwest h earth a rea i s d ivided i nto t hree c lusters a t t he s ix c luster l evel, a nd a f ourth c luster i s a dded i n t he n ine c luster s olution. The o ther t wo a reas a re s ubdivided i n a d ifferent s equence t han was s een i n o ther a rtifact c lasses. F rom t he t hree c luster s olution t o t he s ix c luster s olution, n o d ivision i s made i n t he s ingle c luster a ssociated w ith t he n ortheastern h earth, while t wo c lusters a re f ormed i n t he s outhern a rea. At t he n ine c luster l evel, t wo c lusters o ccur i n t he n orthwest a nd t hree a re i ndicated n ear t he s outhern h earth. This s equence i s r eversed f rom t hat i n o ther a rtifact g roups a nd s uggests a paucity o f b urins i n t he n ortheast h earth a rea. The l ack i s s urprising s ince t he b urin i s a c lassic a nd a lways r ich c omponent o f a ny Magdalenian i ndustry. I t i s possible, h owever, t hat l ocation r ather t han a bundance conditions t hese r esults. I f many b urins a re p acked i nto a s mall a rea a t t he n ortheastern h earth, t hen s ubdivision would n ot n ecessarily b e r elated t o a bundance. I n f act, 3 7.3% o f a ll b urins o ccur i n t his a rea a nd i t s eems l ikely t hat a s ingle c ompact c luster h ere r eflects a r ich l ocal c oncentration. As i s t he c ase g enerally, b urins a re c oncentrated i n c lusters c losest t o t he h earth f eatures. At t he s ix c luster l evel, 7 2.9% o ccur i n t he c lusters c losest t o t he t hree h earths; 5 0.3% o ccur i n t he c losest c lusters a t t he n ine c luster l evel.

8 0

F igure 1 4. Map o f S ix Cluster K -means Solution f or P incevent Caribou Metacarpal D istribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

8 1

F igure 1 5. Map o f Nine C luster K -means Solution f or P incevent Caribou Metacarpal D istribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

8 2

Figure 1 6. P incevent centroids;

Map of Three Cluster Burin Distribution. c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

8 3

K -means Solution f or Dots mark c luster c lusters.

F igure 1 7. P incevent c entroids;

Map of S ix Cluster K -means Solution f or Burin D istribution. —D ots mark c luster c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

8 4

F igure 1 8. P incevent c entroids;

Map o f Nine Cluster K -means Solution f or _ Burin D istribution. Dots mark c luster c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

8 5

F igures 1 9 a nd 2 0 r epresent t he t hree a nd s ix c luster s olutions f or e ndscrapers. D ivergence f rom o ther material c lasses o ccurs b etween t hese s olutions, a lthough c luster patterns p roduced a t t he n ine c luster l evel c onform t o t hose d iscussed f or b urins. At t he s ix c luster l evel, t he n ortheastern a rea h as t hree c lusters i n t he h earth a rea. Only t wo c lusters o ccur n ear t he n orthwestern h earth, which n ormally h as t he most c lusters a t t his l evel. A c oncentration o f f our e ndscrapers a ssociated w ith a s mall c up-hearth f eature i n t he e xtreme n ortheastern s ector o f t he s ite a ccounts f or t his d iscrepancy. The s outhern a rea r etains a s ingle c luster c haracterizing t he d istributiion o f s crapers t here. This i s d ivided a t t he n ine c luster l evel. As i s t he c ase f or a ll c lasses, most o f t he s crapers o ccur i n c lusters c losest t o t he h earths a t a ll c lustering l evels. Nearly 7 3% a re c ontained i n t he t hree c lusters c losest t o t he h earths i n t he s ix c luster s olutiion. I n t he n ine c luster s olution, 5 5.8% o ccur i n t he t hree c losest c lusters. The f oregoing d iscussion o f i ndividual a nalyses i s i ntentionally b rief. No a ttempt h as b een made t o a ccount f or a ll t he v ariation i n i ndividual a nalyses, n or h as t he s ubject o f i nterclass a ssociations b een r aised. This i s b ecause v ariation b etween c lasses a nd a ssociations a mong c lasses a re r elevant i ssues w hen c ontextual e vidence i s i ncorporated i nto t he s tudy. S ingle a nalyses h ave b een d iscussed t o i llustrate t he operation o f k -means c luster a nalysis t hrough a s eries o f c lustering l evels, t o i ndicate t he k inds o f v ariation i n c luster s equencing t hat c an a nd d o o ccur, a nd t o e xamine t he e ffects o f a rtifact a bundance on c luster f ormation. Context a nd a ssociation w ill b e a ddressed l ater i n t his c hapter, a s w ill t he o ther i ssues d iscussed h ere, when t he c oncept o f c luster z one, d efined i n Chapter 3 , i s applied. The r elationship b etween a rtifact a bundance a nd l ocation i ndicated i n a ll o f t hese i ndividual s tudies d eserves s ome e laboration h ere. I t s eems t o b e a g eneral t endency t hat more c lusters a re f ormed i n t hose a reas which h ave t he g reatest n umber o f o bjects w ithin a c lass. Table 5 s hows t he r aw c ounts f or e ach a rtifact c ategory when t hese a re d ivided i nto t hree c lusters ( see b elow). The pattern o f c luster f ormation i s obviously conditioned b y t he n umber o f objects p resent i n e ach o f t he t hree i nitial c lusters, b ut t his p attern i s b est r eflected b etween t he t hree a nd s ix c luster l evels. I n a ll c ases b ut one, t hat a rea w ith t he g reatest n umber o f p ieces i s s ubdivided f irst a nd most. Other a reas a re d ivided l ater i n t he c lustering s equence a nd/or i nto f ewer c lusters. Only p ercoirs c ontradict t his p attern: t he n orthwest a rea i s d ivided f irst a nd u ltimately i nto t he most c lusters, e ven t hough t he n ortheast h earth a rea c ontains more p ercoirs. This may b e d ue, a s w as s tated a bove, t o t he c ompaction o f p ercoirs i nto s mall c oncentrations n ear a ll h earths.

8 6

F igure 1 9. P incevent c entroids;

Map o f Three C luster Endscraper D istribution. c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

8 7

K -means Solution f or Dots mark c luster c lusters. —

Figure 2 0. P incevent centroids;

Map of S ix Cluster K -means Solution f or Endscraper D istribution. — Dots mark c luster c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

8 8

I n s um, s everal f actors s eem t o c ontribute t o s patial v ariation i n materials a t P incevent. These i nclude p roximity o f c lusters t o s pecific t ypes o f f eatures, a bundance, a nd d egree o f a rtifact c oncentration. The n ature o f t hese f actors a nd how t hey c ondition r elationships a mong a rtifact c lasses a re k ey p oints o f i nterest, s ince t he i dentification o f a ctivity s pecific a reas o n t he s ite must t ake t hem i nto a ccount. To a ddress t he p roblems o f c omplex d eposition a nd a rtifact a ssociation, h owever, a rtifact c ategories must b e e xamined t ogether i n t erms o f d efined a nalytic--here s patial--units. That i s t he s ubject o f t he s econd s tage o f a nalysis.

S TAGE

I I

ANALYSIS:

PATTERN A SSOCIATION,

Z ONE

D EFINITION

To d isplay a ll t en a rtifact c ategories t ogether, t he t en k -means s olution maps p roduced a t e ach o f t hree c lustering l evels a re overlaid. Three o verlay maps a re g enerated, corresponding t o t hree c luster ( Figure 2 1), s ix c luster ( Figure 2 2), a nd n ine c luster ( Figure 2 3) s olutions f or a ll a rtifact c ategories. Visual a ssessment o f t hese overlay maps i s more d ifficult t han f or i ndividual c ategory maps, b ut c ertain p atterns a re e vident. I t s hould b e pointed o ut f irst, h owever, t hat n ot a ll a rtifact categories s howed optimal c lustering s olutions a t t hese t hree l evels. F igure 2 4 s hows t he l og(%SSE) c urves f or a ll t en a rtifact c lasses combined o n a s ingle g raph. A ll c lasses h ave optimal c lustering s olutions a t t he t hree c luster l evel. Because t he P incevent a nalysis was t he f irst t est o f t he k -means method ( and w e w ere n ot e ntirely c ertain h ow t he — t echnique would b ehave a t f ine c luster s cales), w e made a d ecision t o u se t he t hree c luster s olution a s a g uideline f or h igher s cale maps. S pecifically, t his d ecision was made b ecause w e w ere n ot s ure what i s i ndicated b y v ariation i n t he d egree ( or s trength) o f l og ( %SSE) i nflections. S ubsequent work s uggests t hat d egree o f i nflection f rom t he e arly p arts o f t he p lot t o t he h igher s cale i s conditioned b y t he m athematics o f S SE c alculation, a nd t hat a ll i nflections s hould b e considered u seful i ndications o f optimal c lustering. However, i n t his f irst s tudy, we c hose t o u se multiples o f t he " strongest" optimal s olution s cale--three, s ix, a nd n ine c luster l evels--in o rder t o e xamine multiple patterns. S imek a nd L arick ( 1983) d iscuss t his d ecision i n more d etail. All a rtifact c lasses s how optimal s olutions i n t he n eighborhood o f s ix c lusters, a lthough t he l og(%SSE) i nflection may b e a t f ive c lusters o r s even c lusters i n s ome c ases. The s ame i s t rue f or t he n ine c luster l evel: s ome a rtifact c ategories may h ave optimal s olutions a t t he e ight c luster l evel o r a t t en c lusters.

8 9

F igure 2 1. Low S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions — f rom P incevent S ection 3 6. Dots mark l ithic c luster c entroids; t riangles mark b one c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he position o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round c entroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters.

9 0

F igure 2 2. Medium S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom P incevent S ection 3 6. Dots mark l ithic c luster c entroids; t riangles mark b one c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he position o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round c entroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters.

9 1

Figure 2 3. High Scale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom P incevent Section 3 6. Dots mark l ithic c luster c entroids; t riangles mark b one c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he position o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round c entroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters.

9 2

200

1 75

,5 0

2 5

• 7 ‘ , . 3 ' 1 7 5

5 0

2 5

5

6

mu M6 E 8

7 Of

8

9

1 0

1 2

1 3

1 4

I S

CL U S TE R S

Figure 2 4. Plot of log(%SSE) Statistics Artifact Classes at P incevent Section 3 6 a s K -means Cluster Analysis t o Fifteen Clusters.

9 3

f or All Ten Defined by

The t hree c luster map p resented i n Figure 2 1 i s s trikingly s imilar t o t he i nterpretations o ffered b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon ( see F igure 5 above). A reas o f c entroid concentration o ccur n ear e ach o f t he t hree f ocal h earths. Two o f t hese, i n t he n orthern h alf o f t he e xcavated a rea, a re f airly compact. The t hird, i n t he r egion o f t he s outhern h earth, i s l ess s o, a nd c lusters h ere h ave w ider RMS c ircles. These r esults c ompare f avorably t o t he excavators' a nalyses, d efining t hree g eneral concentrations o f d eposition t hat p lausibly r epresent h abitation a reas. All z ones d efined b y k -means a nalyses a re c entered on r ock-lined f eatures; most c entroids a re l ocated o n one s ide, t hat i nterpreted a s " exterior", of t hose h earths. All t hree z ones c ontain a ll a rtifact c ategories. D ifferences i n t he i ndividual d istributions e xist t hat can b e i dentified a t t his a nalytic s tage. I n a ll t hree c luster z ones, s tone a nd b one a rtifact c lasses a re s omewhat s eparate. S tone a rtifacts t end t o b e c entered more d irectly o n t he h earths i n t he n orthern z ones, w hile b one objects c luster s lightly t o t he e ast o f t he h earths. I n t he s outhern a rea, t his s eparation a lso e xists, a lthough t he a xis o f d ivision r uns n orth a nd s outh. S tone objects a ssociated w ith t he s outhern h earth a lso s eem t o b e c entered o n t he f eature. I n a ll t hree z ones o f c luster c oncentration, h earths s erve a s t he " centers o f g ravity" f or c entroids, a nd s tone a nd b one materials a re s eparate w ithin a g eneral c entroid c oncentration l ocated o n o ne s ide o f t he h earth. The s ix c luster overlay map ( Figure 2 2) exhibits t he s ame g eneral configuration. A s eries o f c lusters i s c entered o n e ach h earth, w ith s tone a nd b one c entroids s till s eparate t o s ome e xtent. Another s eries o f c luster z ones a re f ormed a t t his l evel, h owever, a nd t hese t end t o b e c entered on s ome o f t he e xterior f eatures. C lusters making u p t hese z ones a re l ess r ich t han t hose n ear f ocal f eatures, a nd many a re more d ispersed s ince t hey h ave l arger RMS c ircles a ssociated w ith t he c entroids. S tone t ool c lusters a re more compact t han b one, a nd t heir c entroids t end t o o ccur i n c loser p roximity t o e ach o ther. I n contrast t o s tone, b one materials h ave more d ispersed c lusters a nd t hese a re l ocated f urther f rom t he h earth f eatures. Small c luster z ones d efined a t t he s ix c luster l evel s how v ariation i n c ontent, w ith s ome made u p e xclusively o f b one a nd o thers o f s tone t ools. F igure 2 3, r epresenting t he n ine c luster overlay map, n ot o nly i llustrates t he t rends a lready n oted b ut a lso d isplays s ome n ew c haracteristics. C luster z ones c entered o n t he h earths i n e arlier s olutions a re s ubdivided h ere. The s eparation o f b one f rom s tone c lusters i s maintained, w ith l ithic c entroids l ocated c lose t o f eatures a nd b one f urther t o t he " exterior". Other c lusters o ccur n ear p eripheral f eatures, particularly i n t he s outhern p art o f t he s ite. I n t his a rea, t wo p rincipal z ones o f d eposition

9 4

c an n ow b e d istinguished: a l arger, more g eneral one n ear t he h earth i tself a nd a s econd, more d ispersed, c entered o n a g ravel f eature. A g ravel-and-stain f eature l ocated b etween t he t wo n orthern h earth a reas s hows a c omplex c oncentration o f a ll s tone t ool c lasses t ogether w ith a f ew b one c ategories. Another c luster z one t o t he e ast c ontains p rimarily b one a rtifact c lasses. Other p eripheral f eatures a re t he c enters o f g ravity f or s maller c luster a ssemblages. The c ompactness o f c lusters c entered on t he t hree p rincipal h earths s uggests t hat a rtifact c lusters a t t hese l oci a re d enser a nd more r estrained s patially t han t hose l ocated n ear t he p eripheral f eatures. A l ink i s a gain i ndicated b etween t he l ocation o f c lusters i n r elation t o c ertain c ontextual f eatures a nd t he r elative a bundance o f materials. This r elationship i s n oted t hrough s everal l evels o f r esolution, i .e., i n s everal c haracterizations o f t he a rtifact d istributions, a lthough i t i s l ess c lear a t t he n ine c luster l evel t han i n s impler configurations. T his i s p robably d ue t o a r efinement o f t he d escription t o i nclude s maller a nd l ess c ompact c luster z ones. The maps d iscussed a bove c an n ow s erve t o f orm z ones o r s patial u nits f or f urther a nalyses. I n t he P incevent material d istributions, i t s hould b e n oted t hat z ones a re, f or t he most part, c ompletely s eparated i n s pace. I n a f ew c ases, a v ery s light RMS overlap may o ccur b etween z ones, b ut t his overlap i s s mall when c ompared t o t hat w ithin z ones. For t he t hree c luster s olutions, z one d efinition i s e asy. Three a reas o f c entroid c oncentration a nd RMS overlap c oincide w ith t he f ocal h earths. Accumulations o ccur t o a s ingle s ide o f t he h earth, a nd c entroids t end t o b e c ompact i n t he n orthern t wo c luster z ones a nd more d ispersed i n t he s outh. F igure 2 5 s hows t he t hree z ones d efined a t t his l evel. Z one d efinition b ased o n t he s ix c luster o verlay map i s s omewhat more d ifficult, a lthough h ere, t oo, t here a re c lear s eparations b etween a reas o f c entroid c oncentration a nd RMS overlap. S ix z ones a re e vident ( Figure 2 6), while f ive i solated c lusters a re s cattered a way f rom t he p rimary a reas o f concentration. S light overlap c an b e s een b etween z one 1 , a ssociated w ith t he n orthwest f ocal h earth, a nd z one 3 t o t he s outh. The overlap i nvolves a s ingle c luster i n e ach z one, a nd o ccurs a t t he e xtreme e dge o f b oth RMS c ircles. G iven t he h eavy RMS o verlap r eflected w ithin b oth z ones, a z one b oundary s eems r easonable h ere. I n t he s outhern a rea, z one 6 h as b een d efined t o i nclude a p air o f c lusters which, while overlapping, a re s lightly s eparate f rom t he r est o f t he z one. The d ispersed n ature o f a ll materials i n t he s outhern a rea warrants a c onservative a ttitude t owards z one d efinition. Therefore, t hese s lightly d istinct c lusters a re l umped w ith t he l arger c entroid/RMS mass.

9 5

F igure 2 5. Three Z ones Defined a t Low S cale S olution f or Ten A rtifact C lass D istributions f rom P incevent S ection 3 6. Z ones a re o utlined w ith a d otted l ine.

9 6

F igure 2 6. S ix Z ones Defined a t Medium S cale Solution f or Ten A rtifact Class Distributions f rom P incevent S ection 3 6. Z ones a re o utlined w ith a d otted l ine.

9 7

Figure 2 7. Nine Z ones Defined a t High S cale Solution f or Ten A rtifact C lass D istributions f rom P incevent S ection 3 6. Z ones a re o utlined w ith a d otted l ine.

9 8

However, a nother c luster i s i solated f rom t his z one. Other z ones d istinguished a t t his l evel a re w ell-differentiated a nd n eed n o d etailed j ustification. Nine z ones a re i dentified b ased o n t he n ine c luster s olution overlay map ( Figure 2 7). I n a ddition, s even i solated c lusters a re p resent. Z ones 1 a nd 3 b oth i nclude n earby s tone t ool c lusters which s how n o RMS overlap w ith o ther c lusters i n t he z ones. These a re v ery n ear t he c entroid masses i n b oth c ases. Three n orthern z ones a ll h ave v ery c ompact c entroids, a nd s ome i ndividual c lusters n earby can b e a ssigned t o p articular z ones w ith l ittle d ifficulty. All s mall c lusters i n t he n orth c ontain f ew a rtifacts, a c haracteristic t hey d o n ot s hare w ith o ther i solated c lusters ( which t end t o b e r ather h eavy concentrations o f a s ingle a rtifact c lass). I n t he s outhern s ector, t wo z ones a re d efined, a lthough a s light o verlap i s p resent i n s ingle c luster RMS c ircles f rom e ach z one. A f inal n ote o n t his a nalytic s tage i s i mportant. The n umber o f c luster z ones d efined a t e ach s olution l evel c oincides w ith t he n umber o f c lusters p lotted o nto t he maps f or e ach a rtifact c lass ( with t he e xception o f i solated c lusters). This i s a r ather s urprising r esult, s ince t here i s n o a p riori r eason t o e xpect t his k ind o f s patial c onformity. That t here i s a b asic s imilarity a mong a ll d ata c lasses w hen e ach h as b een a nalyzed s eparately, a nd t hat t his s imilarity s hould b e e xpressed w ith a n equal n umber o f z ones a s i ndividual c lusters f or e ach l evel, i s n ot p reconditioned b y t he t echnique. Thus, z ones r epresent a reas w here a ll, o r most, a rtifact c lasses c oncentrate i nto d iscrete a reas. However, t he n umber o f a reas d istinguished a t e ach l evel i s n ot d etermined b y t he n umber o f c lusters o f e ach c lass p lotted onto t he map.

S TAGE

I II

A NALYSIS:

PATTERN A SSOCIATION,

CONTENT A NALYSIS

The r elationship b etween a rtifact a bundance a nd c luster l ocation may b est b e e xamined u sing a rtifact f requencies w ithin c luster z ones. However, r aw c ounts may g ive a d istorted p icture o f t he r elations a mong c lasses, s ince t hose c ategories h aving h igh f requencies i n t he s ite a s a w hole ( e.g., b acked b ladelets) may overwhelm l ess n umerous c lasses. A s was o utlined i n Chapter 3 , t wo k inds o f d ata s tandardization w ill b e u sed h ere t o a ssess c ontent a nd a bundance variation a mong t he s patial u nits d efined a s z ones. F irst, p oint f requencies a re r eplaced w ith c lass r ank v alues b y z one. S econd, r aw counts a re c onverted t o ( 1) c lass maximum, a nd ( 2) z one maximum p ercentages.

9 9

Assessing G lobal Association a mong A rtifact Classes Tables 5 , 6 , a nd 7 p resent t he r aw c ounts a nd c orresponding c lass r ank v alues f or z ones a t t he l ow, medium, a nd h igh s cales. A s a n i nitial a ssessment o f t he r elation b etween r ank ( i.e., r elative a bundance) a nd l ocation, t he r ank o f e ach a rtifact c lass c luster i s p lotted a t t he c entroid o f t hat c luster. F igure 2 8 s hows t he r ank map f or t he t hree c luster s olution ( i.e., l ow s cale). Other r ank maps w ill b e d iscussed s hortly. W ith f ew e xceptions ( these o ccurring i n t he n orthern part o f t he s ite), r anks f or c lusters d istribute s equentially i nto t he t hree z ones. I n g eneral, t he h ighest r anks a re l ocated i n t he n orthwest a rea n ear h earth V105, s econd r anks a re l ocated n ear h earth T112, a nd l owest r anks o ccur n ear h earth L 115. All a rtifact c lasses a re p resent i n a ll z ones, a nd w ithin a z one t he r ank v alues f or a ll c lass f requencies a re s imilar. The g eneral pattern n oted a t t he t hree c luster l evel--like r anks c oncentrated i n s pace--holds i n t he s ix a nd n ine c luster s olutions. At t he s ix c luster l evel ( Figure 2 9), c lear p atterning i s s till e vident. H igh-ranking c lusters ( l and 2 ) t end t o o ccur i n g roups, a s d o m iddle r anking o nes ( 3 a nd 4 ). Low r anking c lusters a re more s cattered a round t he e xcavated a rea, b ut t hey g enerally o ccur a way f rom t he f ocal h earths. A lthough more d ifficult t o e valuate v isually, t he n ine c luster r ank map ( Figure 3 0) e xhibits t he s ame r elationships o n a more d etailed s cale. The h ighest r anking c lusters a re c oncentrated n ear t he t wo n orthern h earth f eatures, where t hey t end t o o ccur i n s mall g roups. The s outhern h earth a rea, l east r ich o f t he t hree f ocal h earths, c ontains mostly m iddle r ank c lusters. F inally, a s eries o f p eripheral z ones a re i dentified a t t he n ine c luster s olution. Located a way f rom t he c entral h earths, t hese c ontain a f ew l ow r anking c lusters, a re s cattered a cross t he e xcavated a rea, a nd t end t o c enter o n s maller p eripheral f eatures. U se o f t his r ank mapping p rocedure a llows t he r ecognition o f a r ecurring r elation b etween l ocation a nd a bundance a t P incevent. I n g eneral, t he h igh r anking c lusters o ccur t ogether, i .e., c luster c entroids f or most o f t he major a rtifact c ategories s how s imilar h igh r ank v alues w hen f ound i n s patial p roximity. This i s t he c ase r egardless o f t he t otal a mount o f m aterials f ound a t a g iven l ocation. I mportantly, t his p attern i s observed a t e ach o f t he t hree c lustering l evels e xamined f or t his s tudy. M iddle r anking c lusters s how a s imilar p attern, b ut l ow r anking c lusters ( 6 t o 9 ) a re more s cattered, e ven i solated i n s pace, a t t he n ine c luster l evel. To e xamine r elationships a mong c lasses b ased o n t hese r anks, S pearman's r ho s tatistic f or r ank o rder c orrelation was c alculated a mong c lasses a t e ach s patial s cale. Table

1 00

TABLE

5 .

Raw c ounts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom P incevent 3 6 b ased o n z ones d efined a t t he l owest c lustering s olution s cale. Rank values a re i n parentheses.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs Percoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

CLUSTER Z ONE 2

1 1 09 8 9 1 34 7 5 2 32 4 4 4 0 8 7 9 4 2 54

( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

1 01

1 05 8 5 7 8 8 9 1 04 8 2 7 9 6 6 3 8 0

( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 3)

3 2 1 1 2 1 6 0 3 0 1 0 1 3 2 4 1 7 7 2

( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 2)

TABLE

6 .

Raw c ounts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom P incevent 3 6 b ased on z ones d efined a t t he medium c lustering s olution s cale.

MATERIAL CLASS

Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores B ladelets

1

4 9 6 8 7 8 6 4 2 25 3 9 3 2 7 3 6 9 4 91

CLUSTER Z ONE 3 4

2

9 0 8 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0

COUNTS 5 1 8 7 2 1 8 5 5 9 6 9 2 8 7 0 0 8 7 7 8 0 3 4 4 0 2 1 5 8 3 2 3 2 0 0

6 7 .5 5 7 .5 5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5

2 3 3 3 7 .5 4 2 4 2 .5 7 .5

5

6

2 3 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 6 1 2 1 4 2 1 7 1 0 1 3 2 5 9 7 2

RANKS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

3 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1

1 02

1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 .5 7 .5

4 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 3 7 .5 5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5

5 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2

TABLE Raw c ounts P incevent c lustering

MATERIAL CLASS

Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

7 .

a nd r ank v alues f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom 3 6 based on z ones d efined a t t he h ighest s olution s cale.

1

2

3

0 1 9 1 3 2 1 3 7 4 5 1 9 2 1 2 91

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2

9 3 7 4 1 4 0 0 0 0 0

8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 6 3

5 .5 6 6 6 7 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5

8 .5 2 .5 5 4 3 4 6 2 .5 4 1

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5 6

5 0 0 6 3 4 2 1 56 0 4 2 5 5 2 5 1 66

1 8 .5 1 2 1 8 .5 1 1 3 2

1 03

COUNTS 4 9 1 9 5 6 2 4 3 5 7 2 6 1 9 2 9 0 RANKS 2 2 .5 2 3 4 2 .5 2 2 .5 1 8 .5

7

8

9 6 4 3 2 5 6 6 4 1 0 8 1 9 2 8 0

1 6 0 6 1 0 1 9 0 8 4 0 0

1 6 5 1 4 2 1 7 3 9 1 3 9 0

5 .5 1 3 1 2 1 4 .5 2 .5 2 8 .5

3 .5 8 .5 7 5 5 8 .5 4 .5 6 8 .5 8 .5

3 .5 5 4 7 6 5 3 4 5 8 .5

9

0 7 0 0 0, 7 4 8 0 2

8 .5 4 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 2 .5 7 5 8 .5 4

Figure 2 8. Map at Centroids f or Section 3 6.

o f Cluster Point F requency Ranks P lotted Three Cluster Solutions a t P incevent

1( 1 4

0 22

0

2 m

0

F igure 2 9. Map o f C luster Point F requency Ranks P lotted a t Centroids f or S ix Cluster S olutions a t P incevent S ection 3 6.

1 05

F igure 3 0. Map a t Centroids f or S ection 3 6.

o f C luster Point F requency Ranks P lotted Nine Cluster Solutions a t P incevent

1 06

8 p resents t he r ho matrix f or t he l ow s cale s olution ( three z ones) b ut i s n ot v ery i nformative s ince o nly t hree v ariables--the z ones--are observed f or e ach a rtifact c lass. To b e s ignificant i n t his t able, a c orrelation c oefficient must a ttain u nity i n e ither positive o r n egative d irection. T endencies n oted o n t he p lotted r ank maps a re e vident h ere a gain. Most a rtifact c lasses h ave t heir most a bundant c lusters i n t he n orthwest h earth a rea ( Zone 1 ). Z one 2 a t t he n ortheast h earth contains mostly s econd r anking c lusters. The s outheastern h earth a rea i s a ssociated o nly w ith t hird r anking c lusters. Therefore, a ll a rtifact c lasses a re l inked t hrough c orrelations w ith t he e xception o f b acked b ladelets. Table 9 s hows t he c orrelation matrix r esulting f rom t he s ix c luster z one d ivisions ( see Table 6 f or z one r ankings). Here, a s omewhat more c omplex p icture e merges. Two d ata c lasses a re i ndependent f rom a ll o thers a t t his l evel. Caribou r ibs h ave n o s ignificant c orrelation w ith a ny o ther a rtifact c ategory, a nd b ladelets h ave f our s ignificant n egative c orrelations b ut n o o ther s ignificant l inks. Metacarpals a nd e ndscrapers a re correlated, a nd t hese h ave ( rather w eak) l inks t o m etatarsals a nd a ntler f ragments t hrough t he e ndscraper c lass. All o ther d ata c lasses a re i ntercorrelated a t h igh l evels o f s tatistical s ignificance. These r esults s uggest a s imilar p icture t o t hat p resent a t t he t hree c luster z one l evel, i .e., g eneral i nterrelation a mong a ll b ut a f ew a rtifact c lasses o ver s pace. Thus, i t w ould s eem t hat a ll c lasses a re d istributed i n s imilar f ashion. Table 1 0 s hows t he r ank o rder c orrelation matrix f or n ine c luster z ones. Again, b acked b ladelets h ave n o s trong p ositive l inks t o o ther d ata c lasses. Metacarpals h ave s ignificant c orrelations w ith e ndscrapers--as was t he c ase f or s ix z ones--and w ith m etatarsals. P ercoirs a re l inked t o t his g roup t hrough a s ignificant positive c orrelation w ith m etatarsals a nd h ave n o c orrelation w ith o ther a rtifact c ategories. A s econd g roup o f a rtifact c lasses i s l inked t o t he f irst t hrough e ndscrapers. This i ncludes mandibles, a ntlers, r ibs, b urins, cores ( as w ell a s e ndscrapers). Three s ets o f a rtifact c lasses may b e i ndicated b y t his l ast c orrelation matrix, a lthough t hey a re i nterrelated. One s et i nvolves a pair o f c ategories, metacarpals a nd e ndscrapers. A s econd s et a lso contains t wo c lasses, p ercoirs a nd metatarsals. The f inal s et contains a ll o ther a rtifact c ategories e xcept b ladelets a nd i s l inked t o t he f irst g roup t hrough s crapers. Endscrapers a nd metacarpals a re a lso correlated a t t he s ix-zone l evel, while a ll o ther c lasses w ere l inked w ith t he e xceptions o f r ibs a nd b ladelets.

1 07

TABLE

8 .

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll P incevent a rtifact c lasses w hen t hree c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) metacarpals, ( 2) metatarsals, ( 3) mandibles, ( 4) a ntlers, ( 5) r ibs, ( 6) p ercoirs, ( 7) e ndscrapers, ( 8) b urins, ( 9) c ores, a nd ( 10) b acked b ladelets. All c orrelations o f 1 .0 h ave ( p < . 01).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

1

2

3

1 .0 1 .0 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0 1 .0 0 .5

/ 1 .0 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0 1 .0 0 .5

/ 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5

4

/ 0 .5 1 .0 1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 0.5

1 08

5

/ 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0 1 .0 0.5

6

/ 1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 0.5

7

/ 0 .5 0 .5 0.5

8

9

/ 1 .0 0 .5

/ 0 .5

1 0

/

TABLE

9 .

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll P incevent a rtifact c lasses when s ix c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) metacarpals, ( 2) metatarsals, ( 3) mandibles, ( 4) a ntlers, ( 5) r ibs, ( 6) p ercoirs, ( 7) e ndscrapers, ( 8) b urins, ( 9) cores, a nd ( 10) b acked b ladelets. R ho v alues w ith ( p < . 05) a re s tarred; t hose w ith ( p < . 01) a re u nderlined.

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

2

3

. 50 / . 39 . 94* / . 50 1 .00 . 94* .09 .39 .33 . 33 . 94* . 89* . 88* . 76 . 65 . 21 . 89* . 94* . 37 . 90* . 99* 1.00 .93* .56

4

5

/ .39 . 94* . 76 . 89* . 90* .93*

/ .39 .30 .48 .74

1 09

6

7

/ . 65 / . 94* . 54 . 81 . 64 .61 1.00

8

/ . 90* .24

/ .54

TABLE

1 0.

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll P incevent a rtifact c lasses when n ine c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) metacarpals, ( 2) metatarsals, ( 3) mandibles, ( 4) a ntlers, ( 5) r ibs, ( 6) p ercoirs, ( 7) e ndscrapers, ( 8) b urins, ( 9) cores, a nd ( 10) b acked b ladelets. R ho v alues w ith ( 2 < . 05) a re s tarred.

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

/ .34 .74* . 52 . 52 .46 . 83* . 39 . 33 .82*

2

/ . 24 . 32 . 21 . 91* . 03 . 37 . 43 .52

3

/ . 83* . 85* . 11* . 84* . 78* . 81* .41

4

5

/ . 95* . 16 . 64 . 71* . 71* .39

/ .07 . 73* . 81* . 70* .16

1 10

6

/ .06 . 38 . 37 .57

7

8

/ . 80* . 64 .41

/ . 71* .11

/ .25

When t he r esults o f c orrelation a nalyses a re r elated t o t he k -means c luster maps p resented e arlier, t he c lass g roups n oted h ere c an b e g iven s patial r elevance. The f irst t wo a rtifact g roupings s eem t o r elate t o d ifferences i n h earth a rea c ontent i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s ite. The n ine-zone r ank matrix ( Table 7 ) s hows t hat e ndscrapers a nd metacarpals b oth h ave t heir h ighest f requencies i n z ones 3 a nd 4 . These z ones correspond t o t he n orthwestern h earth a rea a nd t o t he z one b etween t he n ortheast a nd n orthwestern h earth. The s econd c lass g rouping--metatarsals a nd p ercoirs--has h igh r ank v alues i n z one 5 ( the n ortheast h earth a rea). These d ifferences s uggest v ariability i n t he a ctivities c arried o ut a t t he t wo l oci, a lthough v ariation i n b one c ontent may r eflect s ocial f actors s uch a s meat d istribution, d ivision o f l abor, o r c omposition o f t he c onsuming g roup. These t wo c lass g roupings a re l inked t hrough one o r s everal o f t heir members t o o ther g roups, i ncluding t he most g eneral t hird g rouping o f a rtifact c lasses; t his s uggests e ither p articular a rtifact f orms w ere u sed i n a v ariety o f w ays o r t hat i ntervening f actors i nfluenced a rtifact l ocation b etween t ool u se a nd a bandonment. P incevent a rtifact d istributions may r eflect t he operation o f s ystematic d isposal b ehaviours. A s was d iscussed e arlier, c omplexity o f c luster z one c ontent s hould r emain t he s ame a s s maller s patial s ubdivisions a re made i f d umping o ccurred. This a ssumes, o f c ourse, t hat l arger a ccumulation a reas a re made u p b y multiple d isposal e vents. The m ixing o f a ctivity s pecific r efuse i nto d ump a reas p roduces i ts own s patial v ariation i n z one c ontent, a nd h omogeneity r esults. Smaller z ones a re r eflections o f l ess i ntense d umping, p erhaps d ue t o l ess i ntense u se o f t he l oci, b ut s till r epresent s maller v ersions o f l arger a ccumulation p iles. To e xamine c hange i n h omogeneity a s s maller s patial u nits a re d istinguished, e ach correlation t able i s c haracterized b y t he p roportion o f t he t otal t able t aken u p b y s tatistically s ignificant positive c orrelations. This v alue i s p lotted a gainst t he s patial s cales o btained b y k -means multi-pattern r ecognition, a nd a p rofile o f h omogeneity i s g enerated ( Figure 3 1). The p lot obtained f rom t he P incevent a nalyses s hows a more o r l ess s traight l ine a cross a ll l evels o f s patial r efinement. This s uggests a d isposal mode o f pattern g eneration a t P incevent, a nd c onforms t o t he e xpectations o utlined e arlier ( Chapter 2 ) f or s uch a s et o f b ehaviours. D ifferences a mong s patial z ones d o e xist, a nd t hese may r eflegt s ome f unctional v ariation a cross t he s ite. However, when e xamined i n d etail, t hese a lways s eem t o r elate t o d ifferences b etween h earth a reas, i .e., t he t hree z ones i dentified a t t he l owest s patial s cale.

1 11

1 00%

7 5%.

5 0%.

P e r c e n t o f T a b l e S i g n i f i c a n t a t . 0 5

"---, . . . . --" ' 2 5% d

aw

Mk

H igh

C lus te r S ca le

F igure 3 1. P lot o f Accumulation Content Homogeneity w ith S cale of Spatial R efinement f or P incevent S ection 3 6.

1 12

A ssessing Local A ssociations

a mong A rtifact C lasses

Vectors r epresenting z one content s tandardized b y c lass a nd z one maximum v alues w ere c omputed f or a ll s patial u nits a t e ach s cale, a ccording t o t he t echnique o utlined i n Chapter 3 . The v ectors, r eferred t o h ere a s " transformations", w ill b e d iscussed b y s patial s cale b elow. The l owest, t hree z one, s cale i s c onsidered f irst, f ollowed b y t he s ix z one a nd n ine z one l evels. Table 1 1 p resents t he v alues obtained a fter t ransformation w ithin c lasses f or t he t hree c luster z ones d efined i n k -means a nalysis. I t i s c lear t hat o ne z one, c orresponding t o h earth a rea V105, c ontains t he g reatest n umber o f objects i n most c lasses. Those n ot h aving t heir h ighest v alue i n z one 1 --antlers, p ercoirs, a nd e ndscrapers--nevertheless h ave r elatively h igh p ercentages o f t he maximum i n t his z one. Z one 2 , c entered a t h earth T112, a lso s hows h igh v alues f or a ll material c lasses e xcept f or b ladelets. C lasses n ot h aving a v alue o f 1 00, o r maximum, i n z one 1 h ave t hat v alue i n t his s econd z one. The t hird z one s hows a ll v alues l ower t han o ne-third o f t he overall maximum f or e ach c lass. Antlers a re a bsent i n t he t hird z one, while b urins a nd b ladelets s how t he h ighest v alues o ccurring w ithin t his z one. The i nformation i n t his t able c orresponds c losely t o t hat obtained f rom r ank matrices a t t he t hree c luster l evel. V105 i s t he r ichest o f t he t hree z ones, T112 i s t he s econd r ichest, a nd L 115 t he poorest i n t erms o f material a bundance. However, c ertain s imilarities a nd d ifferences c an b e s een t hat w ere n ot e vident i n t he r ank m atrix. P ercoirs a nd e ndscrapers, f or e xample, h ave s imilar v alues i n a ll t hree z ones. Antler f ragments, h aving t he s ame r ank pattern, s till s how a d ifferent p roportional d istribution t han s crapers a nd p ercoirs. Other g roups a re n oted: metacarpals a nd metatarsal a re s imilarly d istributed; r ibs, mandibles, a nd c ores h ave t he s ame d istributions o f v alues. Other c lasses h ave u nique d istributions o f s tandardized v alues over t he t hree z ones. F igure 3 2 s hows t he c ircle g raphs f or c lass-maximum t ransformations. Each g raph i n t he f igure c orresponds t o a s patial z one a t t he t hree c luster l evel. C learly, z one 1 s hows t he h ighest percentages o f a ll materials, b oth s tone a nd b one, e xcept f or p ercoirs a nd e ndscrapers. Z one 2 s hows r elatively h igh v alues f or most c lasses, a lthough r ibs, c ores, a nd b ladelets a re n ot w ell r epresented h ere. C luster z one 3 s hows s mall v alues f or a ll materials, a lthough b urins a nd b ladlets h ave s light p eaks. The t ransformation b y c lass i s d esigned t o control f or v ariation b etween a rtifact c ategories i n t erms o f t heir overall a bundance a t t he s ite. Therefore, i f a s trict l ocation/abundance f actor w ere operating, i .e., i f d eposition r esulted i n t he p lacement o f l arger o r s maller d umps o f e quivalent c ontent, t hen a s eries o f t hree

1 13

TABLE

1 1.

Matrix of c lass maximum s tandardization v alues f or P incevent 3 6 a rtifact c lasses when t hree c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antler R ibs Percoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2 1 00 1 00 1 00 8 4 1 00 5 4 5 1 1 00 1 00 1 00

1 14

9 6 9 6 5 8 1 00 4 5 1 00 1 00 7 6 4 0 0

3 1 9 1 3 1 2 0 1 3 1 2 1 6 2 8 1 8 2 8

3

F igure 3 2. C ircular G raphs f or Class Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when Three Z ones Are Considered f or P incevent S ection 3 6. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) metacarpals, ( t) metatarsals, ( d) mandibles, ( a) a ntler, ( r) r ibs, ( p ) p ercoirs, ( g) e ndscrapers, ( b) b urins, ( n) cores, ( 1) b ladelets. Circumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

1 15

d ifferent s ized, r oughly c ircular polygons w ould h e expected. This i s t he c ase f or z ones 1 a nd 3 , where n early a ll a rtifact c lasses a re r epresented i n a ll t hree z ones. However, z one 2 c ontains b urins, e ndscrapers, a ntlers, percoirs, metacarpals, a nd metatarsals i n a bundance, while o ther c lasses a re p resent i n r educed n umbers. I t s eems t hat z ones 1 a nd 3 a re equivalent i n t erms o f t heir c onstituent e lements w hile z one 2 i s s lightly d ifferent. Table 1 2 s hows t he t ransformed v alues f or t he P incevent t hree z one s olution when p ercentages a re c omputed b y z one. F igure 3 3 s hows t he c ircle g raphs corresponding t o t his t able. Here, t he s imilarity o f z ones 1 a nd 3 i s e vident, a nd c an b e a ttributed t o h igh r elative p ercentages o f b ladelets a nd c aribou r ibs. Smaller p eaks o ccur f or b urins a nd mandibles i n b oth g raphs. The only d ifference b etween t he t wo z ones s eems t o b e i n t he a ntler p resent. Z one 2 s hows a h igh b one content, i n contrast t o t he t wo o ther z ones. Coupled w ith t his r elative abundance o f a ll b one c lasses, s tone t ool c lasses poorly r epresented i n z ones 1 a nd 3 f orm a h igh p ercentage o f t he a ssemblage i n z one 2 . I n comparing t he r esults o f t he t wo t ransformations, t wo d imensions o f v ariation c an b e d efined. F irst, a s i llustrated b y t he w ithin c lass p ercentages, t here i s a pattern o f a rtifact a bundance r elating t o l ocation. The r ichest z one overall, z one 1 , contains t he r ichest c lusters f or most object c ategories. Z one 2 contains h igh p ercentages o f many c lasses b ut r educed n umbers o f o ther c lasses. Z one 3 , t he poorest z one i n t erms o f a bsolute a bundance, contains r oughly equivalent percentages o f most a rtifact c lasses, a nd s eems t o r epresent a l ess r ich v ersion o f c luster z one 1 . S econd, t he r elative c ontribution o f v arious a rtifact c lasses t o e ach z one a ccentuates t his pattern. Again, z ones 1 a nd 3 a re s imilar i n c ontent, w ith b oth h aving b ladelets a nd r ibs a s dominant e lements o f t he z one a ssemblages. Z one 2 d iffers f rom t he o ther t wo i n i ts h igh b one c ontent a nd i ts h igh p ercentages f or b urins, s crapers, p ercoirs a nd c ores. P ercent-of-maximum t ransformations w ere p erformed o n r aw count t ables f or t he P incevent s ix z one s olution. Table 1 3 s hows t he v alues p roduced when d ata a re t ransformed b y c lass maximum, a nd Table 1 4 p resents t he r esults o f t ransformation b y z one maximum. F igures 3 4 a nd 3 5 d isplay t hese r esults g raphically. Three k inds o f z ones s eem t o b e p resent a t t his c luster l evel when e xamining c lass maximum t ransformations. Z one 1 , c entered o n h earth V105, s hows h igh v alues f or a ll c lasses b ut p ercoirs a nd metacarpals. Z ones 3 , 4 , a nd 6 c ontain f ew o r n o b ladelets a nd l ack r ibs a s well. Z ones 2 a nd 5 a re s mall z ones c ontaining l ow p ercentages o f a f ew a rtifact c ategories. O f particular i nterest h ere i s t he s imilarity i n g raphs s hown

1 16

TABLE

1 2.

Matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization v alues f or P incevent 3 6 a rtifact c lasses when t hree c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antler R ibs Percoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 0 9 1 1 7 1 6 3 4 3 7 1 00

1 17

1 00 8 1 7 4 8 5 9 9 7 8 7 5 6 3 3 6 0

3 2 9 1 7 2 2 0 4 2 1 4 1 8 3 3 2 7 1 00

1

2

3

F igure 3 3. Circular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization of Z one Contents when Three Z ones A re Considered f or P incevent S ection 3 6. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) metacarpals, ( t) metatarsals, ( d) mandibles, ( a) a ntler, ( r) r ibs, ( p ) percoirs, ( g) e ndscrapers, ( b ) b urins, ( n) cores, ( 1) b ladelets. Circumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

1 18

TABLE

1 3.

Matrix o f c lass maximum s tandardization v alues f or P incevent 3 6 a rtifact c lasses when s ix c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antler b r R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

1 5 6 8 0 1 00 9 1 1 00 4 9 8 0 1 00 1 00 1 00

CLUSTER Z ONE 3 4

2 1 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0

5 8 2 5 7 6 4 0 0 9 8 5 2 9 4 6 0

1 19

1 00 1 00 8 8 1 00 3 9 1 00 1 00 7 9 4 6 0

5

6

2 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0

1 8 1 4 1 7 3 8 1 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 1 5

2

4

5

3

6

Figure 3 4. C ircular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when S ix Z ones A re Considered f or P incevent S ection 3 6. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) metacarpals, ( t) metatarsals, ( d) mandibles, ( a) a ntler, ( r) r ibs, ( p ) percoirs, ( g) e ndscrapers, ( b ) b urins, ( n) c ores, ( 1) b ladelets. Circumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

1 20

TABLE

1 4.

Matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization v alues f or P incevent 3 6 a rtifact c lasses when s ix c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antler R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores B ladelets

1

2

1 0 1 4 1 6 1 3 4 6 8 7 1 5 1 4 1 00

6 4 0 5 7 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0

CLUSTER Z ONE 3 4 8 6 3 6 1 00 4 7 0 1 2 5 8 3 6 5 4 0

1 21

1 00 9 8 7 9 8 0 1 00 9 2 4 6 6 7 3 7 0

5

6

1 00 0 0 0 1 00 0 4 3 0 0 0

2 2 1 7 1 9 3 2 4 1 4 1 8 3 5 1 3 1 00

1

4

2

3

5

6

F igure 3 5. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents w hen S ix Z ones A re Considered f or P incevent S ection 3 6. R adii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) metacarpals, ( t) metatarsals, ( d) mandibles, ( a) a ntler, ( r) r ibs, ( p ) p ercoirs, ( g) e ndscrapers, ( b ) b urins, ( n ) c ores, ( 1) b ladelets. Circumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

1 22

b y Z ones 3 , 4 , a nd 6 . Polygons a re o f v arying s ize, b ut t he g eneral a spect o f a ll t hree g raphs i s t he s ame. P eaks o ccur f or metacarpals, mandibles, e ndscrapers, a nd cores. Z one 3 contains f ew b urins, b ut z ones 4 a nd 6 s how p eaks f or t hat c lass. Z one 4 h as a g reater v alue f or p ercoirs t han t he o ther z ones, while z one 6 i s s omewhat l acking i n a ntler f ragments when c ompared t o t he o ther t wo z ones. I n a ll, t hese t hree c luster z ones a re v ery s imilar g iven t he d ifferences i n overall material a bundance. The l ocations o f t hese t hree s imilar u nits p rovide i nteresting points o f comparison. Z ones 4 a nd 6 a re h earth-centered, w hile z one 3 i s t he a rea b etween h earths V105 a nd T112 i nterpreted a s a c ommunal d ump b y t he e xcavators. At t he t hree z one l evel, i t was t he h earth-centered z ones a t V105 a nd L115 t hat w ere s imilar, b ut t wo f actors c ontribute t o t he s hift s een h ere. F irst, a l arge n umber o f b acked b ladelets, a ssociated w ith L 115 a t t he t hree z one s olution, a re n ow s patially i solated. The extraction o f t hese b ladelets f rom t he L 115 a ssemblage b rings i t i nto l ine w ith z one 4 a t T112. T he s eparation o f z one 3 ( the " dump") s eems t o h ave a ltered t he p rofile o f t he z one c entered o n V105 s o t hat i t n o l onger r esembles z one 6 . I f z one 3 i s a d ump, t hen i t i s n ot s urprising t hat t he t wo h earth z ones a re s imilar, s ince a g eneralized d eposition o f a ll materials c an b e e xpected t here u nder t he d isposal b ehaviour h ypothesis. The d ivergence o f z one 1 , on t he o ther h and, i s n ot e xpected. However, t he major d ifference b etween t his d ense z one a nd t he other t hree i s i n t he h igh p ercentages o f b ladelets a nd r ibs p resent. I n o ther r espects, i t h as a s imilar g raph t o t he h earth-centered z ones a nd t o t he d ense c oncentration b etween z ones 1 a nd 4 . D ifferent s ets o f c luster z ones a re s uggested a t t he m edium s olution s cale b y z one maximum t ransformations. B ladelets a nd r ibs d ominate z ones 1 a nd 6 , r epeating t he p attern s een a t t he t hree z one l evel. This i s s omewhat s urprising b ecause a s ubstantial n umber o f b ladelets w ere i solated f rom t he z one c entered o n L 115 b etween c lustering l evels. Bladelets s eem t o b e concentrated i nto s mall a reas i n l arge n umbers, a nd when o ne o f t hese c oncentrations i s i solated, a s i n t his c ase, o ther c oncentrations w ithin t he s ame z one p rovide s ufficient n umbers o f b ladelets t o maintain n umerical d ominance. Two s mall z ones, 2 a nd 5 , h ave h igh p ercentages o f m etacarpals a nd r ibs. Z one 2 a lso c ontains mandible f ragments, while z one 5 contains a f ew e ndscrapers. These z ones a re l ow d ensity u nits, y et t he f act t hat t hey b oth a re d ominated b y t he s ame t wo b one c ategories s uggests s ome s imilarity. The f inal t wo z ones, 3 a nd 4 , a re d istinct f rom t he o ther pairs i n content. They h ave p oints o f s imilarity b etween t hem b ut e xhibit i mportant d ifferences. Both h ave c omparable p ercentages o f metacarpals, mandibles, a ntlers,

1 23

s crapers, b urins a nd cores. Z one 4 , c entered o n T 112, a lso s hows h igh r elative percentages f or m etatarsals, r ibs, a nd p ercoirs. The l atter z one a gain s hows a r ather g eneral a spect, containing a ll a rtifact c lasses e xcept b ladelets. At t he s ix c luster l evel, a t otal o f f ive c lusters a re i solated f rom c luster z ones. Three o f t hese i solated c lusters c ontain b ladelets i n l arge n umbers. One c luster contains s even c ores a nd i s l ocated n ext t o a s mall h earth f eature i n t he s outhwestern p art o f t he e xcavated a rea. I n t he e xtreme n ortheast, a pocket o f t hree e ndscrapers i s c entered o n a nother s mall c up h earth. Of particular i mportance i s t he t endency f or b ladelets t o o ccur a way f rom z one a reas. Half o f t he b ladelet c lusters p roduced b y k -means a nalysis a re i solated a t t his c lustering l evel, a nd t hese c ontain 3 8.49% o f a ll objects i n t he c lass. This s upports t he observation made e arlier, t hat b ladelets a re c oncentrated i n s mall a reas. Here, h owever, i t i s e vident t hat s ome o f t hese s mall b ut d ense concentrations a re l ocated a way f rom t he main d eposition l ocations. To s ummarize t he observations made o n t he b asis o f percent-of-maximum t ransformations a t t he s ix z one s olution, t wo d imensions o f u nit s imilarity a re a gain i ndicated. For c lass maximum t ransformations, t hree z ones ( 3, 4 , a nd 6 ) h ave s imilar p rofiles. Two o f t hese z ones a re c entered on h earth f eatures, while t he t hird i s a d ense a rea b etween t wo h earths p reviously i nterpreted a s a d ump. Z one 1 i s s omewhat d ifferent t han t he p revious t hree o n t his measurement s cale. Also c entered o n a h earth f eature, z one 1 contains e quivalent n umbers o f a ll a rtifact c ategories e xcept metacarpals a nd p ercoirs. I t s eems t o b e a more g eneralized v ersion o f t he " dense" z one pattern. Two s parse z ones contain f ew materials, b ut t hese a re o f s imilar c haracter. Both s mall z ones c ontain metacarpals a nd r ibs. Z one 2 h as mandibles a ssociated w ith t he o ther t wo b one c lasses, while z one 5 h as a f ew s crapers i ncluded i n t he a ssemblage. One d imension o f v ariation, t hen, e ntails t he d ensity o f materials l ocated i n g iven z ones. S imilar p rofiles a re p resent b ased o n t he c lass maximum t ransformation i n z ones h aving l arge n umbers o f objects overall. Even i n s mall, l ess d ense d eposit a reas, z one c ontent i s s imilar. The s econd d imension o f v ariation i s b ased o n z one maximum t ransformations, a nd h ighlights t he r ole o f b ladelets a nd r ibs a s d ominant a rtifact c lasses w hen t hey a re p resent i n a z one. A s h as b een d iscussed, b ladelets s eem t o c oncentrate i n s mall p ockets. These p ockets contain l arge n umbers o f p ieces, a nd t hey b ecome n umerically i mportant whenever t hey o ccur i n a z one. However, b ladelets h ave a s omewhat d ifferent d istribution t han o ther t ool a nd b one c ategories a nd a re f requently f ound o utside o f d ense z ones a ssociated w ith h abitation f eatures. R ibs d o n ot s eem t o b e c oncentrated i n s mall pockets. When r ibs a re p resent i n a z one, t here i s a

1 24

s ingle c luster, a nd t his contains many r ibs. The n umerical d ominance o f t his b one c lass may b e r elated t o t wo f actors. R ibs a re e asily b roken i nto many p ieces, a nd t hey t herefore p rovide more p oints , , on t be map t han d o l ess e asily f ragmented b one c lasses. R ibs a re a lso t he most n umerous s ingle b one i n a v ertebrate s keleton. I n a reas o f h eavy p edestrian t raffic, e .g., a t t he opening o f a s tructure, a d ense b ut d ispersed c oncentration o f r ib f ragments m ight b e a nticipated. The P incevent s ix z one s olution s eems t o d isplay t his p attern, s upporting t he e xcavators' i nterpretations o f t he h earths. Other c haracteristics o f z one c ontent i llustrated b y z one maximum t ransformations conform t o t hose d iscussed u nder c lass maximum t ransformation. Table 1 5 a nd F igure 3 6 s how c lass maximum t ransformations p erformed o n t he P incevent n ine c luster s olution c ounts b y z one. Again, a b asic d istinction i s apparent b etween z ones made u p o f a f ew c lasses ( 2, 3 , a nd 9 ) a nd r icher z ones w here most, i f n ot a ll, c ategories a re r epresented. A s ingle z one l ies b etween t hese e xtremes, z one 7 , t hat c ontains s ix o f t he t en a rtifact g roups. As was t he c ase a t t he s ix z one l evel, z ones c entered o n h earths T112 a nd L 115 s how s imilar a ssemblage p rofiles t o t he d ense z one b etween t he t wo n orthern f eatures. A gain, t hese z ones c ontain f ew b ladelets a nd r ib f ragments, a nd a re d ominated b y a r ather c onsistent b lend o f metacarpals, metatarsals, mandibles, a ntlers, p ercoirs, s crapers, b urins, a nd c ores. These z ones ( 5, 6 , a nd 8 ) r eflect g eneral d eposits o f most a rtifact c ategories. Z ones 1 a nd 4 a re s imilar t o t he f irst g roup, w ith c ertain i mportant d ifferences. Z one 1 , t o t he n orthwest o f h earth V105, h as a much h igher b ladelet c omponent t han d oes t he g eneralized g roup; i n o ther r espects i t i s t he s ame. Z one 4 h as a n e levated b ladelet count, b ut t his t ool c lass d oes n ot d ominate h ere. R ib f ragments, o n t he o ther h and, a re w ell r epresented, h aving t heir g reatest f requency i n t his z one. A f inal d ifference b etween z one 4 ' a nd t he z ones d escribed a bove a s " general" i s t he l ack o f metatarsals. However, e xcept i n z one 6 , t his b one t ype i s n ot p resent i n g reat f requency i n a ny o f t he a forementioned z ones. All o f t he r ichest z ones, t hen, s eem t o r epresent g eneralized d eposits o f most a rtifact c lasses, a lthough s ome c lasses a re more a bundant i n o ne o r a nother s patial u nit. The t wo h earth a reas T 112 a nd L 115 a re most s imilar i n r elative a rtifact c ontent. The t hird h earth a rea, V105, h as a bundant b ladelets a ssociated w ith i t, b ut i t i s s imilar i n p rofile t o t he a bove z ones i n o ther r espects. Z one 5 b etween t he n orthern h earths i s s imilar t o a h earth a rea i n c ontent, a nd s o i s a n ew z one ( 1) c entered o n a s mall c up h earth t o t he n orthwest o f V105. The s maller z ones d efined a t t his c lustering l evel a re made u p o f a r educed s et o f c ategories. Z one 2 c ontains a p air o f l ithic c lasses, c ores a nd b ladelets, b ut o nly a f ew o f e ach a re p resent. Z one 3 c ontains o nly b one, a nd m irrors z one 2 a t t he s ix z one l evel, w ith

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TABLE

1 5.

Matrix o f c lass maximum s tandardization v alues f or P incevent 3 6 a rtifact c lasses when n ine c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

1 0 3 0 2 1 3 8 2 4 4 0 1 2 3 5 5 4 1 00

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5 6

2

3

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 8 5 1 1 7 9 0 0 0 0 0

1 00 0 1 00 7 5 1 00 0 1 00 1 00 6 4 5 7

1 26

9 8 3 0 8 9 4 3 2 2 7 0 6 2 3 5 1 00 0

1 8 1 00 5 1 1 00 4 1 1 00 1 9 3 5 7 4 0

7

8

9

3 2 0 1 0 1 8 1 2 0 1 9 7 0 0

3 2 8 2 2 4 1 1 3 0 2 1 2 4 2 3 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 1 5 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

F igure 3 6. C ircular G raphs f or C lass Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when N ine Z ones A re Considered f or P incevent S ection 3 6. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) metacarpals, ( t) metatarsals, ( d) mandibles, ( a) a ntler, ( r) r ibs, ( p) p ercoirs, ( g) e ndscrapers, ( b ) b urins, ( n) cores, ( 1) b ladelets. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

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metatarsals a nd a ntlers a dded t o t he a ssemblage. Z one 7 contains more a rtifact c lasses t han o ther s mall u nits, b ut n o c lass i s r eally abundant. Bone c lasses a re d ominant, b ut a lso a ssociated a re a f ew b urins a nd s crapers. Z one 9 i s made u p p rimarily o f l ithics, w ith metatarsals t he o nly bone c lass r epresented. Cores a re n ot p resent i n z one 9 . Z one maximum t ransformations a re p resented i n Table 1 6 a nd i llustrated i n F igure 3 7. The r ich z ones d efined on t he b asis o f c lass maximum t ransformations ( 1, 4 , 5 , 6 , a nd 8 ) a re o f t wo k inds h ere. One pair, z ones 1 a nd 4 , h ave a b ladelet component t hat dominates t he a ssemblage; t he p resence a nd i mportance o f r ibs i n z one 4 i s a lso c lear u sing t his t ransformation. The o ther t hree z ones c an s till b e c haracterized a s g eneral. Z ones 5 a nd 8 a re most s imilar i n content, w ith metacarpals, mandibles a nd r ibs w ell r epresented. Z one 6 c ontains r elatively f ew metacarpals a nd s crapers a nd s hows a f requency o f r ib f ragments more l ike z ones 1 a nd 4 t han o ther g eneral z ones. Sparse z one 2 i s c learly d ominated b y b ladelets, a lthough t here a re a f ew cores p resent, a nd t hese make u p a h igher w ithin-class p roportion t han do t he b ladelets. Another s parse u nit dominated by l ithic categories i s z one 9 . Here, b urins a nd p ercoirs a re i mportant e lements i n t he a ssemblage, while metatarsals a re a lso p resent i n l arge n umbers. Two z ones d ominated b y b one e lements a re 3 a nd 7 . Z one 3 i s made u p e ntirely o f b one materials, w ith r ibs t he b est-represented c lass. Z one 7 h as a s imilar p rofile t o 3 b ut l acks metatarsals; t wo l ithic c lasses, s crapers a nd b urins, a re i ncluded i n t he z ones. For t he n ine z one s olution, s even i solated c lusters a re d istributed a cross t he s ite i n a reas a way f rom t he major h earth-centered z ones. An i nteresting pattern emerges a t t his l evel; o nly b ladelets a nd c ores a re i solated b y t he k -means a nalyses. Bladelets a re i solated i n f our c lusters, c ontaining 3 3.57% o f a ll objects i n t his c lass. Cores a re f ound t hree t imes i n i solated c lusters, a ccounting f or 1 5.33% of t he t otal. I t i s i nteresting t o note t hat one o f t he s parse c luster z ones, n umber 2 , contains o nly c ores a nd b ladelets i n a ssociation. But t here i s n o pattern o f s patial r elation e vident i n t he s cattered i solates. Two i solated c lusters, b oth b ladelet concentrations, o ccur i n t he n orthwestern part o f t he excavated a rea t o t he w est o f h earth V105. A c luster o f s even cores i s c entered o n a s mall h earth i n t he s outhwest part o f t he s ite. Two b ladelet c lusters a re f ound n ear L 115 t o t he west o f t he f eature, b ut t his d istribution c annot b e r elated t o t he c lusters w est o f V105 s ince Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon p lace t he i nferred s tructure openings w ith opposite o rientations. A core c luster i s l ocated t o t he s outh o f V105 i n t he most open part o f t he e xcavated a rea, a nd a nother i s f ound b etween T112 a nd L115.

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TABLE

1 6.

Matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization values f or P incevent 3 6 a rtifact c lasses when n ine c luster z ones a re considered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Metacarpals Metatarsals Mandibles Antlers R ibs P ercoirs Endscrapers Burins Cores Bladelets

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5 6

1

2

3

0 7 4 7 1 3 1 2 7 7 1 00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 00

6 4 2 1 5 0 2 9 1 00 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 3 8 2 5 9 4 0 2 5 3 3 1 5 1 00

1 29

8 8 3 4 1 00 4 3 6 3 1 3 4 6 3 4 7 0 0

1 4 1 00 5 0 8 8 1 00 1 6 1 3 3 0 4 5 0

7

8

9

8 4 0 3 2 5 3 1 00 0 4 2 2 1 0 0

9 4 2 9 8 2 1 2 1 00 1 8 5 3 7 6 5 3 0

0 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 5 0 1 00 0 2 5

1

2

3

4

s

6

7

8

9

Figure 3 7. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization o f Z one Contents when N ine Z ones A re Consi d ered f or P incevent S ection 3 6. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) metacarpals, ( t) metatarsals, ( d) mandibles, ( a) a ntler, ( r) r ibs, ( p ) percoirs, ( g) e ndscrapers, ( b ) b urins, ( n) cores, ( 1) b ladelets. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

1 30

I t s hould b e p ointed o ut t hat n o l ithic c lass h as i ts maximum f requency i n a n i solated u nit. Bladelets a re f ound i n g reatest n umbers i n z ones 1 a nd 4 , while c ores a re most a bundant i n u nits 5 a nd 6 . When t he t otal n umber o f b ladelets o ccurring i n a nd a round h earth V105 a re a dded t ogether, i ncluding t hose f rom t wo i solated c lusters a nd t hose f rom t wo z ones, over 8 9% o f t he b ladelets mapped a t P incevent c an b e a ssociated w ith t his o ne f eature. This i mpressive d ominance o f t he V105 a ssemblage b y a s ingle c lass may a ccount f or s ome o f t he d ifferences i n h earth z one contents a mong t he t hree f eatures. Comparing r esults f rom t he t wo t ransformations y ields s imilar observations t o t hose s et f orth f or t he s ix z one s olution. Bladelets a nd r ibs, when p resent, d ominate a c luster z one's c ontent s ince t hey t end t o o ccur i n l arge n umbers. S imilarly, t hese a rtifact c lasses a lso c ontribute t o t he o verall r elative a bundance o f a c luster z one. I n s ome p laces, r ibs a nd b ladelets d efine a z one p rofile, y et t hey h ave d ifferent d istributions. B ladelets s eem t o b e d eposited i nto s mall pockets, a nd t hese pockets c ontain l arge q uantities o f t he c lass. Concentrations o f b ladelets o ccur i n h earth-centered z one 1 , b ut t hey a re u sually f ound a way f rom h earths, e ither i n r ich z ones n ear b ut n ot o n t he f eatures o r i n i solated c lusters. R ibs o ccur i n h earth z ones o r i n z ones n ear h earths. They n ever f orm i solated c lusters, a nd o ccur i n d ispersed masses r ather t han s mall p ockets. Other a rtifact c ategories a re f ound m ixed t ogether i n r ich c luster z ones. Small z ones s eem t o b e d ivided i nto t wo t ypes: t hose d ominated b y b one materials a nd t hose w ith a l ithic content g reater t han b one. I solated c lusters a re e xclusively l ithic i n c ontent, w ith a h igh p ercentage o f a ll b ladelets o ccurring i n i solates r emoved f rom t he h earth a reas. Cores a re a lso f ound i n i solation, particularly i n t he s outhwestern p art o f t he s ite w here t hey s eem t o a ssociate w ith a s mall f eature. The g eneral d istinction made a t t he s ix z one l evel b etween d ense a nd material-poor z ones i s maintained when n ine z ones a re c onsidered. Dense z ones a re f ound i n c lose p roximity t o t he t hree p rincipal h earth f eatures. Sparse z ones a nd i solated c lusters o ccur a way f rom t hese a reas, a nd f requently c enter o n s maller f eatures--cup h earths, s tains, e tc. The t hree r ichest z ones ( 4, 5 a nd 6 ) a re f ound i n t he n orthern part o f t he s ite c entered o n t he t wo h earths a nd i n a z one b etween t hem. These h ave s imilar p rofiles, a lthough t he z one a ssociated w ith V105 i s v ery r ich i n b ladelets a nd poor i n metatarsals. Z one 8 r epresents a l ess d ense v ersion o f t hese z ones a nd i s c entered o n t he s outhernmost h earth. The a nalyses c arried o ut h ere p rovide a b asis f or d efining c ertain r elationships w hich s eem t o r epresent a n u nderlying s tructure t o t he d eposits u ncovered a t P incevent. These r elate l ocation a nd c ontext t o material

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abundance a nd t o t he content o f s pecific a reas w ithin t he s ite. I n t he f ollowing d iscussion, t he r esults o f r ank matrix a nalysis w ill b e c ombined w ith c ontent s tudies b ased on maximum v alue t ransformations. Two a spects o f s patial v ariation a t P incevent w ill b e considered i n t his s ynthesis. F irst, t he n ature o f s patial s tructure i n d eposition w ill b e e xamined. Then, t he p roblem o f a rtifact a ssociation w ill b e d iscussed i n l ight o f d isposal s tructuring. I n t he f inal s ection, t he d eposits u ncovered a t P incevent w ill b e i nterpreted i n t erms o f b oth t he o riginal c onclusions p roposed b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon a nd t he patterning d efined h ere.

D ISCUSSION A ND CONCLUSIONS I n c ertain a reas a t P incevent, e .g., a round t he northern h earth f eatures, materials w ere d eposited i n massive p iles t hat s eem t o c ontain a ll a rtifact c lasses i n quantities which r eflect t heir overall a bundance a t t he s ite. That t his c ondition e xists i s e videnced b y t he i ntercorrelation o f a rtifact c lasses a t e ach c lustering l evel p roduced b y t he k -means p attern s earch. Certain a rtifact c lasses d o n ot s eem t o b e p art o f t his p attern, however. The e xamination o f c luster z one c omposition b ased on maximum v alue p rofiles r eveals t hat b acked b ladelets n ot o nly a re d istributed i n a d ifferent s patial pattern t han o ther c lasses b ut a lso h ave a d istinct s tructure t o t heir d eposition. The p lotting o f r anks a t t heir k -means c entroid l ocations points t o a r elationship a mong i ndividual a rtifact c lasses o f s imilar r elative a bundance. Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics s how t hat n early a ll material c ategories a re i ntercorrelated, d espite p rogressive r efinement o f t he s patial u nits b eing considered. S till, a d ifference b etween s mall c luster z ones d efined a t h igh s cales o f r efinement, i .e., a t t he n ine z one s olution, a nd t he l arger, h earth-centered masses s eems t o b e p resent. Z one a nd c lass maximum p roportions a llow p rofiles o f z one c ontents t o b e p roduced, d isplaying t he c omposition o f i ndividual z ones i n e asily c ompared g raphs. These s how t hat d ense z ones a re e ssentially s imilar i n c ontent. Smaller z ones a re l ess c onsistent i n t erms o f c omposition, a nd s how a t rend t owards s eparation o f b one a nd s tone materials. However, n o c lear a ssociations a mong s pecific a rtifact categories w ere f ound t hat m ight r eflect a ctivity p atterning a t P incevent. I solated c lusters o f b ladelets, a lways f ound i n l arge n umbers, a nd c ores d o s uggest s patial s egregations o f t he a ctivities i nvolved i n t he p roduction a nd/or u se o f t hese materials. The z one maximum t ransformations f or d ense d eposit a reas a re consistent n ot only w ithin a c lustering l evel b ut a lso b etween l evels. Z ones 2 a nd 3 a t t he t hree z one

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l evel, z ones 3 , 4 , a nd 6 a t t he s ix z one l evel, a nd z ones 5 , 6 , a nd 8 a t t he n ine z one s olution h ave c onsistent g raphic p rofiles b ased o n c lass maximum t ransformations. These z ones r epresent materials d eposited a t h earth f eatures T 112 a nd L 115, a nd i n t he a rea b etween t he n orthern f eatures. I f, a s L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon s uggest, t he r efuse p iles f ocused o n h earths w ere t he r esult o f a s uite o f " domestic" ( within h abitation s tructure) b ehaviours, t hen t he c orrespondence o f a " dump" a rea, i .e., t hat b etween t he n orthern h earths, w ith t he d omestic r efuse h eaps i s i nteresting. More i mportantly, a ssuming t hat h earth r efuse r esults f rom i n s itu o r n earby a ctivities, t he p resence o f a s imilar mass a way f rom a ny h earth i mplies r edeposition o f d omestic a rea r efuse. A s econd s uch z one d efined a t t he n ine c luster l evel n orthwest o f V105 ( zone 1 ) s upports t he i mplication o f r efuse d isposal b ehaviours c onditioning s patial o rganization. D ifferences b etween a ll o f t hese z ones a nd t hose c entered o n V105 i tself s eem t o r elate t o t he l arge n umbers o f r ibs a nd b ladelets p resent i n t he n orthwestern h earth a rea. A rtifact a ssociation a t P incevent may b e d ue t o d isposal p rocesses s tructuring r efuse d eposition. I t s till i s p ossible t hat i n s maller c luster z ones more r estricted g roups o f objects c an b e r elated t o a ctivity s ets. However, a s was d iscussed a bove, n o p attern o r a ssociation i s d iscerned i n t he p eripheral z ones. Moreover, s ample s izes a re v ery s mall i n e very c ase, p recluding t he u se o f s tatistical methods f or p attern r ecognition. We a re l eft w ith t he p ossibility o f a ccepting t he o utlying z ones a s t hey a re, i .e., v iewing e ach a s r eflecting " extensive u se s paces" a s d efined b y B inford, b ut t his i s a d angerous a nd u nfounded a ssumption. I f t he p resence o f p articular a rtifacts i n a d ense z one i s p redicated u pon t he overall abundance o f material t here, t hen t his p rocess may operate o n s maller u nits a s w ell. I n other words, i t i s possible t hat v ariability i n s mall u nits i s s tochastic a nd r elates t o s ampling e rror. We must i nterpret t he Pincevent d istributions i n t erms o f d isposal b ehaviours r ather t han i n t erms o f a ctivity s pecific a reas. I mportant f actors h ere a re t he s ocial o rganization o f t he h uman g roup(s) o ccupying t he s ite, a s w ell a s p articular d isposal b ehaviours t hat m ight e xplain t he v ariation i n s patial d istributions n oted b etween l evels. Under t his l atter c ategory, s uch f actors a s d rop r ates ( Ammerman a nd F eldman 1 974) m ight e xplain s ome o f t he v ariation i n l ithic objects f ound i n p eripheral z ones, s ince t he t ool f orms f ound t here--scrapers a nd b urins--are t he most a bundant e xcepting b ladelets. A s tochastic model f or l oss r ates would p redict h igher n umbers o f t hese objects i n l ow u se a reas. A s econd d isposal mode i nvolves t he d esire t o k eep domestic, o r h igh u se, a reas c lear o f r efuse s o t hat o ther a ctivities c an b e c arried o ut t here. Systematic c leaning a nd r emoval o f g arbage f rom h earth a reas would r esult i n

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d umps a way f rom " intensive u se s paces" t hat m irror t he s uite o f b ehaviours o ccurring n ear t he h earths. Two s uch a reas s eem t o b e p resent a t P incevent, a nd b oth o f t hese a re c losest t o t he n orthern f eatures. Aspects o f s ocial o rganization a t P incevent s uggested b y t he f oregoing a nalyses c onform t o t hose p resented b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon. The o riginal i nterpretation o f t hree habitations c entered on major h earths i s s upported b y t he t hree z one s olution. Fan-shaped r efuse d isposal a way f rom t he i nterior a reas o f e ach s tructure i s a lso i ndicated, a lthough t he s tructure o f t hose d eposits c an b e e laborated. Certain a mounts o f material, i ndeed t he r ichest masses, r emain a t t he f eatures. D isposal a reas a way f rom h earths i n t he n orthern h abitations s uggest e ither t hat t hese t wo occupations w ere o f g reater d uration o r t hat d omestic a ctivities were p erformed t here more i ntensively t han was t he c ase f or L115. That t he a ctivities performed w ithin t he h abitation c entered o n V105 were s omewhat d ifferent t han i n T112 a nd L 115 i s i ndicated b y t he c oncentration o f b ladelets i n t hat a rea. I n other r espects, t he t hree h abitations a re s imilar i n a rtifact c omposition i f n ot d eposition i ntensity. This pattern a rgues f or t he p resence o f t hree more o r l ess equivalent p roductive u nits. Backed b ladelets p resent s omething o f a p roblem w ithin t his d istribution, s ince t hey a re over-represented i n one u nit. B ut g iven t he t endency f or t his c lass t o concentrate i n s mall a reas b oth w ithin t he V105 a rea a nd i n s maller p eripheral a reas, t hey may i ndicate a particular p roduction o r u se r elated t o t his one h abitation u nit. Even a t t he t hree c luster l evel, b ladelets f orm a n i solated c luster t o t he n orthwest o f V105 c ontaining 5 2.82% o f a ll objects i n t he c lass. This concentration s uggests a s pecific a ctivity f or t his a rea, e .g., t he p roduction o f b ladelets. R ib f ragments a lso concentrate i n t he V105 a rea, with over 6 3% l ocated t here. However, t his may b e r elated t o t he i ntensity o f pedestrian t raffic a round t he V105 h earth, s ince s imilar n umbers o f r eindeer ( c. 2 0) a re postulated f or b oth northern h abitations a s MNI e stimates ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon 1 972: 1 61). Another mechanism t hat could a ccount f or t he d ifference i n r ib n umbers b etween h abitation u nits i s s ocial i n n ature. R ib meat i s o ften t he most d esirable o f a ll b utchered parts when f resh ( see B inford 1 979), a nd v ariation i n meat d istributed t o v arious s ocial u nits m ight a ccount f or t he d ominance o f r ibs i n V105. The l atter e xplanation i mplies t he s imultaneous o ccupation o f t he t wo n orthern u nits, b ut t his h as a lready b een s uggested b y Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon b ased o n r efitting o f cobble f ragments a nd c haracteristics o f t he d istributions t hemselves. The possibility o f d ifferential meat d istribution i s made more p lausible when t he n ature o f s ite u se i s considered. P incevent i s most l ikely a h unting l ocus,

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g iven t he s ite's p roximity t o t he S eine a nd t he apparent s hort-term o ccupations r epresented. L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rgzillon s uggest a d uration o f a t most f ive months, b ased o n t he s equencing o f t ooth e ruption i n r eindeer mandibles. B ut t he n umber o f r efuse p iles i dentified h ere--only t wo a way f rom t he h earths--suggests l imited maintenance o f h abitation a reas i f t he amount o f garbage s till p resent a t t he h earths i s a n i ndication o f " acceptable" p reabandonment l evels. These may h ave b een g reater t han d ay-to-day a ccumulations b ut s urely n ot overwhelmingly s o. The i ndication f rom s patial a nalysis i s o f a s hort-term h unting c amp w ithin which cooperation b etween a t l east t wo, a nd possibly t hree, g roups o ccurred; f ood d istribution was p robably a c oincident e lement i n t he cohabitation context. Some o ther e vidence t hat s upports s uch a contention i s a s eparation o f a nimal bones b y a ge b etween t he t wo n orthern s tructures. V105 contains a n umber o f a nimals u nder s ix months a nd none b etween s ix a nd t welve months o ld. T112 has n o b ones t hat c an b e a ssigned t o a n a nimal l ess t han a y ear o ld. I f t hese u nits were o ccupied s imultaneously, t hen d ifferential r esource u se i s i ndicated b ased on a nimal a ge, a nd a d ifferential d istribution o f b ody parts i n more mature a nimals--resulting i n a p reponderance o f r ibs i n one u nit--may b e a p art o f t he f ood-sharing p rocess. I t i s possible t hat t he d ifferences i n a ge d istribution b etween t hese h abitation u nits i s l inked t o t he p redominance o f b ladelets i n one o f t hem, e .g., t he p rocessing o f young a nimal s kins i nto c lothing. However, t he s ite was p robably occupied d uring t he s ummer months, when c aribou s kins a re l east d esirable ( Skoog 1 968). To s ummarize t he i nterpretations r eached h ere b ased on t he s patial a nalysis o f t he P incevent materials, t he o riginal conclusions o f t he e xcavators a re s upported. There a ppear t o h ave b een t hree o ccupation u nits, a t l east t wo o f which ( V105 a nd T112) were t here s imultaneously. The h abitation a reas s eem t o h ave b een o ccupied b y more o r l ess equivalent p roduction u nits who carried out most o f t heir a ctivities i n t he s helter o f warming f ires. P art o f t heir b ehavioural r epertoire i ncluded t he s ystematic c leaning o f h abitation a reas, a nd t his r esulted i n t he c reation o f dump a reas which s how s imilar c omposition t o t hose a t t he h earths t hemselves. A f ew a ctivities, i nvolving t he manufacture a nd/or u se o f b acked b ladelets a nd p robably f lint k napping, were c arried o ut a t s ome d istance f rom t he c entral h abitations. Most o ther a ctivities o ccurred w ithin t he o ccupation a reas. There i s s ome evidence f or f ood s haring w ith d ifferential a ccess t o c ertain b ody parts, i ncluding a h igh i ncidence o f a d esirable part, t he r ib s lab, i n one h abitation. A r elatively s hort-term o ccupation i s s uggested b y t he p resence o f f ew r efuse p iles r esulting f rom d isposal b ehaviours a nd r ich " preabandonment" masses l eft a t t he h earth loci. This a lso may r eflect i ntense a ctivity a t

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t he hearths p rior t o abandonment, s ince b ecomes u nbearable a fter e ven a f ew h earthside a ccumulations a re s izable.

r aw a nimal r efuse days a nd t he

The f oregoing conclusions a re t entative a t b est, merely p roviding a " good f it" t o t he patterns n oted a nalytically. Still, t he patterns t hemselves h ave i mportant i mplications for f urther s patial a nalysis. The p resence o f r efuse d isposal b ehaviours p recludes t he s earch f or " tool k its" i n t he P incevent s patial d istributions. G iven t hat t his s ite i s one o f t he most r emarkably p reserved r ecords o f Paleolithic h abitation k nown, t he p rognosis f or f inding t ool k its i n d isturbed o r more c omplex d epositional e nvironments i s g rim. However, o ne question r emains: a re t he b ehaviours i nferred b ased o n t he P incevent a nalyses a lways operative, o r a re t here conditions u nder which a ctivity s pecific a reas maintain t heir s patial i ntegrity? Possible conditions m ight b e b iocultural, i .e., d isposal b ehaviours may n ot h ave b een part o f t he human b ehavioural s et t hroughout i ts h istory. The s ite context may i nfluence t he s tructuring o f deposition i n b ehavioural t erms. I t may b e t hat c ertain a ctivities carried out a t P incevent r equired t he r emoval o f r efuse materials f rom a ctivity a reas. The n ature o f t he s ite l ocation i tself may h ave c onditioned d eposition b ehaviour, and other l ocation t ypes may have o ther constraints. With t hese p roblems i n m ind, Paleolithic h abitation f loors u ncovered a t t he r ockshelter s ite L e Flageolet I were s tudied. These a nalyses a re p resented i n t he s ections which f ollow.

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CHAPTER

5

I NTRODUCTION TO L E FLAGEOLET

I

S ITE L OCATION L e Flageolet i s a r ockshelter s ite l ocated n ear t he s mall v illage o f Bezenac i n t he Dordogne Department o f s outhwest F rance ( Figure 3 8). One o f many k nown c ave a nd r ockshelter s ites i n t his part o f t he Dordogne R iver Valley, L e Flageolet i s a n e rosional s helter w ithin a s mall outcrop o f t he Upper C retaceous l imestones t hat f orm t he u nderlying l ithostrata f or much o f t he P erigord r egion ( Rigaud 1 982: 2 86). These l imestones, particularly i n t he a rea o f St. Cyprien n ear Le F lageolet, h ave u ndergone s ignificant a lteration b y t ectonic f orces i n t he past ( Fenelon 1 951). A t ransverse f ault b isects t he c liffs i n t he c enter of Le Flageolet. Two p rincipal a reas o f r ock e rosion f orm t wo r ockshelters a t Le Flageolet, a nd t hese h ave t heir i nterface a t t he f ault ( Laville 1 975: 2 83). One s helter i s called Le F lageolet I a nd h as a western o rientation. S ediments w ithin L e Flageolet I date t o t he Wurm I II s tadial i n t he Alpine s cheme. The s econd s helter i s r eferred t o a s Le F lageolet I I, f aces t o t he s outh-southwest, a nd contains s ediments dating t o t he Wurm IV. The t wo r ockshelters meet a t a s harp a ngle i n t he c enter o f t he outcrop. Le Flageolet l ies a t t he l owest point w ithin t he Upper C retaceous l imestone o utcroppings i n t his part o f t he Dordogne Valley ( Rigaud, i bid: 2 88). To t he n orth o f t he s ite, a s mall valley ( also f ormed, i n part, b y t he t ransverse f ault) c limbs g ently t o t he s urrounding p lateau. I n t his part o f t he Dordogne ( called t he S arladais), upland a reas a re b lanketed b y a mantle o f Eocene s iderolites o riginating o utside t he r egion. These s ediments were p robably d eposited on t he p lateau a t t he P lio-Pleistocene b oundary a nd h ave m ixed w ith l ocal d ecomposing b edrock i n s ome p laces ( Texier 1 979). The mantle i s r eferred t o a s t he " Siderolithic" a nd o ften contains c hert n odules e roded out o f t he u nderlying C retaceous l imestone. Thus, c hert was a vailable l ocally t hroughout t he l ater P leistocene both w ithin s ome l imestone o utcrops a nd s cattered over t he l andscape i n t he p lateau s ediments. The f ault passing t hrough Le Flageolet c ontinues a cross t he r iver v alley t o t he s outh. Where i t c rosses t he r iver, d ifferent e levations on e ither s ide o f t he f ault h ave caused coarse g ravels t o a ccumulate. These

L e f lageo le t

0

1 0

k m

F igure 3 8. Map o f Southwestern F rance S howing Location o f Le Flageolet I a nd S urrounding Region. S tar marks t he s ite l ocation. Reproduced f rom R igaud 1 982. ( Drawn b y J-Ph. R igaud).

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g ravels c reate a s hallow b ar a cross t he r iver--a f ord. S ince much o f t he l oad c arried b y t he Dordogne d erives f rom t he i gneous Massif Central t o t he e ast, t he g ravels a t t he f ord i nclude quantities o f quartzite a nd b asalt. As w ill b e s een, t hese materials w ere e xploited b y t he i nhabitants o f L e F lageolet. That t he f ault i nfluences f ord f ormation a nd h as s ome a ntiquity makes i t a nother k ind o f potential r esource f or paleolithic h unters. Fords l ike t his o ne would h ave p rovided r iver c rossings f or m igrating caribou h erds d uring t he P leistocene, a ssuming t hat t he a nimals m igrated a t t hat t ime a nd t hat t heir d irection o f movement was e ast/west. White ( 1980) h as a rgued t hat p aleolithic s ite l ocation was, i n part, d etermined b y t he l ocations o f f ords a nd t heir potential a s s uch r esource s paces. While t here i s, a t p resent, n o e vidence confirming t he n ecessary a nimal b ehaviour, L e Flageolet would h ave s erved a dmirably a s a watch a nd a ccess s tation f or t he e xploitation o f c aribou c rossing a t t he f ord b elow. I n a ddition, t he s ite l ocation p rovides e asy a ccess t o t he p lateau v ia t he g ently s loping v alley above t he c liff. The c liff i tself i s e asily t raversed t oday n ear L e Flageolet, b ut t here i s n o r eason t o a ssume t hat t his was t he c ase 2 5,000 y ears a go. S till, i n a ll p robability, L e Flageolet p rovided a ccess t o a variety o f e cozones ( plateau, i nterflueve, v alley s lopes, r iver b ottom ), a nd l ithic r aw materials were l ocally a vailable i n t he f orm o f c hert n odules. These b enefits s eemed t o h ave a ttracted h uman g roups t o t he r ockshelters t hroughout t he l ater P leistocene. I n t he t wo s ectors o f t he s ite, a n a lmost c omplete s equence o f Upper Paleolithic a rchaeological t raditions a re p resent i n t he s helter s ediments ( Rigaud 1 969, 1 982; Laville, R igaud a nd Sackett 1 980).

H ISTORY OF WORK O N THE S ITE After d iscovering Le Flageolet i n 1 965, Jean-Philippe R igaud, Regional D irector o f P rehistoric Antiquities f or t he Aquitaine, c arried o ut e xtensive e xcavations i n b oth a reas o f t he s helter. R igaud's work b egan i n 1 966 a nd continued e very s ummer w ithout i nteruption u ntil 1 984. A s eries o f a rticles have b een p ublished c oncerning d iscoveries a t t he s ite ( Rigaud 1 969, 1 970, 1 976a, 1 976b, 1 978a, 1 978b, 1 980, 1 982). A t eam o f s pecialists h as u ndertaken i ntensive a nalysis o f t he l ocal e nvironment during t he paleolithic o ccupations o f L e Flageolet. These s tudies i nclude f aunal a nalysis ( Delpech 1 970, 1 975; Delpech a nd R igaud 1 974) a nd s edimentology ( Laville 1 970, 1 975). Although t he majority o f t hese p ublications a re i n F rench, t he s ite h as r eceived s ome t reatment i n English, i ncluding a g eneral d escription ( Laville, R igaud a nd Sackett 1 980), a n a nalysis o f a ssemblage v ariation

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( Laville a nd R igaud 1 974), a nd s patial occupation l ayers ( Rigaud 1 978b; S imek

s tudies o f 1 981).

s everal

PLEISTOCENE S EDIMENTATION AT L E FLAGEOLET R igaud d ivides Le Flageolet i nto t wo " sites," corresponding t o t he t wo s helters s eparated b y t he f ault ( 1982: 2 90). South o f t he f ault, a s equence o f a t l east n ine o ccupations a re d iscerned w ithin t he Würm I II s edimentary d eposits. The n orthern p art o f t he s helter contains a s equence o f a t l east t hree Magdalenian o ccupations w ithin t he Würm IV s edimentary s eries ( Rigaud 1 969, 1 970). Athough t he s helter i s continuous, R igaud d istinguishes t wo s ites ( Le Flageolet I a nd Le Flageolet I I) b ased o n g eologic p rocesses t hat r esulted i n s ediments d eposited d uring d ifferent s tadial p eriods i n t he t wo s ectors. During t he Würm I II, i t s eems l ikely t hat t he e ntire s helter a t L e Flageolet was f illed w ith s ediments. These d erived b oth f rom t he s iderolithic mantle on t he p lateau above a nd f rom c ryoclastic weathering a nd s ubsequent c hemical d ecomposition of t he l imestone o utcrop i tself. Filling o f t he s helter was g radual d uring t he Würm I II, a nd h uman g roups o ccupied t he s helter a t v arious t imes d uring t he s tadial. These g roups made t wo d ifferent k inds of s tone t ool a ssemblage; e arlier p eoples p roduced s tone t ools t ypical o f t he Aurignacian t radition, a nd l ater g roups p roduced a n Upper Perigordian i ndustry. At t he e nd o f t he Würm I II, a s ubstantial i ncrease i n l ocal a nd r egional t emperature a nd h umidity a ccompanied t he a dvent o f t he Würm I II/IV i nterstadial. Water f rom t he p lateau coursed t hrough t he v alley a bove Le Flageolet a nd c ascaded i nto t he main r iver valley a t t he s ite's c entral f ault. The r esulting waterfall e roded a way t he s ediments n orth o f t he f ault. This e rosion emptied t he s ector d esignated L e Flageolet I I o f Würm I II s ediments. The onset o f t he Würm IV s tadial w itnessed a r eturn t o s evere c old a nd d ry c limatic c onditions, a nd s edimentation r esumed i n t he northern s ector o f L e Flageolet. Magdalenian g roups o ccupying t he s ite w ere confined t o Le Flageolet I I b y t he s urviving mound o f s ediments s outh o f t he f ault. They n evertheless b uilt u p a s ubstantial m idden d eposit i n L e Flageolet I I, a nd t oday, s edimentary p rofiles n early t en t housand y ears a part i n a ge h ave s imilar absolute e levations over o nly e ight meters o f d istance. Because t he s patial s tudies p resented h ere a re concerned only w ith o ccupations i n L e Flageolet I ( Aurignacian), d etailed d iscussion o f s ite characteristics w ill b e l imited t o d eposits f rom t he s outhern p art o f t he r ockshelter.

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P ALEOENVIRONMENTAL R ECONSTRUCTION S edimentology o f L e F lageolet

I

The s ediments t hat f ill L e F lageolet I s pan t he Würm I II s tadial p eriod a nd p rovide d ata f or r econstructing c ertain e nvironmental parameters t hat m ight h ave a ffected h uman l ife d uring t he Upper P leistocene. This s edimentary r ecord i s b eing a nalyzed b y Henri Laville o f t he I nstitute o f Quaternary S tudies a t t he University o f Bordeaux. P reliminary f indings a re d iscussed i n Laville's t hesis ( 1975) a nd i n a rticles by R igaud ( 1969, 1 980, 1 982). The s ummary o f g eologic i nformation p resented h ere r elies e ntirely on t hese s ources a s well a s o n p ersonal d iscussions w ith b oth s cholars. The r ockshelter a t Le Flageolet was a rtifically walled i n f or u se a s a h ouse d uring t he medieval period. This s ituation i s n ot a t a ll r are i n t he P erigord, which i s f amous f or t he u se o f s helters a nd caves i n d ramatic a rchitectural constructions t hat s erve a s h ouses, b arns, a nimal p ens, e tc. During t he m iddle a ges, a nd p erhaps u nder p ressure f rom r aiding Viking maurauders ( who a scended t he n avigable waterways o f s outhern F rance i n t heir q uest f or b ooty), t he f armers a nd h erders o f t he r ural Dordogne Valley s ought r efuge i n t he d efensible c liff f aces ( Scargill 1 974). The a ctual d ate o f wall construction a t L e Flageolet i s u nknown, b ut i t was l ikely t o b e r ather l ate compared t o t o o ther " troglodite" s ettlements i n t he r egion ( e.g., La Rocque S t. Christophe). An o fficial c ommunal r oad p asses j ust a t t he f oot o f t he s helter, a nd t his was u sed a s a p rincipal r oute b etween t he t owns o f St. Cyprien a nd Beynac. As e arly a s t he 1 8th c entury, L e Flageolet was u sed b oth a s a h abitation a nd a s a n i nn a long t he r oad ( Rigaud, p ersonal c ommunication). When construction o f t he house o ccurred, i t r esulted i n t he r emoval o f a s much a s 2 m o f s edimentary d eposits i n Le Flageolet I d uring wall r aising a nd f loor l evelling operations. Below t he h ouse f loor, which was o f s wept e arth, a l ong s equence o f Würm I II s ediments s urvived, p rotected b y t he r esidents a bove. Beginning w ith t he uppermost a nd most r ecent s urviving s ediments, Laville ( 1975: 2 86-9), working i n collaboration w ith R igaud, d istinguishes t he f ollowing s equence o f g eologic b eds o r Couches: Couche I : Rounded l imestone g ravels i n a s andy-silt matrix. Within t his l oose a nd f riable matrix occur s ome a ngular l imestone r ocks r esulting f rom c ryoclastic w eathering ( fr. p laquettes). Couche I I: This i s a d iscontinuous Couche made u p o f s andy-clay l enses w ithout t he g ravels f ound i n Couche I .

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Couche I II: This b ed i s s imilar i n composition t o Couche I i n a reas where b oth a re f ound i n t he s ame p rofile. G ravels dominate t he s ediments, a gain w ithin a matrix o f s andy-silts. At t he b ase o f Couche I II, t here i s a n i ncrease i n t he p roportion o f p laquettes. Laville d iscusses t hese t hree s trata a s s eparate n atural b eds, b ut t heir d iscontinuity over t he s ite a nd t he l enticular n ature o f Couche I I w ithin Couches I a nd I II h ave p rompted R igaud t o consider t hem a s a s ingle g eologic u nit ( 1976c). These t hree upper Couches a re i llustrated a t t he t op of F igure 3 9, a s agittal p rofile observed i n t he c enter of Le F lageolet I . The l ocation o f t his a nd o ther p rofiles i llustrated h ere ( Figures 4 0 a nd 4 1) a re i ndicated o n t he s ite p lan p resented a s F igure 4 2. Below Couches e ight more n atural

I -III, s trata:

Laville

d efines

a

s eries

Couche IV: ( 20 cm maximum t hickness). This i s a r ather homogeneous l ayer o f s andy s ilt containing r are a ngular l imestone b locks o f medium s ize ( fr. eboulis). The b oundaries o f t his l ayer a re s harp t hroughout t he s ite a s i s apparant on t he p rofiles ( Figures 3 9, 4 0, a nd 4 1). Couche V : ( 30 cm maximum t hickness). Couche V r epresents a n abrupt change f rom b oth h igher a nd l ower s edimentary u nits. The l ayer i s composed o f s mall p laquettes l ying, f or t he most part, horizontally. Particularly i n t he s outh o f Le Flageolet I , t he p laquettes a re s o d ense t hat t here i s v irtually n o matrix w ithin Couche V . Couche V I: ( 25 cm maximum t hickness). This Couche i s c omposed p rimarily o f s ilty s ands m ixed w ith occasional l arger eboulis. Couche VII: ( 40 cm maximum t hickness). Couche V II i s c haraterized b y s mall p laquettes i n a s andy-silt matrix. At t he t op o f t he Couche, t hese a re m ixed w ith r ounded l imestone g ravels ( Rigaud 1 980). Laville c onsiders t he p laquette component o f Couche V II more d eveloped t owards t he b ack o f t he s helter ( i.e., n ear t he wall) a nd d istinguishes t hree s ubunits w ithin t he l ayer. The u pper p art o f Couche V II c onsists o f " an a lignment o f a ngular p laquettes r arely over 3 0 mm i n d iameter" ( 1975: 2 87). The m iddle p art o f t he Couche a lso contains p laquettes, b ut t hese a re l arger t han i n t he u pper s ubunit. The b ase o f Couche V II contains a s ignificant eboulis c omponent w ith s ome r ocks a ttaining considerable s ize.

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o f

Couche V III: ( 100 cm maximum t hickness). This Couche, e ssentially c ontinuous w ith Couche I X b elow, c omprises a ngular l imestone eboulis i n a m atrix o f f ine s andy c lay-silts. There i s s ome l ocal v ariation i n composition w ithin t he s helter, b oth h orizontally a nd v ertically. Nevertheless, Couche V III i s t ruely a r ock l ayer. I n s ome a reas, t hin s and l enses o ccur w ithin Couche V III, b ut t hese a re d iscontinuous a nd c annot b e r elated f rom o ne a rea o f t he s ite t o a nother. Couche I X: ( 100 cm maximum t hickness). At t he b eginning o f e xcavations, R igaud made a s tratigraphic d istinction b etween Couches V III a nd I X. Laville's s edimentological work a nd more e xtensive a real e xcavations h ave s hown t hat t here a re n o r eal, consistent d ifferences i n s edimentary c omposition b etween t he t wo l ayers ( Rigaud 1 980, 1 982). Laville d iscusses Couches V III a nd I X a s a s ingle l evel i n h is t hesis ( 1975), a nd t he d escription o f Couche V III p resented a bove s uffices h ere. I n s ome a reas o f t he s ite, Couche I X contains l arger, more b lock-like e boulis t hat d oes V III. This i s particularly t he c ase a t t he b ase o f t he s tratum. Couche X : This l ayer i s composed o f h uge l imestone b locks, o ften many cubic meters i n volume, t hat a re s cattered over t he s helter f loor. Laville d efines Couche X a s a s eparate g eologic l ayer b ecause i t s eems t o r epresent a s ingle major r oof collapse e arly i n t he Wurm There a re i ndications t hat s ubsequent c ryoclastic w eathering r esulted i n f urther r ock f all, b ut t hese l ater e vents were i n n o way a s i ntense a s t he massive collapse r esulting i n Couche X . The b locks making u p Couche X h ad i mportant e ffects o n l ater s edimentation i n L e Flageolet I . I n Couches I X a nd V III ( and t o s ome e xtent V II), s edimentation occurred w ithin a nd a round t he b locks. Thus, t hese l ayers a re confined t o n arrow c racks. This f act, coupled w ith t he s ize o f coarse e lements i n t hese s trata, p roduced l ayers t hat a re t hick ( see above) b ut t hat w ere n ot n ecessarily d eposited over l ong p eriods o f t ime. After t he d eposition o f Couche V II, h owever, t he c racks w ere mostly f illed, a nd t he i nternal t opography o f L e Flageolet I was more o r l ess l evel. Couches I t o V I w ere l aid down a s horizontal b eds w ith a s light s lope t owards t he f ault ( i.e., f rom s outh t o n orth). Couche X I: ( 20 cm maximum t hin l ayer r esting on

1 43

t hickness). This i s a t he s helter f loor

( bedrock). The matrix i s y ellowish c lay-sands r esulting f rom i n s itu c hemical w eathering o f t he l imestone. The b locks o f Couche X f ell d irectly onto Couche X I i n most parts o f t he s helter.

