A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities, Part 3: Kelim: Literary and Historical Problems (Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity) [Reprint ed.] 9781597529273, 1597529273

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STUDIES IN JUDAISM IN LATE ANTIQUITY EDITED BY

JACOB NEUSNER

VOLCME SIX

A HISTORY OF THE MISHNAlC LA \V OF PURITIES PART THREE

A HISTORY OF THE MISHNAIC LA\V OF PURITIES PART THREE

A HISTORY OF THE MISHNAIC LAW OF PURITIES BY

JACOB NEUSNER Professor of Religious Studies Brown University

PART THREE

KELIM LITERARY AND HISTORICAL PROBLEMS

Wipf&Stock PUBLISHERS Eugene, Oregon

Wipf and Stock Publishers 199 W 8th Ave, Suite 3 Eugene, OR 97401 A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities, Part 3 Kelim: Literary and Historical Problems By Neusner, Jacob Copyright©1974 by Neusner, Jacob ISBN 13: 978-1-59752-927-3 ISBN: 1-59752-927-3 Publication date 10/17/2006 Previously published by E. J. Brill, 1974

For John Strugnell

CONTENTS PART III

KELIM. LITERARY AND HISTORICAL PROBLEMS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI. Mishnah-Tosefta K.elim: Translation XXXII. Mishnah and Tosefta . . . . . . . i. The Relationship between Mishnah and Tosefta ii. Tosefta as Commentary to Mishnah. . . . . iii. Tosefta as Independent of, but Correlative to Mishnah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Tosefta and Mishnah Differ on the Same Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Tosefta Corresponds to, but Is Autonomous of Mishnah, with No Clear Evidence of Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Mishnah Seems to Gloss Tosefta . . . . . iv. Larger Units of Tradition: Chapters and Their Relationships . . . . . v. Conclusion . . . . . XXXIII. Forms and Formulary Patterns i. Definitions ii. Forms . . . . . . . . 1. Ladders . . . . . . . 2. Stories and Narratives. 3. Disputes and Debates . iii. Formulary Patterns . . . 1. Lists . . . . . . . . 2. Question Answer(s) 3. The Apocopated Sentence. 4. X Unclean/Y Clean iv. The Declarative Sentence v. Conclusion . . . . . . XXXIV. Attributions . . . . . . . . i. Attributions and their Probative Value ii. Unattributed Sayings . . . . . . . .

+

xr 1 154 154 160 169 170

171 175 175 191 192 192 194 194 195 196 210 211 214 216 221 226 236 237 237 244

VIII

CONTENTS

iii. Attributed Traditions and Attestations XXXV. The i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

Weaving of the Law: Yavneh and Usha Definition of the Problem Uncleanness . . The Tent of the Corpse The Beginning of Susceptibility The Susceptibility of Materials and Objects . Connection. Dividing Utensils . . . The End of Susceptibility: Whole Objects The End of Susceptibility: Sherds and Remnants The Fabric of the Law

XXXVI. The Weavers of the Law: Yavneh and Usha i. Definition of the Problem ii. Yavneans 1. Eliezer 2. Gamaliel 3. sremnants are with the larger part. B. And R. Meir says, "Its beginning i:s four [handbreaJdths) and its remnants are four." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:1 A. [ As to] an oven-from what point does it receive uncleanness? B. From when it has been heated so as to bake sponge cakes in it. C. R. Y osesays, "They regard the wood with which it is heated after the removal of the loaf." D. Rabban Simeon b. Gama1iel says in the name of R. Yo~anan HaSandlar, "When it wiH be completed." E. The plastering of the oven-to what extent is it connected to the oven? To the extent that it is, needed. And how much is needed? In an ov>en,a handbreadth, and in a stove, three fingerbreadths. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:2

A. B.

A [double] stove1. Its beginning is three [ fingerbreadths]. 2. And its remnants are three. 3. When its manufacture is completed. C. When is the completion of its manufacture? D. When one will heat it sufficiently to boil on it the smallest of eggs, broken and put in a sauce-pan. E. The ordinary stove[If] one made it for baking, its measure is according to that of a baking-oven [ = four]. [If] one made it for cooking, its measure is according to that of a double-stove [ = three J. F. [As to] the stone which projects: from the baking oven, a handbreadth, or from the stove, three fingers, is a connector. G. [ As to J that which extends from the ordinary stove: H. [If] one made it for baking, its measure is according to that of an oven; I. [ if] one made it for cooking, its measure is according to that of a double-stove