Climatic c hanges i ndicated b y a nalysis o f t hese s ediments a re d iscussed b y Laville ( 1975; Laville, R igaud a nd Sackett 1 980). He s ees t he c omposition o f Couches I -III a s i ndicating a m ild a nd h umid c limate t hat, " produced s poradic manifestations o f s olufluction o r r unoff" ( Laville, R igaud a nd Sackett 1 980: 2 56). Couche I V s hows h eavy particle weathering b ut c ontains f ew l imestone s labs. I ndications h ere a re f or a d epositional c limate s imilar t o t hat i n Couches I -III--warm a nd h umid w ith l ittle cause f or c ryoclastic weathering. A r adical c hange i n l ocal c limate i s e vident b etween Couches I V a nd V . Some s olufluction i s i ndicated a t t he upper s urface o f Couche V , p robably r elating t o t he g radual warming t rend t hat r esulted i n Couche I V d eposition. For t he most p art, Couche V comprises s ediments f ormed a nd d eposited d uring v ery r igourous ( cold a nd d ry) c limatic conditions. Couche V I, e ven t hough i t d oes c ontain s ome eboulis, s eems t o r epresent another m ild period d uring t he Würm I II a s evidenced b y a s ubstantial f ine f raction. There a re a lso i ndications o f chemical weathering o f t he s ediments--more e vidence f or m ild c onditions. Another c old a nd d ry p eriod i s i ndicated b y Couche V II d eposits. However, t here i s e vidence h ere f or u nstable, i .e., f luctuating, c limatic conditions. While t he overall p icture i s o f a c old a nd d ry p hase, l enses o f g ravel s uggest b rief warmer p eriods ( Laville 1 975: 2 91). Unfortunately, d etailed s edimentological a nalysis o f Couches V III a nd I X h ave n ot b een completed. The c limatic i nterpretations p resented b elow a re, t hus, p reliminary a nd paraphrase t hose made b y R igaud ( 1980, 1 982: 2 95). S till, s ome t entative c orrelations b etween t he L e Flageolet I s equence a nd o ther P erigord s ites can b e made b ased on Laville's " chronostratigraphic" method. This t echnique i s s omewhat a nalogous t o d endrochronology b ut u ses t he s equence o f c limatic c hanges r evealed b y s ediments ( Laville 1 975; Laville, R igaud a nd S ackett 1 980). Using t his method, s ome i ndication o f t he c limatic r egimes extant d uring d eposition o f Couches V III a nd I X c an b e e xtrapolated. R igaud ( 1980) r elates t he s ediments o f Couche V t o a well k nown Würm I II marker b ed f irst i dentified i n Couche 9 at t he Abri Facteur ( a. k . a . La Foret) d uring Delporte's e xcavations ( Delporte 1 968). This b ed r eflects a p eriod o f b rief yet v ery s evere c limatic c onditions t owards t he e nd o f t he Wurm I II s tadial. Among a rchaeologists, t his c old, d ry p eriod i s k nown a s t he coupe d e f roid ( cold s nap ) o r a s t he " Tursac o scillation". The c orrelation o f Couche V a t Le Flageolet I w ith Couche

1 44

B5

C5

5 0

1 00 -

100

1 50

150

-

200

Figure 3 9. Sagittal P rofile o f Le Flageolet I S ediments Taken a t G rid Units B 5/C5 Redrawn f rom Laville a nd R igaud's f ield observations.

1 45

F igure 4 0. F rontal P rofile Taken a t G rid Units D 2/D1 R igaud's f ield observations.

1 46

o f Le F lageolet I S ediments Redrawn f rom Laville a nd

Figure 4 1. Sagittal P rofile o f Le Flageolet I S ediments Taken a t G rid Units C O/DO Redrawn f rom Laville a nd R igaud' s f ield observations.

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L e F l ageo le t S i te Map

F igure 4 2. General Plan Map o f L e Flageolet. The g rid system employed i n e xcavations i s i llustrated, t he l ocations of p rofiles s hown i n Figures 3 9-41 a re i ndicated, a nd t he medieval walls a re outlined.

1 48

9 a t t he Abri F acteur a nchors t he f ormer s equence i nto L aville's r egional c hronostratigraphy. Based o n t his, t he r elative position o f t he l owest l ayers c an b e approximated. R igaud ( 1982) s uggests t hat Couche V III may c orrelate w ith Couche 4 a t t he Roc d e Combe ( Bordes a nd Labrot 1 967). This w ould r epresent a m ild a nd h umid c limatic r egime f or d eposition. But t he eboulis c ontent o f Couche V III s uggests s ome r ather e xtreme ( perhaps s easonal) f luctuations f rom c old t o warm h umid c onditions. I t i s t his k ind o f f luctuation t hat u sually p roduces maximum c ryoclastic weathering. S ince n o d iscernable d ifference i n s ediments e xists b etween Couches V III a nd I X, we c an only guess t he p recise n ature o f t he c limate p revalent d uring Couche I X d eposition. Both c ouches may h ave b een f ormed u nder mild a nd h umid r egimes c haracterized b y marked s easonal f luctuations i n t emperature. Together, Couches V III a nd I X compose a d eep d eposit, u sually i mplying l ong p eriods o f t ime. L aville's chronostratigraphic correlations r eveal n o v ery l ong p eriod o f m ild, h umid c limate d uring t he Wurm I II. However, r emembering t hat Couches V III a nd X I a re l ocated w ithin n arrow c racks b etween b locks a nd a re made u p o f l arge particles f or t he most part, t he v olume o f s ediments composing t he l ayers i s n ot a ll t hat g reat. They m ight w ell h ave b een l aid down i n a s hort t ime, a nd R igaud's c orrelation w ith Roc d e Combe may n ot b e f ar f rom w rong. Still, a s R igaud h imself s tates, o nly f urther a nd more d etailed s ediment s tudy w ill r esolve t hese i ssues. As w ill b e d iscussed b elow, t he a rchaeological materials c ontained i n t he l ower s trata c omplicate r ather t han a lleviate c hronological p roblems. However, p reliminary f aunal a nalyses d o c ontribute i nformation t hat a ids i n e nvironmental r econstruction i n t he l owest L e Flageolet I l ayers.

Faunal Analysis

o f

t he Le F lageolet

I Aurignacian Couches

The f auna f ound i n a ssociation w ith a rchaeological materials a t L e F lageolet I was ( and i s s till b eing) a nalyzed b y F ran9oise Delpech o f t he I nstitute f or Quaternary Research a t t he University o f Bordeaux ( Delpech 1 975). S ince t he o ccupations o f c oncern h ere a re l imited t o t he Aurignacian s urfaces contained i n Couche V III, o nly f aunal d ata f rom l ayers V III a nd I X w ill b e d iscussed i n d etail. D elpech a nalyzed t he t wo Couches a s a s ingle u nit s ince t hey w ere b y t hen c onsidered a u nitary " sedimentary e nsemble" ( ibid: 6 2). I n a ny c ase, t he f auna s eems t o b e h omogeneous t hroughout t he l ayers. They a lso s upport t he t entative c limatic i nterpretations o ffered b y R igaud b ased o n c hronostratigraphic c orrelation.

1 49

Delpech e mphasizes t he " temperate" n ature o f t he megafauna r ecovered f rom Couches V III a nd I X ( Table 1 7). Red d eer, r oe d eer, b oar, a uroch, h orse, a nd donkey a re a ll p resent i n t he a ssemblage. Most o f t hese c reatures a re a ssociated w ith v arious b iomes e xant u nder m ild a nd humid c limatic r egimes. I nterestingly, s pecies n ormally a ssociated w ith more r igourous conditions a re a lso p resent ( caribou, i bex, a nd chamois), b ut t hese a nimals may h ave r emained i n t he r egion d uring warmer p hases o f t he Wurm i n r estricted m icorenvironments. Ranges o f m icroclimatic variation a re g reat i n t he P erigord r egion e ven t oday, a nd t here i s n o r eason t o expect l ess variability i n l ocal conditions d uring t he Pleistocene ( cf. White 1 980: 7 1). Based o n h is work a t t he Abri Pataud, Wilson ( 1975) a rgues t hat r egional conditions i n t he Dordogne d uring t he Wurm were s imilar t o t hose p resent t oday a t a n a ltitude o f ca 1 000 m i n t he Massif Central. That e nvironment i s characterized a s a g rassland b iome w ith l imited s tands o f a rboreal p lants i n low-lying, p rotected a reas. Wilson s uggests t hat s imilar wooded r efugia would h ave e xisted n ear s outh-facing c liff e xposures a long t he Dordogne Valley d uring t he Wurm, s ince t emperatures t here a re consistently h igher t han i n s urrounding, more-open a reas ( ibid: 6 1). Le Flageolet r epresents s uch a s outh-facing c liff. G iven t he w ide r ange o f m icroenvironments a ccessible f rom Le Flageolet, i ncluding t he upland p lateau, t he v alley b ottom, a nd t he c liff w alls t hemselves, a w ide r ange o f a nimal s pecies m ight b e expected i n a ny f aunal a ssemblage p roduced b y h unters u sing t he s ite. As Delpech's a nalyses s how, t his i s, i ndeed, t he c ase; s pecies p referring b oth m ild a nd wooded e cosystems a nd more open a nd r igourous conditions a re r epresented i n t he Couche V III/IX f auna. Microfaunal r emains ( mostly o f r odents) a re a lso abundant i n t he V III/IX s ediments ( Table 1 8) None o f t hese s mall b ones h ave b een obviously b urned, s o t heir a ssociation w ith t he h uman o ccupations o f t he s helter cannot b e f irmly e stablished a s y et. Still, r odents a re very s ensitive t o l ocal c limatic conditions, a nd t heir p resence i n t hese s ediments c an p rovide i nformation concerning c hanging environmental conditions during t he f ormation o f t he g eologic l ayers. S everal s pecies o f f ieldmouse ( fr. c ampagnol) a re p resent i n Couches V III a nd I X. The n umerical dominance o f t he G rand Campagnol s uggests t hat r elatively warm a nd humid conditions p revailed t hroughout d eposition o f t he l ayers ( Delpech 1 975: 6 6). A w hole g roup o f r odent s pecies a ccompanies t hese f ieldmice, i ncluding s ome t hat f avor colder c onditions ( e.g., Microtus n ivalis). Yet, warm l oving s pecies a re c learly t he most f requent. Small mammal r emains i n Couches V III a nd I X i ndicate a g enerally warm a nd h umid c limatic r egime d uring t he f ormation o f t hese l evels.

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TABLE Number of f ragments VIII-2 a nd

1 7.

i dentifiable specimens f or megafauna bone r ecovered f rom Le Flageolet I l evels V III-1, IX combined ( after Delpech 1 975: Table 1 0).

SPECIES

N ISP

Cervus e laphus L . Rangifer t arandus L . Equus caballus L . Bos sp. Vulpes vulpes L . o r Alopex lagopus L . Capreolus c apreolus L . Rupicapra r upicapra L . Sus s crofa L . Equus hydruntinus Regalia Mustela e rminea L . Mustela n ivalis L . o r Mustela m inuta Pomel

1 51

1 0 8 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

TABLE Number of f ragments VIII-2 and

1 8.

i dentifiable specimens f or microfauna bone r ecovered f rom Le Flageolet I l evels VIII-1, I X combined ( after Delpech 1 975: Table 1 1).

S PECIES

N ISP

Indeterminate l arger f ieldmice A rvicola s p. Microtus a rvalis Pallas o r Microtus a grestis L . Talpa e uropaea L . Eliomys quercinus L . Microtus n ivalis Martins E rinaceus e uropaeus L . Citellus sp. Apodemus s ylvaticus L . Microtus g regalis Pallas

5 74 1 27

1 52

4 9 1 1 8 7 7 2 2 1

Twenty-eight s pecies o f b irds a re p art o f t he Couche V III/IX f aunal a ssemblage ( Table 1 9). D elpech makes n o e cological i nferences b ased o n t hese r emains. However, t he p resence o f a t l east t hree carnivorous s pecies i s n oted ( falcons). F requencies o f t hese r apacious p redators a re r elatively h igh i n b oth Couches V II a nd V III/IX, a nd t hese s edimentary u nits a lso h ave t he h ighest n umbers o f s mall mammal r emains. I t may b e t hat b oth n on-predatory b irds a nd r odents w ere b rought i nto L e Flageolet b y b irds o f p rey r ather t han a s r esults o f h uman b ehaviour. No c hoice b etween t hese t wo a gents, h awks a nd h umans, c an b e made a t t his t ime. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote, h owever, t hat a n egative c orrelation b etween m icromammals a nd h uman o ccupation was observed a t t he c ave s ite Abri Vaufrey ( Rigaud, p ersonal c ommunication). This n egative r elation may r eflect t he a voidance o f s uitable h abitations b y b irds o f p rey when h umans a re p resent. I f t his i s s o, t he q uantities o f m icrofauna, a nd o f a vian p redator r emains, i n Couches V III a nd I X may i ndicate r ather s poradic h uman p resence d uring t he f ormation o f t he l ayers. I n a ny c ase, t he b ird s pecies p resent i n t he a ssemblage a re n ot i nconsistent w ith t he c limatic r econstructions a lready o ffered. Again, a warm a nd h umid r egime i s s uggested w ith, p erhaps, p eriodic f luctuations t oward c older t emperatures. F inally, f our f ish s pecies a re r epresented a t Le F lageolet I i n Couches V III a nd I X. These a re t rout, e el, p erch, a nd p ike, a ll a re h istorically k nown f rom t he Dordogne R iver b elow. A s ingle s pecies o f s alamander i s i dentified, b ut t he s ame a nimal c rawls a round i n t he s helter t oday, b urrowing among t he r ocks. The a ntiquity o f t hese a mphibian r emains i s i n doubt. I n s ummary, a ll f aunal e lements s uggest a s imilar v iew o f t he r egion a round L e F lageolet d uring t he Aurignacian o ccupations o f t he s ite. A warm a nd h umid e nvironment i s i ndicated, s upporting a w ide v ariety o f a nimal s pecies. Species f avoring f orested h abitats a re most common, w ith t he r ed d eer t he dominant l arge mammal f orm. Species f avoring c ooler a nd/or more open h abitats a re a lso p resent w ith t he f orest f orms, s uggesting t hat t he o ccupants o f Le Flageolet I ( at l east d uring t he d eposition o f Couches V III a nd I X ) u sed t he s ite's c entral l ocation t o e xploit a v ariety o f m icroenvironments. I n s hort, t here i s n othing i n t he f aunal a ssemblage t o s uggest a really e xtensive o r s pecialized h unting s ubsistence ( e.g., t he " reindeer e conomies" s o o ften a ttributed t o Upper Paleolithic p eoples).

PalynOlogical Analysis

o f L e Flageolet I Couche V III

S tudies o f t he pollen p reserved i n L e F lageolet s ediments w ere c arried o ut b y Marie Françoise D iot o f t he National Center f or P rehistory i n Perigieux. Her

1 53

TABLE Number of f ragments VIII-2 and

1 9.

i dentifiable specimens for a vifauna bone r ecovered f rom Le Flageolet I l evels V III-1, IX combined ( after Delpech 1 975: Table 1 2).

SPECIES

N ISP

Perdix perdix L . Coracia g raculus L . Coloeus monedula L . Indeterminate smaller corvids Falco t innunculus L . Aytha f uligula L . Coturnix coturnix L . Alauda a rvensis L . Tringa n ebularia Grunn. Indeterminate ducks Crex c rex L . Indeterminate t urdids Turdus musicus L . Anas sp. ( teal) Columba l ivia Gmel. o r Columba oenas L . Corvus corax L . Indeterminate passerines Turdus merula L . Turdus v iscivorus L . Turdus p ilaris L . Indeterminate f alcons Falco columbarius L . Anas platyrhynchus L . Botaurus s tellaris L . Gallinago gallinago L . Tringa e rythropus Pallas Vanellus v anellus L . Hirundo sp.

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4 2 2 6 2 1 1 0 1 0 7 7 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e xamination o f 1 9 s amples f rom Couche V III p roduced t oo f ew p ollen g rains t o o ffer e nvironmental r econstructions. D iot s tates, A pollen p rofile b ased on 1 12 pollen g rains f rom t he s ame a ltitude i n Couche V III, b ut f rom t hree d ifferent g rid s quares, y ields r esults t hat a re d ifficult t o i nterpret [ Diot 1 981: 4 ] Although h erbaceous p lants a nd f erns d ominate t he l imited pollen s ample, s uch a s pectrum m irrors p resent conditions a t t he s helter. G iven t he poor pollen p reservation i n t he s ediments overall, a nd t he possibility o f contamination e ither p rior t o o r a fter s ample c ollection, D iot d oes n ot f eel i t p rudent t o o ffer r econstructions o f L e Flageolet's l ocal v egetation i n p rehistoric t imes.

S ummary o f Environmental Data F rom Couches V III

a nd

I X

Based o n a nalysis o f s ediments, l arge mammals, a nd s mall mammals, a g enerally warm a nd h umid c limate p revailed a t Le Flageolet a s g eologic Couches V III a nd I X were d eposited. While a ll o f t hese s tudies a re i ncomplete, p reliminary r esults a gree w ith R igaud's t entative c hronostratigraphic i nterpretation o f t he l ayers. Variation i n t his g eneral c limatic s ituation i s evident, b oth i n t he massive amount o f c ryoclastic d ebris i ncorporated i n t he s ediments a nd i n t he p resence o f c ertain c old l oving a nimals. These d ivergences f rom t he general environmental p icture m ight b e e xplained a s r eflecting ( 1) m icroenvironmental v ariation over s hort d istances i n t his e cologically d iverse r egion, a nd ( 2) s easonal o r more l ong-term f luctuations i n c limatic conditions t hat made t he l ocale t emporarily a ttractive t o cold l oving s pecies a nd r esulted i n i ntensive mechanical weathering o f t he c liff. I t s hould, o f course, b e n oted t hat t he e cological t olerances o f P leistocene a nimal s pecies n eed n ot coincide w ith t heir p resent a nalogues. Still, t he e xploitation o f v arious m icroenvironments b y o ccupants o f L e Flageolet I i s s uggested b y t he f aunal d iversity. S ite l ocation, p roviding a ccess t o b oth v alley a nd uplands, f avors s uch a l ocally i ntense a nd g eneralized pattern.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

S TRATIGRAPHY

An e xtensive s eries o f a rchaeological l evels ( fr. n ivea w c) was u ncovered d uring R igaud's f ifteen e xcavation s easons a t L e Flageolet I . S everal d iscussions o f t he s equence h ave appeared i n p rint ( Rigaud 1 969, 1 976a, 1 976b, 1 980, 1 982; Laville, R igaud a nd S ackett 1 980). The f ollowing outline o f t he a rchaeological s tratigraphy d epends h eavily o n t he most r ecent s ynthesis, R igaud's

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1 982

t hesis.

The u ppermost g eologic l ayers c ontain a t l east f ive Upper P erigordian occupation s urfaces. The l atest o ccurs w ithin Couche I -III. The a ssemblage f rom I -III c ontains 1 56 r etouched s tone t ools. Of t hese over 3 0% a re b urins. A p eculiar f lat-faced b urin ( approximating t he R aysse-Basseler t ype u sually a ssociated w ith t he P erigordian V f acies) i s p resent i n I -III, b ut t his i s d ifferent e nough f rom t he Raysse f orm t o b e c lassified a s a more g eneral " flat-faced b urin". G ravette a nd M icrogravette points, t ype-fossils f or t he Upper P erigordian ( also c alled " Gravettian"), a re a lso p art o f t he a ssemblage. R igaud a ssigns t he Couche I -III a ssemblage t o t he Perigordian V I b ased o n i ts c omposition a nd s tratigraphic position. Couche IV y ielded 1 38 t ools. Again, b urins a re t he dominant f orm, c omprising over 5 0% o f t he a ssemblage. The Raysse-Basseler b urin i s p resent i n i ts t ypical f orm. There a re n o " Noailles" b urins, a nother t ype-fossil f or t he Perigordian V , s o R igaud a ttributes t he Couche I V a ssemblage t o a g eneralized Upper P erigordian ( 1980: 1 1). Couche V i s a v ery r ich s urface c urrently u ndergoing e xtensive t echnological a nd s patial a nalyses. Over 5 00 t ools w ere r ecovered f rom t his t hin o ccupation l evel, a ssociated w ith a s eries o f w ell-preserved f eatures. Burins a re, a gain, t he most c ommon a ssemblage c omponent. Both Raysse-Basseler a nd Noailles b urins a re p resent, s upporting R igaud's s uggestion t hat b oth w ere p art o f t he s ame a ssemblage t radition. The i ndustry f rom Couche V i s a ttributed t o t he P erigordian V . Couche V I contains a t l east one, a nd possibly t wo, a rchaeological l evels; s tratigraphic i nterpretation o f t his d eposit h as b een d ifficult. A t otal o f 5 31 t ools compose t he a ssemblage f rom Couche V I, a nd t he p roportion o f e ndscrapers i s c lose t o t hat f or b urins. Both Noailles a nd Raysse-Basseler b urins a re p resent i n t he a ssemblage, a long w ith t he u biquitous G ravette a nd Microgravette points. Two o ther t ool t ypes a ssociated w ith P erigordian V f acies a re a lso p resent: t runcated e lements ( blades w ith r etouched t runcations on b oth e nds a nd u sually s teep l ateral modification) a nd s temmed Font Robert points. These a ssociations, a lso p resent i n Couche V II b elow, a re i mportant s ince t hese t ool t ypes were t hought t o r epresent t ype-fossils f or d ifferent c hronological f acies w ithin t he Perigordian V . That t hey occur w ithin a s ingle o ccupation a t L e F lageolet c alls t heir u tility a s c hronological markers i nto s erious question. Couche V II i s t he r ichest a nd e arliest Upper Perigordian l evel i n t he L e F lageolet s equence. The i ndustry c omprises 5 80 t ools a nd a l arge a mount o f l ithic waste. I n contrast t o t he o ther Upper Perigordian l evels a t L e F lageolet, i ndeed t o t he Upper P erigordian

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g enerally, e ndscrapers a re t he dominant t ool f orm i n t he a ssemblage. As w as t he c ase i n Couche V I, t he t hree P erigordian V c hronological t ype-fossils ( Noailles b urins, t runcated e lements, a nd Font Robert p oints) a re a gain a ssociated i n t he s ame o ccupation. Below t he Upper P erigordian s eries, a t l east f our Aurignacian l evels h ave b een e xcavated i n whole o r i n p art; t wo o f t hese f orm t he d ata b ase f or t he p resent a nalysis. For t his r eason, c haracteristics o f t he Aurignacian a ssemblages f rom L e Flageolet I w ill b e d iscussed i n more d etail t han was t he c ase f or t he P erigordian i ndustries. This d iscussion w ill p rovide a g eneral b ackground t o t he t wo a ssemblages t o b e a nalyzed i n s ucceeding c hapters. As r ecently a s 1 980, Couche V III was t reated a s a s ingle occupation ( Rigaud 1 980), t hen containing a t otal o f 2 44 t ools. These materials, b ased on d ata r ecovered t hrough t he 1 979 e xcavation s eason, i ncluded 8 1 e ndscrapers ( 31.3% o f t he a ssemblage). A Typical Aurignacian i ndustry i s p resent, a s w itnessed b y t he f requent Carinated a nd S houldered s crapers ( Figure 4 3 A a nd B ). Another t ypical Aurignacian t ool f orm, t he " Busqued" b urin i s r epresented b y a f ew e xamples ( Figure 4 3 C ) l inking t he s ite t o other Aurignacian a ssemblages r ecovered f rom t he Dordogne ( but n ot t he Vezere) Valley. Small, r etouched m icroliths c alled Dufour b ladelets a re n oted ( Figure 4 3 D a nd E ). Car m ated b urins, a lso a n Aurignacian t ype-fossil, a re p resent ( Figure 4 3F), a long w ith a s eries o f more mundane b urins ( Figure 4 3 G a nd H ). The a ssemblage f rom Couche V III i s completed b y a s eries o f t runcated p ieces ( but n ot t runcated e lements) a nd b y a variety o f partially r etouched a nd n otched p ieces. As w as d iscussed above, R igaud s uggests t hat t he g eneral characteristics a nd s tratigraphic positon o f Couche VIII l ink t he g eologic l ayer w ith Couche 4 a t Roc d e Combe. At t hat s ite, a r ather l ate Aurignacian i ndustry, t he Aurignacian IV f acies, was p resent i n Couche 4 ( Bordes a nd Labrot 1 967; Laville 1 975: 2 21-34). Chronostratigraphic contemporaneity b etween t he Aurignacian IV o f Roc d e Combe a nd t he Typical Aurignacian o f Le Flageolet i s s omewhat s urprising b ecause t he t wo f acies w ere t hought t o b e t ermporally d istinct. The i mplications o f R igaud's s uggestions a re p rovocative, b ut t he r esolution o f t his p roblem must a wait t he f inal s edimentology r eport. I n 1 974, i t w as n oted f or t he f irst t ime t hat Couche V III contained more t han a s ingle a rchaeological o ccupation. But, g iven t he l ocation o f t he materials, i .e., b etween t he massive r ocks o f Couche X , t he d ivision o f l evels was d ifficult t o f ollow i n s ome parts o f t he s ite. However, s ince a ll f inds w ere mapped a nd r ecorded i n t hree d imensions, v ertical p rojections could b e made f rom t he data. These p rojections s howed c learly t hat t wo

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g l P

F igure 4 3. R etouched Stone Tools f rom Le Flageolet Couche V III. The a ssemblage contains carinated a nd s houldered s crapers ( A, B ); b usqued b urins ( C); D ufour b ladelets ( D, E ); Catinated b urins ( F); a nd o ther b urin f orms ( G, H ). D rawings a re t wo-thirds n atural s ize. All i llustrations f rom R igaud ( 1982) a nd d rawn by J-G. Marcillaud.

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o ccupations w ere p resent i n Couche V III over t he e ntire s ite. Materials t hat h ad a lready b een e xcavated were s eparated b ased o n p rojections, a nd e xcavations i n t he Couche a fter 1 979 k ept t he s urfaces d istinct. The t wo a rchaeological l evels were d esignated l evel ( the u pper s urface) a nd l evel ( the l ower s urface). The b ulk o f e xcavation i n t hese t wo occupations o ccurred d uring t he 1 980 s eason, a nd t he d ivision b etween u nits was e asily maintained. After complete e xcavation, t he l evel V III-1 a ssemblage contains 2 14 t ools, a nd l evel V III-2 h as a n a ssemblage o f 3 03 t ools. I n a ddition t o t he c lassic " tool t ypes" composing t hese n umbers, quantities o f v isibly u tilized b ut u nretouched l ithics w ere r ecovered f rom both l evels. Using t he t ype l ist d eveloped b y d e Sonneville-Bordes a nd Perrot ( 1955-56) a nd l ater modified b y a g roup o f paleolithic a rchaeologists, a ssemblage c omposition c an b e compared b etween Couche V III a s d iscussed b y R igaud i n 1 980 a nd t he t wo r efined s tratigraphic u nits. F igure 4 4 r epresents a comparison among t he t hree u nits a nd s hows t hat t he t wo f iner l evels d iffer only s lightly i n t ypological t erms f rom e ach other a nd f rom t he Couche V III p rofile. The magnitude o f d ifference i s n ot g reat e nough f or d istinct a ssemblage a ttributions t o b e p roposed. All a re Typical Aurignacian. More t han 2 5% of t he l evel VIII-1 a ssemblage i s made up o f e ndscrapers. Burins a re not r are, however, a nd d ihedral b urins d ominate w ithin t his c lass. Caminade endscrapers and Dufour b ladelets a re p resent. Busqued b urins make u p a n i mportant part o f t he i ndustry ( 2.78%). Over 7 % o f t he l evel V III-1 a ssemblage i s composed o f carinated a nd s houldered e ndscrapers, c ontributing t o t he v ery Aurignacian c haracter o f t he collection. While s imilar t o l evel VIII-1, t he l evel V III-2 a ssemblage s hows s ome i mportant d ifferences. Again, over 2 5% of t he i ndustry i s made u p o f e ndscrapers, a nd b urins a re dominated b y d ihedral f orms. Busqued b urins a re p resent, b ut i n r educed n umbers i n c omparison w ith l evel V III-2 ( IBb = 0 .99). T iny Caminade e ndscrapers ( see b elow) make u p a s ubstantial p roportion o f t he s craper population; when t his f orm i s r emoved f rom t he t ype counts, t he r elative c ontribution t o t he a ssemblage o f e ndscrapers a nd b urins i s v ery c lose ( a r are condition i n Aurignacian a ssemblages). Couche I X i s o nly p artially e xcavated a t t he t ime o f t his ,w riting, b ut i t h as p roved t o b e a d ense a rchaeological s urface y ielding 5 32 t ools s o f ar. Major d ifferences b etween l evel I X a nd t he l ater l evels l ie i n h igher f requencies f or c ertain t ypically Aurignacian t ypes, e .g., c arinated a nd s houldered e ndscrapers, Caminade s crapers, a nd carinated b urins. A l arge

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Figure 4 4. Typological Comparison b etween Couche V III a S ingle Assemblage, Level V III-1, a nd Level V III-2.

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As

p roportion o f t he l evel I X a ssemblage i s composed o f e ndscrapers, i ncluding s ome r ound a nd e ventail f orms a ssociated w ith t he e arly Typical Aurignacian. Caminades a re v ery abundant ( the 6 2 e xamples s o f ar r ecovered f rom l evel I X r epresent over 8 0% o f a ll k nown Caminades), a nd t hey t hus compose a s ubstantial p roportion o f t he t otal e ndscraper population. I f t hese e nigmatic i tems a re r emoved f rom t he e ndscraper counts, t he p roportions o f b urins a nd e ndscrapers i n t he l evel I X a ssemblage a re equal ( 20.68% v s. 1 9.0%). A gain, b usqued b urins a re p resent a s a re Dufour b ladelets. Burins a re mostly o f t he d ihedral variety. I n l evel I X, c ertain l arge b lades s how t he i nvasive a nd s calar r etouch c alled " Aurignacian" f or i ts a ssociation w ith t he e arliest manifestations o f t his a ssemblage t radition.

AURIGNACIAN ASSEMBLAGE CLASSIFICATION Based on s imilarities among Aurignacian a ssemblages f rom Roc d e Combe, Caminade, a nd t he i ndustries f rom Le F lageolet I Couche VIII, R igaud a ssigns b oth l evel V III-1 a nd l evel VIII-2 t o t he Aurignacian I t ypological f acies. R igaud' s t entative c hronostratigraphic correlation b etween Couche 4 a t Roc d e Combe ( containing a n Aurignacian IV i ndustry) a nd t he p resumably e arlier Aurignacian I o f l evel V III-1 i s p rovocative. The p resence o f Caminade s crapers i n t he Le Flageolet Aurignacian a ssemblages r elates t hese t o t he Aurignacian I I i ndustries o f t he t ype s ite Caminade. Characteristics of t he l evel I X a ssemblage a re s imilar t o t he Aurignacian I II i ndustry f rom La Ferrassie ( Delporte 1 977). This s imilarity c reates f urther p roblems , f or g eneral Aurignacian a ssemblage systematics ( Rigaud, op c it.: 1 9). I f R igaud's a ssemblage a ssignments hold up a fter completed excavation o f l evel I X, t hen t he c hronological r elevance o f t raditional Typical Aurignacian f acies must b e r eassessed. As f or Upper P eriogordian s ystematics, Le F lageolet s eems d etermined t o u ndermine c onventional Aurignacian c hronology. Although Caminade s crapers appear i n t he l ater Typical Aurignacian l ayers a t t he t ype s ite, t hese h ave t heir most f requent occurrence i n t he earliest l ayer a t L e Flageolet. The r elative p roportion o f t his t ype i n t he a ssemblage d iminishes t hrough t he s equence, b ut Caminades a re p resent i n a ll Aurignacian l evels. None o f t he Le F lageolet I s urfaces can b e a ssigned t o t he Aurignacian I I f acies on t ypological g rounds. Yet i t was w ith t his f acies t hat t he Caminade t ool t ype a ssociated a t t he t ype s ite. Based o n t he d ata f rom Le Flageolet, R igaud h as a rgued t hat t his t ool t ype may have considerable t ime d epth a nd i s n ot a u seful t ype-fossil ( 1982).

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A f ourth Aurignacian l evel i s p resent i n L e F lageolet I a t a nd u nder t he Couche X r ocks. This l evel X I h as b een v ery p artially e xcavated. The n ature o f t he i ndustry i s u nclear, s ince t here a re v ery f ew a rtifacts r ecovered a t t his point i n t ime. Certain c haracteristics, most n otably s calar r etouch, would s uggest a n Early Aurignacian a scription. However, t he s ample i s t oo s mall t o m ake a ny d efinitive s tatements now, a nd l evel X I i s n ot c onsidered f urther i n t his work. Despite c ertain d ifferences, t he Aurignacian i ndustries f rom Le Flageolet I f all w ithin t he r ange o f a ssemblage v ariation e ncompassed b y t he t erm " Typical Aurignacian." P roblems i n conventional s ystematics a re r aised b y t he Le Flageolet d ata, e .g., a n a pparant i nversion o f Aurignacian I l evels above t he a ssumedly l ater Aurginacian I II. However, R igaud s uggests t hat many o f t he d ifferences among a ssemblages h eretofore a ssigned t emporal s ignificance may h ave o ther c auses ( variation i n s ite u se, f or example) a nd t hat Le Flageolet I may r epresent a d ifferent k ind o f s ite t hat t hose i n t he Vezere Valley where t raditional c hronologies were d eveloped ( 1980: 2 1).

RAW MATERIAL USE

I N

L EVEL V III

A d ifferent k ind o f p icture o f t he L e F lageolet Aurignacian emerges b y considering r aw material u se d uring t he d eposition o f Couche VIII. The a rchaeological a ssemblage considered i s t he c ombined l evel V III-1 a nd l evel VIII-2 i ndustries. Raw material u se i n Couche V III h as b een d iscussed i n a p revious paper ( Simek a nd L eslie 1 983) so o nly a b rief r eview w ill b e p resented h ere. Variation i n t he cherts u sed b y Le F lageolet o ccupants i s g reat. Yet many people working w ith t he materials h ave commented on t he apparant s election o f c ertain c herts over o thers f or t he p roduction o f c ertain t ools. These " selected" c herts a re o ften o f h igh quality, b ut t heir s ources l ie many t ens, e ven h undreds, o f k ilometers f rom t he s ite. Paul L eslie a nd I d ecided t o t est t he p roposition o f c hert s election s tatistically t o determine i f what was a n i mpression h ad empirical v alidity. We b egan b y positing a model f or o n-site t ool p roduction u sing d ifferent k inds o f chert. This model w as b ased on l ithic waste materials a nd t he p roportion o f t he d ebris a ssemblage comprised o f f our d ifferent c herts. We t ook t his model t o r epresent t he a ctual working o f c hert during t he d eposition o f Couche V III. Using a method t hat partitions t he c hi-square s tatistic, w e t ested t he hypothesis t hat b urins, u tilized p ieces, a nd o ther t ools i n Couche V III h ad s imilar p roportions o f chert t ypes. We f ound t hat c ertain t ools, b urins i n particular, were made f rom c herts a vailable o nly

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t o t he d istant w est of Le Flageolet. I n f act, a ll t ools, e xcepting u tilized p ieces, h ad a g reater p roportion made f rom " exotic" c herts t han t he d ebris model p redicted. Debris was made u p p redominantly o f l ocally a vailable c herts. We i nterpreted t hese r esults a s i ndicating c uration, s o t hat t ools d eposited i n t he s helter h ad n ot b een made t here a nd t ools made i n t he s helter h ad b een e xported. Raw material u se a t Le Flageolet was c ertainly more complex t han c an b e d escribed by t he concept " curation". Still, t he g eneral p icture o f mobility a nd f luidity i ndicated b y t his t est i s s upported i n t he s patial a nalyses t hat f ollow. Another b it o f e vidence s upporting t his v iew i nvolves r efitting d ebitage a nd s tone t ools. For both l evels i n Couche V III, a ttempts w ere made t o r efit b urins a nd t he s palls r emoved f rom t hem t o f orm t he b it. Not a s ingle j oin was f ound. This s upports t he notion t hat b urins d eposited a t Le Flageolet were made e lsewhere, a nd b urins made a t t he s ite a re n o l onger t here. Evidence f rom r aw material s tudies e xpands on i nferences s uggested b y t he e cological data d iscussed above. I t appears t hat t he Aurignacian o ccupants o f Le Flageolet b rought a s et o f t ools w ith t hem when t hey o ccupied t he s ite. The r aw materials f rom which t hese t ools were made may i nform on t he d irection o f t ravel ( i.e., f rom t he w est), a lthough we must k now more about t he r elative " values" o f d ifferent chert t ypes b efore t he possibility o f t rade can b e r uled out. While a t Le F lageolet, t hese people i ntensively u tilized r esources f rom c lose t o t he s ite, i ncluding chert a vailable on t he p lateau above. They u sed up s ome o f t he t ools t hey b rought w ith t hem d uring t he l ocal exploitation a t Le Flageolet a nd made n ew t ools which t hey conserved u pon d eparture.

ATTRIBUTE ANALYSES OF CERTAIN AURIGNACIAN L ITHIC ARTIFACTS Another method u sed t o compare a ssemblages i s t he a nalysis o f a ttributes. For t he p resent s tudy, only materials f rom l evel VIII-1 and l evel V III-2 a re c onsidered b ecause t he o ther Aurignacian a ssemblages a re n ot yet completely e xcavated. The t wo Couche V III l evels a re s o s imilar i n t ypological t erms t hat i t s eems f ruitful t o s ee j ust how s imilar t hey a re i n other ways. Attribute c omparisons would s eem t o b e a u seful way t o approach f ine-scale morphological variation s ince t hey concentrate on characteristics o f objects r ather t han on t he objects t hemselves. I t s hould b e noted t hat variability i n a ttributes b etween t he t wo l evels m ight b e d ue t o a multiplicity o f f actors, e .g., f unctional variability, s tylistic d ifferences, t echnological v ariation, e tc. I n t his s tudy, n o c ausal i nferences will b e made i n t he

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a ttribute comparisons. I t i s d ifferences b etween l evel V III-1 o f concern.

s imply t he measurement o f a nd l evel V III-2 t hat i s

Core Morphology Cores r ecovered f rom t he e xcavation o f l evels V III-1 a nd V III-2 a re c lassified a ccording t o f ive t echno-morphological g roups. These c lasses a re d efined b ased on t he pattern o f d ebitage r emovel. The f ive core c lasses a re:

1 ) Unipolar P rismatic. These a re cores on w hich t he majority o f s cars a re t wice a s l ong a s t hey a re w ide a nd w ere p roduced b y r emovals f rom a s ingle s triking p latform. 2 ) B ipolar P rismatic. These a re cores on which t he majority o f s cars a re t wice a s l ong a s t hey a re w ide a nd were p roduced b y r emovals f rom t wo s triking p latforms, u sually opposed a t t he e nds o f t he c ore's l ong a xis. 3 ) Pyramidal. These a re cores o n which t he majority o f s cars a re l ess t hat t wice a s l ong a s t hey a re w ide a nd were p roduced by r emovals f rom a s ingle s triking p latform. The p latform i s u sually r ound, a nd i ts e ntire c ircumference was u sed t o r emove f lakes. A c ross s ection o f t he c ore i s t riangular. 4 ) Globular. These a re c ores o n w hich t he majority o f s cars a re l ess t han t wice a s l ong a s t hey a re w ide a nd w ere p roduced b y r emovals f rom many s triking p latforms. A c ross s ection o f t he core i s r ound. 5 ) Amorphous. These a re c ores w ith s cars o f v arying s izes t hat were p roduced by r emovals f rom a variety o f p latforms. No g eometric f orm c an b e u sed t o c haracterize t he s hape o f t hese cores.

Table 2 0 compares t he f requencies o f e ach o f t hese core c lasses b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2. A c hi-square t est f or h omogeneity i n t he Table ( Kempthorne 1 969), p erformed u nder t he n ull hypothesis o f n o d ifference b etween t he c ollections, cannot r eject t hat possibility. There i s n o s ignificant d ifference b etween t he l evels i n h ow a nd t o what e xtent cores w ere r educed p rior t o abandonment. D ifferences m ight h ave b een a nticipated i f r esource a vailability was g reater f or o ne o f t he o ccupations, a llowing r eduction t o c ease a fter t he b est b lades h ad b een r emoved f rom t he core ( leaving n umbers of p rismatic and b ipolar p rismatic f orms). D ifferent r eduction t echnologies m ight a lso h ave r esulted i n variation i n core f orm b etween l evels V III-1 a nd V III-2. That s uch d ifferences a re n ot p resent s uggests

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TABLE

2 0.

F requencies o f f ive c ore c lasses f or L e F lageolet I l evels V III-1 a nd V III-2. A c hi-squared t est f or h omogeneity b etween t he t wo l evels c annot r eject a n ull h ypothesis o f n o d ifference ( N = 2 5 i n both c ases).

CORE CLASS

V III-1

Unipolar p rismatic B ipolar p rismatic Pyramidal G lobular Amorphous

3 1 4 1 1 6

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V III-2 4 5 1 5 1 0

t hat t he s ame r eduction t echnology was u sed a nd t hat a ccess t o l ithic r esources was equivalent. The h igh i ncidence o f g lobular a nd amorphous c ores i n b oth a ssemblages s uggests t hat r eduction continued a s f ar a s possible i n many c ases--to t he point where o nly f lakes could b e r emoved. I t i s, o f c ourse, possible t hat s till-useful cores were e xported f rom t he s ite a t abandonment ( and t his i s consistent w ith t he l ocally i ntensive l and u se p attern a t Le Flageolet posited e arlier), b ut i t would appear t hat a ny s uch c uration w as p racticed i n a s imilar way i n b oth o ccupations.

Core Weight To e xamine i f a bandoned c ores d iffer b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 i n s ize, t he mean weight o f c ores i n e ach l evel i s computed a nd s tandard d eviations calculated. For l evel V III-1, t he a verage w eight i s 1 47 gms ( s = 1 99.486). For l evel V III-2, t he mean i s 1 18.667 gms = 1 91.761). There a re 2 5 cores r ecorded f or V III-1 a nd 2-5 - f or V III-2. A t wo-tailed t -test was c arried o ut t o compare t hese values ( Blalock 1 972). The n ull hypothesis t ested i s t hat t he means a re e qual a nd could d erive f rom t he s ame population. I n t his t est, HO must b e a ccepted; t here i s n o d ifference i n c ore w eight b etween t he t wo l evels.

Core Raw Material A s econd s et o f c omparisons i s made t o d etermine i f t here a re d ifferences b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 i n t he materials f rom which c ores a re made. Three d ifferent k inds of l ocal r aw material a re d istinguished: ( 1) a g rey, g rainy c hert d eriving f rom S antonian l imestones a nd f ound t oday s ome d istance t o t he n orth o f Le Flageolet, ( 2) a b lack, waxy, f ine-grained c hert f ound n ear Les Eyzies t o t he n orthwest, a nd ( 3) a b lue-black, f ine-grained c hert t hat o ccurs i n s mall n odules on t he p lateau j ust above t he s ite. ( It s hould b e pointed o ut t hat t he s tudy o f c hert s ources i s b eing c arried o ut over much o f t he P erigord r egion b y a t eam o f a rchaeologists o f which t he a uthor i s n ot a member. The c ategories d istinguished h ere a re b ased o n d iscussion w ith t hese s cholars, b ut t hey w ill s urely b e s ubject t o modification a s r esearch p roceeds.) T -tests a re a gain u sed t o e xamine d ifferences b etween l evel - V III-1 a nd l evel VIII-2 i n c ore w eights w ithin t hese t hree chert c lasses. Two s ets o f t ests , are performed. One s et e valuates t he n ull hypothesis t hat t here a re n o d ifferences b etween l evels i n core w eight w ithin a material c lass. The s econd s et t ests f or d ifferences i n core weight b etween material c lasses w ithin a s ingle a rchaeological l evel. The n ull h ypothesis c annot b e r ejected i n a ny t est. D iscarded cores a ppear t o

1 66

b e o f s imilar s ize r egardless o f t he material a nd c ores a re o f t he s ame s izes i n b oth l evels.

i nvolved,

S ummary o f Core Attribute Comparisons Chert s election, r eduction, a nd d iscard s eems t o have b een t he s ame i n b oth l evel VIII-1 a nd l evel V III-2. D ebitage and l ithic d ebris a re composed p rimarily o f l ocally a vailable c herts i n b oth l evels, while a h igher p roportion o f t ools a re made f rom exotic c herts t han would b e expected f rom t he waste c omposition. Some a rtifacts s how cortical s urfaces w ith s cars f rom f rost c racking, i ndicating t hat n odules were obtained f rom t he p lateau, where t his k ind o f weathering a ffects materials, i n a ddition t o more c onventional b edded s ources. This pattern i s e vident i n b oth l evels. For b oth l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2, a b lade t echnology i s i ndicated b y t he t ools, while c ores a re mostly r educed t o g lobular a nd a morphous f orms t hat could only y ield f lakes p rior t o abandonment. I n both o ccupations, cores w ere d iscarded when o f more o r l ess u niform s ize, a lthough variation i n s ize does e xist t hat may r elate t o t he quality of material. Core s ize i s i ndistinguishable b etween l evels. There a re n o s ignificant d ifferences b etween l evels i n t erms o f t he r aw material d iscarded a s cores. I t s eems t hat a ll chert was r educed a s f ar a s possible, e ither t o t he point where n o more r emovals could b e obtained f rom a core o r until i nternal f laws made t he c ore u seless. The pattern o f c hert utilization i ndicated h ere l ends f urther s upport t o t he i dea t hat Le F lageolet Couche V III r epresents a t l east t wo s hort t erm, l ocally-intensive o ccupations.

Tool Weight As f or c ores, t he w eights o f v arious g eneral a rtifact c lasses a re compared b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2. Weight w as s elected a s a r elevant v ariable h ere s ince i t i s a g eneral i ndicator o f a rtifact s ize. For many t asks, t he s trength o f a t ool i s i mportant b oth i n i ts f unction a nd i n i ts p roduction. Moreover, t he s hape o f r etouched e dges ( thickness, a ngle, e tc.) a re c onditioned b y t he s ize and s hape o f t he b lank s elected f or t ransformation. S imply p ut, a t ool d esigned t o c arry o ut a g iven t ask was p robably manufactured o n a f lake o r b lade o f t he appropriate s ize a nd/or h eft. S even a rtifact c ategories a re considered, i ncluding e ndscrapers, Aurignacian p ieces, b urins, t runcations, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, notched a nd d enticulated p ieces, a nd p ieces s howing obvious u tilization d amage o n t heir e dges. These categories r epresent general

1 67

t echnological c lasses t hat s ubsume c ertain a mounts o f t he f ormal v ariation d efined i n t he d e Sonneville-Bordes a nd P errot t ypes. The c lasses u sed h ere a re, i n f act, s ets o f t he c lassic t ypes. Table 2 1 r elates t he c lasses u sed t o t he d e Sonneville-Bordes a nd Perrot t ypology. Classic t ypes a re c ollapsed i nto t hese g eneral c lasses b ecause t he n ature o f v ariability expressed i n t he t raditional t ypology i s u nclear. More g eneral c ategories h ave t he a dvantage o f s trict t echnological d efinition. For e xample, t he c lass " burins" c omprises a ll a rtifacts where a t ransverse b low was s truck t o t he b lank. P reparation o f t he b lank a nd s hape o f t he r esulting e dge a re i gnored, a lthough t hese c riteria a re o ften u sed i n t he t raditional t ypology. Mean a rtifact weight a nd t he s tandard d eviation a round t he mean a re calculated f or e ach c lass b y a rchaeological l evel. T-tests a re c arried o ut t o t est t he hypothesis o f equivalent means b etween d ata f rom l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2. No d ifferences a re p resent b etween t he t wo o ccupations. T v alues a re, i n f act, i nfintesimal, a nd s ignificance f or t he s tatistic i s n ever obtained d espite t he many d egrees o f f reedom a ccompanying e ach t est. Again, s imilarilty b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 i s i ndicated. Tool weight i s p robably r elated t o r aw material r eduction t echnology a s well a s t o a nticipated t ool u se. We h ave a lready s een t hat t here a re no d ifferences b etween t he l evels i n t his d imension.

Attributes

o f Endscrapers

E ight a ttributes o f e ndscrapers a re measured t o compare b etwo,e n a rchaeological l evels. These i nclude: t he w idth o f t he e ndscraper b it, b it l ength, t he r adius o f t he e ndscraper f ront, t he a rc o f t he f ront, t he a ngle o f t he e ndscraper b it f rom t he e dge t o t he h ighest p oint o f r etouch, t he a ngle o f t he b it j ust a t t he j uncture w ith t he v entral f ace, t he t hickness o f t he b it, a nd t he a ngle o f symmetry o f t he s craper f ront. These a ttributes h ave b een u sed b y many a rchaeologists ( e.g., Wilmsen 1 970); t heir c haracteristics a nd measurement a re c onsidered i n d etail b y Movius a nd h is c o-workers a t t he Abri P ataud ( Movius, e t a l. 1 968; Movius a nd B rooks 1 971; S ackett 1 966). While Movius a nd h is c olleagues c ollapse m easured a ttributes i nto n ominal c ategories i n many c ases, continuous measurements a re u sed h ere b ecause o f c ertain t est s tatistic r equirements. T-tests c omparing e ndscraper a ttributes b etween l evel V III-I a nd l evel V III-2 a ssemblages a gain f ail t o r eject t he n ull hypothesis o f n o d ifferences. Certain o f t he a ttributes may r elate t o b lank s ize ( endscraper f ront

1 68

TABLE

2 1.

Relationships of t he general a rtifact c lasses u sed f or Le Flageolet I spatial analyses to t he new Upper Paleolithic t ype l ist ( cf. Bordes 1 978; R igaud 1 982). Note t hat s ome t ype l ist numbers a re r epeated s ince t hey a re composite t ools having more t han one e dge ( e.g., 1 7).

GENERAL CLASS

TYPE NUMBER

Endscrapers Burins Aurignacian Pieces T runcated P ieces Notched P ieces Retouched Pieces Utilized P ieces

1 -6, 8 , 9 , 1 7 1 7, 1 9, 3 0-46 1 1-16, 3 3, 3 5 5 7-59 7 2-74 6 1-63, 7 5 no r eference

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t hickness, f or e xample), a nd t his i s d emonstrably e quivalent b etween t he o ccupations a lready. Other a ttributes d o n ot obviously r elate t o b lank f orm ( e.g., f ront s ymmetry, a rc, r adius, a nd e dge a ngle). Y et t hese, t oo, a re i ndistinguishable b etween l evels. Some o f t hese a ttributes may h ave t heir p rimary s ources o f v ariation i n f unctional o r s tylistic f actors. Symmetry a nd r adius, b oth o f which a re p roduced b y i ntentional a lteration o f b lank f orm b y r etouch, m ight b e s uch c haracteristics. There i s n o d ifference b etween l evel a nd l evel V III-2 i n t hese a ttributes. The a ngle o f t he e ndscraper e dge may b e r elated t o t he u se o f t he t ool. To e xamine e ndscraper u se, t wo a ngles w ere measured a t t he b it ( see above). T he f irst e ndscraper a ngle was measured f rom t he e dge t o t he t op o f t he r etouch, a nd m ight b est b e d escribed a s t he " face a ngle" o f t he e ndscraper, s ince i t r epresents t he a ngle f ormed b y manufacture o f t he t ool. The s econd m easurement was t aken r ight a t t he e ndscraper b it a nd i s a more-exact " edge a ngle". The e dge a ngle may c onform t o t he f ace a ngle o r d iverge f rom i t a s u se a ltered t he b it. F igure 4 5 ( A a nd B ) i llustrates t he d ifferent d istributions o f t hese t wo a ngles w ithin e ach Couche V III l evel. E dge a ngles a re c onsistently s teeper t han f ace a ngles a nd a re o ften f ormed b y obvious d amage o f t he b it. That n o d ifference e xists b etween l evel a nd l evel o n e ither a ttribute s uggests t hat e ndscrapers were u sed i n s imilar f ashion i n b oth o ccupations. I n s hort, t he p attern o f what appears t o b e u se d amage o n e ndscrapers i s t he s ame i n t he t wo l evels.

Attributes o f Burins F ive a ttributes a re measured f or b urins_ Amai n, t hese w ere s elected f rom t he l ist p roposed b y moviuL , e t a l. ( 1968). Measured b urin a ttributes i nclude: t he l ength o f t he b urin b it, t he d epth o f t he b it ( since many b urins a re f ormed b y multiple b lows a nd h ave c urved e dges), t he a ngle o f t he b it f rom t he l ong a xis o f t he b lank, t he a ngle o f t he e dges f orming t he b it i tself, a nd t he a ngle o f t he b it f rom t he v entral f ace o f t he b lank. One n ominal a ttribute w as observed; t he position o f t he b it w ith r espect t o t he b lank w as c lassified i nto o ne o f f ive s tates. These s tates i nvolve d ividing t he b urin l engthwise i nto f ive e qual s ections, n umbered f rom o ne t o f ive f rom l eft t o r ight. Position i s r ecorded b y t he c orresponding s ection n umber. L ateral b urins, t hus, h ave a ttribute v alues o f one o r f ive ( depending o n which e dge t hey o ccupy); a ngle b urins ( fr. d ejete) u sually g et v alues o f t wo o r f our; a nd a xial b urins r eceive a n a ttribute v alue o f t hree.

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V III- 2

V I I- 1

o

5 6

12

A ng le

A

Figure Angles

4 5. i n Le

II E dge

Comparison of Endscraper Flageolet I Levels VIII-1

1 71

Face Angles and VIII-2.

t o Edge

T-tests a gain r eveal n o s ignificant d ifferences b etween t he l evels f or a ny o f t he continuous v ariables measured. Comparison b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 f or b urin position i s a ccomplished u sing a c hi-square t est f or homogeneity a s was d iscussed e arlier. The r esulting c hi-square v alue o f 4 .29 i s n ot s ignificant. The n ull hypothesis--that t here i s n o d ifference b etween t he t wo l evels i n f requencies o f b urins b y position--cannot b e r ejected. Again, l evels a nd V III-2 a re s imilar i n t he f orms o f b urins t hey c ontain. There i s a lmost t otal c oincidence i n t he a ssemblages f rom l evels V III-1 a nd V III-2, e xtending f rom o verall a ssemblage t ypology, t hrough r aw material u se a nd l ithic r eduction t echnology, t o f ine-scale c haracteristics o f t he d ominant s tone t ool f orms. This s imilarity p robably i nvolves b oth s tylistic a nd f unctional a spects o f a rtifacts, s ince n o a ttempt was made h ere t o d istinguish b etween t hese d imensions o f v ariability. Only o ne m inor d ifference i s p resent b etween t he l evels, a nd t his p ertains t o a n u biquitous y et p oorly u nderstood c ategory o f a rtifacts.

Attributes

o f P ieces

S howing Utilization Edge Damage

A f inal s et o f observations w as made on a rtifacts t hat, p erhaps, r eflect t ool u se more obviously t han many o f t he e xtensively r etouched c lasses. This c ategory consists o f f lakes a nd b lades t hat s how f ine f laking o r c rushing o f a n e dge p roduced d irectly b y u tilization. Members o f t his c lass may o r may n ot h ave o ther, i ntentional r etouch p resent. Often, d amage i s observed o n o therwise u nmodified l ithics. P ieces c lassed a s u tilized p ieces may n ot b e t he o nly u nmodified t ools i n t he L e F lageolet a ssemblages, a s m icroscopic w ear t races h ave o ften b een f ound o n objects s howing n o d amage w hen v iewed w ith t he n aked e ye ( e.g., K eeley 1 980; Odell a nd Odell-Vereecken 1 980). However, f or t he p resent s tudy, a ll l ithics w ere observed w ithout magnification, a nd m icroscopic w ear t races a re n ot c onsidered. Two a spects o f v isible d amage a re r ecorded. T he position o f t he u tilization o n t he p iece i s d etermined b y a s eries o f e ight s tandardized l ocations. F igure 4 6 i llustrates h ow t hese l ocations a re measured. T he a ngle o f t he d amaged e dge was a lso measured. Attributes o f u tilization w ere measured b oth f or o therwise-unmodified a nd f or r etouched p ieces s howing a reas o f d amage a way f rom t he modified p ortions. F igure 4 7 c ompares f requencies o f u tilization b y l ocation f or u nmodified a nd modified p ieces f or l evel V III-1. The s ame c omparison f or l evel V III-2 i s s hown i n F igure 4 8. I n b oth o f t hese g raphs, only u nbroken p ieces a re c onsidered s ince f ractured objects d istort t he

1 72

F igure 4 6. Radial System Used t o Locate Edge Damage f or Le Flageolet A rtifacts. The s ystem i s s hown for a b lade ( A) a nd a f lake ( B).

1 73

2 0 •

2 0-

R e touched

U n re touched 1 5 -

1 5 -

C.

E

1 0 . • •• • M• 1 1 1 .

5.

M

1 2

3

4

5

6

I. MIR MI

5.

M IM I

7 8

• • •• 1• 1

1 2

P os it ion

3 4

5

6

7

8

P os it ion

A

F igure 4 7. F requencies V III-1 Unmodified ( A) Position.

o f Visible Edge Damage f or Level a nd Modified ( B) L ithics b y

1 74

2 0

U nre touched

R e touched

'

1 5

. ( 1

1 ' . 1 0 -

, • • •• •

y om map

5.

5

1 • •••••

1

2

3

4 5

6

ima m'

1

7

2

3 4

5

6

7 8

P os i t ion

P os i t ion

A

F igure

4 8. F requencies Unmodified ( A )

o f Visible Edge Damage f or L evel a nd Modified ( B) L ithics b y

Position.

1 75

positional

f requencies.

Because r etouch t ends t o o ccur a t t he e nd o f b lanks ( e.g., f or e ndscrapers a nd b urins) d amage t ends t o b e l ocated a long t he l ateral e dges o f r etouched p ieces. Even when u nretouched, a rtifacts f rom l evel V III-1 c onform t o t his p attern o f l ateral u se. For u nmodified objects i n l evel V III-2, d amage i s more f requent a t t he d istal e nds o f b lanks. This d ifference b etween l evels i s i nteresting b ecause i t s uggests s ome d ivergence i n t he u se o f u nretouched l ithics. However, t his i s t he o nly a ttribute d ifference d etected b etween t he l evels a nd i ndicates, a t b est, only s light f unctional v ariation. F igure 4 9 compares t he e dge a ngles a t u tilization b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 b y p osition. The p roximal o r p latform e nd ( position 1 ) i s n ot u sed v ery much i n e ither l evel. The mean a ngle i s s imilar f or b oth l evels. All value r anges overlap, a nd t here a re n o modalities i n a ngle d istributions w ithin p ositions. A gain, n o d ifferences b etween t he t wo Couche V III o ccupations a re i ndicated.

S ummary of Attribute Comparisons S everal s ets o f a ttribute observations were c ompared b etween t he t wo a ssemblages f rom Couche V III. The w eights o f objects were c ompared b etween l evels b y a rtifact c lasses, b ut n o s ignificant d ifferences w ere f ound. A s eries o f e ndscraper c haracteristics were c ompared b etween t he l evels, b ut t he l evels w ere i dentical. No d ifferences were d etected i n b urins. The o nly d ifference f ound b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 was i n t he more f requent a ppearance o f d amage a t t he e nds o f p ieces i n l evel V III-2. Other a spects o f u tilized p ieces w ere t he s ame b etween t he l evels.

CONCLUSIONS The p icture o f i nter-assemblage v ariability o btained f rom t hese a nalyses i s o ne o f r emarkable s imilarity i n a ll a spects b etween L e Flageolet l evel a nd l evel V III-2. Raw material p rocurement a nd r eduction t echnology, s tone t ool d esign a nd manufacture, a nd t ool u se; a ll s eem t o b e e ssentially i dentical b etween t he t wo o ccupations. Other a ttribute c omparisons m ight y ield s ignificant d ifferences b etween t he t wo l evels. U sing t he p resent s et, which i nvolves a ttributes measuring t he u se o f l ithic r esources a nd a spects o f t he working e dges o f t ools, t he t wo l evels a re t he s ame.

1 76

V III 2

3 4

5

3

7

8

1 2

P os it ion

3

4

5

6

7

8

P os it ion • Mean oR ange

A

Figure

4 9.

Levels VIII-1

Ranges ( A )

o f

Damaged Edge Angles

and V III-2

( B).

1 77

b y Position

f or

While i t w ould a ppear t hat l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 a re t he s ame i n t erms o f r esource u se a nd s tone t ool f unction, t hey m ight w ell v ary i n o ther w ays. For e xample, t he s ize o f t he occupying g roups, t he d uration o f o ccupation, o r t he c omposition o f o ccupying p arties m ight h ave b een d ifferent e ven t hough w hat t hey d id a t t he s ite ( i.e., s ite f unction) was t he s ame. These k inds o f d ifferences w ill b e manifested i n c haracteristics o f t he s ites o ther t han a rtifact f orm, l ike s patial d istributions o f objects o r f eatures. I t i s t o t hese t opics t hat w e n ow t urn.

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CHAPTER S PATIAL CONTEXT AT

EXCAVATION

6 L E

F LAGEOLET

TECHNIQUES

The r ecovery t echniques employed b y Rigaud a t L e Flageolet I were d esigned t o l ocate a nd r ecord every a rtifactual object i n t hree d imensional space. This i ncludes a ll s tone materials i ntroduced i nto t he s helter, i .e., not part o f t he n atural f ill p rocess o r modified b y h uman a ctivity. All bones, whole a nd f ragmentary, were a lso mapped a nd l ocated b y Cartesian coordinates. Any characteristics o f t he s edimentary d eposits o f a rchaeological i nterest ( stains, r ock a lignments, e tc.) were mapped and d iscussed i n f ieldnotes. Photographs documenting t he excavations were s ystematically made. During a ll work, particular a ttention was paid t o s tratigraphic p roblems, both natural a nd cultural, a nd control over t he a rchaeological s tratigraphy was maintained t hrough v ertical p rojections. A d ata s et a llowing t he a lmost complete r econstruction o f t he s ite r esulted f rom t hese e xcavation methods. Despite r ecovery goals, n o s ystem i s perfect, a nd s ome a rtifacts w ere m issed a s t heir s edimentary matrix i s r emoved. Therefore, a ll s ediments were s creened a fter r emoval, a nd contents were s aved b y a rchaeological l evel a nd meter square. Materials r ecovered during s creening were p rovenienced b y g rid u nits ( see F igure 4 2 i n Chapter 5 ). For t he most part, objects f ound i n s creens a re under t wo centimeters i n maximum d imension b ut i nclude m icrolithic tools ( e.g., Caminade s crapers). Still, every e xcavator t ried h ard t o f ind a ll a rtifacts i n s itu. Thus, many objects u nder t wo centimeters i n maximum s ize w ere f ound a nd mapped; t o b e consistent w ith t he b ulk o f materials t his s ize, s mall f inds were not g iven c oordinates e ven i f t hey were mapped. Data f or t he s mall s ize c lass ( < 2 cm ) a re i n t he f orm o f f requency counts a nd weights p er meter s quare g rid u nit. Nearly a ll objects l arger t han 2 cm have point p rovenience.

CONTEXTUAL

ELEMENTS

The k -means b ased approach a dvocated b y K intigh a nd Ammerman — ( 1982) r equires t hat t he context o f s patial d istributions b e i ntegrated i nto t he a nalysis. Therefore, c ertain c lasses o f data must b e d iscussed a s a b ackground t o t he f ormal a nalyses which f ollow. These i nclude t he n ature of t he s pace a vailable t o t he o ccupants of Le

F lageolet a t various t imes d uring t he p aleolithic ( i.e., t he paleotopography ). Features, which s erved a s t he f oci f or c ertain k inds o f d eposition a t P incevent 3 6, must a lso b e d escribed i n r eference t o s pace u se a nd o rganization a t Le Flageolet. I n d iscussing c ontextual c haracteristics, t he data c ollected b y meters a re e xamined s ince t hese m ay s how c ertain p atterns i n t heir d istributions t hat c an b e r elated t o t he point d ata.

Paleotopography For e ach o f t he Couche V III Aurignacian o ccupations, t he massive r oof collapse l abelled Couche X i nfluenced t he n ature o f d eposition a nd t he r esulting a rtifact d istributions. F igures 5 0 a nd 5 1 i llustrate t he p lan o f b locks f or l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2. The b locks o n t hese maps were, i n many c ases, a t l east p artially b uried i n s ediments a t t he l evel where o ccupation d ebris w as f ound. Thus, t he s urface o f e ach " level" v aries w ith r espect t o b lock s urfaces e ven where t he s ame r ock i s p resent o n t wo maps. The n orthern s ector o f t he s ite, f or example, c ontains l arge, f lat r ocks w hose s urfaces a re only s lightly more e levated t hat t he s urrounding matrix. Relief i s n ot d ramatic. I n t he c entral portions o f t he s ite, r elief i s v ery g reat. S ediments d ating t o t he Aurignacian o ccupations o ccur d eep w ithin c racks b etween r ocks. Moreover, t he s urface a ltitudes o f t he c entral r ocks a re a lso v ariable. The c entral s ector o f t he s helter must h ave b een very u ncomfortble t o move a cross ( as i t i s t oday). I n t he s outh, a nother a rea o f f lat r ock s urfaces d ominates t he t opography. Between t hese l arge r ocks a re d eep c revices, b ut t hese c racks t end t o b e w ider t han i n t he n orth a nd c enter o f t he s helter. Archaeological materials d ating t o t he Aurignacian a re f ound i n t hese c racks. The a ltitude o f r ock s urfaces i n t he s outhern s ector i s a pproximately o ne m eter a bove t he northern s ector s urfaces. These c onditions w ere p resent d uring a ll Aurignacian occupations a t L e F lageolet. The d epth o f c revices b etween r ocks d iminished f rom l evel I X t o l evel V III-1. I t i s c lear f rom t he r ock maps t hat p eriodic r oof collapse, o f l esser magnitude t han t hat p roducing Couche X , occurred ( hopefully!) b etween o ccupations. Thus, t he s urface t opography v aried f rom o ne o ccupation t o t he n ext. I n g eneral, t he s helter i nterior a vailable t o Aurignacian o ccupants o f L e F lageolet i nvolved t wo r elatively f lat a reas ( considering t he b lock s urfaces) s eparated b y a n u neven j umble o f o dd-shaped b oulders. The s outhern s ector, f rom t he 6 l ine t o t he 1 1 l ine o n t he s agittal g rid a xis, was a lways a bout a m eter h igher t han t he northern f lat s urface. C revices b etween b oulders were, f or t he most p art, n arrow a nd d eep, e specially d uring t he l evel I X o ccupation. A s s ediments a nd r efuse

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F igure 5 0. Plan of Blocks P resent of Le Flageolet I Level V III-1.

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during

t he Deposition

F igure 5 1. P lan of Blocks P resent of Le Flageolet I Level V III-2.

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d uring

t he Deposition

f illed t he c racks, r elief d iminished i n s ome a reas. However, c revices w ere p resent b elow t he r ocks t hroughout t he period o f Aurignacian s ite u se. What c ultural f eatures a re k nown w ere constructed on t he s urfaces o f t he b locks.

Cultural Features,

L evel V III-1

A s ingle h earth w as f ound i n l evel V III-1, l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s urface. This h earth, c entered i n g rid u nits Al a nd Bl, w ill b e r eferred t o b elow a s t he " Al h earth". The f eature i s c omposed o f b urnt a nd u nburnt i gneous c obbles, s ome d ark s taining, a nd a bundant b urnt b one. However, t he s patial s tructure o f t hese e lements i s d iffuse, a nd t hey a re n ot n umerous. Other c obbles a nd f ragments i n l evel V III-1 a re d istributed a round t he s urface w ith n o a pparant p attern. A k -means a nalysis o f a ll cobbles a nd f ragments over 2 cm i n maximum dimension shows optimal cluster solutions when t hree a nd f ive concentrations a re d efined ( Figure 5 2). When t hree c lusters a re c onsidered, t en p ieces a re i n t he Al h earth, f ive a re l ocated t o t he n orth n ear t he s helter wall, a nd s ix a re p resent i n t he s outhern s ector ( Figure 5 3). At t he f ive c luster l evel ( Figure 5 4), t he Al a rea i s d ivided i nto t wo c lusters w ith o ne c entered i n g rid u nit B O. These h earth c lusters a gain c ontain t en objects. Five p ieces a re c oncentrated i n u nit A -2. Two c lusters o f t hree cobbles e ach a re now d efined i n t he s outhern s ector. The o nly r eal a ccumulation o f c obbles i s i n a nd n ear t he Al h earth. F igure 5 5 i llustrates t he l evel V III-1 h earth. The main concentration o f cobbles occurs i n A l, while o ther objects a re s cattered i nto u nits Bl a nd B O. I n t he f ive c luster s olution, k -means d efines t he Bl/B0 s catter a s a s eparate c luster. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he o nly c harcoal p resent i n t his a rea i s i n Bl. However, i t i s n ot u ncommon t o f ind c arbonized materials o utside o f h earth f eatures where t hey were d eposited ( assumedly) d uring maintenance, i .e., c leaning o r s weeping, o f t he h earth. The d istribution o f i gneous c obble f ragments l ess t hat 2 cm i n maximum d imension i s i llustrated a s a d ensity map i n F igure 5 6. A l ack o f c orrespondance i s e vident b etween t he d istribution o f l arger cobbles a nd f ragments ( centered i n Al) a nd t hese s maller p ieces. Small c obble f ragments h ave t heir g reatest f requency i n s outhern s ector u nit B6. While n one o f t he k -means c lusters f or c obbles a re c entered i n t his u nit, t here a re n earby c lusters i n b oth t he t hree a nd f ive c luster s olutions. The n orthern p art o f t he s outh s ector s eems t o b e a f ocus f or d istributions o f l arge a nd s mall cobble f ragments. No s ystematic p attern i n t hese materials i s e vident t hat

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1

2

3

4

5 6 C lusters

Figure 5 2. Plot of l og(%SSE) Statistics f or Cobbles f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 P roduced by K -m ean s C lust er _ Analysis t o Fifteen Clusters.

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A

Figure 5 3. Map of Three Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level V III-1 Cobble Distribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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s

9

1 0

1

Figure 5 4. Map of Five Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 Cobble Distribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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L EVEL V I I I 1

F igure 5 5. P lan L evel V III-1.

o f

H EARTH

Hearth

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Feature

f or

L e F lageolet

I

m ight s uggest t he p resence o f a s econd h earth. Small f ragments a re a lso concentrated n ear t he Al h earth. However, h ere s mall f ragments a re c oncentrated i n u nit C O. A f ew s mall p ieces occur b etween t his u nit a nd t he h earth i n Al, b ut t he t wo a reas a re e ssentially s eparate. Other s mall f ragments a re s cattered over t he s ite s urface, b ut t hese a re n ot a ssociated w ith c lusters o f l arger c obbles. A g eneral s patial pattern i s e vident i n t hose a reas containing c oncentrations o f b oth l arge a nd s mall c obbles. Larger p ieces s eem t o b e c lustered t o t he e ast o f s mall f ragments ( towards t he r ockshelter w all). This r elationship c annot b e e xplained b y s orting d uring n atural e rosion f or t wo r easons. F irst, t he s lope i n L e F lageolet d eposits f ollows t he b edrock t owards t he c entral f ault. I n L e F lageolet I , t he s lope i s f rom s outh t o n orth, n ot e ast t o w est. S econd, t he l arge b locks l imit movement i n a ll d irections, b ut t he l engthiest c revices a lso t rend f rom s outh t o n orth. I t s eems t hat t he p attern i n c obbles i s c ultural r ather t han n atural i n o rigin a nd may r eflect t he c leaning o f f ire f eatures. As w as s tated e arlier, t he Al h earth i s v ery d iffuse, a nd t here i s n o e vident o rganization i n t he f eature e lements. The Al f eature must h ave b een s mall g iven t he n umber o f c obbles i nvolved. I f t here w as e ver a f eature n ear u nit B 6, i t m ust h ave b een e ven s maller c onsidering t he n umber o f r ocks a nd t he t otal l ack o f v isible e vidence f or f eature c onstruction. S everal c lasses o f material s uggest t hat l arger cobbles mark t he o riginal position o f t he h earth a nd t hat t he s maller f ragments w ere r emoved f rom t he f eature. These i nclude b one, d echet ( lithic waste < 2 cm ) a nd d ebitage ( lithic w aste > 2 cm ). These c lasses h ave overlapping d istributions n ear t he A l h earth. There a re d ifferences i n t heir d istributions over t he e ntire s urface, p articularly i n t he s outhern s ector. All o f t hese c lasses a re c oncentrated i n u nit C O t o t he n orthwest o f Al, a nd t his a ccumulation may r elate t o t he h earth a rea. S outhern a ccumulations a re d ifferent a mong t he c lasses a nd a re n ot r elated t o a ny s urviving f eature. Bone d ebris, a lthough i t w as c ollected w ith point p rovenience, i s e xamined h ere i n t erms o f u nit d ensity b ecause i dentification i s n ot y et c omplete. F igure 5 7 s hows t he d ensity map f or t his c lass. Bones s eem t o b e c oncentrated i n t wo p laces. The r ichest a ccumulation occurs i n u nit A -1 n ear t he s helter wall, b ut a b and o f u nits t rending e ast t o w est ( including u nit C O) c ontains quantities o f b one d ebris. D echet s hows a s imilar p attern t o c obble f ragments. F igure 5 8 i s t he d ensity map f or t his c lass a nd i llustrates t he c oncentration o f d echet i n u nits C O a nd D O. T here a re quantities o f d echet i n u nit B i, s uggesting a l ink w ith t he Al h earth. Only o ne s outhern u nit, B 6,

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g i14.5 -17.5

5 .5-8 .4

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2 .5-5 .4

r i

0-2 .4

8 .5-11 .4

F igure Square

5 6. Density of Cobble F ragments f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1.

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( < 2 cm)

by Meter

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0

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D

1 05. 5-126

4 2 .5-63

n 2 1 . 5 4 2

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Figure Le

5 7.

Flageolet

Density

of

0 -21

Bone

( > 2 cm )

I Level VIII-I.

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b y Meter

Square

f rom

2

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9

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m 1 8 6 2 2 2

7 5-1 11 3 8-74

W 149-185

0 -37

12-148

F igure 5 8. Meter Square

Density of Dechet f rom Le Flageolet

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( Lithic Materials I Level V III-1.

< 2 cm)

by

2

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a

1 59 - 1 98

4 0-79

1 20-158

0 -39

F igure 5 9. Density of Debitage by Meter Square f rom Le Flageolet

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( Lithic Materials I Level V III-1.

> 2 cm)

c ontains many o f t hese s mall l ithic c hips. Dechet c oncentrations may r eflect t he l oci o f s tone t ool p roduction, a s t his i s a f requent a nd u biquitous b y-product o f t hat p rocess. Thus, i t w ould s eem t hat most c hert r eduction o ccurred i n p roximity t o t he Al h earth a nd w aste materials w ere e ither d irected o r moved t o r efuse p iles west o f t he f eature i tself. The d istribution o f d ebitage s upports t his i nference. The correspondance b etween d ebitage d ensities b y meter s quare w ith d echet d istributions i s s triking ( Figure 5 9). A gain, t here i s a c oncentration o f materials i n u nits C O/DO, a nd o nly B 7 h as a r elatively h igh d ensity i n t he s outhern s ector. The s patial overlap b etween t hese t wo l ithic s ize c lasses i ndicates t hat post-depositional s orting d id n ot a ffect t hese a ccumulations. Coincidence a mong d ebitage, d echet, a nd s mall c obble f ragments i n u nits C O/DO s uggests t hat t his c revice was a d ump f or t he u nwanted p roducts o f h earth a rea a ctivities. The p resence o f b oth d ebitage a nd d echet c oncentrations i n u nits B 6 a nd B 7 s uggests t hat l ithic r eduction o ccurred n ear t hese s outhern s ector u nits. The a mount o f l ithic waste d eposited i n t he s outh i s much l ess t han i n n orthern h earth a rea a ccumulations.

S ummary o f V III-1 Contextual Data I n s ummarizing t he b asic c ontext w ithin w hich s patial a nalysis o f l evel V III-1 a rtifact d istributions w ill p roceed, t he f ollowing c haracteristics a re r elevant. A s ingle h earth f eature i s p resent, c entered i n u nit Al. Just t o t he n orth a nd w est o f t his f eature, a ccumulations o f material t hat s eem t o r eflect t he " sweeping o ut" o f h earth m aterials a re s cattered over f lat b lock s urfaces. The h earth i tself i s s mall a nd d iffuse a nd s uggests s hort t erm u se. I t i s possible t hat a s econd f eature w as p resent s omewhere i n t he s outhern s ector o f t he s ite ( near u nit B6), b ut p hysical e vidence f or t his f eature i s s cant. A ccumulations o f b one, d echet, a nd d ebitage i n u nits C O/DO s uggest t hat t his s pace s erved f or d isposal o f h earth a ctivity r efuse. Other concentrations o f material n ear t he s helter w all n orth o f t he h earth may r eflect more-dispersed a reas o f d iscard. A rtifacts a re s cattered o ver t he s outhern s ector o f t he s ite, b ut t heir r elationships d o n ot s ystematically o verlap a s i n t he n orth. I n t erms o f a ctivities, s tone t ool p roduction s eems t o h ave o ccurred f requently i n t he h earth c ontext, a nd waste products w ere d iscarded i nto d umps l ocated a s light d istance a way f rom t he f eature. L ithic r eduction a lso o ccurred i n t he s outhern s ector, b ut r efuse i s l ess a bundant t han i n t he n orth a nd h as n o e vident f eature a ssociation.

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One b it o f p reliminary e vidence s upports t he n otion t hat a f ire f eature, now i nvisible, was p resent i n t he s outhern s ector a t s ome t ime. However, i t i s n ot p ossible t o r elate t his f eature t o a ny Aurignacian o ccupation w ith c ertainty. The e vidence comprises c arbon s ignal r eadings b y Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ( Robbins, e t a l., 1 978) f or a s eries o f s amples t aken f rom t he s urface o T— a s outhern s ector r ock. The a rea where t hese s amples w ere r emoved i s i n u nit B 7 above t he s outhern s ector cobble concentrations ( see Figure 5 0). Robbins' t ests d emonstrate t hat t his b lock was, i ndeed, s ubjected t o h eat a t s ome past t ime ( Robbins, p ersonal c ommunication). There i s a lso v isible f ire d amage t o t he a rea. However, t o which l evel(s) t he f eature i s r elated i s u nclear. As w ill b e s een, t he c haracteristics o f l evel V III-1 i n t his a rea a re a lso p resent i n l evel V III-2. I t may b e t hat b oth occupations, o r n either, i nvolved t he u se o f a s mall f ire i n t he B 7 r ock s urface. I t i s n ot p resently p ossible t o make a n a ccurate a scription.

Cultural Features,

L evel V III-2

As i n l evel V III-1, a s ingle h earth f eature was u ncovered i n V III-2. Again, t he f eature i s l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s ite a nd overlaps p artially w ith t he V III-1 h earth. However, t his f eature i s extensive a nd s eems t o h ave b een made u p o f s everal p arts. The parts may r epresent t he a ctual h earth position, h earth s weepings, a nd r efuse a ssociated w ith t he f eature. Overall, t he l evel V III-2 h earth s eems t o h ave b een more i ntensely u sed t han i ts l evel VIII-1 counterpart. Over 2 00 cobbles a nd f ragments were e ntered i nto k -means c luster a nalysis, a nd optimal s olutions a t t wo a nd s even c luster c onfigurations a re i ndicated ( Figure 6 0). When t wo c lusters a re considered ( Figure 6 1), one c entroid i s l ocated i n g rid u nit BO a nd t he o ther i n C 7. The northern c luster h as a point f requency o f 1 84 w hile t he s outhern c luster c ontains only 2 9 objects. At t he s even c luster l evel ( Figure 6 2), f our c lusters a re l ocated i n t he n orth, a nd t hree o f t hese a re v ery r ich ( with 5 2, 5 7, a nd 6 1 p ieces). Three s parse cobble c lusters a re p resent i n t he s outhern s ector, a ll w ith c entroids i n c revices a round t he B 7 b lock. P lan maps o f t he t hree r ich n orthern c oncentrati ons were made d uring t he e xcavation o f l evel V III-2. F igure 6 3 s hows t he one c entered o n u nit Al. This concentration i s composed o f l arge p ieces; v ery f ew s mall f ragments a re p resent. The s edimentary matrix o f t his Al c luster d oes not contain t he c arbonized o rganic materials t hat m ight i ndicate i n s itu b urning. A s econd r ich c obble concentration, t his one c ontaining c arbon a nd b urnt l imestone, i s c entered on g rid u nit BO. Tests o f t he s ediments w ithin t his c oncentration i ndicate e xposure t o

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5 6

7 8 9 1 0

1 1 2

1 3 1 4

1 5

C lus ters

F igure 6 0. Plot of l og(%SSE) Statistics L e Flageolet I Level VIII-2 P roduced by Analysis t o Fifteen Clusters.

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f or Cobbles f rom K -means Cluster

D

C

B

A

Figure 6 1. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Cobble Distribution. Dots mark c luster centroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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D

C

B

A

Figure 6 2. Map of Seven Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Cobble Distribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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Figure 6 3. ( Hearth) f or

Plan of Cobble Concentration Le Flageolet I Level V III-2.

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i n

Unit

Al

h eat ( Robbins, p ersonal c ommunication). A t hird r ich c oncentration i s c entered o n u nit B -1 ( Figure 6 4). This a ccumulation i s c omposed o f s mall, f ragmentary material a nd i ncludes a f ew p ieces o f b urnt l imestone. As w as t he c ase f or t he Al c oncentration, t here i s n o e vidence h ere f or i n s itu b urning. This d eposit may r epresent h earth s weepings. The t hree r ich n orthern c obble a ccumulations a re v aried i n f orm a nd content. They d o n ot s eem t o r eflect t hree s eparate f ire f eatures. I nstead, t hey may b e t hree s ubdivisions w ithin a s ingle " hearth c omplex". I nterpretation o f t hese c lusters i s d ifficult. However, t he d istribution o f o ther a rtifactual materials c larifies t he p robable h earth position a nd t he r elationships a mong t he t hree concentrations. Density p lots o f c obble f ragments l ess t han 2 cm i n maximum d imension a re s hown i n F igure 6 5. Concentrations a re a pparant i n u nits B O/B-1, which a lso c ontained t wo o f t he l arge c obble c lusters. Unit Al, t he r ichest l arge c obble a ccumulation, c ontains f ew f ragments. As was d iscussed f or l evel V III-1, h earth maintenance d eposits g enerated b y s weeping o ut f eatures a re e xpected t o contain s mall c obble f ragments a nd b urnt s ediments. I t i s u nlikely, h owever, t hat t hey would c omprise q uantities o f l arge, s till u seful c obbles. I t must b e r emembered t hat a ll i gneous r ock must b e b rought t o L e F lageolet f rom t he r iver b elow. The concentration o f l arge-sized p ieces i n u nit Al, c oupled w ith t he l inear a rrangement o f h earth-generated materials t o t he n orth, s uggests t hat Al may h ave b een t he l ocus o f t he h earth i tself. Other d eposits ( i.e., t hose i n B O/B-1) would t hen b e s weepings f rom t he f eature. The s orting o f t hese materials i n t he n orthern s ector ( with l arger f ragments i n B O n ear t he h earth a nd s maller p ieces i n B -1 f urther a way o n t he s upporting r ock) s upports t his h earth e vacuation i nterpretation. Small c obble f ragments a re a lso c oncentrated i n s outhern u nits B 6, B 7, a nd C 7. The a rea corresponds t o t he l ocation o f k -means c luster c obble c entroids a t b oth t he t wo a nd s even c luster l evels. A gain c revices b elow t he b urnt r ock s urface contain t hese materials. The a ssociation i n t his s pace b etween l arge a nd s mall c obble f ragments s uggests t hat t he r ock s urface w as u sed d uring t his o ccupation. However, i t i s t he d ensity o f material t hat i s i mpressive, a nd t he r elation i s n o l ess p roblematic t han f or l evel V III-1. Other a rtifact c lasses h ave d ensity maps s imilar t o t hat f or s mall c obbles f ragments. Bone d ebris, d echet, a nd d ebitage a ll h ave h igh f requencies i n u nits B O a nd Bi, s uggesting a gain t hat t his a ccumulation w as d eposited b y d iscard r ather t han a s a n i n s itu f eature.

1 99

Figure 6 4. ( Sweepings)

Plan o f Cobble Concentration for Le Flageolet I Level V III-2.

2 00

i n

Unit B-1

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

A

N

2 2-32

5 4- 6 4 4 3- 5 3 3 3-42

Figure Square

6 5. Density o f Cobble F ragments f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2.

2 01

( < 2 cm)

b y Meter

1

2

3

4

5

6 5 .9 79

. 9

i r e 52.8 -65.8

6 6.

Le Flageolet

Density o f

7

8

9

1 0

1

2 6 .4-39 .5

U 13 .3 - 2 6 .3

3 9 .6 -5 2 .7

Figure

6

0 -13 .2

Bone

( > 2 cm)

I Level VIII-2.

2 02

b y Meter

Square

f Lom

2

1

0

2

3

4

5

6

A

7

N

8

9

1 0

1

\ `

Figure 6 7. Meter Square

16-138

3 7-69

9 3-115

2 4-36

7 092

0 -23

Density of Dechet f rom Le Flageolet

2 03

( Lithic Materials I Level V111-2.

< 2 cm)

by

2

1

0

A

2

4 A R

3

4

5

m 1 5 7 1 8 8

6

7

8

9 1 0

1

6 3-94

n 3 2 6 2

1 26-156 9 5-125

2

0-3 1

Figure 6 8. Density of Debitage by Meter Square f rom Le Flageolet

2 04

( Lithic Materials I Level VIII-2.

> 2 cm)

F igure 6 6 s hows b one c ounts b y meter u nit. Bones h ave t heir h ighest d ensity i n u nits B O a nd B -1, b ut t hey a re a lso c oncentrated a long t he w est s ide o f t he s outhern b urnt r ock ( units C 7, D 6/D7). A v eritable b ed o f b one d ebris i s p resent i n t he B O/B-1 a rea, b ut s outhern concentrations a re s patially d iscrete. Dechet a lso h as i ts h ighest f requency i n u nit B -1 ( Figure 6 7). Small l ithic waste i s a bundant i n u nit C -2, a nd t his c oncentration e xtends i nto a djacent u nits C -1 a nd C O. This i s a n a rea o f h igh d ensity f or b one a nd s mall r ock f ragments. I n t he s outhern s ector o f t he s ite, d echet i s concentrated i n u nits C 7 a nd D 7. A f ew p ieces a lso o ccur i n u nits A 7 a nd B6. Again, t he d ensest s outhern a ccumulations coincide a mong a ll g rid p rovenienced a rtifacts. Debitage, l ike t he o ther l evel V III-2 c lasses, h as i ts r ichest concentration i n u nits B O a nd B -1 ( Figure 6 8). Other r ich northern s ector u nits i nclude C -2 ( where i t coincides w ith d echet b ut n o other c lass), D1, a nd Al. The o ccurrence o f l arger l ithic waste i n t he i nferred h earth s uggests a gain t hat r eduction was p erformed a t t he f eature a nd t hat waste was r emoved t o d iscard s paces. Here, i t would s eem t hat s ome o f t he l arger p ieces were r etained a t t he f eature, p erhaps f or f urther modification. ( Very f ew o f t hese u nmodified p ieces a re b urnt a nd t herefore were n ot k napped i nto t he b urning f ireplace). I n t he s outhern s ector, d ebitage i s concentrated i n u nits C 7, D6, a nd D 7. Again, t his c lass overlaps w ith t hose j ust d iscussed.

S ummary o f VIII-2 Contextual Data The overall p icture o f c ontextual e lements d eposited d uring t he l evel V III-2 o ccupation i s s omewhat more varied t han was t he c ase f or VIII-1. Again, a s ingle f ocal h earth f eature i s i ndicated b y physical e vidence, a nd t his i s l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s urface. A concentration o f l arge c obbles i n u nit Al may r epresent t he a ctual h earth l ocation. Two other c obble concentrations o ccur t o t he n orth a nd west of Al a long a nd o n t he s urface o f a l arge f lat b lock t hat s erves a s a b ase f or t he f eature c omplex. These a ccumulations contain c obbles, b ut r ocks a re s maller t han i n t he Al c oncentration. Small r ock f ragments, b urnt l imestone, b one d ebris, d echet, a nd d ebitage a lso compose t he t wo r ich n orthern a ccumulations. Particle s orting a nd t he p resence o f b urnt s ediment a nd c arbonized material i n t he B O and B -1 concentrations s uggest t hat t hese materials w ere s wept f rom t he h earth i tself d uring maintenance operations.

2 05

A s maller, l ess r ich a rea w ith a s omewhat s imilar s tructure i s p resent i n t he s outhern s ector o f t he l evel V III-2 s urface b elow t he b urnt r ock s urface ( B7). All g rid p rovenienced data h ave h igh f requencies h ere, b ut t hese a re c onsistently l ower t han i n t he n orth. There i s n o e vident h earth f eature i n t he s outhern s ector. However, a s was d iscussed a bove, t hese materials m ight b e a ssociated w ith a f eature f ormerly p resent o n t he b lock s urface a bove. I f t his was t he c ase, t hen t he c ontent o f t he main s outhern a ccumulations s hould b e s imilar t o t hose a round t he n orthern h earth f eature. The p resence o f one, a nd possibly t wo, i ntensively-used h earths i n l evel VIII-2 s uggests a d ifferent k ind o f occupation f rom t hat r eflected i n l evel V III-1. This d ifference may b e d ue t o s everal f actors i ncluding population s ize, t he l ength o f occupation, t he a ctivities p erformed, o r c ombinations o f a ll o f t hese. The s patial a nalysis o f e ach o f t hese s urfaces, a nd c omparisons b etween t hem, may a llow t he d ifferences t o b e d efined i n more s pecific t erms.

2 06

CHAPTER 7 L E F LAGEOLET

I :

L EVEL V III-1

I NTRODUCTION A t hree s tage s patial a nalysis was c arried o ut f or t he Le Flageolet I l evel V III-1 materials a s f or t he P incevent d istributions ( Chapter 4 ). F irst, point p rovenience data f or t en d ifferent a rtifact c lasses were e ntered i nto s eparate k -means c luster a nalyses, a nd optimal c luster s olutions e xamined f or e ach c lass. S econd, overlay maps were p roduced a t t hree s cales c orresponding t o optimal s olutions i ndicated b y t he l og(%SSE) p lots. The maps were t hen i nspected f or p atterning i n o rder t o d efine a ccumulation z ones f or a ssociation s tudies. F inally, a fter z ones were i dentified, correlation s tudies a nd g raphic c omparisons were carried out.

Some G eneral Expectations P reliminary e xaminations o f contextual e lements i n l evel V III-1 ( Chapter 6 ) can b e u sed t o g enerate e xpectations f or t he r esults o f s patial a nalysis. A s ingle h earth f eature was i dentified, l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s ite ( units Al/B1). Based o n t he overlap o f s mall r ock f ragments, d echet, d ebitage, a nd b one d ebris, a possible h earth d ump was a lso i ndicated i n t he north ( units CO/D0). The s outhern part o f t he s ite s howed n o f irm e vidence f or a h earth f eature, a lthough t here were cobbles p resent, a nd t his a rea may r epresent a f unctionally d ifferent part o f t he occupation s urface. Large b lock configurations s hould r esult i n s mall, l ocal c oncentrations o f material c onfined t o c racks b etween t he b locks. The l evel V III-1 d istributions s hould d iffer f rom t he g eneralized a ccumulations a t P incevent. Near t he f ocal h earth, a rtifact c lusters a re e xpected t o f orm z ones, a nd t hese s hould b e r elatively r ich a nd contain a w ide r ange o f d . ,fferent c lasses. I n t he s outh, a more r estricted s et o f a rtifact c lasses i s a nticipated. Z ones i n t his s ector s hould b e r elated t o s pecific a ctivities o ccurring n earby. G iven constraints t o movement over t he occupation s urface, l ittle o r n o m ixing o f n orthern h earth d eposits w ith t he s outhern s ector materials i s expected. The t wo s ectors s hould r etain t heir d ifferences d espite c hanging s patial r efinement. Thus, change i n h omogeneity o f d eposits w ith s patial s cale w ill b e d ifferent f rom t hat observed a t

P incevent.

S TAGE

I ANALYSIS:

PATTERN

R ECOGNITION

The t en a rtifact c lasses e ntered i nto k -means a nalysis f or l evel V III-1 c omprise s even c ategories t raditionally considered a s " tools" a nd t hree o f o ther l ithic materials. As f or t he P incevent d ata, e ach c luster a nalysis was performed t o a f ifteen c luster s olution. Table 2 2 l ists t he c lasses a nd t he n umber o f e ach p resent i n l evel V III-l. Log(%SSE) p lots p roduced f rom t he t en k -means r uns s how s ome v ariation i n c lustering s equences a mong t he c lasses ( Figure 6 9). I n a ll c ases, a n optimal c lustering s olution i s i ndicated w hen t he d istribution i s b roken i nto t wo c lusters; a s w ill b e s een s hortly, t hese correspond t o t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors o f t he r ockshelter. B eyond t his l evel, d ifferent c luster s olutions a re optimal f or d ifferent a rtifact c lasses. Excluding c obbles, which h ave a lready b een d iscussed, most a rtifact c lasses h ave t hree optimal s olutions. S everal c lasses, i ncluding cores, t runcated p ieces, e ndscrapers, a nd n otched p ieces, s how a n optimal s olution a t b etween t hree a nd s ix c lusters. The o ther c lasses h ave medium s cale s olutions w ith more c lusters, i .e., e ight o r n ine. H igh s cale s olutions a re a lso i ndicated f or a ll a rtifact c atergories. A ll b ut o ne o f t hese s olutions r epresent " terminations" o f t he p lots where t he l og(%SSE) d ecreases t o z ero. T able 2 3 l ists t he optimal s olution l evels f or a ll c lasses i ndicated b y t he p lots. That t he l og(%SSE) s hould d ecrease t o z ero b efore t he e nd o f t he r un i ndicates a b asic pattern i n t he d ata d istributions f or a ll c lasses. This p attern may r elate t o t he n umber o f s mall pockets w ithin t he r ock f all t hat could c ontain material. A t otal o f e leven t o t hirteen s uch pockets a re s uggested b y t he l og(%SSE) t erminations. Thus, i t may b e t hat t he h ighest l evel p atterns a re contextually d etermined. One a rtifact c lass, d ebitage, does n ot t erminate a t z ero b efore t he f ifteen c luster l evel i s r eached. This i s t he most a bundant o f a ll c lasses, a nd t he l ikelihood i s g reat o f s mall c lusters b eing d efined w ithin l arger ones e arlier i n t he c lustering s equence. Nevertheless, t he h ighest optimal s olution f or d ebitage i s a t t welve c lusters, conforming t o t he h ighest s olutions ( number o f pockets?) s uggested b y t erminations i n o ther c ategories. While t he t otal n umber o f p ockets w ithin r ocks may b e b etween e leven a nd t hirteen, n ot a ll a rtifact c lasses a re c lustered i n a ll pockets. H igh s cale s olutions r ange f rom e ight c lusters ( for c ores a nd n otched p ieces) t o t hirteen ( for u tilized p ieces). This s uggests, a nd w ill b e c onfirmed b elow, t hat t here a re d ifferences a mong c lasses i n t heir d istributions over t he s helter s urface a t t he h ighest s patial s cale.

2 08

TABLE

2 2.

F requencies of t en a rtifact c ategories Flageolet I l evel V III-1 a ssemblage.

ARTIFACT CLASS

a nalyzed

N

Endscrapers Burins Aurignacian P ieces T runcated P ieces Notched a nd Denticulated P ieces Miscellaneous Retouched P ieces Utilized P ieces Cores Debitage Cobbles and F ragments

2 09

2 7 2 1 2 6 2 3 2 3 2 7 4 7 2 4 8 04 2 1

f or

Le

2 .0

1 . 5

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 1 0

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

C lus te rs

Figure 6 9. Plot of log(%SSE) Statistics f or Artifact Classes i n Le Flageolet Level VIII-1 a s by K-means Cluster Analysis t o Fifteen Clusters.

2 10

All Ten Defined

TABLE

2 3.

Optimal c lustering s olution l evels i ndicated b y l og(%SSE) p lots p roduced b y k -means analyses of Le Flageolet I l evel VIII-1 a rtifact d istributions. A " t" i ndicates a t erminal s olution a t z ero b efore f ifteen c lusters a re f ormed.

ARTIFACT CLASS

1

SOLUTION NUMBER 2 3 4

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Pieces Retouched P ieces Utilized Pieces Notches a nd Denticulates Debitage

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

5 3 5 8 4 l it 9 9 6 8

2 11

8 t 4 9 t 1 0t 9 t l it 1 3t 8 t 1 2

5

5

6 t

One a rtifact c lass, Aurignacian p ieces, h as o nly t wo optimal s olutions i ndicated b y t he l og(%SSE) p lot. As f or t he o ther c lasses, a l ow l evel s olution i s a t t wo c lusters. The s econd s olution i s a t t he e leven c luster l evel w here t he l og(%SSE) t erminates. Aurignacian p ieces may i llustrate most p recisely t he b asic contextual c onstraints o n t he V III-1 materials. Northern a nd s outhern s ectors, corresponding t o a h earth a rea a nd a n on-hearth a rea, a re d istinguished. At a f ine s cale, many s mall a ccumulations a re d efined w ithin c racks b etween t he l arge b locks. No o ther s patial patterning i s e xhibited b y t he Aurignacian c lasses. To s ummarize t he l og(%SSE) p lots, t here appear t o b e t wo g roups o f a rtifact c lasses b ased on t heir c lustering s equence. Both g roups h ave optimal l ow l evel s olutions a t t wo c lusters. One g roup h as f ewer c lusters t han t he o ther a t b oth medium a nd h igh c lustering s cales. I nstead o f d escribing e ach a rtifact c lass i n t urn, one f rom e ach o f t hese t wo g roups w ill i llustrate t he c luster f ormation s equence c haracteristic o f a ll members. For t he f irst g roup, t runcated p ieces a re t ypical ( with a t wo c luster, f ive c luster, a nd e ight c luster s olution) a nd w ill s erve a s a n e xample. The s econd g roup w ill b e e xemplified b y r etouched p ieces which h ave t wo, n ine, a nd e leven c luster s olutions. F igure 7 0 s hows t he t wo c luster c entroids a nd RMS c ircles d efined b y k -means a nalysis f or t runcated p ieces a t t he l owest s cale. One c luster o ccurs i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s ite n ear t he Al/B1 h earth w ith i ts c entroid i n u nit B O. The o ther c luster c entroid i s l ocated on a l arge b lock ( unit B9) i n t he s outhern s ector. This l arge b lock s hows e vidence f or b urning a nd w as d iscussed i n t he p receeding chapter. The n orthern c luster contains over 7 8% of a ll t runcations p resent i n l evel Only f ive a re p resent i n t he s outhern c luster. For t his a rtifact c lass, a nd f or a ll c lasses e xcept b urins, t he n orthern h earth i s t he c enter f or t he r ichest c lusters. A medium s cale optimal s olution i s i ndicated f or t runcations a t f ive c lusters ( Figure 7 1). One i solated p iece i s s eparated a s a n i ndividual c luster, a nd t his i s l ocated b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors. Two c lusters a re p resent i n e ach s ector a t t his l evel. I n t he n orth, one c entroid o ccurs i n u nit A O ( near t he h earth) a nd t he o ther i n u nit C O. I n t he s outhern s ector, one c luster i s l ocated w ith i ts c entroid i n u nit B 8 n ot f ar f rom t he t wo-cluster l evel c entroid. A s mall c luster i s l ocated a t t he s outhern e dge o f t he e xcavated a rea i n u nit Cll. I n c ontent, t he c luster c entered i n u nit A O c ontains e leven, o r n early 4 8%, o f t he t runcated p ieces. The c luster c entered i n C O contains a nother s ix p ieces ( 26% of t he t otal). The s ame f ive p ieces l ocated i n t he s outh a t t he p revious c lustering l evel a re d ivided b etween t he t wo s outhern c lusters a t t his s cale.

2 12

Figure 7 0. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 T runcation ' Distribution. Dots mark cluster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or clusters.

2 13

Figure 7 1. Map of Five Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 T runcation Distribution. Dots mark cluster centroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or clusters.

2 14

Figure 7 2. Map of Nine Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 T runcation Distribution. Dots mark cluster centroids, c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

2 15

At t he h ighest c lustering s cale, n ine c lusters a re f ormed. F igure 7 2 i llustrates t he k -means map p roduced f rom t he c entroids a nd RMS measures p rovided b y t he r un. F irst, n ote t hat many c lusters a t t he h ighest s cale a re c omposed o f i solated a rtifacts. Only i n t he n orthern s ector, w here a bundance i s g reatest overall, a re c lusters c omprising g roups o f objects i ndicated. Four c lusters a re p resent i n t he n orth. One o f t hese i s c entered i n u nit A O a gain, a djacent t o t he f ocal h earth. This i s s till a r elatively r ich c luster, c ontaining s ix objects ( 26%). A s econd c luster i s l ocated a t t he l ine b etween u nits C O a nd D O, a nd t his a lso c ontains s ix t runcations. A c luster o f t hree p ieces occurs t o t he n orth o f t he h earth a rea i n u nit A-1. A f ourth n orthern s ector c luster i s l ocated west o f t he h earth i n u nit B O a nd r epresents a p air o f t runcated p ieces. A t wo-object c luster c entered i n u nit Cll r emains a t t his h ighest l evel, b ut t he r est o f t he s outhern c lusters a t t he p revious l evel h ave b een r educed t o i solated p ieces. The i solate i n u nit B 3 b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors i s r etained f rom t he f ive c luster s olution. K -means a nalysis o f t runcated p ieces i ndicates t hat a g eneral pattern i n t he d istribution i s r elated t o t he A1/B1 h earth. Many t runcations a re c entered r ight a t t he f eature, while o ther c oncentrations o ccur j ust n orth a nd w est t owards t he s helter e xterior. A r ich c luster i s l ocated b etween l arge b locks i n u nits C O a nd D O. A s w ill b e s een s hortly, t his c rack i s t he c enter f or t ightly-packed c entroids f rom many a rtifact c lasses. This c haracteristic s upports t he i nterprtation o f t his c rack ( as a h earth-area r efuse d ump ) a lready p roposed b ased o n overlapping concentrations o f s mall r ock f ragments, d echet, d ebitage, a nd b one. Other a rtifact c lasses h aving t he s ame g eneral c lustering s equence a s t runcations s how p atterns s imilar t o t hat j ust d escribed. Some o f t hese o ther c lasses, cores f or e xample, h ave s outhern s ector c lusters c omposed o f s ets o f o bjects a t h igher s cales. For t he most part, n orthern s ector c lusters a re t he r ichest, a re i n p roximity t o t he h earth, a nd overlap w ith s mall material c oncentrations. S outhern s ector c lusters a re made u p o f v ery f ew a rtifacts o r a s ingle object. I t i s i mportant t o n ote, h owever, t hat t he n umber o f c lusters f ormed f rom l evel t o l evel i s r oughly t he s ame i n t he t wo s ectors. This c ontrasts w ith t he c luster f ormation p rocess s een a t P incevent, where t he r ichest a reas o f t he s ite w ere d ivided f irst a nd i nto t he most c lusters a s t he r uns p roceeded. At P incevent, t his c haracteristic w as l inked t o t he a bundance o f materials i n v arious parts o f t he s ite a nd t o t he h omogeneity o f a ccumulations r egardless o f t heir s ize. That t he c luster f ormation p rocess d iffers a t L e F lageolet I ( at l east f or l evel V III-1) s uggests t hat o ther k inds o f r elations may h old. This w ill b e d iscussed

2 16

i n more

d etail

l ater.

Miscellaneous r etouched p ieces p rovide a n e xample o f a s econd c lustering pattern i n l evel V III-1. F igure 7 3 s hows t he map o f c lusters p roduced a t t he l owest k -means s olution. As was t he c ase f or t runcations, t wo clusters a re p resent, one e ach i n t he northern a nd s outhern s ectors. Nineteen p ieces ( over 7 0%) a re a ssigned t o t he c luster c entered o n u nit B O. The r emaining e ight m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces a re i n t he c luster c entered o n u nit C 8 west o f t he b urnt b lock i n t he s outh. This i s i n c ontrast t o t runcations, which c entered o n t he b lock i tself. F igure 7 4 i llustrates c luster c entroids a nd RMS r adii a t t he n ine c luster l evel. More c lusters a re f ormed a t t his medium s cale t han w as t he c ase f or t runcations, b ut t hese a re a gain equally d ivided b etween t he t wo s ectors o f t he s ite s urface. F ive c lusters a re p resent i n t he n orth. O f t hese, one i s c entered i n u nit B O j ust t o t he n orth o f t he h earth, a s econd i s s ituated f urther n orth i n u nit A -1, a nd a t hird i s l ocated i n t he c rack b etween b locks a t t he CO/DO b oundary. The f irst c ontains s even r etouched p ieces ( over 2 5% o f t he t otal). The s econd contains only t hree p ieces ( 11%). Two i solated p ieces d efined a s c lusters i n u nits C -2 a nd A3 complete t he d ivisions f ormed i n t he n orthern s ector. Four c lusters a re f ormed f rom t he s ingle l ow-scale c luster i n t he s outhern s ector. One o f t hese i s a n i solated p iece i n u nit Dll. The o ther c lusters a re c entered i n u nits D 7, C 7, a nd C 9. The c luster i n D 7 abuts t he e dge o f t he excavated a rea. A t otal o f s even r etouched p ieces a re d istributed more-or-less e qually a mong t he l atter t hree c lusters. In g eneral, t he r ichest c lusters a t t he medium s cale occur i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s ite, a nd e qual n umbers o f c lusters a re f ormed i n e ach z one f rom t he i nitial t wo c lusters. This f ormation p attern i s i dentical t o t hat n oted f or t runcations, a lthough more c lusters a re f ormed f or r etouched p ieces a t t he medium s cale. The h ighest s cale s olution f or r etouched p ieces i dentifies e leven c lusters over t he V III-1 s urface ( Figure 7 5). Four multi-object c lusters a nd t hree i solates a re l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector. The s ame f our s outhern c lusters i dentified a t t he p revious c lustering s cale a re r epeated h ere, i ncluding t he i solated p iece i n Dll. I solated p ieces i n t he n orthern s ector a re l ocated i n t he Al h earth, i n u nit A3 t o t he s outh o f t he f eature, a nd i n C -2. The s ingle c luster l ocated n ext t o t he h earth a t t he medium s cale i s h ere d ivided i nto t wo. One o f t hese o ccurs ' i n u nit A O a nd contains f our r etouched p ieces ( 15% o f t he t otal). The o ther i s s ituated t o t he w est i n B O a nd i s made u p o f t hree p ieces ( 11%). Clusters a re a lso c entered n ear t he s helter wall i n A-1 ( two p ieces) a nd i n t he c rack b etween r ocks i n D O ( seven objects o r over

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Figure 7 3. Map of Flageolet I Level Dots mark c luster c lusters.

Two

Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Retouched — P ieces Distribution. c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or

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Figure 7 4. Map o f Nine Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level V III-1 Retouched — P ieces D istribution. Dots mark c luster centroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii for clusters.

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Figure 7 5. Map o f Eleven Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 Retouched — P ieces D istribution. Dots mark cluster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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one-quarter of the total). One basic change occurs between the medium and high scale solutions for miscellaneous retouched pieces, The relating to accumulations in the Al/Bl hearth area. medium scale solution had a single, rich cluster centered on the feature itself. At the higher level, two clusters are formed at the hearth, but these are located next to the feature rather than in it. Only an isolated piece has its centroid in the hearth. Some interesting characteristics of the level VIII-1 patterns are evident if the two sectors of the site are The refinement of hearth-area considered separately. (i.e., northern) distributions between medium and and high scales seems similar to that observed at Pincevent. The areas of greatest material density within this sector are divided into more clusters throughout the clustering sequence. This pattern is typical over the entire surface at Pincevent, however, while the southern sector of VIII-1 does not display this characteristic. That it occurs only on a local scale at Le Flageolet I, around the hearth, suggests a distinct global structure for the level. The difference is not surprising given the expectations for spatial patterning discussed at the beginning of this chapter. At both Pincevent and Le Flageolet I, dense accumulations of material near hearths seem to be those where overall material abundance contributes to cluster A wide range of activities probably occurred formation. at hearth features in both sites, resulting in the deposition of many artifact classes in large numbers. It is away from the hearths that a more heterogeneous deposition pattern seems to characterize the Le Flageolet level VIII-1 surface. This may only indicate that the distribution is well described after nine clusters are formed, and further clustering merely subdivides the hearth-area deposits. On the other hand, a basic structural aspect may be involved. This matter will be clarified as analysis proceeds. The two general patterns of cluster formation, one progressing from two to around nine clusters with an intermediate solution of around five and another producing more clusters at the medium and high scales, together provide a unified picture of the VIII-1 distributions. Two sectors were defined based on unit-count data and shelter topography, and these are confirmed by the results of k-means analysis of ten artifact categories. As the sectors are subdivided according to individual artifact class distributions, each contains more-or-less equal numbers of clusters. This is true even though there is a discr�pancy between the two general sectors in the absolute numbers of objects present. Nearly every artifact class has a termination solution at or near eleven clusters. Only debitage, the most abundant artifact class in the site, does not have a log(%SSE) plot that reaches zero before the run is complete. Still, this 221

class has a final cluster solution at twelve clusters. The remarkable similarity among classes in both low and high scale clustering patterns suggests that these solutions may reflect contextual constraints in the overall distributions. Two-cluster solutions invariably locate clusters in each of the two flat spaces available for occupation, one in the north and one in the south. The rocky, uneven sector between the two flat ones is never the locus of a cluster centroid at the low scale. Highest level solutions are similar in number for all artifact classes and may reflect the absolute number of small pockets within the blocks that contain archaeological materials. While the basic pattern of pockets may be contextually defined, not all artifact classes are present in each pocket. This suggests that unconstrained patterning in the individual classes may be present at the highest clustering scale. A last artifact class, Aurignacian pieces, will be used to illustrate the nature and locations of low and high scale patterns in a general fashion. As was discussed earlier, Aurignacian pieces are the sole class to have only two optimal clustering solutions. An examination of this artifact category may be useful as a visual means for appreciating the basic contextual situation in level VIII-1. For this reason, the maps produced from k-means analysis will be overlaid on the rock map presented earlier (as Figure 50). The two-cluster solution for Aurignacian pieces illustrates the basic pattern (Figure 76). Twenty objects, or nearly 79% of the class, are located in a cluster centered near the hearth. The remaining six pieces are clustered in the south with their centroid in unit C7. The southern cluster lies in a crack just below the burned block. Figure 77 presents the eleven cluster solution for Aurignacian pieces. This pattern is a rather complex scatter of clusters and isolates. In the southern sector, two clusters, each with two members, have centroids in units B7 and D8. Two isolated objects, one in D6 and one in Cl0, are also present in the south. In the northern sector, four clusters are defined. Three isolates (in C-2, A-1, and D2) are also indicated in the north. Two clusters are situated next to the hearth. One of these has its centroid in unit Al and contains three pieces (11% of the total). The other, centered in BO, has eight pieces (over 30%). A third northern cluster is located in DO, and this has five members (19%). Finally, one other cluster is positioned between the two major sectors of the surface at this high scale. This cluster, comprising three artifacts, has its centroid in unit C3. Overall, patterns illu trated by the k-means solutions for Aurignacian pieces clarify the view already suggested by other classes. Pockets of material are 222

F igure 7 6. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 Aurignacian P ieces Distribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids, c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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Figure 7 7. Map of Eleven Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1 Aurignacian- P ieces Distribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or clusters.

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i ndicated w ithin t wo general s ectors. I n t he north, pockets a re a ssociated w ith f lat a reas n ear t he h earth a nd i n a d eep c rack b etween r ocks t o t he west o f t he h earth ( units C O/D0). Very l ittle material ( mostly i solated a rtifacts) i s p resent b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors. Southern c lusters a re concentrated i n a b and o f g rid u nits, i ncluding B 6, C7, C8, C 9, D 7, a nd D 8. This b and conforms t o t he b ase contour o f t he l arge b lock w ith a b urnt s urface. Cluster c entroids a round t his b lock a re l ocated i n t he w ider c racks b etween i t a nd o ther n earby r ocks. Within t his general p icture p rovided b y Aurignacian p ieces, other a rtifact c lasses h ave more complex patterns o f d eposition a s e videnced b y medium-scale c luster s olutions. Medium p atterns may r eflect a reas o f d eposition w ithin t he t wo general s ectors b ut c rosscutting t he b etween-rock pockets. The c haracteristics o f i ndividual a rtifact c lass d istributions d iscussed h ere a re s uggestive o f more g eneral s ite patterning. To e xamine s uch patterning, t he overlay t echnique employed i n t he P incevent a nalyses w ill b e applied. Three s ets o f k -means overlay maps a re g enerated, corresponding t o the t hree s olution s cales i ndicated f or most a rtifact c lass d istributions.

STAGE

I I

ANALYSIS:

PATTERN ASSOCIATION,

Z ONE DEFINITION

To c ompare t he r esults o f t en k -means a nalyses o f i ndividual a rtifact c lasses, t hree- overlay maps a re p roduced. Each map corresponds t o o ne o f t he t hree s olution s cales i ndicated by i ndividual r uns. The l owest s cale map overlays a ll o f t he t wo c luster s olutions f or l evel V III-1 a rtifact categories ( Figure 7 8). A medium s cale map i s p roduced b y overlaying t he medium l evel s olutions f or a ll t he c lasses, a nd s ome variation i n t he n umber o f c lusters p roduced a t t his s cale i s p resent ( Figure 7 9). The one a rtifact c lass s howing only t wo optimal k -means s olutions, Aurignacian p ieces, must b e t reated - s omewhat d ifferently t han a re t he other c lasses. For Aurignacian p ieces, t he l ast, t erminal s olution w ill b e mapped onto both t he medium a nd h igh s cale overlays. This p rocedure s eems t he most r easonable, s ince t he s everal c lusters p resent i n a s ingle z one c an h ave t heir point f requencies s ummed t o p roduce a z one f requency f or t he c lass. This c ombining of c luster point f requencies i s e mployed f or a rtifact c lasses h aving medium s cale s olutions when t hey h ave more t han o ne c luster i n a z one, s o i t i s consistent w ith t he entire a nalytic approach. F igure 8 0 s hows t he h igh s cale overlay map f or l evel V III-1 a nd corresponds t o t he h ighest s cale s olutions ( often t erminal o nes) f or a ll a rtifact c lasses. All t wo c luster s olutions s how a g eneral coincidence a cross t he l evel V III-1 s urface. A t ightly packed g roup o f centroids i s p resent i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he

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Figure 7 8. Low Scale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses of Ten Artifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-1. Dots mark c luster centroids; boxes mark t he position of i solated p ieces; c ircles a round centroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters; cobble cluster c entroids a re marked w ith a s tar.

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F igure 7 9. Medium S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom L e F lageolet I L evel V III-l. Dots mark c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he p osition o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round c entroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters; c obble c luster c entroids a re marked w ith a s tar.

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F igure 8 0. H igh S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom Le Flageolet I L evel V III-1. Dots mark c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he position of i solated p ieces; c ircles a round centroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters; cobble cluster c entroids a re marked w ith a s tar.

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s helter, a nd a more d ispersed g roup i s p resent i n t he s outh. I n b oth s ectors, t he c luster c losest t o t he s helter wall i s c omposed o f c obbles. All c luster c entroids i n t he n orthern s ector a re l ocated t o t he e xterior s ide o f t he Al/B1 h earth ( toward t he opening o f t he r ockshelter). The s outhern s ector c obble c luster i s p ositioned t o t he n orth a nd e ast o f other a rtifact c lass c lusters. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he n orthern c lusters h ave a n e xtremely compact c entroid pattern. Cluster c entroids f or a ll t en a rtifact c lasses a re l ocated i nside a ll RMS r adii. This i s not t he c ase i n t he s outhern s ector w here t wo c lusters, one e ach o f t runcated a nd n otched p ieces, l ie t o t he s outh o f t he o ther c entroids. The r emaining s outhern s ector c lusters h ave a more c ompact g rouping. Another i mportant c haracteristic e vident on t his overlay map i s a d ifference b etween n orthern a nd s outhern s ector c lusters i n RMS s ize. Clusters i n t he n orth, n ear t he h earth, h ave r ather s hort r adii i ndicating t hat t hey r epresent d enser a ccumulations o f material t han d o s outhern c lusters. I t h as a lready b een pointed o ut t hat n orthern s ector c lusters t end t o b e r icher t han s outhern o nes, a nd t his w ill b e d emonstrated l ater. Two z ones c an b e d efined a t t he l owest c lustering s cale ( Figure 8 1). These c orrespond t o t wo a reas o f RMS overlap. The n orthern z one i s c entered o n t he i nferred h earth i n g rid u nit Al. The s outhern z one i s c omposed o f more d ispersed c lusters s cattered over a w ider s urface; t hese a re n ot a ssociated w ith a ny e vident h earth f eature. This pattern conforms t o t hat noted a t P incevent, where z ones c entered on f ocal h earths a re c ompact a nd z ones i n peripheral a reas a re d ispersed. I t h as a lready b een s uggested t hat t he l evel s urface c ontains a f ocal h earth i n t he n orthern s ector a nd a more f unctionally-specific a rea i n t he s outh. The p attern o f z ones d efined h ere s upports s uch a n i nterpretation o f s patial o rganization i n t he s helter. The medium s cale overlay map g enerated f rom t he t en k -means r uns s uggests a c omplex pattern o f z ones over t he level V III-1 s urface. Three t ypes o f c entroid d ispersal a re v isible. I n t he s outhern part o f t he s ite, c entroids a re s cattered i n a r ough a rc a round t he l arge b oulder c entered i n g rid u nit B 7. No e vident patterning can b e s een i n t his s outhern c luster s catter, a nd a more-or-less c ontinuous overlap o f RMS r adii c overs t he e ntire s ector. Along t he s helter wall b etween t he n orth a nd s outh s ectors, c lusters a re p resent b ut i n r educed n umbers. There i s a s ingle c obble c luster i n t his p art o f t he s urface, b ut f ew other a rtifact c lasses h ave n earby c lusters a t t his s cale. A ll c lusters i n t he " middle s ector" o ccur a t t he s helter wall. A v ery l arge b lock, a t l east t hirty c ubic meters i n volume, d ominates t his p art o f t he s helter a nd e ffectively c loses t he i nterior f rom t he e xterior. Middle s ector c lusters a re c onfined t o t he

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Figure 8 1. Two Zones Defined Ten Artifact Class Distributions VIII-1. Z ones a re outlined w ith

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a t Low S cale Solution f or f rom Le Flageolet I Level a dotted l ine.

s pace b etween t his r ock a nd t he wall. The pattern o f n orthern c luster l ocations i s d istinct a t t he m edium s cale. Near t he h earth, s everal c ompact a reas o f c entroid concentration a re n oted i n marked c ontrast t o t he s outhern s ector p attern. Many c entroids o ccur j ust n orth o f t he h earth i tself. Another g roup i s l ocated e ven f urther n orth a gainst t he s helter wall. A t hird c ompact c entroid g roup i s positioned t o t he w est o f t he h earth, a nd a ll c entroids a re contained w ithin a ll RMS r adii. Two c lusters a nd a s ingle i solate a re l ocated t o t he n orth o f t his t hird g roup abutting t he e dge o f t he e xcavated a rea. E ight z ones a re d efined b ased o n t he medium s cale overlay map ( Figure 8 2). These d iffer i n f orm a nd c ontent, b ut t hey d escribe t he pattern o f c entroid d ispersal a nd RMS overlap d iscussed a bove. The s outhermost s ector c ontains c lusters whose RMS r adii overlap w idely over s pace, s o t his w ill b e t reated a s a s ingle z one a t t he medium s cale. Near t he s helter wall a nd t o t he n orth o f z one 1 , t wo c lusters a nd a n i solated p iece make u p a s econd z one d efined b ecause o f i ts s eparation f rom other z ones. Further n orth, a t hird z one i s c omposed o f t hree c lusters w ith c ompact RMS overlap. A f ourth z one i s d efined b etween z one 3 a nd t he Al/B1 h earth; t his z one 4 c ontains t wo c lusters a nd t wo i solated p ieces. Four more z ones a re l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector c lose t o t he h earth. Z one 5 i s c entered o n t he h earth i tself. Z one 6 i s a compact g roup o f c lusters a gainst t he s helter wall t o t he n orth o f z one 5 . The most c ompact z one i s 7 , which h as concentrated c entroids l ocated i n t he CO/DO r ock c rack. F inally, t wo c lusters a nd one i solate l ocated a t t he n orthwestern e dge o f t he e xcavated a rea a re c ollected i nto z one 8 . The d istribution o f medium s cale z ones over t he l evel V III-1 s urface r efines s ome o f t he observations made a t t he l ower s olution s cale. New i nformation i s a lso obtained. Different p atterns f or n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors, s uggested a t t he l ow s cale, a re confirmed. C lusters i n t he s outhern s ector a re more d ispersed t han i n t he n orth--so much s o t hat n o c lear z ones can b e d efined w ithin t he s ector. Cluster c entroids s eem t o h ave a l inear p attern i n t he s outh conforming t o t he b ase o f a l arge b oulder. I t may b e t hat patterning i n t he s outhern s ector w ill b e d etected a t f iner s cales, b ut n one i s e vident h ere. A gainst t he s helter w all, a m iddle s ector contains a s parse s catter o f c lusters a nd i solates. These may r epresent s mall pockets o f material l odged i n c racks w ithin t he c haotic r ockfall i n t he s ite's c entral portion. Northern s ector z ones a re more c ompact a nd b etter-defined t han t hose i n t he m iddle a nd s outh. One r ich z one i s a ssociated w ith t he h earth i n Al/B1 b ut i s l ocated o n o nly o ne s ide o f t he f eature. Three o ther z ones, s ome confined t o c racks b etween r ocks, c ompose a f an-shaped p attern a round t he h earth.

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F igure 8 2. E ight Z ones Defined a t Medium S cale Solution f or Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom L e F lageolet I Level V III-l. Z ones a re o utlined w ith a d otted l ine.

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Z ones f or t he h igh s cale overlay map a re d efined on F igure 8 3. This map c larifies t he patterns a lready n oted a t l ower s cales, e specially i n t he s outhern s ector. Z ones i n t he m iddle a nd n orthern s ectors a re a lso r efined, a lthough d ifferences b etween t his a nd t he medium s olution s cale a re n ot a s g reat a s i n t he s outh. The i mplications o f t his r efinement d ifference w ill b e d iscussed b elow. At t he h ighest c lustering s cale, f ive z ones c an b e d istinguished i n t he n orthern part o f t he l evel V III-1 s urface. Only one o f t he medium s cale z ones i s changed i n t his s ector, a nd t hat i s t he o ne a ssociated d irectly w ith t he h earth. Designated z one 5 a t t he medium s cale, t he h earth a rea n ow h as t wo s eparate z ones. One o f t hese i s a l inear configuration o f c entroids passing f rom g rid u nit Al a long t he s helter w all t o u nit A O. The f orm o f t his z one i s c onstrained b y a c rack b etween r ocks t hat d ominates u nits Bi a nd B O a nd e xtends i nto u nits Al a nd AO. A s econd h earth a rea z one i s c entered i n g rid u nit B O. This z one i s more c ompact t han t hat i n Al w ith a ll c entroids t ightly concentrated w ithin RMS r adii. Other z ones i dentified a t t he p revious c lustering s cale a re r etained i n t he n orth s ector. There i s a z one c entered on g rid u nit C O, a nother i n A-2, a nd a t hird i n u nit C -2. I n t he m iddle s ector, t wo z ones a re i dentified a t t his s cale. One c onforms t o z one 3 a t t he medium s olution l evel, a nd t he other comprises a c luster a nd a n i solate w ith c entroids l ocated i n a c rack b etween t wo l arge b locks. I n t he s outhern s ector, c luster c entroids a gain a re concentrated a long t he b ase o f a l arge b oulder and h ave a " Y" shaped pattern. At t his f inest c lustering s cale, f ive z ones can b e d iscerned w ithin t his pattern. At t he e xtreme s outhern e nd o f t he excavated a rea, a s mall concentration o f t wo c lusters a nd a n i solate i s d esignated z one 1 . Moving n orth, t wo d istinct z ones consisting o f various c luster a nd i solate combinations a re d efined a s z ones 2 a nd 3 . At t he n orthern e nd o f t he l arge b urnt r ock, a nother l inear s catter o f c lusters i s collected a s z one 4 . Although t here s eem t o b e more c lusters concentrated a t one corner o f t his b lock, a f ew o ther c lusters a nd i solates c loser t o t he s helter wall a re i ncluded i n t he z one b ecause RMS overlap i s continuous a cross t he b and. Just t o t he w est o f z one 4 , t wo c lusters a nd a n i solate a re d esignated z one 5 ; t hese h ave c ommon RMS overlap t hat e xtends only s lightly i nto z one 4 w ithout e ncompassing a ny o f t he l atter's c luster c entroids. The overall p attern o f c luster c entroids a nd RMS r adii a t t he h ighest c lustering s cale p rovides a d etailed p icture o f z one d istributions over t he l evel V III-1 s urface. The n orthern s ector i s c haracterized b y d ense a nd compact material a ccumulations positioned a round t he only c ertain h earth f eature i n t he occupation. Some z ones a re l ocated a long t he s helter wall t o t he n orth o f t he

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Figure 8 3. Twelve Z ones Defined a t High Scale Solution for Ten Artifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-l. Zones a re outlined w ith a dotted l ine.

2 34

h earth. Others o ccupy c racks b etween r ocks t o t he n orth a nd n orthwest o f t he f eature. The overall pattern i s s imilar t o t he f ocal h earth d eposits a t P incevent, w ith d ense material a ccumulations f orming a n a rc on o ne s ide o f t he f eature. However, t he t opographic s ituation a t L e Flageolet may h ave c onstrained h earth a rea d eposition s o t hat d umps were l ocated i n " holes" b etween r ocks r ather t han i n a n u nrestricted f an. I n t he s outhern s ector o f t he s ite, d iscrete c luster z ones only b ecome apparant a t t he h ighest c lustering s cale. The b asic pattern o f d eposits i s l inear a nd f ollows t he contours o f a s ingle l arge b lock. That t his pattern c an only b e s ubdivided a t t he h ighest s cale o f r esolution s uggests t hat s outhern s ector a ccumulations a re ( 1) quite s mall a nd ( 2) quite d ifferent t hat t hose d efined a round t he h earth. G iven t he n ature o f s outhern s ector d istributions, i t s eems p lausible t o s uggest t he u se o f b lock s urfaces a s a ctivity s paces i n t his s ector ( in particular t he w ide, f lat s urface o f t he B 7-B10 boulder). I f t his was s o, t hen t he " activity a reas" were s uspended above t he r esulting material d esposits. That d iscrete z ones o f a ccumulation can b e d efined a round t he b lock i s e ncouraging s ince t hese pockets may r eflect t he a ctivites t hat occurred above. I n t he m iddle s ector o f t he s urface, r efuse a ccumulations a re d iffuse a nd s parse. Two z ones s eem t o r epresent i solated pockets o f material l odged w ithin t he r ock j umble dominating t his part o f t he s ite. These z ones may r eflect objects d ropped o r l ost a s s ite o ccupants moved over t he c entral s ector. While t he s patial patterns r evealed b y pattern r ecognition t echniques and z one d efinition a re s uggestive, t he meaning o f apparant o rganizational d ifferences ( between s ectors a nd among z ones) c annot b e a ddressed u ntil c ontents h ave b een e xamined. The z ones d efined h ere w ill s erve a s t he u nits f or content a nalysis.

STAGE

I II

A NALYSIS:

PATTERN ASSOCIATION,

Assessing Global Associations

CONTENT ANALYSIS

a mong A rtifact Classes

As f or t he P incevent data, Spearman's r ho s tatistic f or r ank o rder correlation i s computed a mong t he t en a rtifact c lasses a nalyzed f or l evel V III-1. Tables 2 4, 2 5, a nd 2 6 p resent t he r aw f requencies a nd w ithin-class r ank v alues a ssigned t o a ll z ones a t t he l ow, medium, a nd h igh s cale s olutions f or l evel V III-1, r espectively. Table 2 7 s hows t he r ank o rder c orrelation matrix f or t he l evel V III-1 l ow s cale s olution. The n orthern z one ( zone 2 ) c ontains a ll o f t he h ighest r anking c lusters f or a ll a rtifact c lasses except b urins. That b urins s hould b e

2 35

TABLE

2 4.

Raw c ounts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses Flageolet l evel V III-1 b ased o n z ones d efined c lustering s olution s cale. Rank v alues parentheses.

MATERIAL CLASS

f rom L e a t l owest a re i n

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian P ieces Retouched P ieces Utilized P ieces Notched P ieces D ebitage

1 0 6 5 1 1 7 6 8 1 7 4 1 85

2 36

( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)

1 4 1 5 1 8 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 6 19

( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

TABLE

2 5.

R aw c ounts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom Le Flageolet I l evel V III-1 based o n z ones d efined a t t he medium c lustering s olution s cale.

MATERIAL CLASS

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

1

2

3

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5

6

1

8

1 0 0 5 1 1 6 6 8 1 2 3 1 61

0 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 5

COUNTS 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 5 5 0 4 1 1 1 7 0 1 2 0 7 0 2 11

6 5 0 1 5 1 3 6 4 7 5

5 0 6 2 1 1 3 7 8 5 2 94

0 0 0 0 0 1 I 4 0 3 6

7 .5 2 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 6 6 7 .5

7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 4 .5 6

RANKS 7 .5 4 7 .5 1 4 1 3 .5 2 3 .5 7 .5 3 1 5 .5 2 .5 7 .5 1 .5 7 .5 1 7 .5 2

2 3 7 .5 5 3 .5 5 .5 4 4 3 4

1 7 .5 3 1 2 2 1 1 .5 4 .5 3

2 37

3 7 .5 2 3 .5 1 4 2 .5 3 2 1

7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 7 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 7 .5 5

TABLE

2 6.

Raw c ounts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom Le F lageolet I l evel V III-1 b ased on z ones d efined a t t he h ighest c lustering s olution s cale.

MATERIAL CLASS

1

2

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

0 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0

2 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 0

CLUSTER Z ONE 3 4 COUNTS 3 4 0 3 1 1 3 4 1 4 2 2 2 3 4 5 1 0 3 7 6 1

5

6

0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 4 3

0 3 0 0 2 0 0 2 3 2 4

RANKS Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

1 1.5 1 1.5 4 .5 4 .5 1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 7 1 1.5 1 1.5

5 .5 1 1.5 1 1.5 3 .5 6 .5 5 .5 1 1.5 1 0 5 1 0

2 38

4 1 1.5 5 .5 2 .5 6 .5 4 .5 4 .5 5 .5 6 7

3 4 .5 5 .5 1 3 4 .5 3 .5 4 1 1.5 5

1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 4 .5 1 1.5 5 .5 4 .5 8 .5 1 1.5 6

1 1.5 4 .5 1 1.5 1 1.5 5 1 1.5 1 1.5 8 .5 4 9

TABLE

2 6

MATERIAL CLASS

7

8

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

0 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0

0 6 6 3 3 3 5 8 7 8 6

( Continued).

CLUSTER Z ONE 9 1 0 COUNTS 2 5 4 0 2 6 2 2 1 0 0 8 3 3 7 6 8 0 5 1 34 2 94

1 1

1 2

6 5 3 1 5 1 2 4 4 6 7

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 3 6

1 2 3 4 .5 2 5 .5 4 .5 5 .5 3 4

1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 6 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 1 1.5 8

RANKS Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

1 1.5 1 1.5 5 .5 3 .5 1 1.5 3 .5 1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5

1 1.5 1 1 .5 2 .5 4 3 .5 2 1 .5 1 3

5 .5 3 4 .5 3 .5 1 1 3 .5 3 1 1.5 2

2 39

2 1 1.5 1 .5 3 .5 1 1.5 3 .5 1 1 .5 2 1

TABLE

2 7.

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll L e F lageolet I l evel V III-1 a rtifact c lasses w h-g 7 1 t wo c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) cores, ( 2) c obbles, ( 3) t runcations, ( 4) b urins, ( 5) e ndscrapers, ( 6) Aurignacian p ieces, ( 7) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( 8) u tilized p ieces, ( 9) n otched p ieces, a nd ( 10) d ebitage. All correlations o f 1 .0 h ave ( p < . 01).

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

1 .0 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

2

/ 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

3

4

/ 1.0 / 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 1.0

2 40

5

6

7

8

9

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0

1 0

/

s eparate f rom t he o ther c lasses a t t his s cale, h aving t heir g reatest f requency i n t he s outhern s ector, s eems t o s uggest t hat t his t ool was o ften u sed a way f rom h earth contexts. R eferring b ack t o t he r aw counts f or t his pattern ( Table 2 4), t he d ifference i n n umber o f b urins b etween t he t wo z ones i s n ot g reat; however, d iscrepancies f or o ther a rtifact c lasses a re much w ider t han f or b urins. Table 2 8 s hows r ank o rder correlations a t t he medium s cale f or l evel V III-1. H ere, only f our p airs o f c lasses h ave v alues t hat a re s ignificant a t t he ( p < . 05) l evel. Ten c lasses a re i ntercorrelated i f values a re c onsidered s ignificant a t ( p < . 1). The only c lasses t hat h ave n o s ignificant c orrelations r egardless o f s tipulated p v alues a re c obbles a nd e ndscrapers. Based on t he l ower s ignificance value, t wo g roups o f a rtifact c lasses can b e d efined. The f irst g roup c omprises cores, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, u tilized p ieces, a nd b urins. This g roup h as h ighest r anking c lusters i n t he s outhern s ector a t t he medium s cale. Classes a ssociated i n t he n orthern s ector a re t runcations, cobbles, Aurignacian p ieces, u tilized p ieces, n otched p ieces, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd d ebitage. As can b e s een, u tilized p ieces a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces h ave weak a ssociations w ith o ther c lasses i n b oth s ectors o f l evel V III-1. When t he s tipulated s ignificance l evel o f ( p < . 05) i s c onsidered, t wo g roups c an a gain b e d efined. Classes w ith t heir h ighest c luster r anks i n t he s outhern s ector a re b urins, Aurignacian p ieces, a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces. Classes a ssociated p rimarily i n t he n orthern s ector i nclude m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, u tilized p ieces, a nd d ebitage. Here, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces h ave s ignificant r elations w ith d ifferent c lasses i n e ach s ector o f t he l evel V III-1 s urface. O f t he a rtifact c lasses h aving t heir h ighest r anking c lusters i n t he northern s ector, a ll b ut e ndscrapers a nd d ebitage a re most c ommon i n z one 5 . The t wo e xceptions a re b est r epresented i n z one 7 . I n t he s outhern s ector, r ank p atterning i s n ot quite a s c lear. For e xample, b urins a nd Aurignacian p ieces h ave t heir h ighest r anks i n d ifferent z ones; s till, t hey a re c orrelated a t ( p < . 05). This r elation i ndicates t hat t he d istributions o f t hese t wo c lasses a re s imilar over t he whole s urface. I ntercorrelation b etween t he t wo s ector-based a rtifact g roups s uggests a complicated s et o f r elations. However, l inks a re u sually t hrough a s ingle a rtifact c lass ( miscellaneous r etouched p ieces a t t he ( p < . 05) l evel). The most i mportant c haracteristic o f l evel V III-1 c orrelation i s t he r educed n umber o f r elationships d efined a fter, one r ound o f s patial r efinement. At t he l ow s cale, a ll a rtifact c lasses b ut one w ere perfectly i ntercorrelated. Here a t t he medium s cale, t here a re o nly f our c orrelations t hat a re s ignificant a t t he s tipulated l evel. This i s i n contrast t o t he s ituation a t P incevent, w here s imilar n umbers of r elations were d etected

2 41

TABLE

2 8.

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll L e F lageolet I l evel V III-1 a rtifact c lasses w hen e ight c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) c ores, ( 2) c obbles, ( 3) t runcations, ( 4) b urins, ( 5) e ndscrapers, ( 6) Aurignacian p ieces, ( 7) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( 8) u tilized p ieces, ( 9) n otched p ieces, a nd ( 10) d ebitage. R ho v alues w ith ( p < . 05) a re s tarred.

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

/ .22 . 33 . 65 . 57 . 43 . 82 . 77 . 59 . 71

2

/ .35 .30 .07 .23 .29 . 05 . 20 .01

3

4

5

6

7

8

/ . 84 . 28 . 83 . 70 . 56 . 45 . 58

/ . 53 . 92* . 93* . 68 . 44 . 57

/ . 29 . 57 . 22 . 08 . 33

/ . 83 . 68 . 38 . 85

/ . 90* . 58 . 85

/ . 72 . 88*

2 42

/ . 81

t hroughout t he

r efinement

s equence.

Table 2 9 s hows t he c orrelation matrix obtained w hen t welve z ones a re considered. Only t hree correlation v alues a re s ignificant a t t his h ighest s olution s cale ( p < . 05). These f orm a s ingle, i nter-related s et o f c lasses. Composing t he g roup a re u tilized p ieces, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd d ebitage. Two o f t hese c lasses ( miscellaneous r etouched p ieces a nd d ebitage) h ave t heir h ighest f requencies i n z one 8 c entered o n t he h earth. Utilized p ieces h ave t heir h ighest r anks i n z ones 8 a nd 1 0. Even a rtifact c lasses h aving c orrelation v alues t hat a re s ignificant o nly a t ( p < . 1), e .g., cobbles a nd e ndscrapers, t runcations a nd u tilized p ieces, h ave t heir h ighest r anks i n t hese t wo z ones. Overall, t he n umber o f s ignificant c orrelations d ecreases b etween e ach s cale o f s patial r efinement. A g eneral pattern o f i ntercorrelation i s p resent a t t he l owest l evel ( two z ones). At t he medium s cale, w ith t he d istributions d ivided i nto e ight z ones, f ewer c orrelations a re d etected, a nd t hese o ccur w ithin g roups o f c lasses c oncentrated i n t he n orth a nd t he s outh s ectors. At t he h ighest c lustering s cale, v ery f ew r elationships a re s ignificant, a nd t hese a ll o ccur a mong c lasses c oncentrated i n t he n orthern h earth a rea. This g lobal a ssociation p attern s uggests t hat s outhern s ector z ones ( once t hey h ave b een d efined a t t he h igh s olution s cale), c ontain r estricted s ets o f a rtifact c lasses. The b asic d ivision i n l evel V III-1 b etween t he n orthern h earth a rea a nd t he s outhern s ector e xtends b eyond t he abundance o f materials t o t he k inds o f a rtifacts o ccurring i n e ach part o f t he s urface. A round t he h earth, d eposits s eem t o c orrespond t o t hose n oted a t P incevent i n t erms o f s patial o rganization a nd d ensity o f material a ccumulations. However, a l imited s et o f c lasses i s a ssociated i n t he n orthern z ones a t L e F lageolet. More d iffuse s patial patterns a nd o rganization c haracterize t he l evel V III-1 s outhern s ector. This i s i n marked contrast t o P incevent, where a bundance-related i nterclass a ssociations a re p resent over t he e ntire s ite s urface. I n s hort, h eterogeneity i n a ccumulation c ontent i s i ndicated a t t he f iner s patial s cales i n l evel V III-1, a nd t his p robably r elates t o t he s pecific n ature o f t he s outhern s ector. F igure 8 4 i llustrates t he h omogeneity o f z ones p lotted a gainst s olution s cale. This g raph i s quite d ifferent t han t hat p roduced f or t he Pincevent d ata ( see F igure 3 1 i n Chapter 4 ) where a more-or-less f lat l ine w as e vident a cross r efinement s cales. The p lot f or l evel V III-1 b egins w ith a v ery h omogeneous p rofile when o nly t wo z ones a re d efined. A s t he s cale b ecomes f iner ( as more z ones a nd s maller z ones a re d istinguished), a ccumulations b ecome more h eterogeneous. This t rend

2 43

TABLE

2 9.

Matrix o f S pearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll L e F lageolet I l evel V III-1 a rtifact c lasses w hen t welve c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) cores, ( 2) c obbles, ( 3) t runcations, ( 4) b urins, ( 5) e ndscrapers, ( 6) Aurignacian p ieces, ( 7) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( 8) u tilized p ieces, ( 9) n otched p ieces, a nd ( 10) d ebitage. R ho v alues w ith ( p < . 05) a re s tarred.

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

/ . 22 . 17 . 05 . 15 . 43 . 20 . 22 . 01 . 38

2

/ . 04 .54 . 68 .57 .06 . 19 .00 . 28

3

/ . 45 .06 . 02 . 38 . 62 . 06 . 48

4

/ .18 . 30 . 20 . 31 .45 . 23

5

/ . 05 . 13 . 37 .09 . 37

2 44

6

/ . 26 . 15 .63 . 35

7

8

/ . 88* . 11 . 90*

/ . 14 . 83*

/ . 18

1 00%

7 5%

P e r c e n t o f T a b l e S i g n i f i c a n t a t . 0 5

5 0%

2 5%

L ow

Med C lus te r S ca le

H igh

F igure 8 4. Plot of Accumulation Content Homogeneity with S cale of Spatial Refinement for Le Flageolet I Level V III-l.

2 45

conforms t o t he pattern p redicted w hen d iscrete a ctivity a reas a re p reserved i n t he s patial r ecord. This, i n t urn, i ndicates t hat s ite f ormation p rocesses d uring t he l evel V III-1 o ccupation d iffered f rom t he o rganized d umping i nferred f or P incevent. I n t he h earth a rea, dumps d o s eem t o e xist i n V III-1. These a re s imilar t o t hose a round t he P incevent f ocal h earths i n t hat t hey contain l arge q uantities o f material a nd a re g enerally positioned i n a n a rc t o o ne s ide o f t he c entral f eature. However, o nly a f ew a rtifact c lasses a re a ssociated i n t he h earth a rea z ones a t L e F lageolet, a nd t hese may r eflect a l imited n umber o f t ools u sed i n h earth c ontexts. Other r efuse d eposits not a ssociated w ith t he Al h earth a re h eterogeneous, a nd r efuse d isposal a way f rom t he f eature c ontext s eems t o h ave b een more d irect, i .e., s pecific a ctivity s ets r etained t heir i ntegrity. This may h ave b een d ue t o d ifficulties i n moving r efuse over t he s ite s urface c reated b y t he l arge a nd u neven r ock s urfaces. I f s pecific a ctivities w ere c arried o ut on t he s urfaces o f t he s outhern s ector b locks, t hen t he r esults o f t he a ctivities may h ave b een d umped i nto a n earby c rack r ather t han t ransported t o c entralized r efuse p iles. Thus, v ariation b etween n orthern a nd s outhern z ones may r eflect l ocal content d ifferences b etween h earth-centered g roup maintenance contexts a nd f unctionally s pecific a reas. To e xamine variation i n z one contents o n a l ocal l evel, z ones must b e e xamined i ndividually a nd c ompared t o d etermine i f s uch patterning e xists.

Assessing Local Associations

a mong A rtifact Classes

Table 3 0 s hows t he c lass maximum s tandardized m atrix f or t he l evel V III-1 l ow s cale s olution. A s was i ndicated d uring c orrelation a nalysis, a ll a rtifact c lasses e xcept b urins a chieve t heir h ighest values i n n orthern z one 2 . Burins h ave t heir h ighest c lass maximum v alue i n z one 1 . O f t he other n ine a rtifact c lasses, o nly cores h ave e ven a r elatively h igh v alue i n z one 1 . This t able i ndicates t hat most a rtifacts a re concentrated i n t he n orth n ear t he h earth a nd t hat t he r elative a bundance of most c lasses i s r elated t o l ocation a t t he l owest s olution s cale. S uch a r elationship was t aken a s i ndicative o f s ystematic r efuse d isposal a t P incevent, and t his i nterpretation may b e r elevant h ere i nsofar a s d isposal w as c onfined t o b roadly conceived s ectors o f t he s urface. However, a s w e s hall s ee, r efuse m ixture b etween s ectors does n ot a ppear t o have b een f requent. F igure 8 5 s hows t he c ircular g raphs p roduced f rom Table. 3 0. The concentration o f a ll a rtifact c lasses i n n orthern z one 2 i s c lear. Even t he o ne c lass w ith a v alue of 1 00 i n z one 1 , b urins, h as a n a lmost e qual v alue i n z one 2 . Z one 1 , on t he o ther h and, i s quite v ariable i n content. High values a re p resent f or b urins a nd c ores, a nd t he r adii c orresponding t o c obbles a nd u tilized p ieces

2 46

TABLE

3 0.

Matrix of c lass maximum s tandardization values f or Le Flageolet I l evel VIII-1 a rtifact classes when two cluster z ones a re considered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

7 1 4 0 2 8 1 00 3 5 3 0 4 2 5 7 2 1 3 0

2 47

1 00 1 00 1 00 9 1 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00

1

2

F igure 8 5. C ircular G raphs f or C lass Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when Two Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-1. R adii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( g) c obbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) notched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

2 48

a lso h ave p eaks. At t his l owest s cale t he t wo z ones s eem t o r epresent t wo l ocal content v arieties. Z one 2 , n ear t he h earth, h as a p rofile s imilar t o t hose p roduced b y h earth-centered z ones a t P incevent. Z one 1 i s d ifferent f rom z one 2 a nd r esembles t he s mall, p eripheral a ccumulations a t P incevent. This s ructural d ifference w as n oted a s correlation t ables were e xamined, b ut t he n ature o f t he v ariation b etween l ow s cale z ones c ould n ot t hen b e d efined. Now w e can s ee t hat t hree a rtifact c lasses a re e venly d istributed b etween t he t wo z ones--cores, b urins, a nd u tilized p ieces. Other c lasses a re c oncentrated i n t he h earth c entered n orthern z one. To c haracterize z ones i ndependently o f material a bundance, z one maximum s tandardization i s p erformed ( Table 3 1). D ebitage i s e xcluded f rom t hese w ithin-zone c alculations b ecause i t s o d ominates b oth z ones. The t wo l ow s cale z ones a re s imilar f or s everal c lasses ( cores, c obbles, e ndscrapers, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd u tilized p ieces). D ifferences b etween z ones a lso e xist. Z one 1 i s characterized b y a h igh b urin p ercentage, a nd z one 2 h as h igh v alues f or t runcations, Aurignacian p ieces, a nd n otched p ieces. G raphic d epictions h ighlight t hese d ifferences ( Figure 8 6). The g raph f or z one 1 s hows a peak a t t he b urin position; t hat f or z one 2 h as a p eak f or t runcations. Other a spects o f t hese g raphs a re s imilar. Two a xes o f variation d escribe z one c ontents a t t he l ow s cale. F irst, a rtifact d ensity e xplains s ome o f t he d ifferences b etween z ones 1 a nd 2 , a lthough s everal c lasses--most n otably b urins, c obbles, a nd u tilized p ieces--do n ot s eem t o b e a ffected b y abundance i n t he s ame way a s o ther c lasses. A s econd d imension concerns z one c omposition. I n content, t he t wo z ones a re r emarkably s imilar. B urins concentrate i n t he s outhern z one a nd t runcated p ieces a re s trongly r epresented n ear t he n orthern f ocal h earth. Other a rtifact c lasses s eem t o f ollow t he s ame d istribution pattern i n b oth z ones, i ndicating e quivalent u nits i n t erms o f g eneral c omposition. When e ight c luster z ones a re c onsidered, s tandardized v alues y ield a d ifferent pattern o f a rtifact d istribution. T able 3 2 s hows t he c lass maximum v alues f or t he l evel V III-1 medium s cale s olution. Z one 1 , r epresenting t he e ntire s outhern s ector, h as maximum v alues f or f our a rtifact c lasses: cores, b urins, r etouched, a nd u tilized p ieces. Two o f t hese, r etouched a nd u tilized p ieces, a lso h ave h igh c lass p ercentages i n other z ones. The o ther t wo c lasses h ave m iddle values i n o ther z ones. Z one 5 contains h igh v alues f or a n umber o f c lasses; t his i s t he z one c entered o n t he A O/A1 h earth f eature. H ere, c obbles, t runcations, Aurignacian, u tilized, a nd notched p ieces h ave t heir h ighest w ithin-class p ercentages. D ebitage a nd miscellaneous r etouched p ieces a lso h ave r elatively h igh v alues i n z one 5 . Z one 7 , c entered o n u nits C O/DO, s hows

2 49

TABLE

3 1.

Matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization v alues f or L e F lageolet I l evel V III-1 a rtifact c lasses when t wo c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger. Note t hat d ebitage h as b een e xcluded f rom c alculations.

MATERIAL CLASS

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched

5 9 3 5 2 9 6 5 4 1 3 5 4 8 1 00 2 4

2 50

4 7 5 0 6 0 3 3 6 7 6 7 6 3 1 00 6 3

2

F igure 8 6. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization o f Z one Contents w hen Two Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-l. R adii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( 9) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) A urignacian p ieces, ( r) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) notched p ieces. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

2 51

maximum w ithin-class v alues f or s everal c lasses. D ebitage, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd n otched p ieces a re w ell r epresented i n t his z one. Z ones 1 , 5 , a nd 7 a re t he o nly medium s cale a ccumulations s howing h igh w ithin-class p ercentage v alues f or a ll t en a rtifact c lasses. Other z ones a re c omposed o f more l imited a rtifact s ets. Z one 6 , t o t he n orth o f t he h earth, h as m iddle r ange s tandardization v alues f or t runcations, u tilized p ieces, a nd n otched p ieces. Z one 2 h as a m iddle r ange v alue f or c obbles. Other z ones h ave l imited q uantities o f a ll a rtifact c lasses. F igure 8 7 i llustrates medium s cale c lass maximum s tandardizations. Three d ense c luster z ones a re i ndicated b y l arge polygons, a nd t here a re s ome d ifferences a mong t hese. z ones 1 , 5 , a nd 7 a ll h ave h igh v alues f or u tilized a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces. Z one 1 d iffers f rom t he o ther t wo i n h aving p eaks f or c ores a nd b urins. Z one 5 , t he h earth a rea, h as h igh v alues f or most c lasses, b ut cores, e ndscrapers, a nd b urins a re n ot w ell r epresented. Z one 7 i s s imilar t o z ones 1 a nd 5 i n most r espects. However, h igh v alues f or e ndscrapers a nd l ow v alues f or c obbles a nd Aurignacian p ieces d ifferentiate t his z one f rom o thers o n t he s urface. Z one 6 , a lthough s parse, h as a c lass maximum p rofile s imilar t o t hat f or z one 7 . T here a re, however, r elatively f ew t runcations a nd l ess d ebitage. Z ones 6 a nd 7 c orrespond t o d eposits a ssociated b ut n ot c entered o n t he h earth i n g rid u nit Al. That t hey h ave s imilar p rofiles h ere i s c onsistent w ith a n i nterpretation o f t hem a s a ccumulations o f material g enerated a t t he f eature a nd d umped a s hort d istance a way. We w ill r eturn t o t hese s imilarities s hortly. The s parse z ones d efined a t t he m edium s cale a re quite v ariable i n t heir c lass maximum p rofiles. For z ones 2 , 3 , a nd 8 , u tilized p ieces a re w ell r epresented i n t he l ocal a ssemblage. D ebitage i s p resent i n b oth 3 a nd 8 , while n otched p ieces l ink 2 a nd 3 . Z one 2 i s t he o nly o ne o f t hese s parse z ones containing c obbles. S till, f or a ll o f t hese z ones, a rtifacts f rom a ll c lasses a re p resent i n s mall quantities. I n t erms o f r elative a bundance, t hese s parse z ones s eem t o b e s imilar i n s tructure ( if n ot content) t o t he p eripheral z ones a t P incevent. Table 3 3 g ives t he z one m aximum s tandardization matrix f or t he V III-1 medium s cale. A gain, d ebitage i s e liminated f rom c onsideration b ecause o f i ts overwhelming n umerical s uperiority i n a ll z ones. F igure 8 8 d isplays t hese v alues g raphically f or e ach z one. The t hree r ichest z ones i n t he n orthern s ector a re s imilar i n c ontent. Z ones 6 a nd 7 , l ocated t o t he n orth a nd w est o f t he h earth, h ave n early i dentical p rofiles. Z one 6 contains c obbles t hat 7 does n ot. Z one 7 contains t runcations. Z one 5 , t he h earth, c ontains f ew c ores, many t runcated p ieces, a nd n o e ndscrapers i n c ontrast t o z ones 6 a nd 7 . A h igh v alue f or Aurignacian p ieces a nd a l ow

2 52

TABLE

3 2.

Matrix o f c lass maximum s tandardization values f or L e F lageolet I l evel VIII-1 a rtifact c lasses when e ight c luster z ones a re considered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS Cores Cobbles T runcations B urins E ndscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched D ebitage

1 1 00 0 4 5 1 00 5 5 5 5 1 00 1 00 4 3 5 5

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5

2

3

0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 4 3 9

2 53

0 0 9 1 8 4 5 3 6 1 3 0 0 0

3 0 1 00 1 00 4 5 0 1 00 8 8 1 00 1 00 7 2

6 6 0 5 0 0 9 4 5 9 3 8 5 0 5 7 2 6

7 5 0 0 5 5 1 8 1 00 2 7 8 8 6 7 71 1 00

8 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 3 3 3 0 1 2

2

4

3

5

7

6

8

F igure 8 7. Circular G raphs f or C lass M aximum S tandardization f or Z one Contents when E ight Z ones A re Considered f or Level V III-l. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( g) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) notched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

2 54

TABLE

3 3.

Matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization values f or L e Flageolet I l evel VIII-1 a rtifact c lasses when e ight c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger. Note t hat d ebitage h as b een e xcluded f rom t he c alculations.

MATERIAL CLASS Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5

1

2

3

8 3 0 4 2 9 2 5 0 5 0 6 7 1 00 2 5

0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 1 00

2 55

0 0 2 0 4 0 1 00 8 0 2 0 0 0

2 5 8 3 9 2 4 2 0 9 2 5 8 1 00 5 8

6

7

8

1 00 8 3 0 1 7 8 3 1 7 5 0 1 00 6 7

4 5 0 5 5 1 8 1 00 2 7 6 4 7 3 4 5

0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 5 1 00 0

2

4

3

5

a 7

F igure 8 8. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization of Z one Contents w hen E ight Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-1. R adii correspond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( 9) c obbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

2 56

v alue f or cores d ifferentiate t he h earth a rea f rom o ther r ich n orthern z ones. The f ourth n orth s ector z one, 8 , i s a s parse a ccumulation o f u tilized p ieces a long w ith a f ew Aurignacian a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces. I n t he s outhern z one, h alf o f t he z one maximum p rofile r esembles t hat f or r ich n orthern z ones; u tilized p ieces, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd n otched p ieces a re p resent i n s imilar p roportions. However, o ther a spects o f z one I a re d ifferent. B urins a re well r epresented a nd make up a l arge p ercentage o f t he l ocal a ssemblage. Both t runcations a nd e ndscrapers a re p resent i n z one 1 while t hese a re s eparated i n t he n orth. Cores a re a bundant i n z one 1 . The t hree s parse m iddle s ector z ones a re d iverse. Z ones 2 a nd 3 h ave n otches a nd u tilized p ieces i n c ommon, a lthough t he r elative contribution o f e ach t o z one a ssemblages i s r eversed. Z one 2 i s d ominated b y cobbles w hich a re a bsent f rom z one 3 . Z one 4 , c losest t o t he h earth o f a ll m iddle s ector z ones, i s c omposed p rimarily o f t ools w ith e ndscrapers t he dominant a rtifact f orm. T runcations, b urins, a nd Aurignacian p ieces a re a lso p resent i n z one 4 i n r educed p roportions. R etouched p ieces c omplete t he z one 4 a ssemblage p rofile. F ive v arieties o f z one c an b e d istinguished a t t he medium s cale b ased o n s tandarized f requency counts. One t ype c enters o n t he h earth, a lthough t his z one i s s imilar t o n earby a ccumulations i n many w ays. Two d ense concentrations t o t he n orth a nd west o f t he h earth t ogether c ompose a s econd variety. Both o f t hese z one t ypes s hare s imilar p rofiles f or n otched, u tilized, a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces. The h earth z one d iffers f rom t he z ones t o i ts n orth i n o ther ways. B ecause o f i ts s imilarity t o h earth a rea d eposits, t he s econd z one v ariety may r epresent h earth-related d umps. The s outhern s ector z one ( zone 1 ) r epresents a t hird content variety b ecause o f h igh c ore a nd b urin p rofiles. Z ones 2 , 3 , a nd 8 a re collected a s a f ourth v ariety, c haracterized b y u tilized p ieces a s t he dominant a ssemblage component. F inally, z one 4 ( with a h igh e ndscraper p rofile a nd p redominantly t ool a ssemblage) i s d istinguished a s t he f ifth z one variety. Although v aried d eposit c haracteristics o btain i n t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors o f l evel V III-1, i nterpretation o f t he s outhern s ector must a wait a nalysis o f h igh s cale s olutions. I t i s t empting t o p lace z one 1 w ith o ther z one v arieties u nder t he r ubric " heterogeneous" b ecause o f i ts d ivergent content. However, r emembering t hat f urther s patial r efinement o ccurs b etween s cales p rimarily i n t he s outhern s ector, s uch a n a ssignment would b e p remature. S till, t he d ifference b etween n orthern a nd s outhern s ector z ones n oted a t t he l ow s cale i s amplified a t t his medium s olution l evel.

2 57

Table 3 4 l ists t he c lass maximum s tandardized v alues f or t welve z ones ( the l evel V III-1 h igh s cale s olution). A c lear d iscrepancy b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern z ones i s n ow obvious, s ince a ll o f t he l ower n umbers a ppear i n t he s outh. Only o ne a rtifact c lass, b urins, h as a h igh v alue i n a s outhern s ector z one a t t his s cale. Burins a re a lso w ell r epresented i n z one 3 . Z ones 3 a nd 4 a re t he r ichest i n t he s outhern s ector a nd a re l ocated a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he l arge b lock t hat s eems t o b e t he f ocus o f d eposition i n t his s ector. Utilized p ieces h ave m iddle r ange p ercentages i n t hese t wo z ones. A complicated s et o f f ive z ones i s i ndicated f or t he n orthern s ector o f t he s urface. F igure 8 9 s hows t he c ircular g raphs f or Table 3 4. The s imilarity o f s outhern z ones 3 a nd 4 i s c lear. Only a l ack o f n otched p ieces a nd t he p resence o f c obbles i n z one 4 d ifferentiate t he t wo p rofiles. Z one 2 c an n ow b e r elated t o 3 a nd 4 b ased o n a r elatively h igh p ercentage o f b urins i n t he l ocal a ssemblage. Only z one 1 o f a ll z ones a round t he l arge b lock s hows a d istinctive p rofile. However, t he d ominant e lements i n a ll o ther s outhern s ector z ones ( utilized p ieces a nd b urins) a re well r epresented i n z one 1 . A lso part o f t he s outhern c omplex, z one 5 l acks c obbles b ut i s s imilar t o t he o thers i n most r espects. The n orthern z one c omplex d isplays s ome i nternal variety a t t his h ighest s olution s cale. The f ormation o f a f ifth z one r emoves s ome o f t he c onsistency i n c lass maximum p rofiles n oted a t t he p receeding s cale. Z ones 8 a nd 1 1 a re most s imilar h ere e ven t hough t here a re i mportant d ifferences b etween t he t wo. z ones 9 a nd 1 1 a re a lso s imilar i n s ome r espects, b ut t he d ominant c lasses i n e ach a re d ifferent. I n f act, t he f our r ich n orthern z ones ( 8, 9 , 1 0 a nd 1 1) s eem t o r epresent a c ontinuum i n c ontent variety. T his continuum may b e b roken when z one maximum s tandardization i s considered. S till, z one 8 , corresponding t o a ccumulations c entered o n t he h earth a nd a l inear s catter o f materials a way f rom t he h earth, contains t he maximum values f or f our a rtifact c lasses a nd h igh v alues f or t wo o thers. I nterestingly, b urins a re p resent i n z one 8 . Sparse z ones i nclude 6 , 7 , a nd 1 2. T hese a re l ocated i n t he m iddle a nd n orthern s ector o f l evel V III-1. At t his c lustering s cale, n o s imilarities a re a pparant a mong t hese z ones; e ach contains a l imited l ocal a ssemblage c omposed o f f ew a rtifact c lasses. S uch v ariation s uggests t hat s parse a ccumulations r esulted f rom s pecific a ctivities. Two o f t he s parse z ones o ccur i n t he m iddle s ector where t hey may r eflect s tochastic d eposition, e .g., l oss b y d ropping. These may a lso h ave r esulted f rom l imited a nd i nfrequent a ctivities c arried o ut o n t he s urfaces o f r ocks. However, g iven t he t opography, i t does n ot s eem l ikely t hat s ustained o r r epeated a ctivities would h ave b een c arried o ut i n t he m iddle s ector.

2 58

TABLE

3 4.

Matrix o f c lass maximum s tandardization values f or L e Flageolet I l evel V III-1 a rtifact c lasses when t welve c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

ARTIFACT CLASS

1

2

3

CLUSTER Z ONE 5 6 7 8

Cores Cobbles T runcations B urins Endscrapers A urignacian R etouched Utilized Notched D ebitage

0 0 3 3 2 5 0 0 0 3 8 0 0

3 3 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 3 2 9 7

5 0 6 7 0 5 0 1 7 1 7 7 5 1 00 1 0 4 0 2 5 2 5 2 9 4 3 5 0 6 3 1 4 0 1 3 2 1

4

2 59

0 0 0 2 5 0 1 3 2 9 2 5 0 1 5

0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 4 3 8

0 0 1 7 5 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0

9

0 3 3 6 7 1 00 3 3 1 00 5 0 7 5 3 0 1 00 0 1 00 4 3 7 1 1 00 7 5 1 00 0 2 9 4 6

1 0

1 1

00 8 3 1 0 8 3 1 00 5 0 2 5 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 3 8 2 8 1 00 1 00 5 0 7 1 5 7 1 00 2 3

1 2

0 1 0 1 3 1 4 5 0 0 1 2

4

9

2

3

5

6

8

7

a

a

a

1 0

1

1 2

F igure 8 9. C ircular G raphs f or Class Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Twelve Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-1. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( 9) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) notched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

2 60

Table 3 5 i s t he matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization v alues f or t he l evel V III-1 h igh s cale s olution. Again, t hree s outhern s ector z ones s how s imilar p rofiles ( 2, 3 , a nd 4 ). These z ones a re c haracterized b y h igh v alues f or c ores, b urins, a nd u tilized p ieces. S ome v ariation e xists f or o ther a rtifact c lasses, i .e., n otches, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces a nd e ndscrapers. F igure 9 0 s hows t he s imilarity i n s outhern s ector z ones. C luster z one 5 i s s imilar t o t his g roup i n i ts e ssential q ualities, l acking only cores. Z one 1 , a s parse c oncentration a t t he s outh e dge o f t he e xcavated a rea, i s d istinct f rom o ther s outhern s ector z ones. A more obvious p attern o f z one c ontent emerges i n t he n orthern s ector when z one maximum values a re c onsidered. Two c ontent v arieties c an b e d istinguished among t he f our r ichest a ccumulations. A s was t he c ase a t t he p receeding s cale, t he h earth a rea ( zone 8 ) i s s imilar i n c ontent t o t he a ccumulation c entered i n C O/DO ( zone 1 0). Both z ones h ave many n otched, r etouched, a nd u tilized p ieces. S imilar p rofiles o ccur f or b urins a nd t runcations. Cobbles d ominate t he h earth a rea a nd a re a bsent i n z one 1 0. A l ack o f e ndscrapers i n z one 1 0 contrasts w ith r esults a t t he p revious c lustering s cale. Z one 1 0 c ontains cores which d o n ot o ccur i n s ubstantial n umbers i n t he h earth a rea. Variation i n z one 1 0 content b etween c lustering s cales i s d ue t o t he d efinition o f z one 9 , w hich i s f ormed a t t he h ighest l evel b y s ubdividing z one 1 0. Z one 9 , l ocated c loser t o t he h earth t han e ither 1 0 o r 1 1, c ontains most o f t he e ndscrapers t hat h ad b een a ssigned t o z one 1 0 a t t he p receeding s cale. This c haracteristic, c oupled w ith t he h igh p ercentage f or A urignacian p ieces i n t he z one 9 a ssemblage, l inks i t t o z one 1 1. Z one 1 1 i s a l inear z one t o t he n orth o f t he h earth a long t he s helter wall. I t was p reviously i nterpreted a s a h earth-related d ump o r a s a n a ccumulation o f materials r esulting f rom h earth maintenance. The p resence o f c obble f ragments, c ores, a nd n otched p ieces i n r elatively h igh p roportions d ifferentiates z one 1 1 f rom z one 9 . I f t he f ormer r esulted f rom s weeping d ebris o ut o f t he h earth, t hen t he p resence o f c obbles i s r easonable. O ther d ifferences must b e c onsidered a s v ariation b etween t wo s imilar a ccumulations. The l ast n orthern z one ( zone 1 2) i s c haracterized b y t he d ominance o f u tilized p ieces i n a n o therwise s parse concentration. Z one 1 2 s hares f ew c haracteristics w ith t he o ther, r icher n orth s ector z ones. To s ummarize t he r esults o f s tandardization p rocedures a t t he h ighest c lustering s cale, t he f ollowing c haracteristics a re n oted. Two k inds o f c ontent p atterning e xist, a nd t hese a re s eparate i n t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors. I n t he n orth, t hree l ocal a ssemblage v arieties a re d efined. One c ontent v ariety c omprises a z one c entered o n t he h earth a nd a s econd z one c entered i n u nits C O/DO. These z ones h ave a ssemblages dominated b y m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, p ieces s howing e vident u se d amage, a nd n otched p ieces. This

2 61

TABLE

3 5.

Matrix o f z one maximum s tandardization v alues f or L e F lageolet I l evel V III-1 a rtifact c lasses when t welve c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger. Note t hat d ebitage h as b een e xcluded f rom c alculations.

ARTIFACT CLASS Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched

1

2

3

4

CLUSTER Z ONE 5 6 7 8

9

1 0

1 1

00 7 5 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 6 3 1 00 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 00 0 7 4 0 0 8 3 5 3 7 5 2 0 7 5 5 0 6 7 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 3 7 5 3 8 2 0 2 5 1 7 00 8 0 5 0 0 6 7 3 3 1 7 0 3 8 1 00 0 8 3 0 5 0 2 5 0 6 8 0 3 8 6 7 4 0 00 0 8 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 8 8 3 3 0 0 5 0 6 0 1 00 6 0 1 00 6 7 5 0 1 00 1 00 6 7 0 1 00 1 00 00 1 8 0 6 3 6 7 0 1 00 2 5 0 0 1 00 0 8

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1 2 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 5 2 5 1 00 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

a 1 0

a 1 1

1 2

F igure 9 0. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when Twelve Z ones A re Consickred f or L evel V III-1. Radii correspond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( g) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

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s imilarity s uggests t hat t he C O/DO concentration r epresents a d ump f or materials g enerated • i n h earth-area a ctivities. The a bsence o f cobbles i n C O/DO s upports t he n otion t hat t hese materials w ere r emoved f rom t he h earth a rea a s t hey were generated r ather t han s wept away a fter i nitial d epostion a t t he f eature. The p resence o f c ores, d ebitage, a nd d echet ( see Chapter 6 ) i n C O/DO i ndicates t hat t he waste f rom l ithic r eduction ( which m ight h ave o ccurred n ear t he h earth) w ere d isposed o f a s a u nit i nto t his d eep c rack. Activities r estricted t o t he h earth a rea b ut n ot r emoved t o a dump i nclude t hose performed u sing e ndscrapers. These a rtifacts a re l ocalized i n a n a ccumulation c entered i n g rid u nit B O j ust t o t he w est o f t he f eature. This z one r epresents a s econd v ariety i n t he n orthern s ector a nd i s s imilar t o t he f ourth r ich z one, positioned t o t he n orth o f t he h earth a long t he wall. These contain cobbles a nd s eem t o r eflect t he r emoval o f materials d irectly f rom t he h earth b y s weeping. T he t hird n orthern s ector z one variety i s t he s parse z one 1 2; t his a ccumulation i s d ifferent t han a ll o thers i n t he s ector. I n t he s outhern s ector o f l evel V III-1, a r ather g eneralized s et o f d eposits f ollow t he e dge c ontours o f t he l arge b lock. Z onation b ecomes apparant o nly a t t he f inest s cale o f r esolution, b ut z one c ontent i s s imilar a t t he f ine l evel. The s outhern z ones c ompose a nother content v ariety. The s tructure o f z one d istributions i n t he s outh a nd t heir overall s imilarity i n content s uggests a r ather s pecialized u se o f t his s pace d uring t he V III-1 o ccupation. P erhaps t he l arge b lock s urface d ominating t he s outhern s ector w as t he l ocus o f a s pecific a ctivity, a nd t asks were p erformed r epeatedly w ith t he r efuse generated f rom e ach t ask d eposited i nto t he c racks a round t he b lock. S uch u se o f t he s pace would a ccount f or t he r eplicated s mall s cale a ssemblages ( comprising b urins, cores, a nd u tilized p ieces) t hat a re s cattered a round t he b lock. B etween t he t wo l arge s ectors o f t he s ite, s mall a nd s parse a ccumulations, quite v ariable i n c ontent, a re d efined a t t he h ighest s cale. I n e ach one, a s ingle a rtifact c lass i s u sually dominant. However, s ample s izes a re s o s mall t hat c aution i s r equired i n i nterpretation. S tochastic p rocesses ( e.g., l oss b y d ropping) may h ave l ed t o t he g eneration o f s mall s cale a ccumulations, a nd t heir s ignificance i s u ncertain. That t hey h ave s patial i ntegrity i s c lear; t o what c auses c ontent v ariation c an b e a ttributed i s n ot. Nevertheless, t hey d o r epresent a d istinct a nd v ariable k ind o f material a ccumulation i n l evel V III-l.

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D ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A basic pattern i n z one c ontent c rosses o ver a ll t hree s cales o f s patial r esolution i n l evel V III-1. Both s tandardization a xes h ave s imilar p rofiles f or z ones i n t he s outhern s ector o f t he o ccupation over a ll s cales. This i ndicates a n e ssential u nity i n c ontent f or t his s ector r egardless o f s patial r esolution. While t his m ight b e t aken a s r eflecting h omogeneity i n t he s outhern s ector, i t i s i mportant t o n ote t hat t he overall p rofile o f t he s ector i s quite d istinct f rom t hat i n n orthern z ones--indeed, f rom t hat f or t he s ite a s a whole. A r estricted s et o f materials i s a ccumulated i n t he s outh o f l evel V III-1. T hese a rtifacts were d eposited a s s mall c oncentrations, s imilar i n c ontent, a round a l arge a nd c entrally l ocated b lock. When a ll o f t he s outhern s ector a ccumulations a re c ombined i nto a s ingle u nit ( i.e., a t t he l owest c lustering s cale) t hey h ave a s imilar c ontent p rofile t o e ach i ndividual a ccumulation d efined a t t he h ighest r esolution s cale. I n t he n orthern s ector o f l evel V III-1, n o s uch p attern i s e vident over s olution s cales. A round t he Al h earth, many v arieties o f z one a re i ndicated b y c ontent a nalyses. With t he e xception o f b urins, a ll a rtifact c lasses h ave t heir h ighest f requencies s omewhere i n t he n orthern s ector. Y et, t he z ones a re d ifferent. The a ccumulation a ssociated d irectly w ith t he h earth f eature i s t he most g eneral i n c haracter w ith a w ide r ange o f c lasses m ixed t ogether i n r elatively l arge p roportions. Other z ones a round t he h earth a rea s eem t o r epresent r elated d eposits, a lthough e ach i s d ominated b y ( and a lso l acks) one o r a f ew d ifferent a rtifact c ategories. A f an-shaped r efuse d isposal pattern, o rganizationally s imilar t o t hose a t Pincevent, i s p resent i n l evel V III-1 b ut c onstrained b y t he d istribution o f l arge r ocks i n t he n orthern s ector. I t m ight b e t hat t he method o f d isposal v aried a round t he h earth a s much a s t he c ontent o f r efuse. One d ump i s i nterpreted a s r eflecting h earth s weepings ( the a ccumulation p arallel t o t he s helter w all n orth o f t he h earth). Other d eposits s eem t o r eflect r emoval o f materials f rom t he h earth a rea f or d isposal i nto n atural " refuse b ins". I t i s c lear t hat k napping d ebris c onstitutes o ne c lass o f r emoved r efuse s ince a ll t he u sual waste p roducts o f l ithic r eduction ( exhausted c ores, d ebitage, a nd d echet) h ave t heir h ighest f requencies i n a s ingle z one c entered o n u nit C O. The most r elevant s olutions f or e ach s ector i n l evel V III-1 a re r eached a t d ifferent points d uring s patial a nalysis. The n orthern s ector i s c haracterized f irst ( at t he medium s cale) while t he s outhern s ector i s e ssentially i gnored i n z one f ormation u ntil t he h ighest s cale. T his d ifference i n s tructure emphasizes t he d ifferences b etween t he t wo s ectors a lready s tressed a t l ength.

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That t he g roup maintenance f ocus o f l evel V III-1 o ccupation o ccurred i n t he n orthern s ector i s b orne o ut b y s patial a nalysis. I n t hat a rea, t he o nly h earth f or t he l evel i s s urrounded b y d eposits s imilar t o t hose f rom t he P incevent " habitation a reas". A s econd, d ifferent f ocus i s apparant a round ( perhaps o n) t he l arge b lock i n t he s outh. Low s cale s olutions i n b oth a reas s how a s imilar pattern; c luster c entroids f or a ll a rtifact c lasses a re p ositioned t o t he n orth o f e ach f ocus. As more c lusters a re d efined b y k -means, t he h earth continues t o b e a c enter f or material a ccumulations. I n t he s outh, d eposits t ake o n a l inear pattern a round t he e dges o f t he b lock. C learly, t he t wo a reas d o n ot r epresent s imilar s tructural e ntities. A hypothetical i nterpretive map f or t he l evel V III-1 s urface can b e generated f rom t he r esults o f s patial a nalyses. F igure 9 1 i llustrates t he o verall o rganization o f L e F lageolet d uring t he V III-1 o ccupation i n t erms o f g eneral v ariety i n f ormation p rocesses. A s eries o f d umps a nd s weeping z ones a re i nferred a round t he n orthern s ector h earth. The s outhern s ector i s i nterpreted a s f unctionally s pecific s pace u nder t he a ssumption t hat g roup maintenance t asks p erformed a round t he h earth a re " functionally g eneral," i .e., p erformed a t most s ites r egardless o f w hy p eople o ccupied t he p lace. T able 3 6 d escribes t he varied content o f e ach k ind o f i nferred d eposit. The p ercentage o f e ach a rtifact c lass o ccurring i n d umps, h earth s weeping d eposits, t he h earth i tself, f unctionally s pecific s paces a nd s parse a ccumulations a re l isted. These a ssemblage v ariants c annot b e v iewed a s " tool k its", b ut t hey do p rovide i nformation o n s patial v ariability i n l evel V III-1. B urins a re a n i mportant c omponent o f f unctionally s pecific a reas ( in t he s outhern s ector). Over 5 0% o f a ll b urins o ccur i n t hese c ontexts. B urins a lso o ccur i n t he h earth c ontext, b ut only 1 4% o f t hese t ools a re l ocated t here. L ithic r eduction w aste i s c oncentrated i n d umps, w ith t he C O d ump t he p rimary r ecepticle f or t his material. Cores a re a lso w ell r epresented i n d umps a s a re t runcated, u tilized, a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces. T he l ast t wo a rtifact c lasses ( along w ith n otched p ieces) r equired l ittle modification f or p roduction. T hey m ight b e c onsidered a s " expedient" t ools manufactured quickly f or i mmediate u se. T hese e xpedient t ools d ominate t he h earth a rea a ssemblage. However, one t ool c lass r equiring more i ntensive modification f or p roduction, e ndscrapers, i s a lso p resent i n h earth a rea d umps. The overall p icture o f l evel V III-1 i s o f a s mall-scale, t emporary o ccupation b y a s ingle g roup. T he p resence o f a s ingle h earth, d iffuse a nd o nly l ightly maintained b y c leaning, a nd a s eries o f s mall, d iscrete r efuse a ccumulations a round t he f eature d o n ot warrant a n i nference o f i ntensive o ccupation. The r eservation o f

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E äHearth

2Hearth Sweepings p H e a r t h Dumps M I Specific

D ump s

O Spec if ic U se L oc i L im ited U se A reas

F igure 9 1. Hypothetical Reconstruction of Level VIII-1 O rganization Based on Complete Spatial Analysis.

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TABLE

3 6.

P ercentages o f i nferred d eposit

a rtifacts b y c lass contained i n e ach t ype f or L e Flageolet I l evel V III-1.

ARTIFACT CLASS

HEARTH

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

0 .0 2 8.6 2 7.3 1 5.0 1 1.1 1 2.0 2 0.0 1 7.0 3 1.8 1 .1

DEPOSIT TYPE SWEEPINGS DUMPS S PECIFIC 3 6.4 4 2.9 2 2.3 1 5.0 5 5.6 3 6.0 2 0.0 2 1.3 1 8.2 2 7.8

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2 2.7 0 .0 2 7.3 1 0.0 3 .7 1 6.0 3 2.0 2 5.5 2 2.7 4 5.6

4 0.9 1 4.3 1 8.2 5 0.0 2 2.2 2 4.0 2 8.0 3 1.9 1 3.6 2 2.2

S PARSE 0 .0 1 4.3 4 .5 1 0.0 7 .4 1 2.0 0 .0 4 .3 1 3.6 3 .3

n early h alf t he a vailable s pace f or s pecial a ctivities f urther s uggests a f unctionally s pecific, short t erm u se o f t he s ite. The e nvironmental e vidence f or l ocal r esource e xploitation and t he r aw material e vidence f or mobility a lso s upport t his i nferred s ite u tilization. I n c omparing t he r esults o f l evel V III-1 a nalysis t o t hose obtained f or P incevent, s imilarities a nd d ifferences c an b e noted. I n one i mportant r espect t he t wo s ites a re s imilar. Occupations a t b oth s ites c enter material d epositon o n f ocal h earth f eatures. S uch f eatures h ave s imilar s patial o rganization w ith r efuse a ccumulations f orming a n a rc t o one s ide o f t he h earth. At b oth s ites, h earth a rea a ccumulations a re t he r ichest, a nd d eposits b ecome l ess r ich a s d istance f rom t he f eature i ncreases. At P incevent, a concentric f an model c haracterizes r efuse d eposits, a nd f unctionally s pecific a ccumulations a re r are. I n L e Flageolet I l evel V III-1, r efuse d eposits o ccur i n c racks b etween r ocks, a nd s pecific a ccumulations a re common a t t he h ighest c lustering s cale, dominating t he e ntire s outhern s ector o f t he s urface. As s patial r efinement i ncreases, h omogeneity i n z one content a t P incevent does not a ppreciably c hange. Homogeneity d ecreases d ramatically among l evel V III-1 a ccumulations a s f iner-scale patterns a re d iscerned. P incevent a nd L e Flageolet I l evel V III-1 h ave d ifferent s patial s tructures. These d ifferences may r elate t o d istinct b ehaviour patterns among Magdalenian a nd Aurignacian p eoples ( a " cultural" e xplanation) o r t hey may r elate t o v ariation i n s ite l ocation, f orm, a nd/or t opography ( a " functional" e xplanation). I f t he l atter e xplanation i s warranted, t hen t here s hould b e l ittle c hange i n s ite u se a t L e F lageolet d uring t he Aurignacian s equence s ince, a s w e h ave s een, t here i s l ittle c hange i n e cological conditions o r t opography. I t w ill b e more d ifficult t o a ddress t he " cultural" e xplanation b ecause t he l ater l evels a t L e Flageolet ( Upper P erigordian i n L e F lageolet I a nd Magdalenian i n L e F lageolet I I) h ave n ot y et b een s tudied i n t erms o f s patial o rganization. Comparisons b etween Aurignacian o ccupations f rom L e F lageolet w ill s till p rovide i nformation concerning t he u se o f t he s ite o ver t ime. That l evel V III-2 a nd l evel I X a re o f t he s ame Aurignacian t echnological t radition controls f or v ariation i n t hat d imension. I t r emains t o b e s een i f s ite u se a t L e F lageolet was s imilar d uring o ther Aurignacian o ccupations o f t he s helter a nd i f t opographic constraints o n d istributions operated i n t he s ame ways. Was s ite u se r edundant? We t urn n ow t o t he a nalysis o f l evel V III-2 t o a nswer t his question.

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CHAPTER 8 L E F LAGEOLET

I :

L EVEL V III-2

I NTRODUCTION The s ame t en a rtifact c lasses u sed i n t he a nalysis o f l evel V III-1 a re employed h ere ( Table 3 7) All r esults a re t hus c omparable b etween t he t wo L e Flageolet Couche VIII l evels. An i dentical s equence o f a nalytic s tages i s c arried o ut a s f or t he t wo p revious s tudies, a nd t he s ame s tatistics a nd g raphic p resentations a re u sed t o a ssess v ariation i n c ontent a nd a rtifact a ssociation.

S ome General Expectations At P incevent a nd i n l evel V III-1 f rom L e Flageolet I , c ertain h earths were t he f oci o f h abitation. I n both c ases, i t i s t he s tructure o f d eposits a round t he f eatures t hat i s o f p rimary u tility i n i dentifying a particular h earth a s f ocal. Focal h earths a re a ssociated w ith d ense d ump z ones. The content o f t hese z ones r eflects t he p resence o f a w ide r ange o f a rtifact c lasses, b oth t ools a nd other materials. Focal h earth dumps a re d ense ( often t he r ichest a ccumulations on a s urface) b ecause t hey r eflect t he r epeated d eposition o f materials g enerated d uring b asic a nd u biquitous g roup maintenance a ctivities. Focal h earth a reas a nd a ssociated dumps s hould o ccur i n most s ites r egardless o f t he s ite's f unction w ithin a r egional e conomic s ystem; t he f ood p reparation, consumption, a nd g eneral c raft a ctivities r eflected i n h earth a rea a ccumulations must o ccur n early e verywhere i n o rder t o s ustain h uman l ife. A b asic d ifference b etween P incevent a nd L e F lageolet h as t o do w ith t he n umber o f f ocal h earths p resent. Three f ocal h earths w ere i dentified a t P incevent, a nd t hree s ocial u nits a re t hus i nferred. At L e Flageolet I during t he l evel V III-1 o ccupation, only a s ingle s uch f eature i s i dentified, a nd t hat i s a d iffuse a nd s parse e xample. A s ingle s ocial u nit i s t herefore i nferred. I t s hould b e n oted t hat n o e quivalence i s a ssumed among t hese " social u nits". Their n ature a nd composition, a nd v ariability b etween t hem, r emains u nknown a nd w ill not b e i nferred. These considerations a re c ontextual e lements u ncovered r ecalled. These i nclude a h earth n orthern s ector o f t he s urface s maller f eature i n t he s outh o n t he

i mportant when t he i n l evel V III-2 a re a rea l ocated i n t he a nd possibly a s econd, s urface o f a l arge

TABLE

3 7.

F requencies of t en a rtifact categories Flageolet I l evel VIII-2 a ssemblage.

a nalyzed

ARTIFACT CLASS Endscrapers Burins Aurignacian P ieces T runcated P ieces Notched and Denticulated P ieces Miscellaneous Retouched P ieces Utilized P ieces Cores Debitage Cobbles a nd F ragments

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3 4 4 0 1 9 2 0 4 1 4 6 7 1 2 5 7 50 2 13

f or

L e

b lock. Materials r ecorded b y meter s quare p rovenience s uggest a " focal" pattern f or t he n orthern h earth. All c ategories o f s mall a rtifacts h ave overlapping d istributions i n a f an-shaped pattern t o t he north a nd w est o f t he f eature. S imilar overlapping d istributions o ccur i n t he s outhern s ector b elow t he b urnt a rea o f t he B 7-B10 b lock; t hese a re l ess r ich t han n orthern s ector a ccumulations. Two s cenarios c an b e i magined t hat conform t o t he l evel V III-2 pattern a s i ndicated i n Chapter 6 . The f irst i nvolves t he p resence o f t wo f ocal h earths, a nd t hus t wo s ocial u nits. Under t his hypothesis, homogeneity o f a ccumulations i n t he n orth a nd s outh s ectors o f t he s urface s hould b e t he s ame t hroughout t he r efinement o f s patial patterning. Variation i n z onation must b e a ccounted f or b y variability i n a vailable s pace ( topographic constraints). I f i t c annot b e d emonstrated t hat t he t wo s ectors a re s tructurally t he s ame, t hen a s econd hypothesis must b e i nvoked. I f t he t wo s ectors o f l evel VIII-2 h ave d istinct o rganizations ( as was t he c ase f or l evel V III-1), t hen e ven t he p resence o f t wo h earth f eatures c annot b e u sed t o i nfer t he p resence of t wo s ocial u nits d uring t he o ccupation. A s imilar i nterpretation of s patial o rganization must b e offered f or t his s ituation a s f or l evel VIII-1, a lthough s pecial f unctions i n t he s outhern s ector m ight have i nvolved t he u se o f f ire i n l evel V III-2. Under t his h ypothesis, v ariability b etween t he n orthern a nd southern s ectors i s s een a s r elated t o t he o rganization o f a ctivities over s pace. A round t he f ocal h earth, a s eries o f dump a ccumulations i s expected. More r estricted s ets o f a rtifacts a re e xpected i n more f unctionally-specific a reas. P atterns s uch a s t hese would i ndicate a s imilar k ind o f o ccupation t o t hat i nferred f or l evel V III-1, b ut t he a ctivities performed i n s pecialized a reas n eed n ot h ave b een t he s ame. Even i f t hey w ere n ot, o rganizational r edundancy i n s ite u se would b e i ndicated.

S TAGE

I A NALYSIS:

PATTERN R ECOGNITION

Each of t he t en l evel V III-2 a rtifact c lass d istributions was e ntered i nto k -means c lustering r uns. A s was t he c ase f or a ll p revious a nalyses, c lustering was c arried o ut u ntil f ifteen c lusters were f ormed b y t he p rocedure. F igure 9 2 s hows t he l og(%SSE) p lots p roduced b y t hese r uns f or a ll t en a rtifact c lasses. As w as t he c ase f or l evel V III-1, a ll c lasses h ave optimal s olutions a t t he t wo c luster l evel. Three c lasses ( cobbles, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd d ebitage) h ave only t wo optimal s olutions. F ive c ategories h ave t hree optimal s olutions i ndicated b y t he l og(%SSE) p lot: t runcations, e ndscrapers, Aurignacian p ieces, u tilized p ieces, a nd n otched a nd d enticulated p ieces. Four o f t hese t erminate

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2 .0

1 . 5

1 2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9 1 0

1 1 2 1 3

1 4 1 5

C lus te rs

Figure 9 2. Plot of l og(%SSE) Statistics f or Artifact Classes i n Le Flageolet Level VIII-2 a s by K-means Cluster Analysis t o Fifteen Clusters.

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All Ten Defined

TABLE

3 8.

Optimal clustering s olution l evels i ndicated by l og(%SSE) plots p roduced by k -means analyses of Le Flageolet I l evel V III-2 a rtifact d istributions. A " t" i ndicates a t erminal s olution at z ero before f ifteen clusters a re f ormed.

ARTIFACT CLASS

1

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian P ieces Retouched P ieces Utilized P ieces Notches a nd Denticulates Debitage

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 75

SOLUTION NUMBER 2 3 4 5 7 9 7 5 7 4 6 7 9

1 0 1 0t 1 3 l lt 8 t 1 0 1 4t

1 2t

1 5t

a t z ero b efore f ifteen c lusters c an b e f ormed. Two c lasses h ave f ourth s olutions i ndicated, both t erminal: cores a nd b urins. Table 3 8 l ists t he optimal s olution l evels f or a ll a rtifact c lasses a s d etermined b y l og(%SSE) p lots. Two g eneral patterns o f c luster f ormation i n t he l evel V III-2 c lass d istributions a re apparant. One pattern b egins w ith t wo c lusters, p asses t hrough a m edium s olution where t he t wo i nital c lusters a re d ivided i nto e qual n umbers o f c lusters, a nd e nds w ith a t hird l evel w here t he t wo l owest s cale c lusters a re s till e qually d ivided. C lasses h aving t his c lustering p attern i nclude d ebitage, cores, r etouched p ieces, n otched p ieces, c obbles, a nd u tilized p ieces. Notched p ieces p rovide a good e xample o f t his s equence. F igure 9 3 s hows t he map f or n otched p ieces p roduced f rom k -means s tatistics a t t he l owest c lustering s cale ( two c luiters). The t wo c lusters a re l ocated i n t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors w ith o ne c entroid i n g rid u nit C 7 a nd a nother i n B O. The s outhern c luster c enters o n a g rid u nit w ith d ense, overlapping concentrations o f s mall a rtifactual material. F igure 9 4 s hows t he s ame d istribution d ivided i nto s even c lusters. Three c lusters h ave b een d efined i n e ach s ector w ith a s ingle i solated p iece l ocated a t t he e xtreme s outhern e nd o f t he e xcavated a rea. I n t he n orthern s ector, c lusters a re c entered n orth a nd w est o f t he h earth. I n t he s outh, c lusters o ccur o n e ither s ide o f t he b urnt b lock j ust b elow t he a rea o f b urning. Two c lusters a re positioned t o t he west o f t he b lock. F igure 9 5 s hows t he ( termination) f ourteen c luster s olution f or n otched p ieces. Here, f our c lusters and t wo i solates a re l ocated i n t he s outhern s ector. E ight c lusters a re positioned i n a b and r unning t o t he n orth a nd w est o f t he h earth. The s econd k ind o f c lustering s equence n oted f or l evel V III-2 a rtifact c lasses b egins w ith a t wo c luster s olution b ut d iffers f rom t he f irst p attern a t t he m edium a nd h igh s cales. At medium l evels, many more c lusters a re f ormed i n t he n orth s ector t han i n t he s outh. This t rend continues a t t he h ighest l evel, where t he n orthern s ector i s f urther s ubdivided. This pattern g roup c ontains t runcated p ieces, b urins, e ndscrapers, a nd Aurignacian p ieces. F igure 9 6 s hows t he t wo c luster s olution f or e ndscrapers. This map i s s imilar t o t hat f or n otched p ieces. One c luster c entroid i s l ocated i n e ach s ector o f t he s urface, c entered i n g rid u nits C 7 a nd B O. A f ive c luster p attern p rovides a medium s olution f or t he e ndscraper d istribution, a nd t hree c lusters a re f ormed i n t he n orthern s ector w hile t wo a re l ocated i n t he s outh ( Figure 9 7). I n t he n orth, o ne c entroid i s positioned a t t he Al h earth, a s econd t o t he w est i n u nit D 2, a nd t he t hird i n u nit B -1. S outhern c luster c entroids a re l ocated i n u nits C 7 a nd C10. At t he h ighest c lustering s cale f or e ndscrapers, e leven c lusters a re f ormed. E ight o f t hese c lusters a re l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector while o nly t hree a re i n t he s outh ( Figure 9 8) I n t he s outh, o ne o f

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B

A 2

1

•

2

o 1 2

3

4

5

6 •

7

8

9 1 0 1

F igure 9 3. Map o f Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Notched — P ieces D istribution. Dots mark cluster centroids, c ircles a re RMS r adii for clusters.

A

Figure 9 4. Map of Seven Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Notched — P ieces D istribution. Dots mark c luster c entroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or clusters.

F igure 9 5. Map of Fourteen Cluster K -means Solution f or L e Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Notched Pieces D istribution. Dots mark cluster centroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

Figure 9 6. Map of Two Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Endscrape7 Distribution. Dots mark cluster centroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or clusters.

A

9

1 0

1 1

Figure 9 7. Map of Five Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Endscrapei D istribution. Dots mark cluster centroids, c ircles a re RMS r adii f or c lusters.

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F igure 9 8. Map of Eleven Cluster K -means Solution f or Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2 Endscrape? Distribution. Dots mark cluster centroids; c ircles a re RMS r adii f or clusters.

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t he medium s cale c lusters i s d ivided i nto t wo i solated p ieces, t he other c luster r emains u nchanged. I n t he n orth, a ll c lusters h ave s hort RMS r adii a nd f orm t wo l inear patterns f rom g rid u nit A 2 t o C-2 a nd f rom D 2 t o D l. I t s hould b e n oted t hat t he a rtifact c lasses c omposing t hese t wo pattern g roups conform t o t he d istinction made e arlier b etween " expedient" a nd " labor-intensive" t ools. The f irst pattern ( equal d ivision b etween s ectors) obtains f or e xpedient t ools. The s econd pattern ( northern s ector d ominance) c haracterizes t hose a rtifact f orms r equiring more e ffort i n p roduction. We w ill r eturn t o t hese patterns when c ontent a nalyses a re d iscussed. The s patial r efinement e xhibited i n t he l evel V III-2 n orthern s ector i s s imilar t o t hat observed i n f ocal h earth a reas a t P incevent. I n a ll c ases, i ndividual a rtifact d istributions a re d ivided i nto more c lusters f rom l evel t o l evel. This t endency h as b een r elated t o patterns i n overall material abundance i n p revious a nalyses, a nd t his may a lso b e t he case h ere i n l evel V III-2. I n f act, most a rtifact c lasses a re t wice a s f requent i n t he n orthern t han i n t he s outhern s ector. The r elation b etween c lustering a nd abundance n oted a t P incevent would s eem t o h old f or l evel V III-2, t he a reas o f g reatest material a ccumulation a re d ivided f irst a nd most o ften t hroughout t he c lustering r un. General c haracterisitcs o f a ll i ndividual r uns i nclude a concentration o f c lusters a round t he n orthern e nd o f t he b urnt b lock s urface ( in u nit B 7). S pecifically, g rid u nits C 7 a nd D 7 a re t he t ypical l oci o f c entroids. Other c luster c entroids a re s cattered a cross t he s outhern s ector. More d etailed d iscussion o f c luster p ositions must await overlay mapping a nd z one f ormation. The n orthern s ector o f l evel V III-2 i s c haracterized b y a variety o f c lustering patterns. Endscrapers, f or e xample, h ave a l inear c entroid c onfiguration a t t he h igh c lustering s cale. Other c lasses, e .g., cores, h ave d ispersed p atterns a s more c lusters a re d efined d uring t he a nalytic s equence. Even more t han w as t he c ase f or l evel V III-1, t here i s marked variation h ere i n t he n umber o f optimal s olutions i dentified f or a n a rtifact c lass d istribution. T here i s a lso considerable variety i n t he n umber o f c lusters c omposing m iddle a nd h igh s cale s olutions. Most a rtifact c lass d istributions h ave t hree optimal s olutions i ndicated b y l og(%SSE) p lots. Some c lasses h ave a f ourth, t erminal s olution d efined. Three c lasses h ave o nly t wo s olutions. The l atter s ituation p rovides t he b iggest p roblem i n p roducing overlay maps, s ince r elating s olutions t o o ther c lasses w ith more t han t wo p atterns i s d ifficult. These p roblems w ill t reated a s was t he

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d istribution of Aurignacian p ieces i n l evel V III-1. The l owest clustering l evel f or e very c lass w ill b e c ompared. The s econd s olution f or a ll c lasses will b e overlaid a t a medium s cale. Third s olutions w ill b e u sed a t t he h ighest s cale even f or c lasses h aving a f ourth, t erminal s olution ( because p reliminary e xaminations s howed n o major d ifferences i n t hird a nd f ourth s olutions). For c lasses h aving only t wo s olutions, t he s econd l evel w ill b e overlaid a t t he h ighest s cale w ith other c lasses. With t hese concessions t o consistency i n m ind, t hree c lustering s cales w ill b e observed i n t he z one d efinition phase t hat f ollows. Again, t he t hree overlay i nvolved maps w ill b e r eferred t o a s l ow, medium, a nd h igh s olution s cales. As was t he c ase f or l evel V III-1, t here w ill b e variation i n t he n umber o f c lusters mapped f or d ifferent c lasses a t a g iven s cale. I n t he f ollowing a nalyses, particular a ttention w ill b e paid t o variability i n patterning b etween expedient a nd l abor-intensive t ools. When considered a s i ndividual c lasses, t he f irst g roup s hows s cattered c luster configurations equally d ivided b etween n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors. The s econd g roup s eems t o h ave more c lusters i n t he n orthern s ector n ear t he h earth, a nd t he n umber of c lusters d efined i n t he north i ncreases t hroughout t he c lustering s equence. These g eneral g roups a lso h ave s patial r elevance i n l evel VIII-1; t hus, t hey d eserve s pecial a ttention h ere.

STAGE

I I

ANALYSIS:

PATTERN R ECOGNITION,

Z ONE DEFINITION

To compare t he d istribution c haracteristics r esulting f rom k -means analysis o f i ndividual a rtifact c lasses, t hree o verlay maps a re p roduced. As was t he c ase i n l evel V III-1, t he l owest c lustering s cale f or l evel V III-2 i s composed of t wo c luster s olutions f or a ll c lasses ( Figure 9 9). A w ider r ange o f a ppropriate s olutions i s p resent a t b oth t he medium and h ighest s olution s cale. F igure 1 00 i llustrates t he medium s cale overlay, a nd F igure 1 01 s hows t he h ighest s cale. Two c luster s olutions s how a pattern s imilar t o t hat n oted i n l evel V III-1. Compact masses o f c entroids a re l ocated i n t he n orth a nd s outh s ectors. Cluster c entroids f or cobbles a re l ocated t o t he e ast ( shelter wall) s ide o f e ach o f t hese masses. The l ow s cale s olution f or l evel V III-2 d iffers s lightly f rom t he l evel a bove i n t hat s outhern s ector c entroids a re more concentrated h ere. Other t han t his m inor d ivergence, t he l ow s cale m ap f or l evel V III-2 i s a lmost i dentical t o t hat obtained f or t he upper Aurignacian s urface.

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F igure , 9 9. Low S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f T en A rtifact Class D istributions f rom L e F lageolet I L evel V III-2. Dots mark c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he position o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round c entroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters; c obble c luster c entroids a re marked w ith a s tar.

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F igure . 1 00. Medium S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom L e Flageolet I L evel VIII-2. Dots mark c luster c entroids; b oxes mark t he position o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round centroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters; c obble c luster c entroids a re marked w ith a s tar.

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F igure . 1 01. H igh S cale Overlay Map P roduced b y K -means Analyses o f Ten A rtifact Class D istributions f rom L e Flageolet I L evel V III-2. Dots mark c luster c entroids; boxes mark t he position o f i solated p ieces; c ircles a round c entroids r epresent RMS r adii f or t he c lusters; cobble c luster c entroids a re marked w ith a s tar.

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The n orthern c entroid g roup i s c oncentrated i n g rid u nit B O w ith t hree c entroids l ocated i n u nit B i a t i ts b oundary w ith B O. All c luster c entroids a re c ontained b y a ll RMS r adii. T he n orthern concentration i s positioned v ery n ear t he i nferred h earth f or l evel V III-2 which l ies t o t he s outheast i n u nit Al. The n orthern c luster g roup c oincides w ith a ccumulations of s mall a rtifacts i nterpreted a s h earth s weeping d eposits i n Chapter 6 . The f ocus o f t he s outhern c entroid g roup i s i n g rid u nit C 7 w ith s ingle c luster c entroids l ocated i n D 7 a nd B 8. G rid u nit C 7 i s a djacent t o t he b urnt r ock s urface. The u nit a lso c ontains q uantities o f b one, d ebitage, cobble f ragments a nd d echet. At t he l owest c lustering s cale, t hen, s imilar patterns a re observed i n b oth s ectors o f t he s urface. Centroid c oncentrations o ccur i n g rid u nits h aving many s mall a rtifacts o f a ll k inds. Cobble c luster c entroids a re l ocated t o t he i nterior s ide o f a ll o ther a rtifact c lasses i n b oth s ectors. I n l evel V III-1 a d ifference b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors w as e vident e ven a t t he l owest s cale, b ut n o s uch v ariability c an b e d etected b ased o n c entroid patterns h ere i n l evel V III-2. Two z ones a re d efined f or l evel V III-2 a t t he l ow s cale of r esolution ( Figure 1 02). S outhern z one 1 contains c lusters f or e ach o f t he t en a rtifact c lasses. Z one 2 i n t he n orth, a ssociated w ith t he i nferred f ocal h earth, a lso h as e ach a rtifact c lass r epresented i n i ts a ssemblage. A gain, n o d ifference b etween t he t wo s ectors c an b e d etected. I t s hould b e pointed o ut, moreover, t hat t opographic c onditions v ary b etween t he t wo s ectors. I n t he s outhern s ector, c luster c entroids a re l ocated i n a w ide c rack b etween r ocks. The l ocus o f n orthern c luster concentration i s a f lat r ock s urface, a nd t he n orthern b lock s urfaces a re only a f ew c entimeters a bove t he s urrounding Couche V III s ediment matrix. A s h as b een d iscussed, i t may b e t hat s outhern materials w ere a lso g enerated o n b lock s urfaces a nd w ere s ubsequently d eposited b eside t he r ocks. For t he moment, z one 2 c an b e d esignated a s a h earth a rea z one, b ut z one 1 c annot f irmly b e a ssociated w ith a ny f eature. The medium s cale overlay map f or l evel V III-2 i s s hown i n F igure 1 00. A s c an b e s een, t he t wo s ectors r emain s eparate a t t his r esolution s cale. W ithin e ach s ector, a complex pattern i s now a pparant. I n t he s outhern s ector, a mass o f c entroids w ith overlapping RMS r adii f orms a b and f rom u nit D 7 i nto u nits C 8/D8. All a rtifact c lasses ( including c obbles) a re r epresented i n t his b and. On t he o ther s ide o f t he b urnt b lock, f our c luster c entroids a re positioned n ear t he s helter w all. A cobble c luster i s p resent a mong t his g roup, b ut i t h as a v ery l ong RMS r adius a nd c ontains a f ew d ispersed p ieces. F inally, a s catter o f c entroids i s l ocated t o t he s outh o f t he l arge s outhern r ock; t heir w ide RMS c ircles a lso

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Figure 1 02. Two Z ones Defined Ten Artifact Class Distributions V III-2. Z ones a re outlined w ith

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a t Low S cale Solution f or f rom Le Flageolet I Level a dotted l ine.

r epresent d ispersed

a nd

s parse

a ccumulations.

I n t he northern s ector o f l evel V III-2, c luster centroids occur over t he e ntire a vailable s urface a nd o ccupy a ll c racks b etween r ocks. This i s i n c ontrast t o t he l evel VIII-1 s urface, where n orthern c lusters were concentrated i n " pockets" f or t he most p art. Northern c lusters h ere a re compact, a lthough a f ew w ide RMS c ircles a re p resent. These l arger c lusters a re l ocated i n t he northern a nd w esternmost parts o f t he excavation. A s ingle b urin c luster i s p resent i n t he m iddle s ector a t t his s olution s cale. That t he m iddle s ector i s s imilar b etween Couche V III s urfaces i s u nsurprising s ince t opographic conditions changed l ittle b etween o ccupations. Z one d efinition i s r elatively e asy a t t he medium s cale ( Figure 1 03). Three s outhern s ector z ones a re d efined a s d iscussed a bove. Z one 1 i s t he s outhernmost collection o f d iffuse c lusters. Z one 2 i s t he g roup o f c lusters n ear t he s helter wall. Z one 3 i s t he b and o f c lusters composing t he d ensest configuration i n t he s outhern s ector. Northern z one d efinition i s l ess e vident t han i n t he s outhern s ector. However, t here do s eem t o b e s ix concentrations o f c luster c entroids a nd RMS overlaps. Z one 4 i s a g roup o f e ight c lusters, i ncluding one o f cobbles, c entered o n t he Al h earth. There i s l ittle RMS overlap b etween t his z one a nd n eighboring z ones 5 a nd 6 . Z one 5 i s a lso a c ompact g roup o f c entroids. The z one contains s ix c lusters, f ive w ith s hort RMS r adii, b ut t here a re n o cobbles concentrated h ere. A d ispersed c luster i s a ssigned t o z one 5 a t t his s cale. Even t hough i ts RMS r adius overlaps w ith s ome members o f z one 4 , t he c entroid o f t his c luster i s c loser t o t he o thers i n z one 5 t han t o t hose i n z one 4 . Z one 5 c entroids a re i n a c rack b etween r ocks l ocated i n g rid concentrated Z one 6 h as a l inear c entroid p attern a nd u nits D 2/D3. t he Al h earth n orth i nto g rid u nits A -2 a nd p asses f rom B-2. The z one c omprises f ive c lusters, one o f c obbles. A p rimary consideration i n d istinguishing z one 6 a s a s eparate u nit i s t he c onfiguration o f s urrounding z ones. Z one 4 t o t he s outh i s v ery c ompact. Z one 8 , t o t he n orth n ear t he s helter w all, i s a lso w ell d efined. Z ones 7 , 8 , a nd 9 a re a v ariable g roup o f u nits t hat c omplete t he n orthern s ector complex a t t he m edium s cale. Z one 7 i s a l inear configuration o f s ix c lusters ( one f or c obbles) c onfined b etween b locks i n g rid u nits D O a nd D -1. A lthough much o f D -1 r emains t o b e e xcavated, most o f t he g rid u nit i s o ccupied b y a l arge b lock a t t he l evel o f t he V III-2 d eposits. I t s eems l ikely t hat t he f orm o f z one 7 r esults more f rom i nternal s helter t opography t han f rom e xcavation e xtent. Z one 8 , a s was mentioned a bove, i s a compact s et o f e ight c lusters, i ncluding o ne o f c obbles, a t t he e xtreme n ortheastern part o f t he l evel

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Figure 1 03. Nine Z ones Defined a t Medium S cale Solution f or Ten Artifact Class Distributions f rom L e Flageolet I Level VIII-2. Z ones a re outlined w ith a dotted l ine.

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s urface. The s pace containing z one 8 i s r elatively f lat, a nd f or t his r eason c entroids h ave a c ircular configuration. F inally, z one 9 i s a t ightly massed g roup o f c lusters c ontaining n o cobble c oncentration a nd l ocated a t t he e xtreme n orthwest corner o f t he s urface. T he r esults o f medium s cale z one d efinition a re b oth s imilar a nd d ifferent f rom t hose a ttained f or l evel V III-1. To r ecall t he V III-1 p atterns, n orthern s ector z ones w ere c ompact a nd s patially d iscrete, while t hose i n t he s outh s howed n o z onation u ntil t he h ighest c lustering s cale w as considered. The r everse i s t rue i n l evel V III-2. I t i s t he n orthern s ector h ere t hat p resents d ifficulties i n z one d efinition a t t he medium s cale, a lthough t here i s p atterning e vident. The t wo l evels a re s imilar i n t hat c ompact a nd d ense z ones c haracterize t he h earth a reas, a nd a s eries o f a ccumulations a re a rrayed a round t he h earths, constrained i n t heir s hape b y t he l ocal t opography. H igher l evels o f r esolution may c larify z onation i n t he n orthern s ector, b ut t he b asic contrast i n configuration b etween l evel V III-1 a nd l evel V III-2 i s pointed o ut n ow s o t hat a ny r esulting c hanges c an b e compared i n d iscussing t he h ighest s cale. F igure 1 01 s hows t he l evel V III-2 h igh s cale s olutions o verlaid f or a ll t en a rtifact c lasses. T hree o f t hese c lasses, i ncluding cobbles, r etain t heir medium s cale s olution a t t his h ighest s cale. There i s o nly s light c hange b etween medium a nd h igh s cale p atterns. However, a s w as h oped, n orthern s ector r efinement o ccurs. The s outhern s ector u ndergoes l ittle modification f rom t he p receeding s cale. F igure 1 04 s hows t he e leven z ones d efined b ased o n F igure 1 01. Again, t hree z ones a re d efined i n t he s outhern s ector, a nd t hese a re p ositioned a round t he l arge c entral b lock. Z one 1 i s a gain t he g roup o f c lusters a t t he e xtreme s outh o f t he e xcavated a rea. I t c omprises f our c lusters ( one o f cobbles) a nd t hree i solated p ieces. Three o f t he c lusters a re f airly c ompact. The z one i s confined t o a n open s pace b ounded b y a r ock a t t he n orth a nd b y t he e dges o f e xcavation a t t he e ast a nd s outh. Z one 2 corresponds t o t he medium s cale z one o f t he s ame n umber. Located b etween t he b lock a nd t he s helter w all, s ix c lusters a nd a n i solate c ompose t he z one. One o f t he c lusters i s cobbles. Z one 2 h as a l inear c entroid configuration b ecause o f i ts t opographic s ituation. T here i s v ery s light o verlap o f RMS r adii b etween z ones 1 a nd 2 . Only a s ingle overlap l inks z one 2 w ith z one 3 . More i mportantly, t he l arge b lock s eparates t he l ast p air o f z ones. Z one 3 i s t he t hird s outhern z one. At t his s cale, z one 3 i s a d ense mass o f c lusters o n t he w estern s ide o f t he c entral r ock a nd i s b ounded a t i ts w estern s ide b y e xcavation w alls. S eventeen c lusters a nd i solates make u p t he z one. These materials o ccur over a r elatively f lat s pace i n g rid u nits D 6, C 7, D 7, C 8, a nd D 8. A c obble c luster i s p resent i n t he c enter o f t he z one. A gain,

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Figure 1 04. Eleven Z ones Defined a t High S cale Solution for Ten Artifact Class Distributions f rom Le Flageolet I Level VIII-2. Z ones a re outlined with a dotted l ine.

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t hese cobbles of t he b lock.

a re

c lustered

j ust

b elow

t he

b urnt

s urface

Z onation i n t he s outhern s ector i s e ssentially u nchanged f rom t he p receeding s cale. The a ddition o f more c lusters merely a dds t o t he n umber o f c entroids a ssociated w ith t he s ame t hree z ones. Minor r efinements d o o ccur, b ut t hese a mount t o t he r eassignment o f a s ingle b urin f rom z one 1 t o z one 2 a nd t he r emoval o f t wo n otched p ieces f rom z one 3 . The t wo s olutions a re i dentical i n most r espects. More s ubstantial changes a re e ffected i n t he n orthern s ector b etween t he medium a nd h igh c lustering s cales. Two z ones a re a dded t o t he pattern, a nd z ones d efined a t t he p receeding l evel a re more c learly d elimited. A n ew z one i s d efined t o t he s outh o f t he Al h earth, z one 4 . T his z one contains t hree d iffuse c lusters a nd a s ingle i solate. There i s s light overlap b etween z one 4 and z one 6 t o t he north, i nvolving only t he o uter e dge of z one 4 's l argest RMS r adius. The h earth a rea a gain contains a z one composed o f compact c lusters ( zone 6 ). At t his s cale, z one 6 i s e ntirely s eparated f rom z ones t o t he w est, b ut s ome overlap r emains with a z one c entered i n B O t o t he n orth. This overlap e ntails o nly t he o uter e dges o f a f ew RMS c ircles. P erhaps b ecause a n ew z one i s d efined t o t he s outh o f z one 6 , h earth a rea c lusters a re e ven more compact t han was t he case a t t he medium s cale. Z one 5 a t t his s cale i s t he c oncentration o f c lusters l ocated i n g rid u nits D1 a nd D 2. Again, n o cobble c lusters a re a ssociated w ith t his z one. Z one 5 i s made up o f n ine c lusters h ere, b ut t his i ncrease i s p robably d ue t o d ivision b etween s cales r ather t han t o a ny a ddition o f materials. Z one 7 a t t he h ighest s cale i s l ocated j ust t o t he n orth o f t he h earth a rea. This i s a g roup o f s ix c lusters a nd a cobble concentration s cattered over a r ock s urface. Z one 7 overlaps s omewhat w ith z ones 6 a nd 9 , b ut i n e ach c ase only a f ew l ong RMS r adii a re i nvolved. Away f rom t he s helter wall a nd t o t he n orth o f c luster z one 5 , z one 8 r epresents a l inear pattern o f c lusters i dentified a t t he p revious s cale. Z one 8 i s more d iscrete t han b efore b ut s till conforms t o s paces b etween r ocks. The z one contains s ix c lusters a nd a n i solate, a long w ith a n i solated cobble. Z one 9 , w ith z one 7 , r epresents a concentration w ithin t he l inear s catter o f c lusters n orth of t he h earth. The z one o ccupies t he n orthern e nd o f a r ock ( in u nits B O/B-1) a nd contains f ive c lusters i ncluding cobbles. Although t here i s RMS overlap w ith n earby z ones, t he compactness o f z one 9 c luster c entroids warrants t heir s eparation a t t his s cale. The c obble c luster i n z one 9 corresponds t o t hat d escribed i n C hapter 6 a s h earth materials s wept f rom t he Al f eature. F inally, t wo z ones a re r etained f rom t he p revious s cale. Z one 1 0 i s l ocated a t t he extreme northeast o f t he e xcavation n ear t he wall. Four c lusters a nd a f ew i solates compose t he z one. There i s s light overlap w ith z one 9 o n t he r ock s urface a bove b ut n o overlap w ith o ther c lusters. Z one 1 1

2 94

i s a lso a t t he n orth e nd o f e xcavations i n t he e astern c orner. S ix c lusters a re l ocated h ere, none f or c obbles, a nd t here i s l ittle o verlap w ith s urrounding z ones. To s ummarize t he r esults o f z one d efinition a t t he h ighest s cale, t wo characteristics a re noted. F irst, c luster z ones d efined a t t he medium s cale i n t he s outhern s ector r emain e ssentially u nchanged. I n other words, p atterns i n t he southern d istributions a re d efined e arly i n t he s equence. What r efinements do o ccur b etween t he m edium a nd h igh s cale maps a re l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector. Three z ones a t t he n orthwestern ( exterior) s ide o f t he s urface a re d iscrete a nd confined t o pockets b etween r ocks. None o f t hese c ontain cobbles i n n oticable q uantities. F ive n orthern z ones a re positioned a long t he s helter w all. The Al h earth i s t he f ocus f or one o f t hese z ones, a nd t wo cobble concentrations, d iscussed i n Chapter 6 a s possible h earth maintenance f eatures, a re t he c enters f or o thers. Sparse z ones a re positioned t o t he n orth a nd s outh o f t hese t hree f eature-centered z ones. I t s hould b e noted t hat t he c entral portion o f t he l evel V III-2 s urface i s b asically f ree o f materials a t a ll c lustering s cales ( see F igure 1 04). Except f or t wo i solated p ieces i n g rids u nit B 5, none o f t he l imited c lusters t hat f ormed z ones i n l evel V III-1 a re p resent h ere. I n s hort, t he c lear s eparation o f n orthern f rom s outhern s ectors r emains t hroughout t he c lustering s equence. Contrasts b etween l evels V III-1 a nd V III-2 n oted a t t he l owest c lustering s cale a re amplified a fter z one d efinition i s complete f or a ll s cales. I n l evel V III-1, n orthern s ector z ones a re d efined b y t he medium s cale, a nd o nly t he s outhern s ector u ndergoes s patial r efinement a t t he h ighest s olution s cale. The opposite h olds f or l evel V III-2. Here, t he s outhern z one pattern i s s et a t t he medium s cale, a nd t he n orthern s ector s ees s ubstantial c hange a t t he h igh s cale. The e xplanation o f t his s tructural d ifference may l ie i n t he abundance o f material p resent i n t he l evel V III-2 n orthern s ector. However, r elative abundance d ifferences b etween s ectors w ere a s g reat i n l evel V III-1 a s i n l evel VIII-2. There a re d ifferences b etween t he t wo o ccupations i n t he apparant i ntensity o f h earth u se. The l evel VIII-1 f eature i s d iffuse a nd s hows v ery l ittle e vidence o f maintenance o r r euse. The l evel V III-2 h earth i s a ssociated w ith a s eries o f cobble a nd c arbonized material a ccumulations t hat s uggest more i ntensive u se o f t he f eature. I t may b e t hat d ifferences b etween t he t wo l evels r elate t o t he d uration o f o ccupations ( resulting i n h earth maintenance d uring t he l onger s tay) o r t o d ifferent s uites o f a ctivities o ccurring i n f ocal a reas. Only e xamination o f a ccumulation contents can c larify t hese p roblems.

2 95

With r esults o f z one definition i n h and, c ontent a nalyses o f t he l evel V III-2 d istributions can p roceed. P articular a ttention w ill b e paid t o variations b etween t he northern and s outhern s ectors f or t he r easons o utlined above. The n ature o f z ones a ssociated w ith t he b urnt b lock i n t he southern s ector a re a lso b e o f i nterest, s ince i t may b e t hat a s econd f ocal h earth a rea t here c reates s ome o f t he variability noted b etween l evel V III-1 a nd V III-2 spatial patterning. G iven t he i dentity i n a ssemblage characteristics b etween t he t wo occupations, v ariation i n s patial c haracteristics may r eflect d ifferences i n s ite u se not e vident on t he l evel o f a rtifact f orm.

S TAGE

I II

ANALYSIS:

PATTERN

R ECOGNITION,

CONTENT ANALYSIS

Because t he a rtifact c lasses u sed i n a nalyzing t he l evel VIII-2 s urface a re t he s ame a s t hose e mployed i n l evel V III-1 analyses, correlation t ables a nd c ontent p rofiles a re d irectly comparable b etween t he t wo o ccupations. This f acilitates d etection o f s imilar patterns b etween t he l ayers i n b oth g lobal a nd l ocal a rtifact c lass r elations.

Assessing Global Association

among A rtifact C lasses

Tables 3 9, 4 0, a nd 4 1 p resent t he r aw f requency counts a nd r ank values a ssigned t o e ach z one a t l ow, medium, and h igh s olution s cales. The values a re c ounted and t ransformed a ccording t o general p rocedures o utlined i n Chapter 3 . Table 4 2 s hows t he r ank o rder correlation matrix p roduced f or t he l evel V III-2 l ow c luster s olutions. Because only t wo z ones a re considered, s ignificance i s a ttained only w ith p erfect correlation. P erfect p ositive correlation i s p resent among a ll a rtifact c lasses. This r eflects t he f act t hat a ll c lasses a re most a bundant i n t he n orthern s ector a nd i s a s imilar r esult t o t hat obtained f or l evel V III-1. Table 4 3 s how r ank o rder c orrelations a mong a rtifact c lasses a t t he medium s cale. Three positive r elationships a re s ignificant a t ( p < . 05), a nd o ne n egative r elation i s s ignificant a t t hat l evel. I f a weaker l evel o f ( p < . 1) i s considered, t hree more r elations h ave s ignificant positive values. For t he weaker s ignificance l evel, f our pairs o f c lasses c an b e i dentified. These i nclude: ( 1) t runcations a nd cobbles, ( 2) e ndscrapers a nd b urins, ( 3) u tilized p ieces a nd b urins, a nd ( 4) n otched p ieces a nd d ebitage. Pairs ( 3) a nd ( 4) a re d istinct b ecause e ndscrapers a nd u tilized p ieces h ave n o s ignificant r elation. When ( p < . 05) d efines s ignificance, t his l ist

2 96

TABLE

3 9.

Raw counts and r anks f or t en a rtifact Flageolet l evel VIII-2 based on z ones c lustering solution s cale. Rank parentheses.

MATERIAL CLASS

c lasses defined values

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2

Cores Cobbles Truncations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian P ieces Retouched P ieces Utilized P ieces Notched Pieces Debitage

9 2 9 5 1 4 7 6 9 1 3 1 6 2 82

2 97

( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)

1 6 1 84 1 5 2 6 2 7 1 3 3 7 5 8 2 5 4 68

( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

f rom L e a t l owest a re i n

TABLE

4 0.

Raw counts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom Flageolet I l evel VIII-2 based on z ones defined a t medium c lustering s olution s cale.

MATERIAL CLASS

1

2

3

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

2 5 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0

0 6 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 3

7 1 8 5 9 5 6 6 8 1 0 2 51

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

5 7 8 .5 4 .5 5 8 .5 4 6 6 8 .5

8 .5 6 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 5 5 6

1 4 1 .5 2 4 1 3 4 1 .5 1

2 98

L e t he

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5 6

7

8

9

COUNTS 4 0 0 5 2 0 5 3 0 7 0 2 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 41

6 1 4 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 53

0 5 7 2 5 1 2 5 0 1 8 8 7 7

0 0 2 4 0 2 0 1 9 0 0

8 .5 2 4 .5 3 1 2 8 .5 3 3 5

8 .5 8 .5 4 .5 4 .5 8 .5 3 .5 8 .5 2 8 .5 8 .5

6 6 1 4 1 0 8 2 0 2 1 0 1 05

2 .5 1 3 1 2 3 .5 8 .5 1 8 .5 4

RANKS 4 8 .5 8 .5 6 3 3 .5 2 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5

8 .5 3 1 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 1 8 .5 4 3

2 .5 5 6 8 .5 8 .5 3 .5 8 .5 8 .5 1 .5 2

TABLE

4 1.

Raw counts a nd r anks f or t en a rtifact c lasses f rom L e Flageolet I l evel V III-2 b ased o n z ones d efined a t t he h ighest c lustering s olution s cale.

MATERIAL CLASS

1

2

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

2 5 0 3 2 0 2 1 1 0

4 6 0 1 0 0 0 4 2 2 3

CLUSTER Z ONE 3 4

5

6

2 0 2 3 7 2 8 2 4 0

3 6 1 6 7 7 2 0 0 0 1 05

COUNTS

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

4 .5 7 1 0.5 6 .5 6 .5 1 0.5 4 9 8 1 0.5

3 1 8 5 9 5 6 6 8 1 2 2 51

1 6 1 0.5 8 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 6 6 .5 6

2 .5 4 2 1 3 .5 1 3 4 3 1

2 99

2 0 1 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 RANKS 4 .5 1 0.5 6 .5 4 .5 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 7 .5 1 0.5 1 0.5

4 .5 1 0.5 4 .5 6 .5 1 .5 3 .5 2 7 .5 4 .5 1 0.5

3 .5 1 1 2 1 .5 3 .5 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 4

TABLE

MATERIAL CLASS

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

4 1

( Continued).

7

8

3 5 2 3 6 2 1 3 0 1 8 6 1 41

3 1 4 1 0 2 2 0 5 6 1 53

2 .5 3 3 3 6 .5 5 1 1 2 .5 3

2 .5 5 . 6 .5 1 0.5 6 .5 3 .5 1 0.5 5 2 .5 2

3 00

CLUSTER Z ONE 9

1 0

COUNTS 0 5 7 2 0 5 0 0 1 6 4 0

0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 2 7 7

2 4 4 2 0 1 5 2 0

1 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 7 1 0.5 2 1 0.5 1 0.5 6 .5 5

4 .5 1 0.5 4 .5 4 .5 5 3 .5 1 0.5 3 6 .5 1 0.5

RANKS 1 0.5 2 4 .5 1 0.5 3 .5 1 0.5 1 0.5 2 4 .5 1 0.5

1 1

2

TABLE

4 2.

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder correlation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll L e F lageolet I l evel VIII-2 a rtifact c lasses when t wo c luster z ones a re considered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) cores, ( 2) cobbles, ( 3) t runcations, ( 4) b urins, ( 5) e ndscrapers, ( 6) Aurignacian p ieces, ( 7) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( 8) u tilized p ieces, ( 9) n otched p ieces, a nd ( 10) d ebitage. All correlations of 1 .0 h ave ( p < . 01).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0 1 .0

/ 1 .0

3 01

1 0

/

TABLE

4 3.

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll L e Flageolet I l evel V III-2 a rtifact c lasses when n ine c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) c ores, ( 2) cobbles, ( 3) t runcations, ( 4) b urins, ( 5) e ndscrapers, ( 6) Aurignacian p ieces, ( 7) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( 8) u tilized p ieces, ( 9) n otched p ieces, a nd ( 10) d ebitage. R ho v alues w ith ( p < . 05) a re s tarred.

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

/ .00 .05 . 25 . 15 . 32 .14 .28 .01 . 30

2

/ . 63 . 31 . 29 . 11 .44 . 27 . 34 . 68

3

/ . 30 .11 . 27 .11 . 23 . 22 . 65

4

/ . 71* . 53 .47 . 74* .35 .09

5

/ . 37 .32 . 24 .38 .25

3 02

6

/ .66 . 28 .01 . 18

7

8

9

/ .24 .26

- . 76* .45 .20

/ / . 73*

i s r educed t o t hree p airs: ( 1) e ndscrapers a nd b urins, ( 2) u tilized p ieces a nd b urins, a nd ( 3) n otched p ieces a nd d ebitage. Three a rtifact c lasses ( cores, Aurignacian p ieces, a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces) h ave n o p ositive a ssociations w ith o ther c lasses. R etouched a nd u tilized p ieces h ave a h igh n egative correlation a t t he m edium s cale. Correlation b etween b urins a nd e ndscrapers s eems t o b e d etermined b y t heir c oincidence i n z ones a t a nd t o t he s outh o f t he h earth. Both h ave h igh r anks i n z one 4 c entered o n t he f eature. S imilar r ank values c haracterize b oth c lasses i n s outhern s ector z ones. I n t he n orth, z one 8 h as s imilar r anks f or t he t wo c lasses, b ut t here does n ot s eem t o b e r egular c oincidence i n o ther n orthern s ector a ccumulations. Thus, s imilar f requencies o f b urins a nd e ndscrapers i n t he s outhern s ector s eem t o c ontribute t o t heir g lobal a ssociation a t t he medium s cale. Correlation b etween b urins a nd u tilized p ieces m ust o ccur i n o ther z ones ( given t he l ack o f a ssociation b etween e ndscrapers a nd u tilized p ieces). I n t he s outh, r ank v alues a re c lose i n z ones 1 a nd 3 , a lthough n ot a s c lose a s f or b urins a nd e ndscrapers. However, r ank v alues a re s imilar t hroughout t he n orthern s ector. The h ighest r anks f or b oth c lasses o ccur i n t he h earth a rea z one 4 . T hus, t he pattern t hat emerges h as b urins d istributed over t he e ntire s urface a nd a ssociated w ith e ndscrapers i n t he s outh a nd u tilized p ieces i n t he n orth. D ebitage a nd n otched p ieces h ave t heir h ighest r ank v alues i n s outhern z one 3 . This contrasts w ith t he o ther c orrelated p airs, which a ll h ave t heir h ighest r ank v alues i n t he n orthern s ector. A rtifact c lasses n ot correlated w ith o ther c ategories a lso h ave t heir h ighest r anking c lusters i n s outhern z one 3 , i ncluding cores, t runcations, a nd Aurignacian p ieces. Other h igh r anking z ones f or d ebitage a nd n otched p ieces o ccur i n t he n orthern s ector, a nd t heir r anks a re l ow i n o ther s outhern s ector z ones. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat, a t l east a t t he medium s cale, n otched p ieces a re a bsent f rom t he h earth a rea z one 4 . D ebitage, o n t he o ther h and, h as a m iddle r ange r ank v alue f or t his z one. The h earth z one p rovides o ne o f t he o nly l oci o f r ank d eparture b etween notched p ieces a nd d ebitage, r educing t he overall c orrelation v alue f or t he p air. R ank o rder c orrelations a t t he m edium s cale i ndicate s ome d ifferences i n s patial p atterning a mong l evel V III-2 a rtifact c lasses. Some c lasses h ave t heir h ighest r anks i n t he h earth z one, while o thers h ave t heir h ighest r anks i n t he s outhern s ector o f t he s urface. R etouched p ieces a nd e ndscrapers d iverge f rom t his i n t hat t heir h ighest f requencies o ccur i n n orthern s ector z ones a way f rom t he h earth. I n a more general s ense, i t s hould b e n oted t hat t he n umber o f s ignificant p ositive correlations d rops c onsiderably b etween t he l ow a nd medium s cales o f

3 03

r efinement. Only t hree positive v alues h ave ( p < . 05) h ere. At t he l ow s cale, a ll r elations a re positive a nd s ignificant. Table 4 4 p resents t he c orrelation matrix f or l evel V III-2 d ivided i nto e leven z ones. Only t wo a rtifact c lass p airs a re i ndicated h ere, a nd t hese correlations a re s ignificant a t ( p < . 05). The f irst p air c omprises e ndscrapers a nd t runcations. Both o f t hese h ave h igh r ank v alues i n s outhern z one 3 , h earth z one 6 , a nd z one 9 t o t he n orth o f t he h earth a rea. A s econd c orrelated s et i ncludes n otched a nd u tilized p ieces. T hese h ave h igh r anks i n s outhern z one 3 a nd i n z ones 7 a nd 9 n orth o f t he h earth a gainst t he s helter wall. H igh r ank v alues f or a rtifact c lasses h aving n o s ignificant correlations a t t his s cale o ccur p rimarily i n t hree z ones. All a rtifact c lasses a re a bundant i n z one 3 . S even c lasses h ave r anks b etween 1 a nd 4 i n h earth z one 6 . N ine c lasses h ave t hese r anks j ust t o t he n orth o f t he h earth i n z one 7 . I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he g roup o f a rtifact c lasses l abelled " expedient" ( notched, r etouched, a nd u tilized p ieces) a re a bsent f rom t he h earth z one p roper. These c lasses o ccur i n l arge n umbers i n z one 7 j ust n orth o f t he f eature. More l abor-intensive f orms h ave h igh r anks a t t he h earth a nd l ower r anks a way f rom i t. I f, a s was s uggested e arlier, t he materials l ocated o n t he b lock s urface t o t he n orth o f t he h earth r epresent h earth s weeping a ccumulations, t hen i t would s eem p lausible t o s uggest t hat e xpedient t ools w ere u sed w hile t he h earth was i n operation a nd w ere t herefore p art o f t he a ssemblage s wept f rom i t. L abor i ntensive i tems w ere u sed e ither a t t he f eature l ate i n t he o ccupation o r w ere d eposited i nto t he h earth a t a bandonment. Assuming t hat t he n orthern f eatures r epresent a f ocal a rea " complex", t he c omposition o f z ones 6 , 7 , a nd 9 may h elp t o e xplain s outhern z one 3 . Z one 3 c ontains l arge n umbers o f a ll t ool f orms. I f materials g enerated a t a h earth o n t he r ocks a bove w ere d eposited i nto t he c racks b elow, b y e ither h uman o r n atural a gents, t hen i t m ight b e t hat h earth maintenance a ccumulations a nd f inal h earth c ontents were m ixed. S uch a n a ccumulation m ight b e v ery much l ike z one 3 a nd i ts c ontents s imilar t o t he n orthern f eature c omplex a s a whole. I f s uch s imilarity c an b e d emonstrated, t he n otion t hat t here was a s econd l evel V III-2 f ocal h earth i n t he s outhern s ector w ould b e s upported. We s hall r eturn t o t his matter l ater. There a re a pparant d ifferences b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors i n patterns o f i nterclass correlation. These d iverge f rom t he marked v ariation b etween s ectors n oted i n l evel V III-1. For e xample, b urins a re more e venly d istributed a nd h ave c orrelations w ith other c lasses i n b oth s ectors o f t he s urface. Endscrapers a re a lso a ssociated w ith o ther c lasses h ere, w hich was n ot t he c ase f or l evel V III-1. How d o t he t wo

3 04

TABLE

4 4.

Matrix o f Spearman's r ank o rder c orrelation s tatistics ( rho) f or a ll L e F lageolet I l evel V III-2 a rtifact c lasses w hen e leven c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A rtifact c lasses a re n umbered a s f ollows: ( 1) cores, ( 2) c obbles, ( 3) t runcations, ( 4) b urins, ( 5) e ndscrapers, ( 6) A urignacian p ieces, ( 7) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( 8) u tilized p ieces, ( 9) n otched p ieces, a nd ( 10) d ebitage. R ho v alues w ith ( p < . 05) a re s tarred.

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

/ .01 . 16 . 24 .01 .12 .36 .03 .09 . 12

2

/ . 39 . 08 . 48 .35 .36 . 22 . 18 . 36

3

/ . 39 . 74* . 33 .13 . 36 . 25 . 07

4

/ . 00 . 12 .12 .06 .16 . 19

5

/ . 25 . 03 . 13 . 25 .24

3 05

6

/ .29 .22 . 34 . 39

7

/ . 11 . 20 .31

8

/ . 68* .11

/ . 37

Couche VIII

l evels compare

i n

t erms o f

h omogeneity?

Figure 1 05 d epicts t he homogeneity plot f or l evel VIII-2 b ased on t he global correlations d efined a t t hree r efinement s cales. As can b e s een, t his plot i s v ery s imilar t o t hat obtained f or l evel VIII-1 and d ifferent f rom t he P incevent g raph. At l ow s cales, a ll a rtifact classes a re i ntercorrelated. As f iner s patial u nits a re examined, f ewer correlations a re p resent. I t h as • been a rgued t hat t his pattern r eflects t he i solation o f specialized a ctivity a reas a t f ine s cales o f s patial r esolution. I t s eems t hat, i n l evel VIII-2, v ariability i n non-hearth a rea a ccumulations d efined a t h igh s cales o f r esolution r educes t he homogeneity o f z one contents. Variation i n l evel VIII-2 z one content i s c omplex. Complexity may o r may n ot r elate t o d ifferences b etween t his a nd t he l evel V III-1 occupation. There a re r easons t o b elieve b oth t hat t he t wo o ccupations a re d ifferent ( e.g., d ifferent patterns o f c luster f ormation i n t he t wo s ite s ectors) a nd t hat t hey a re s imilar ( e.g., c hanging homogeneity p rofiles). The r esolution o f t his p roblem may b e a ddressed by e xamining l ocal a ssociations a mong a rtifact c lasses. What i s t he r elation b etween t he n orthern h earth a rea d eposits a nd t he s outhern s ector a ccumulations i n l evel V III-2?

Assessing Local Association

among A rtifact C lasses

Local variability i n z one content i s e xamined u sing percent o f maximum s tandardizations a s i n p revious a nalyses. Table 4 5 p resents c lass maximum s tandardizations f or l evel V III-2 when t wo z ones a re considered. F igure 1 06 i llustrates t hese v alues w ith c ircular g raphs. As i s e xpected, z one 2 i n t he n orth h as maximum v alues f or a ll c lasses, a nd i ts g raphic p rofile has t he c ircular f orm r esulting f rom s uch a p attern. Southern z one 1 h as r elatively h igh v alues f or f ive c lasses, and t hese s how a s peaks on Figure 1 06. D ebitage, notched p ieces, b urins, cores, a nd Aurignacian p ieces a re a ll well r epresented i n z one 1 . Class maximum v alues s uggest t hat d ifferences b etween t he n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors a re p rimarily i n overall material abundance. The northern s ector i s c onsiderably r icher i n a ll m aterials t han i s t he south. Cobbles, moreover, s eem t o b e v ery concentrated i n t he n orthern s ector. I f t here was a h earth l ocated i n t he s outh, t his c haracteristic would s uggest t hat i t was o f l ess i mportance t han t he n orthern f eature. Table 4 6 s hows z one maximum s tandardization v alues f or t he l evel V III-2 l ow s cale z ones. F igure 1 07 i llustrates t hese data. ( In z one maximum t ables t hroughout l evel V III-2 content a nalyses, d ebitage a nd cobbles w ill both b e e liminated f rom c alculations. This

3 06

1 00%

0 .

7 5%

5 0%

.2 5 %

L ow

Med .

H igh

C lus te r S ca le

F igure 1 05. Plot S cale of Spatial VIII-2.

of Accumulation Content Homogeneity with R efinement f or Le Flageolet I L evel

3 07

TABLE

4 5.

Matrix of class maximum s tandardization values f or Le Flageolet I l evel VIII-2 a rtifact c lasses when two c luster z ones a re considered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL CLASS

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched Debitage

5 6 1 6 3 3 5 4 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 6 0

3 08

1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00

2

F igure 1 06. C ircular G raphs f or Class Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when Two Z ones A re Considered f or L evel VIII-2. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( g) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. Circumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

3 09

TABLE

4 6.

Matrix of z one maximum s tandardization values f or Le Flageolet I l evel VIII-2 a rtifact c lasses when t wo c luster z ones a re considered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger. Note t hat debitage and cobbles have b een excluded f rom c alculations.

MATERIAL CLASS

CLUSTER Z ONE 1 2

Cores T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian Retouched Utilized Notched

5 6 3 1 8 8 4 4 3 8 5 6 8 1 1 00

3 10

2 8 2 6 4 5 4 7 2 2 6 4 1 00 4 3

2

F igure 1 07. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when Two Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-2. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

3 11

i s b ecause t hey a re s o abundant t hat t hey overwhelm o ther c lasses i n e very z one maximum p rofile). T he t wo p rofiles a re s imilar b etween n orthern a nd s outhern z ones, b ut t here a re a f ew a rtifact c lasses t hat s eem t o c oncentrate i n o ne s ector o r t he other. Burins, cores, a nd n otched p ieces s how peaks i n s outhern z one 1 , b ut t he f irst t wo c lasses a lso s how p eaks o f l esser magnitude i n z one 2 . I n most r espects, z one maximum s tandardization s uggests t hat t he n orthern a nd s outhern z ones i n l evel a re s imilar i n c ontent. Both c lass maximum v alues a nd c orrelation a nalysis s upport t his v iew a nd i ndicate t hat d ifferences a mong z ones a t t he l ow s cale a re i n material a bundance r ather t han i n content o f a ccumulations. P ercent o f maximum s tandardizations a t t he medium s cale f or l evel V III-2 s how more c omplex r elations a mong c lasses. Table 4 7 g ives c lass maximum v alues f or t he n ine z one configuration, a nd t hese a re d isplayed g raphically i n F igure 1 08. Three z ones h ave h igh v alues f or many o f t he a rtifact c lasses considered. Z one 3 i n t he s outhern s ector d ominates t he l ist, a lthough t he p rofiles f or u tilized a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces i ndicate a r educed p resence f or t hese c lasses. Cores, t runcations, b urins, Aurignacian p ieces, a nd n otched a nd d enticulated p ieces h ave p eaks i n z one 3 . The h earth a rea z one 4 i s a lso r ich, w ith h igh v alues f or most c lasses b ut r elatively f ew e xpedient t ools. Z ones 6 a nd 8 t o t he n orth o f t he h earth, t entatively i nterpreted a s concentrations w ithin a s ingle h earth c omplex, c ontain quantities o f a n umber o f c lasses. Z one 6 h as o nly f ive c lasses p resent, b ut f our o f t hese ( truncations, c obbles, m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, a nd n otched p ieces) a re a bundant. Z one e ight h as h igh s tandardized v alues f or f ive o f t he e ight c lasses p resent: c obbles, e ndscrapers, Aurignacian p ieces, u tilized p ieces, a nd n otched p ieces. The t runcations a nd r etouched p ieces h aving p eaks i n z one 6 a re i nfrequent i n z one 8 . On t he o ther h and, e ndscrapers, u tilized p ieces, a nd Aurignacian p ieces a re a bundant i n z one 8 i n c ontrast w ith t he z one 6 a ssemblage. Z one 7 i s d ifferent f rom t he r ich z ones i n t hat i t contains m iddle-range v alues f or a f ew c lasses. However, z one 7 s hows p eaks f or cores, d ebitage, a nd n otches. This z one a lso c ontains quantities o f d echet ( see Chapter 6 ) a nd may r epresent ( in part) a k napping w aste d isposal z one. Other z ones m ust b e c onsidered s parse b ased o n c lass maximum v alues. Z ones 1 a nd 2 ( in t he s outh ) a nd 5 a nd 9 ( in t he n orth) contain a v aried a nd l imited s et o f a rtifact c lasses. Z ones 1 a nd 2 s hare l ow v alues f or u tilized a nd n otched p ieces, a s w ell a s f or c obbles. Z one I a lso contains a f ew cores, b urins, a nd e ndscrapers. Northern s ector z one 5 combines c ores a nd e ndscrapers. Z one 9 h as a v ery h igh v alue f or u tilized p ieces a nd l ow values f or t hree o ther c lasses.

3 12

TABLE

4 7.

M atrix o f c lass maximum s tandardization values f or L e F lageolet I l evel VIII-2 a rtifact c lasses when n ine c luster z ones a re c onsidered. A ll values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

MATERIAL C LASS

1

2

Cores Cobbles T runcations B urins E ndscrapers A urignacian R etouched Utilized Notched D ebitage

2 9 8 0 4 0 1 7 0 7 5 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 2 0 9

3 1 00 3 0 1 00 9 0 4 2 1 00 2 0 3 8 1 00 1 00

3 13

CLUSTER Z ONE 4 5 6 8 6 1 00 8 0 1 00 6 7 3 3 0 1 00 0 4 2

5 7 0 0 3 0 5 8 3 3 2 7 0 0 0

0 8 5 1 00 0 0 0 1 00 0 7 0 5 6

7

8

8 6 2 3 2 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 00 6 1

0 9 3 4 0 5 0 1 00 8 3 0 8 6 8 0 3 1

9 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 3 3 0 9 0 0 0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

F igure 1 08. C ircular G raphs f or C lass M aximum S tandardization of Z one Contents w hen Nine Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-2. Radii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( 9) c obbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) notched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

3 14

Table 4 8 l ists z one maximum p ercentages f or t he l evel V III-2 medium s olution. F igure 1 09 d isplays t hese d ata. A g reat d eal o f v ariation i n z one c ontent i s e vident. The p rofile f rom z one 3 i s s imilar t o t hat obtained a t t he l ow c lustering s cale f or t he s outhern s ector. A g eneral a ssemblage i s p resent dominated b y n otches, b urins, a nd u tilized p ieces. Z one 4 l acks n otched a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces a nd h as a p eak f or u tilized p ieces. I n o ther r espects z one 4 ( the h earth ) i s s imilar t o z one 3 . Z one 4 a lso h as a p rofile s imilar t o z ones 8 a nd 9 . All t hree a re d ominated b y u tilized p ieces a nd h ave f ew t runcations, b urins, o r Aurignacian p ieces. Z one 4 c ontains c ores t hat t he o ther t wo l ack; z one 8 h as n otched p ieces a bsent i n 4 a nd 9 ; a nd z one 9 l acks t he e ndscrapers t hat a re a c omponent o f t he o ther t wo a ssemblages. While z one 6 was s imilar t o s ome o f t hese b ased on c lass maximum p ercentage p rofiles, i t i s d istinct h ere b ecause m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces a re d ominant. Although l acking Aurignacian p ieces a nd t runcations, s parse z one 1 i s s imilar t o n eighboring z one 3 i n o ther r espects. However, t he a ssemblage f or z one 1 i s s o s mall t hat s tochastic p rocesses d iscussed i n Chapter 3 may b e i n e ffect, i .e., t he z one p rofile would b e a ltered w ith t he a ddition o f a s ingle i tem. Z one 2 i n t he s outhern s ector c ontains a f ew u tilized a nd n otched p ieces i n s imilar p roportion t o z one 8 . However, o ther e lements p resent i n z one 8 a re a bsent h ere, a nd t he a ssemblage s ize i s, a gain, v ery s mall. F inally, z ones 5 a nd 7 appear t o b e d ifferent f rom o ther z ones i n content. Z one 5 h as p eaks f or u tilized a nd A urignacian p ieces. Z one 7 i s d ominated b y n otched p ieces a nd c ores. These z ones a re t entatively i nterpreted a s d ump a ccumulations a ssociated w ith t he n orthern h earth c omplex. Z one 5 i s s imilar t o t he h earth z one 4 i n i ts p rofile f or t he t wo c lasses j ust l isted. I n s ummarizing t he r esults o f content a nalysis a t t he m edium c lustering s cale, t wo a xes o f v ariation c an a gain b e i nvoked. Material a bundance c an b e u sed t o d efine t hree v arieties o f z one. R ich z ones i nclude n umbers 3 , 4 , 6 , a nd 8 . Z one 4 i s c entered o n t he n orthern s ector h earth, a nd z ones 6 a nd 8 a re i nterpreted a s h earth m aintenance f eatures a ssociated w ith z one 4 . Southern s ector z one 3 i s a v ery g eneral c oncentration t hat may h ave r esulted f rom d eposition o f b oth h earth maintenance a nd f eature c ontents i nto a s ingle a ccumulation. I f t his i s s o, t he f eature was p robably l ocated o n t he r ocks a bove. Medium-rich z ones i nclude 5 a nd 7 ( both i n t he n orthern s ector). These a ccumulations a re l ocated a long t he eastern part o f t he n orthern s ector a nd a re i nterpreted a s h earth a rea d umps. F inally, a g roup o f s parse z ones ( 1, 2 , a nd 9 ) c ontain f ew o bjects f rom a l imited n umber o f c lasses.

3 15

TABLE

4 8.

Matrix of z one maximum s tandardization values f or Le Flageolet I l evel VIII-2 a rtifact classes when n ine c luster z ones a re considered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger. Note t hat cobbles and debitage have b een excluded f rom calculations.

MATERIAL CLASS Cores T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched

1

2

3

5 0 0 1 00 5 0 0 5 0 2 5 2 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 00 5 0

7 0 5 0 9 0 5 0 6 0 6 0 8 0 1 00

3 16

CLUSTER ZONE 4 5 6 2 9 1 9 4 8 3 8 1 0 0 1 00 0

5 0 0 3 8 8 8 2 5 1 00 0 0

0 1 7 0 0 0 1 00 0 2 3

7

8

9

6 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 00

0 1 1 2 8 6 8 2 8 0 1 00 4 4

0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 00 0

4

7

2

3

5

6

8

9

F igure 1 09. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when N ine Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-2. R adii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, C r) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value o f 1 00.

3 17

A s econd a xis of variation c oncerns l ocal a ssemblage content. Z ones 4 and 8 i n t he northern s ector a re s imilar, b ut t his i s l ikely i f t hey constitute parts o f a s ingle h earth complex. More s urprising, perhaps, i s t he s imilarity i n z one maximim p rofiles b etween z one 3 ( a r ich z one) a nd sparse z one 1 . Southern s ector z ones s how s imilar c ontent p rofiles i n l evel V III-1. A comparison o f t he V III-1 southern z ones t o t he l evel VIII-2 z ones s hows t hat t he s outhern a ccumulations a re a lso s imilar b etween o ccupations ( compare F igures 8 8 i n Chapter 7 t o Figure 1 09 h ere). There a re d ifferences i n s patial pattern b etween t he t wo l evels, however. I n l evel VIII-1, s outhern z ones f orm a l inear configuration a round t he c entral b lock. I n l evel V III-2, a s ingle z one i s p resent a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he s ame b lock. I t may b e t hat z one 3 a t t he l evel V III-2 medium s cale does not r epresent a s econd f ocal h earth b ut a more compact v ersion of t he l evel V III-1 s outhern z ones. z one maximum p rofiles would s upport s uch a n i nterpretation. Conversely, t he p resence o f c obbles i n V III-2 z one 3 ( admittedly i n l ow f requency when c ompared t o t he n orthern z ones) a nd a d ifferent pattern o f s mall a rtifact a ccumulation, s uggests t hat i t may r epresent a h earth d eposit. One way t o e xamine t his i nterpretive p roblem i s b y comparing z one 3 with more c ertain h earth a ccumulations. I t h as b een s uggested t hat z one 3 may r epresent a r edeposited m ixture of h earth contents a nd s weepings. Z one 4 i s t he only c ertain h earth a rea z one i n l evel V III-2, a nd i ts contents a re more r estricted t hat t hose f or z one 3 . Z ones 6 a nd 8 h ave b een i nterpreted a s d eposits g enerated by c leaning o ut t he Al h earth. By combining c lass f requencies f or z ones 4 , 6 , a nd 8 , a more general p rofile f or a " hearth complex" can b e p repared f or comparison w ith z one 3 . Differences b etween t wo p rofiles, one a combination a nd t he other z one 3 , would r educe t he p lausibility o f i nferring a f ocal h earth l ocation i n t he s outhern s ector. F igure 1 10 s hows t he p rofiles generated f or comparison a fter z one maximum s tandardization. The p rofile f or z one 3 i s t he s ame a s p resented i n F igure 1 09. These g raphs a re certainly more s imilar t han a re t he i ndividual n orthern s ector z one p rofiles c ompared t o t hat f or z one 3 . However, i mportant d ifferences e xist t hat p reclude i nterpretation o f z one 3 a s a h earth d eposit. F irst, z one 3 h as quantities o f b urins, cores, a nd Aurignacian p ieces t hat a re g reater t han t hose i n t he h earth a rea a ccumulations. These a re t he s ame t ools f ound i n a bundance i n t he l evel V III-1 s outhern s ector z ones. S econd, t he combination of z ones 4 , 6 , a nd 8 h ere p roduce a p rofile v ery s imilar t o t he s ingle h earth a ccumulation d efined f or l evel V III-1 ( see F igure 9 3, z one 8 ). While t his s upports t he i nterpretation o f t hese n orthern z ones a s parts o f a h earth complex, i t does not s upport t he i nference o f a s econd f eature n ear z one 3 . I t s eems more l ikely t hat z one 3 r epresents a n overlapping concentration

3 18

3

4 +6+8

F igure 1 10. C ircular G raphs f or Z one Maximum S tandardization o f Z one Contents when L evel V III-2 Medium S cale Z ones 4 , 6 , 8 , A re Combined a nd Compared t o Z one 3 . R adii correspond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) c ores, ( g) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue o f 1 00.

3 19

o f d eposits s imilar t o t hose having a l inear configuration i n t he V III-1 s outhern s ector. The content o f s outhern s ector z ones i s s imilar i n both l evels, b ut t heir s patial p attern i s d ifferent. Hearths, on t he o ther h and, a lso s hare a ssemblage c haracteristics b etween t he t wo o ccupations a nd a re d istinct f rom t he s outhern s ector z ones i n s imilar ways. H igh s cale s olutions f or l evel V III-2 r efine t his p icture o f z one content, b ut t he b asic c haracteristics a re maintained. Table 4 9 s hows c lass m aximum s tandardization v alues f or e leven c luster z ones, a nd F igure 1 11 i llustrates t hese g raphically. Only t hree z ones c an b e i dentified a s r ich a t t his s cale: z ones 3 , 6 , a nd 7 . The f irst i s a r eplicate o f z one 3 a t t he p receeding s cale a nd n eeds n o f urther e laboration. Z one 6 c enters o n t he Al h earth a nd h as a bundant cores, t runcations, b urins, endscrapers, Aurignacian p ieces, notched p ieces, a nd d ebitage. Except f or t he l ast t wo c lasses n amed, t hese a re a ll l abor-intensive t ool f orms. Z one 7 a lso contains cores, a nd h ere t hese a re a ssociated w ith c obbles, u tilized p ieces, a nd m iscellaneous r etouched p ieces. The l ast t wo c lasses r epresent e xpediently p roduced i tems. As h as b een d iscussed, t he z one 3 a ssemblage i s d ominated b y l abor-intensive t ools. Four z ones a re medium-rich a t t his s cale, i ncluding z ones 5 , 8 , 9 , a nd 1 1. All a re l ocated i n t he n orthern s ector o f t he s ite. Three o f t hese w ere t entatively i dentified a s d ump z ones a t t he p revious s olution s cale ( 5, 8 , a nd 1 1). T he f ourth i s l ocated a t t he n orth e nd o f t he l arge b lock u nderlying t he h earth c omplex. These z ones vary i n content. Z one 5 s hows a p eak f or e ndscrapers. Z one 8 h as a h igh v alue f or c ores. Utilized p ieces d ominate t he z one 1 1 c lass maximum p rofile. A more c omplex a ssortment o f e ndscrapers, u tilized p ieces, a nd cobbles c omposes z one 9 . These z ones s how l ow v alues f or most o ther a rtifact c lasses. A t hird g roup o f s parse z ones i s a gain d efined. These u niformly s how l ow v alues f or most c lasses a nd a re t ypically d ominated b y a f ew c lasses. Z ones 1 a nd 2 i n t he s outhern s ector f all i nto t his g roup a nd h ave s imilar p rofiles d ominated b y cores, n otches, u tilized p ieces, a nd b urins. I n t he n orthern s ector, z ones 4 a nd 1 0 a re s parse. Z one f our c ontains s ome b urins a nd c ores a long w ith a f ew t runcations a nd u tilized p ieces. Z one 1 0 h olds a f ew Aurignacian p ieces, b urins, n otches, a nd d ebitage. The s patial d istribution o f t hese c lass maximum z one c ategories parallels t hat n oted i n l evel V III-1. S parse z ones are l ocated a t t he p eriphery o f t he o ccupation s urface. R ich z ones a re l ocated a t, n orth, a nd w est o f t he f ocal h earth. Medium-rich z ones a re l ocated n ear b ut a way f rom t he h earth z one i n p ockets b etween r ocks. A d ifference i n s patial pattern b etween l evels i s p resent i n t he s outhern s ector w here a s ingle r ich z one r eplaces t he

3 20

TABLE

4 9.

Matrix o f c lass maximum s tandardization v alues f or L e Flageolet I l evel V III-2 a rtifact c lasses w hen e leven c luster z ones a re c onsidered. All v alues a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger.

ARTIFACT CLASS

1

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

5 0 1 00 0 8 1 0 0 3 3 1 1 2 9 0 0 0 0 7 2 6 2 8 1 7 9 0

2

3 7 5 3 0 8 3 1 00 7 1 1 00 2 0 4 4 1 00 1 00

4

CLUSTER Z ONE 5 6 7

5 0 7 5 7 5 5 0 0 0 1 00 8 5 3 3 1 1 7 00 5 0 3 3 4 4 7 8 6 7 0 1 2 9 00 1 00 0 3 3 3 3 1 7 0 2 7 0 1 00 1 1 1 1 0 1 00 3 0 3 0 5 0 2 0 0 4 5 6

3 21

8

9

7 5 2 3 1 7 0 2 9 3 3 0 2 8 5 0 6 1

0 9 3 3 3 0 7 1 0 0 8 9 3 3 0

1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 6 7 0 0 1 7 3 1

1 1 5 0 0 3 3 4 4 5 7 3 3 0 8 3 1 7 0

3

4

6

5

8

a 1

a 1 0

F igure.111. C ircular G raphs f or C lass Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when E leven Z ones A re Considered f or L evel V III-2. R adii c orrespond t o a rtifact c lasses a s f ollows: ( c) cores, ( 9) cobbles, ( t) t runcations, ( b ) b urins, ( e) e ndscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) u tilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces, ( d) d ebitage. C ircumference o f c ircle r epresents c lass maximum v alue of 1 00.

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s everal sparse z ones p resent a t t his s cale i n l evel V III-1. This may r epresent t he r epeated d eposition of r efuse i nto a s ingle a rea i n l evel VIII-2 while r efuse was s cattered i n VIII-1. Southern z one content would s upport s uch a n i nterpretation. Z one maximum s tandardizations f or t he l evel V III-2 h ighest s cale s olution a re p resented i n Table 5 0 and F igure 1 12. Z ones 1 , 2 , a nd 3 i n t he s outh a re u nchanged f rom t he p revious s cale a nd n eed no detailed d iscussion. They a re t hree s imilar d eposits dominated b y b urins a nd cores and d ifferent i n content f rom h earth a rea z ones. Stochastic p rocesses may e ffect p rofiles f or s parse z ones 1 a nd 2 . R ich z ones i n t he northern s ector h ave t he s ame p rofile characteristics a s t hose d escribed f or medium s cale z ones. The a ddition o f t wo n ew z ones i n t he s ector does change s ome o f t he p rofiles. Z one 6 a t t he h earth l acks t he u tilized p ieces t hat were p resent a t t he l ower s cale o f r esolution. These objects have b een i ncorporated i nto z one 7 t o t he n orth. A d ecrease i n u tilized p ieces a nd t he a ddition of b urins, miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, t runcations,,and notches characterizes z one 5 t o t he w est of t he Al hearth. These changes a re p robably due t o t he f ormation of z one 4 and t he r efinement o f z one b oundaries b etween 5 , 6 , and 8 at t his s cale. The z one d esignated n umber 8 a t t he medium s cale i s now d ivided i nto t wo z ones. Z one 9 ( occupying r oughly t he s ame place a s t he p revious z one 8 ) r etains a p rofile s imilar t o i ts p redecessor. Z one 1 0 t o t he northeast i s a s parse a ccumulation containing a f ew notches, b urins, and Aurignacian p ieces. Two r ich z ones a ssociated w ith t he h earth r etain t heir z one maximum p rofiles f rom t he medium s olution s cale. Some changes a re apparant, u tilized p ieces a re a dded t o t he z one j ust north o f t he h earth ( here z one 7 ) a nd t o t he one west of t hat a rea ( zone 8 ). The overall p icture of variation i n z one content t hat emerges f rom t he l evel VIII-2 h igh s cale s olutions does not d iffer much f rom medium s cale r esults. Southern s ector z onation does n ot c hange b etween r efinement s cales. Northern s ector patterns a re r efined a round t he Al h earth. At a nd t o t he s outh o f t he f eature, l abor i ntensive t ools, a long w ith cores, dominate local a ssemblages. To t he west of t he f ocal f eature ( in z one 5 ) e ndscrapers a nd r etouched p ieces a re concentrated. The p rofile f or t his z one i s s imilar t o t hat f or t he CO/DO dump i n l evel VIII-1. A s imilar i nterpretation i s offered f or z one 5 h ere. Z ones t o t he n orth of t he h earth contain quantities o f e xpedient t ool f orms. These a re concentrated a t and n ear t he h earth i n l evel VIII-1. Overall, variation i n s patial o rganization and z one content i s v ery s imilar b etween t he t wo Couche VIII o ccupation s urfaces.

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TABLE

5 0.

Matrix of z one maximum s tandardization values f or L e Flageolet I l evel VIII-2 a rtifact classes when e leven c luster z ones a re considered. All values a re r ounded t o t he n earest i nteger. Note t hat d ebitage a nd cobbles h ave b een excluded f rom c alculations.

ARTIFACT CLASS Cores T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched

1

2

3

6 7 1 00 2 5 0 0 4 2 1 00 2 5 7 5 6 7 0 4 2 0 0 5 0 6 7 0 5 0 3 3 1 00 6 7 3 3 5 0 1 00

4

CLUSTER Z ONE 5 6 7

5 0 2 5 2 5 2 5 1 00 3 8 0 8 8 0 2 5 0 1 00 5 0 2 5 0 5 0

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8

9

1 0

1 1

4 3 1 0 5 0 0 0 1 3 8 6 1 0 1 7 1 3 0 1 3 1 00 2 0 0 0 5 0 2 7 1 00 7 3 3 3 1 0 2 7 2 9 3 3 3 0 1 00 1 3 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 8 3 1 00 0 1 00 0 2 0 1 00 2 5 5 0 1 3

a

4

2

3

a 5

6

a 1

1 0

F igure , 1 12. Circular G raphs f or Z one Maximum Standardization of Z one Contents when Eleven Z ones Are Considered f or Level VIII-2. Radii correspond t o a rtifact c lasses a s follows: ( c) cores, ( t) t runcations, ( b) b urins, ( e) endscrapers, ( a) Aurignacian p ieces, ( r) miscellaneous r etouched p ieces, ( u) utilized p ieces, ( n) n otched p ieces. Circumference of c ircle r epresents c lass maximum value of 1 00.

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As was d iscussed e arlier, one o f t he most i nteresting d ifferences b etween t he two occupations concerns t he s equence of z one f ormation i n n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors of t he s ite. I n l evel VIII-1, northern s ector z onation i s e ssentially complete b y t he medium s olution s cale, and t he southern s ector pattern i s r efined b etween medium a nd h igh s cales. I n l evel VIII-2, t he opposite condition obtains, z ones i n t he southern s ector a re d efined a t t he medium s cale, a nd n orthern patterns u ndergo c hange b etween medium and h igh s cale s olutions. This d ifference may r eflect v ariation i n t he mode o f d eposition i n t he southern s ectors of each occupation. Southern s ector z ones i n l evel V III-1 a re s imilar i n content a nd r epresent a s eries o f sparse a ccumulations o rganized i n a l inear p attern a round t he base o f a l arge b lock. A s ingle, r ich z one i s p resent i n t he l evel V III-2 s outhern s ector ( along w ith t wo s parse z ones) l ocated a t t he northern end o f t he b lock. However, t he content o f t his r ich z one i s s imilar t o other l evel V III-2 s outhern s ector z ones a nd t o l evel V III-1 southern a ccumulations. This s uggests t hat t he d iscrete b ut s imilar d eposits d efined i n l evel V III-1 a re s imply l ayered i nto a s ingle a ccumulation i n l evel VIII-2. I n s hort, t he t wo z ones a re f unctionally s imilar, b ut r efuse was d isposed o f a ll a round t he b lock i n VIII-1 and o ff one e nd i n V III-2. Z one o rganization and content i n t he n orthern s ector i s very s imilar b etween t he t wo l evels. However, h earth a rea d eposits a re more complex i n l evel V III-2 t han i n V III-1. The i ntensity of h earth maintenance s eems t o have b een g reater i n l evel V III-2, r esulting i n a s eries of s weepings a ccumulations not encountered i n t he l ater o ccupation. Another i ndication o f more i ntensive hearth a rea u se i s t he s eries of dump z ones paralleling t he h earth complex. These a re r icher t han dump z ones d efined i n l evel VIII-1 b ut a re s imilar i n content. The s patial pattern o f a ccumulations a round t he f ocal h earth i s a lso s imilar b etween t he t wo occupation s urfaces. Hearths and h earth-related materials a re l ocated n ear t he s helter wall, a nd h earth-area dumps a re positioned i n c racks b etween r ocks t owards t he s helter exterior.

D ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As i s t he c ase f or l evel VIII-1, a g eneral d ichotomy b etween d eposits i n t he north and s outh s ectors o f t he V III-2 s urface i s i ndicated. Southern s ector a ccumulations l ack f ine s cale patterns i n l evel V III-2, a nd t his may r elate t o a d ifferent r efuse d isposal mode f rom l evel V III-1. Assemblage comparisons b etween s outhern z ones f rom t he t wo l evels r eveal s imilar content p rofiles. High p roportions o f b urins, cores, a nd u tilized p ieces characterize t he southern s ector i n both o ccupations. Although t he r ichness a nd d iversity of materials p resent i n l evel VIII-2 z one 3 l ed t o i nitial

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i nterpretations o f t he d eposit a s a s econd f ocal hearth a rea, content a nalysis does n ot s upport s uch a n i nference. Rather, t he s outhern s ector of l evel V III-2 s eems t o r eflect a l imited r ange of a ctivities s imilar t o t he l evel V III-1 southern a ccumulations. I t i s possible t hat a s mall h earth ( responsible f or t he a ccumulation o f cobbles a nd small r ock f ragments i n u nit C7) was l ocated o n a rock s urface i n t he s outh a nd t hat t his h earth s erved a s a f ocus f or t he s pecial a citvities. I f s uch a f ocus was p resent, i t could a ccount f or t he d eposition o f r efuse i n a s ingle p ile n ear t he f eature r ather t han i n a d ispersed s eries of s mall-scale d umps. I n a ny case, l evel V III-2 southern s ector d eposits s eem t o r epresent a pamlimpsest of r efuse generated i n s pecific a ctivities. I n t he l evel V III-2 northern s ector, a ccumulations a re s imilar t o t hat s ector i n l evel VIII-1. An i ntensively-used f ocal h earth complex i s i ndicated by multiple concentrations of h earth maintenance r efuse. The o rganization of t he h earth a rea and a ssociated d umps i s i dentical i n t he t wo occupations. A rtifact c lasses deposited d irectly i nto t he h earth a re dominated b y l abor i ntensive f orms. Expedient t ools a re most common i n s urrounding a ccumulations, e specially i n hearth maintenance deposits. As was t he case i n l evel V III-1, endscrapers s eem t o have b een d isposed o f i n dumps more often t han i nto t he h earth i tself e ven t hough t hey a re l abor i ntensive t ools. This pattern s uggests t hat expedient t ools were u sed a t t he h earth while i t was i n operation, and " dead" ( no l onger u seful) i ntensive t ools were d iscarded i nto t he f eature upon s ite a bandonment during both occupations. F igure 1 13 g ives a n i nterpretive map of t he l evel V III-2 s urface. The map i s very s imilar t o t hat o ffered f or l evel VIII-1. Table 5 1 l ists t he w ithin c lass percentages f or e ach a rtifact c lass deposited i nto e ach i nferred d eposit t ype. A comparison b etween t his t able and Table 3 6 ( Chapter 7 ) emphasizes t he s imilarity b etween Couche VIII occupations. However, a f ew d ifferences a re p resent. While expedient t ools were a ssociated with t he h earth i tself i n V III-1, t hese a re most f requent i n " sweepings" a ccumulations i n VIII-2. This d ifference may r esult f rom more f requent episodes o f h earth maintenance during t he l evel VIII-2 occupation. Endscrapers a re concentrated i n d umps i n both l evels; cores a nd b urins both occur most often i n f unctionally specific ( southern) d eposits. The t wo a rchaeological l evels i n Couche VIII have a lready b een s hown t o b e r emarkably s imilar i n overall a ssemblage composition, a ttributes o f a rtifact f orm, t echnology, and u se of t he s ite l ocale. That t he o rganization o f s pace a nd t he p robable r ange o f a ctivities performed i s a lso s imilar i s not too s urprising. D ifferences b etween t he occupations i n a spects of spatial o rganization s eem t o r elate p rimarily t o d ifferent " intensities" of space u se. More materials were

3 27

( 2 ]Hearth

UHeart

hSweep ings

° Hear th D u mps

R ISpecific Du mps OSpecific Use

L oc i

L im i ted U se A reas

Figure 1 13. Hypothetical R econstruction o f Level VIII-2 Organization Based on Complete Spatial Analysis.

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TABLE

5 1.

P ercentages o f i nferred deposit

a rtifacts by class contained i n e ach t ype f or Le Flageolet I l evel V III-2.

ARTIFACT CLASS

HEARTH

Cores Cobbles T runcations Burins Endscrapers Aurignacian R etouched Utilized Notched Debitage

1 2.5 2 8.6 2 7.3 1 7.9 2 0.6 1 0.5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 4.0

DEPOSIT TYPE SWEEPINGS DUMPS SPECIFIC 1 2.5 5 1.2 2 2.7 2 0.5 2 0.6 2 6.3 6 5.2 4 7.9 3 0.8 2 9.1

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2 9.2 6 .6 2 2.7 1 7.5 3 8.2 3 1.6 1 7.4 3 1.0 3 0.8 2 0.4

3 7.5 1 3.6 2 2.7 3 3.3 2 0.6 3 6.6 1 7.4 1 8.3 3 8.5 3 6.5

SPARSE 8 .3 0 .0 4 .5 1 0.3 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 .8 0 .0 0 .0

abandoned, more d umps c reated, a nd more h earth maintenance d eposits g enerated d uring t he l evel V III-2 o ccupation. Because o nly a s ingle f ocal h earth o ccurs i n e ach l evel, t he variation c annot b e e xplained b y i nferring t he p resence o f t wo g roups i n l evel a nd o nly o ne i n l evel V III-1. G iven a g enerally s imilar context o f a ctivity performance a nd s ite s patial o rganization, d ifferences i n i ntensity b etween t he l evels m ust b e a ttributed t o d uration o f o ccupation. Hearth r ejuvenation a nd possible u se o f a s econdary f ire f eature i n l evel s upport t he i nference t hat i t w as a l onger o ccupation t han l evel V III-1. This i s n ot t o i mply t hat e ither o ccupation w as v ery l ong. The s urfaces h old l ittle material c ompared t o many P aleolithic s ites ( e.g., P incevent), a nd f ew t ools w ere a bandoned d uring e ither occupation. I n s um, a r edundant u se o f L e F lageolet i s i ndicated b y s patial a nalysis o f t wo Aurignacian o ccupation l evels f rom Couche V III. While t he e xact n ature o f t hese o ccupations ( i.e., what t he people d id t here) i s not i nferred f rom t hese a nalyses, i t d oes n ot s eem l ikely t hat t he s helter s erved a s a s emi-permanent h abitation l ocus. Rather, t he s ite was p robably u sed b y a s ingle, s mall g roup f or s hort periods o f t ime i n o rder t o p erform a particular s et o f a ctivities u sing t he f lat b locks i n t he s helter's s outhern s ector. More mundane g roup maintenance t asks were c arried o ut i n t he n orthern s ector a round a s ingle h earth. The r edundant n ature o f o ccupation s uggests t hat t he a ctivities p erformed a t Le Flageolet were a r egular p art o f a w ider-scale r egional Aurignacian s ubsistence s ystem. However, t he s ite a nd i ts a ssemblages cannot b e v iewed a s r epresentative o f t hat w ider s ystem.

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CHAPTER 9 S UMMARY AND D ISCUSSION

I NTRODUCTION I n c oncluding t his i nvestigation o f s patial p rocesses i n Upper P aleolithic s ites, t wo a reas o f i nterest w ill b e d iscussed. F irst, t he f indings f or e ach i ndividual d istribution w ill b e s ummarized a nd c ompared. The p urpose o f t his comparison i s t o d etermine i f v ariability w ithin t he Aurignacian f rom L e Flageolet I c an contribute t o a b roader u nderstanding o f ( i) s ite u se over t ime a nd ( ii) e ach o ccupation's p lace i n a r egional s ystem o f e conomic b ehaviour. P incevent r epresents a c ase s tudy o ut o f t he t emporal a nd r egional context of L e F lageolet a nd will p rovide a p oint o f c ontrast f or t he o ccupations o f c entral concern. The s econd i ssue t o b e a ddressed i n t hese concluding r emarks i s more g eneral. The e fficacy o f a n h euristic approach t o s patial a nalysis g enerally, a nd o f t he k -means t echnique s pecifically, w ill b e a ssessed. Weaknesses i n t he p receeding a nalyses a nd h ow t hese c an b e a ddressed b y f uture r esearch w ill b e o utlined. Of major i mportance w ill b e a n a ssessment o f b asic a ssumptions concerning t he n ature o f a rchaeological d istributions, t heir meaning, a nd how t o approach t heir a nalysis. The i mplications o f t he p receeding s tudies a re i mportant f or t he s tudy o f h unter-gatherer s ites i n general a nd f or P aleolithic s ystematics i n p articular. These i mplications w ill a lso b e d iscussed i n t his f inal c hapter.

R ESEARCH F INDINGS AND PALEOLITHIC S ITE U SE

I MPLICATIONS

FOR

UNDERSTANDING

The p receeding a nalyses c enter o n t he r ecognition o f s patial patterns i n a rtifact d istributions a t s everal s cales a nd t he i dentification o f d epositional p rocesses r eflected i n patterns o f a rtifact c lass a ssociations over s pace. The f irst c ase s tudy i nvolves t he Magdalenian s ite a t P incevent e xcavated a nd a nalyzed b y A . L eroi-Gourhan a nd M . B rezillon. P incevent s erves b oth a s a t est o f t he method t o b e applied t o o ther s urfaces a nd a s a more s pecific s tudy o f s patial o rganization a nd s ite u se. Patterning i s d efined a t s everal l evels o f r esolution. The o rganization d etected b oth r eplicates a nd e xtends t he i nformal i nterpretations o f t he o riginal a nalysts.

Three l arge a reas o f material a ccumulation a re i dentified a t P incevent b ased on k -means c luster a nalysis o f t en a rtifact c lass d istributions. These a reas c orrespond a lmost e xactly t o t he " habitation u nits" i nferred b y t he e xcavators. Content a nalysis o f t hese u nits s hows t hat t hey a re s tructurally s imilar ( as i s e xpected i f t hree s imilar s ocial u nits c amped a t t he l ocation a nd p erformed s imilar g roup maintenance a ctivities). S patial a nalyses a lso d efine s maller s cale p atterns i n t he Pincevent d istributions. S ome o f t he c luster z ones d efined h ere were r ecognized b y L eroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon, b ut s ome w ere n ot. W ithin e ach of t he t hree l arge s patial u nits, r efuse a ccumulations a nd s maller p eripheral a ccumulations a re p resent. Content a nalysis o f t hese u nits d emonstrated t heir h omogeneous n ature i n a ll c ases where s tochastic e ffects c an b e r uled o ut. Based o n t hese r esults, Pincevent i s i nterpreted a s a s ite w here o rganized r efuse d isposal was a n i mportant d epositional mode. This p rocess c aused materials g enerated i n s pecific t asks t o b e d eposited a way f rom t he l ocus o f a ctivity p erformance a nd a ssociated w ith f unctionally u nrelated materials. T he e xplanation o f t his d epositional p rocess may b e t hat c ontextual constraints o n movement o f r efuse materials d id n ot e xist a nd/or t hat t he p resence o f s everal s ocial u nits c onstrained t he mode o f r efuse d isposal. The Aurignacian o ccupations f rom L e F lageolet I a re s tructurally q uite d ifferent f rom P incevent b ut a re s imilar b etween t hemselves. The o lder l evel V III-2 s hows a t wo-sector d ivision o f s pace a s. I n t he n orthern s ector, a complex o f d eposits a re a ssociated w ith a f ocal h earth f eature. Northern s ector materials s eem t o r elate t o t his h earth; s ome a ccumulations may r eflect a rtifacts d eposited b y c leaning o ut t he f eature, w hile o thers r epresent r efuse g enerated a t t he h earth a nd d isposed o f e lsewhere. Some o f t he a ctivities p erformed i n t he h earth context c an b e i dentified. I t s eems t hat l ithic r eduction o ccurred t here s ince t he d ensest c oncentrations o f d echet a nd d ebitage a re i n h earth maintenance d eposits. Expedient t ool f orms a re concentrated a round t he f ocal f eature, a nd e ndscrapers a re a lso f requent i n h earth a rea d umps. The s outhern s ector o f l evel V III-2 i s d ifferent t han t he n orth. T he configuration o f a ccumulations i s n ot l inear. A s ingle r ich c oncentration o f materials o ccurs a t t he n orthern e nd o f a l arge, f lat r ock, a nd t wo s parse d eposits a re p resent t o t he s outh. The a ssemblage p rofiles o f a ll t hree s outhern a ccumulations a re s imilar a nd quite d istinct f rom n orthern c oncentrations. Burins a nd cores a re t he d ominant e lements o f l evel V III-2 s outhern a ccumulations. Utilized p ieces a re a lso p resent i n t he s outhern s ector. The u ppermost Aurignacian s urface a t L e F lageolet I , l evel V III-1, i s v ery s imilar i n o rganization t o t he l evel V III-2 d eposits. T he b asic d ichotomy b etween n orthern a nd s outhern s ectors h olds a gain. A h earth i s p resent i n t he

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l evel V III-1 n orthern s ector i n t he s ame p lace a s i n l evel V III-2. However, t he l evel V III-1 f ocal h earth i s s mall a nd d iffuse a nd d oes n ot h ave c learly d elimited maintenance d eposits a round i t. A s eries o f s patially d iscrete a ccumulations a re a ssociated w ith t he n orthern f eature. The a ssemblage p rofiles f or t hese a re v ery s imilar t o t he n orthern s ector i n t he o lder Aurignacian l evel. E xpedient t ools a re most f requent, a nd e ndscrapers a re well-represented i n n earby d umps. I n t he s outhern s ector o f l evel V III-1, a l inear p attern o f a ccumulations f ollows t he contours o f t he l arge s outhern b lock, a nd t hese a re v ery s imilar i n c ontent. A gain, s outhern s ector z ones h ave d ifferent a ssemblage p rofiles t han n orthern a ccumulations. B urins a nd c ores d ominate s outhern s ector a ssemblages. S patial o rganization i n b oth Aurignacian l evels f rom L e Flageolet I h ave b een i nterpreted i n t he s ame way. Northern s ectors o f t he o ccupations a re i nferred c ore a reas where g roup maintenance a ctivities o ccurred a round a f ocal h earth f eature. Activities i n t he c ore i ncluded l ithic r eduction a nd t asks i nvolving t he u se o f e xpedient t ools a nd e ndscrapers. Other t ools w ere a lso d eposited i nto t he core a rea b ut d o n ot dominate t he a ssemblages t here. The p resence o f s ingle h earth f eatures i n l evels V III-1 a nd V III-2 i ndicate o ccupation b y s ingle g roups. N either t he n ature o f t hose g roups ( families? t ask g roups?) nor t he n umber o f p eople p resent i s i nferred. T he r ichness o f l evel V III-2 d ump d eposits a nd t he e vidence f or s everal episodes o f h earth r ejuvenation s uggest t hat t he d uration o f o ccupation was g reater t han f or l evel V III-1. Neither o f t he Aurignacian o ccupations w as l ong, h owever. The s outhern s ector o f b oth s urfaces i s i nterpreted a s a n " extensive u se s pace" ( Binford 1 983) where a l imited s et o f t asks w as p erformed. These t asks i ncluded l ithic r eduction i n b oth o ccupations. Burins w ere u sed d uring t he l evel V III-1 o ccupation, h ut t runcations d ominate i n l evel V III-2. T he " activity a reas" i n t he s outhern s ector w ere p robably l ocated o n t he f lat r ock s urface a nd may h ave i nvolved t he u se o f a s mall f ireplace o n t hat p latform. R efuse f rom s outhern a ctivities w as d isposed o f i nto c racks a round t he b lock. I n l evel V III-1, l inear p atterns o f r efuse p iles w ithin t he c racks s uggest t hat a ctivity p erformance i nvolved multiple e vents, e ach o f w hich g enerated s mall amounts o f m aterial. A s ingle, d ense d eposit i n l evel V III-2 may r epresent d isposal o f r efuse f rom many e vents i nto a s ingle l ocation. T hus, while d isposal modes i n t he s outhern s ector may h ave v aried s lightly b etween o ccupations, t he u se o f t he s pace d id n ot. Overall s imilarity i n s patial o rganization d uring t wo Aurignacian o ccupations a t L e F lageolet s uggests t hat t he s ite was u sed i n t he s ame w ay w ithin a r egional s ettlement s ystem. B inford ( 1978b, 1 983) h as c alled s uch r epeated

3 33

u se o f a place " pattern r edundancy" a nd r elates i t t o l ogistically o rganized e conomic s ystems. I n s uch s ystems, b ehaviours t hat o n a r egional s cale p rovide a h unting g roup's s ubsistence a re d ivided i nto b ehavioural e lements t hat a re " mapped" onto t he environment. Each e lement r elates a g iven p lace t o i mportant r esources a vailable n ear a nd a t t he l ocation. Exploitation o f t hose l ocalized r esources i s p lanned s o t hat t he g roup c arrying o ut p rocurement, t he equipment t aken t o p erform t he n ecessary t asks, a nd t he c hoice o f places t o " occupy" a re s uited t o t he r esource e xtraction t ask a t h and. When a ll e lements a re t aken t ogether, t hey compose a n e conomic s ystem r eflected b y a patterned yet v ariable a rchaeological r ecord. During t he Aurignacian, L e F lageolet s eems t o h ave b een u sed a s s uch a n e lement. The o ccupying g roups were a lways s mall. The a ctivities t o b e p erformed may h ave constrained t he choice of p lace s ince t hey s eem t o h ave r equired t he f lat b lock s urfaces p resent i n L e Flageolet. While a t t he s ite, l ocally a vailable f oodstuffs were e xploited, b ut i t i s n ot c lear t hat t his w as t he p rimary r eason f or o ccupation. The Aurignacian p eoples a rrived w ith t ools i n h and a nd l eft w ith t ools t hey h ad made w hile a t t he s ite. I n s hort, t he r ockshelter a t L e Flageolet s eems t o h ave b een u sed s poradically over a l ong period o f t ime b y s mall, mobile g roups p erforming s pecific t asks. This i mplies t hat t he a ssemblages f rom L e F lageolet a re n ot r epresentative o f t he f ull r ange o f b ehaviours i nvolved i n Aurignacian s ubsistence a nd t hat t he n ature o f o ccupation may n ot i nform o n overall characteristics o f Aurignacian social r elations. The i mplications of l ogistical o rganization f or t raditional P aleolithic s ystematics a re i mportant. The s tone t ool a ssemblages l eft i n a f unctionally s pecific l ocation s urely do n ot r eflect, i n t he r elative f requencies o f i ndividual a rtifact t ypes, t he " culture" of t he p eople o ccupying t he s ite. Without i dentifying a ll of t he " places" composing t he a rchaeological r ecord o f a s ingle s ocial/subsistence s ystem, " cultural" o r e ven e conomic r elations among s ites a nd r egions c annot b e e xamined. We s imply d o not k now i f w e a re e xamining parts o f t he s ame o r a d ifferent s ystem. For t raditional s ystemtics, s erious questions a re meaning o f a g iven a ssemblage i n r aised c oncerning t he The c lassic a pproach t o r egional c hronologies. a nalysis v iews e ach s ite a s a P aleolithic a ssemblage e ntity. Variation a mong t hese s tatic a nd i ndividual real" a nd meaningful i n t erms o f e ntities i s considered " t he . people o ccupying t he s ites. However, t he a rchaeological r ecord f rom a n i ndividual s ite may a t b est r epresent only one material " pose" a ssumed b y a mobile g roup of p eople. Thus, t he s tatic v iew i s l imited a nd i nappropriate i f t he goal o f a nalysis i s a n u nderstanding o f past h uman b ehaviour. Furthermore, t he b ehavioural

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meaning o f t raditional chronological f acies a nd t raditions i s u nknown. We must s eek t o u nderstand t his v ariability b efore i nferring P aleolithic c ultural r elations.

E XPLAINING D IFFERENCES P INCEVENT AND L E FLAGEOLET

I N

FORMATION

PROCESS

BETWEEN

A lthough t he Aurignacian o ccupations f rom L e F lageolet s how r emarkable s imilarity i n n early a ll a spects e xamined, t here i s a n e vident d ifference b etween t he i nferred s ite f ormation p rocesses a t P incevent a nd L e F lageolet. At P incevent, h omogeneity i n z one c ontent does n ot d ecrease w ith s patial r efinement. Accumulations b ecome more h eterogeneous a s f iner s cale s patial d ivisions a re made a t L e Flageolet. F igure 1 14 overlays t he s everal h omogeneity g raphs p resented s eparately i n e ach c ase s tudy. The contrast b etween t he t hree L e Flageolet o ccupations a nd P incevent 3 6 i s c lear. As h as b een d iscussed, t he P incevent p lot conforms t o t hat p redicted f or a s ite where s ystematic r efuse d isposal c hanges t he l ocation o f material d iscard f rom t he l ocation o f g eneration. The p lots f or Le Flageolet a re t hose a nticipated when r efuse f rom s pecific t asks i s d eposited i n d iscrete s patial a ccumulations, i .e., i s n ot m ixed w ith d ebris f rom u nrelated a ctivities. Here, t he l ocations o f g eneration a nd d iscard a re t he s ame. Why a re t he s ites d istinct i n d isposal modes? I n t ruth, t he explanation o f t hese d ifferences i s complex a nd c annot f irmly b e r esolved a t t his s tage o f r esearch. S ome i deas c an b e o ffered. D ifferences may b e d ue t o t he o ccupied p laces. P incevent i s a n " unbounded p lain" i n t hat movement a cross t he s urface was n ot h ampered b y t opography. The collection a nd d isposal o f r efuse may b e a n ormal f acet o f a ny o ccupation, b ut i t may h ave b een constrained i n performance b y r ocks a t L e F lageolet. T hus, more d iscrete a ctivity d isposal may h ave b een c aused b y t he n ature o f t he L e Flageolet s pace. A s econd e xplanation f or t he d ifferences may b e t he n umber of g roups o ccupying t he s ites i n question. Only a s ingle g roup i s i nferred f or e ach L e Flageolet o ccupation. Three " habitation u nits" a re i nferred f or P incevent, a lthough only t wo o f t hese w ere e vidently contemporary ( Leroi-Gourhan a nd B rezillon 1 972). The s everal g roups a t P incevent may h ave s paced t hemselves a nd d isposed o f r efuse i n ways a s ingle g roup would n ot p recisely b ecause t here were s everal g roups p resent. At L e F lageolet w e may s ee t he " usual" r ecord of a s ingle s ocial u nit u nconstrained by i nter-group contact. A f inal e xplanation i s t emporal. A g reat d eal o f t ime s eparates t he Aurignacian f rom t he Magdalenian. I t h as b een w idely a rgued t hat complexity o f Magdalenian a ssemblages r eflects t he e volution o f c ertain s ocial

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1 00% -

V I W 1 VI I I

p in t r ) 0 7 c ) "

7 5%-

c o

5 0%■ 7 r 5 c o

a ) 4 7 , 2 5% a _

C ow r

Med

H igh

C lus te r S ca le

F igure 1 14. Overlaid o n

Homogeneity a S ingle G raph.

P lots

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f or

Analysed

L evels

b ehaviours i n r esponse t o i ncreasing population a nd i nter-group dynamics a t t he end o f t he Pleistocene ( e.g., Bahn 1 977; Conkey 1 978, 1 980, 1 983). This explanation h as b een i nvoked t o a ccount f or t he " explosion" of paleolithic a rt a nd i ncreased n umber of s ites a ttributed t o t he Magdalenian. Magdalenian s ites i n t he Perigord a re t he most n umerous, and ( with a f ew e xceptions) t heir r ockshelters a re t he l argest ( White 1 980). Open a ir Magdalenian s ites a re a lso p resent i n t he r egion, a nd t hese t end t o comprise s everal h abitations i ndicating t he p resence of s everal g roups ( Gaussen 1 980). I n a context o f i ncreasing s ocial i nteraction, r efuse management may have d eveloped i n r esponse t o multi-group s ettlements and a correlated n eed t o maintain s ocially d efined s paces w ithin a n o ccupation. An " explosion of garbage dumps" coinciding with o ther apparant s ocial changes i s a n i ntriguing possibility. However, much more r esearch n eeds t o b e done b efore s uch a n e xplanation could b e s upported. The p resent analyses deal w ith occupations i n only t wo places a t t he extremes o f Upper Paleolithic t imes. The contexts o f t he two s ites a re d ifferent. While t he consistent u se o f Le Flageolet over t ime i s d emonstrated, evolutionary i mplications o f d ifferences b etween P incevent a nd Le Flageolet must a wait a more complete s equence o f s imilarly analyzed l evels. At p resent, a s imple contextual ( i.e., t opographic) explanation s eems most r easonable.

ASSESSMENT OF

THE METHODS AND THEIR

IMPLICATIONS

The k -means p rocedure h as p roved an e ffective method f or analyzing a rchaeological spatial d istributions. Several characteristics of t he t echnique a re of g reatest i mportance. F irst, t he p rogram's ability t o d etect patterns a t many s cales a nd t o i dentify appropriate pattern s olutions i s u nique among a vailable methods. I n a ll s tudies p resented h ere, l arge s cale patterning, obvious t o t he n aked eye, i s p resent i n t he d istributions. F iner s cale patterns a re a lso detected t hat a re not apparant u sing i nformal t echniques. For example, t he excavators of P incevent noted and i nterpreted t he t hree l arge s cale a ccumulations b ut were l ess p recise i n d istinguishing small deposits. The ability of t he h uman eye t o s ee patterns w ithin other patterns i s v ariable. Other f ormal methods applied t o a rchaeological d istributions have i gnored t he possibility of t his k ind of multiple p attern r ecognition ( cf. S imek a nd Larick 1 983). Many of t he f ormal methods p reviously u sed i n a rchaeology l ack t he means t o compare patterns among maps. I h ave a rgued t hat t his i s due, i n part, t o t he r eductive n ature of t hese t echniques. Often, t he spatial r elevance

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o f a ny detected patterning i s l ost a s d istributions a re r educed t o s ingle d escriptive s tatistics. Characterizations s uch a s " random" o r " clustered" c annot b e t ranslated b ack t o t he s ite map f or e xamination a nd c omparison. Even when a rtifact c lasses a re a nalyzed f or a ssociation, t here i s n o way t o t ell w here o n a s urface s uch a ssociation occurs. Methods p erforming t his k ind o f d ata r eduction a re n ot v ery u seful f or a ddressing a rchaeological p roblems. The k -means t echnique, b y p roviding l ocational i nformation a nd d ata o n c luster s ize, a llows optimal s olutions f or a v ariety o f c lass d istributions t o b e compared. The r etention o f l ocational i nformation a lso a llows t he i ntegration o f p atterns i n a rtifact d istributions w ith contextual d ata s uch a s t he l ocations o f h earths a nd l ocal t opography. While t he u tility o f k -means c luster a nalysis a s a pattern r ecognition t echnique i s e stablished, o ther methods u sed i n t he p receeding a nalyses a re l ess s atisfying. Although t he h euristic d efinition o f c luster z ones and t he comparison o f t heir contents i s p erformed w ith s uccessful r esults, more r igorous a nd f ormalized t echniques f or carrying o ut t hese t asks a re d esirable. I n particular, a more d irect measure o f h omogeneity i s n eeded, perhaps one e xamining t he r elation b etween s ample s ize a nd d iversity o f a ccumulation c ontents. Two p ossible a pproaches t o t his p roblem h ave b een p roposed r ecently ( Boone 1 982; K intigh 1 982, 1 984). Both t echniques e mploy modelled e xpectations f or d iversity i n a ssemblage c ontent u nder r andom s ampling p rocesses. These methods s uggest d irections f or f uture d evelopment o f ways t o a ssess h omogeneity, a nd t hese d irections a re c urrently b eing pursued ( e.g., L arick 1 983; S imek 1 984; S imek, e t a l. 1 984). Less i nformal methods f or d efining z ones a re a lso a goal o f continuing r esearch. One approach t o t his p roblem was o utlined i n Chapter 3 a nd u ses t he c entroid a nd RMS s tatistics p roduced b y k -means t o a ssess c luster coincidence i n s pace. As was d iscussed e arlier, t he n ature o f RMS d efinition must b e u nderstood b etter t han i t i s now f or s uch a n approach t o b e f ruitful. P erhaps b y i ncorporating t he d ensity of materials c omposing a c luster, i .e., t he point f requency, RMS r adii c an b e weighted t o e xpress t he a ctual d ispersal o f i tems a ssociated i n a c luster. Quantitative a ssessments o f RMS overlap m ight t hen b e more r elevant t o t he p roblem. This i s a t echnical i ssue t hat w ill a lso b e p ursued i n f uture r esearch. I n a ll, t he t echniques employed h ere f or t he a nalysis a nd . comparison o f a rchaeological d istributions h ave s ucceeded i n p roviding i nsights i nto possible s ite f ormation p rocesses a t P incevent a nd L e F lageolet I . Spatial a ccumulations h ave b een d efined a nd r elated t o multiple s ite f ormation p rocesses. These w ere c ompared w ithin a s ingle d istribution a nd b etween d istributions.

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I n s hort, t he t echniques h ave a ccomplished o utlined i n Chapter 3 a nd h ave a llowed d ifferent s izes o f patterns t o b e d efined a nd compared.

G ENERAL

t he goals k inds a nd

I MPLICATIONS A ND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ANALYSES

R esults o f t he f oregoing s tudies h ave g eneral i mplications f or e xamining s patial d istributions f rom h unter-gatherer a rchaeological s ites. Perhaps t he most i mportant i mplication concerns t raditional a ssumptions a bout t he k inds o f i nformation s uch d istributions h old. A rchaeologists h ave u sually a ssumed t hat s patial patterns i n a rtifact d istributions r eflect t he l ocations o f a ctivities d irectly ( or c an b e coaxed i nto r eflecting a ctivity a reas i f t he p roper " transforms" a re posited, e .g., S chiffer 1 976). The s tudies p resented h ere s how t hat s patial patterns c annot p resumptively b e r elated t o s pecific b ehaviours b ut must b e v iewed i n t erms o f d epositional s tructure. After a ll, a rchaeological materials a rrive i n t he r ecord b y d eposition. To e xplain t hem b y r eference t o b ehaviours t hat c annot b e empirically v erified i nstead o f a s v arieties o f d eposit t han c an b e observed, i s t o i gnore B inford's r eminder t hat t he a rchaeological r ecord i s a s tatic a nd contemporary f act ( e.g., 1 983). The empirical r ecord i s a c omplicated e ntity t hat must b e u nderstood f irst i n i ts own t erms. Then, perhaps, t he t ask o f r elating t he s tatic f acts t o past dynamic g enerative p rocesses c an b e a ddressed. The r esearch p resented h ere h as a ttempted t o a ccount f or t hat c omplexity. The goal o f d escriptive a nalysis was t o i dentify varieties o f a ccumulations over s pace. These a re v iewed a s h aving many potential c auses, a nd models f or e xplaining observed variability were p roposed t hat i ncorporate multiple f ormation p rocesses. That v ariation e xists i n t he k ind o f d eposits over a s ingle a rchaeological s urface a nd t hat s uch v ariation c an b e d efined a nalytically, i s one o f t he p rincipal c ontributions made i n t his work. Clearly, w e c an n o l onger approach t he a rchaeological r ecord a ssuming t hat a ll s patial d istributions will r eveal a ctivity a reas. Another c ontribution o f t he a nalyses p resented h ere concerns t he u tility o f r econstructions b ased o n s patial a nalysis. When t he goal o f s tudy i s s hifted f rom i dentifying past a ctivities t o d escribing t he p resent r ecord, s ite c omparisons a nd c lassifications b ecome e asier a nd more i nteresting i n many r espects. The i nferences d rawn h ere f or t he s urfaces u nder s tudy a re e xplicitly o rganizational r ather t han r econstructive. What t he Aurignacian i nhabitants o f L e F lageolet were d oing i s n ot i nferred. That t heir u se o f t he l ocation was r edundant a nd l ocally i ntensive over a l ong period o f t ime i s i mportant i nformation when considering l and u se a nd r egional s ettlement s ystems. The L e Flageolet a nalyses

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s uggest t hat Aurignacian l and u se was mobile a nd l ogistically o rganized a nd t hat t raditional i nterpretations f or s imilarities a nd d ifferences a mong s ites may b e i naccurate. To i dentify a ll t he d ifferent k inds o f s ites ( in a n o rganizational s ense) t hat c ompose A urignacian s ettlement, we d o n ot n eed t o k now w hat t heir s pecific a ctivities were. The t raditional goals o f s patial a nalysis i n a rchaeology, i .e., t he d efinition o f s ite t ypes f or i ntegration i nto r egional l and u se models, n eed n ot r equire r econstruction a t a ll. I n f act, e volutionary e xplanations o f c hanges i n s ettlement patterns may b e made more d ifficult b y r econstruction t hat i nvolves " tool k its" a nd " activity a reas". These notions emphasize s tatic f ormulations r ather t han t he d ynamic n ature o f h uman r esponses t o s elective p ressures. I ndividual s ites contain t he d ata t hat must b e a nalyzed t o a ddress t he p roblem o f a daptation, b ut s election a nd c hange c annot b e v iewed i n a s ingle o ccupation. R econstructing w hat w ent o n d uring a s ingle o ccupation a t a s ingle l ocation may e xpend r esources t o obtain u needed i nformation. I n o rder t o u nderstand h uman a daptation t o a g iven e nvironment, a nd c hanges i n a daptation over t ime, we n eed t o k now h ow many d ifferent k inds o f p laces composed a n o ngoing a daptive s ystem, h ow e ach p lace f its i nto t he s ystem o f a ll p laces, a nd how t hat s ystem r elated t o s tability a nd c hange i n t he e nvironment. We may n ot n eed t o k now h ow a particular i tem was u sed s ince s pecific u ses a re a lmost r andom e vents, i nfluenced b y a multitude o f f actors, t hat c annot u ltimately b e v erified i n s ystematic t ests.

CONCLUDING R EMARKS I n c losing, s ome d irections f or f urther r esearch s uggested by t hese s tudies can b e p roposed. I n a ddition t o t he t echnical work r emaining t o b e done, i dentifying causes o f variation b etween P incevent a nd L e Flageolet poses a n i nteresting p roblem. D ifferences b etween t he d istributions f rom t he t wo s ites m ight b e d ue t o t opographic f actors, s ocial r elations, f unctional variability, a nd/or e volutionary c hange. To r educe t his s omewhat b ewildering a rray o f potential e xplanations, r esearch must concentrate on ( i) r efining t he variables a nalyzed s o t hat measurement c an b e r elated d irectly t o causal p rocess ( i.e., " Middle R ange Theory") a nd ( ii) i ncluding a more c omplete s eries o f c ases i n t he e quation t hat p rovides control over t ime, context, s ite s ize, s ite u se, e tc. As a f irst s tep, t he l ater a rchaeological o ccupations a t L e F lageolet I ( the Upper P erigordian l evels) w ill b e s tudied. These l evels w ill p rovide i nformation f rom t ime p eriods b etween t he Aurignacian a nd Magdalenian and a llow t he " evolutionary" e xplanation t o b e a ssessed. They w ill

3 40

a lso p rovide i nformation c oncerning t he e ffects o f t opography o n s patial o rganization w ithin L e F lageolet, s ince t he u pper l ayers a re n ot i nfluenced b y l arge b locks a s a re t he Aurignacian l evels. Analysis o f t he l evel I X a nd X I d istributions a fter c omplete e xcavation w ill a llow t he e xtent o f o ccupation r edundancy t o b e a ssessed a nd w ill a llow t he i nterpretive f ramework u sed h ere t o b e t ested. S uch s tudies w ill p rovide a d irect t est o f t he a ssumed s tructural r elations b etween a rtifacts a nd contextual e lements. S patial a nalysis o f bone d ata f rom a ll l evels, o nce i dentification o f s pecies a nd b ody part i s c omplete, w ill a lso p rovide e mpirical t ests f or s ome o f t he i nferences made h ere. These d ata w ere c ollected w ith point p rovenience, a nd t hey c an b e a dded t o a ll s tages o f s patial a nd c ontent a nalysis. These a re a f ew o f t he a venues f or f urther s tudy s uggested b y t he r esults a t h and. They w ill b e p ursued. I t i s h oped, moreover, t hat t his w ork h as pointed t o s ome more g eneral d imensions o f potential variation i n h unter-gatherer s ites t hat must b e t aken i nto a ccount i n a ny s patial a nalysis. We c annot c ontinue t o c hoose o ur methods b ased o n f alse a ssumptions c oncerning w hat t he r ecord i s a nd h olds. F inally, i t i s h oped t hat t he r esults a chieved h ere concerning s pecific Upper P aleolithic s ites w ill b e o f u se t o s cholars i nterested i n t he a rchaeology o f t hat t ime p eriod. I t h as b een d emonstrated t hat a ll o f t he a nalyzed l evels r epresent s mall s cale o ccupations w ithin l arger s ettlement s ystems. Moreover, t hey a re d ifferent f rom o ne l ocation t o a nother. Both i nterpretations i mply t hat o ther l oci must b e s ought i f l arge s cale " base c amps" a re t o b e f ound. I t may b e t hat s ites s uch a s P incevent a nd L e F lageolet a re t ypical, a nd t hat t he k inds o f p ermanent, l arge s cale s ettlements a ssumed t o c haracterize P aleolithic s ystems d o n ot e xist. These r esults a lso i mply t hat s ite-specific " cultural" i dentifications a re meaningless f or w ide r anging, l ogistically o rganized e conomic s ystems. I f t hese l imited conclusions p rovide e ven s light e ncouragement f or o thers t o p ursue ( and modify o r f alsify) t he c oncerns a t t he h earth o f t his s tudy, t hen i t w ill h ave b een s uccessful.

3 41

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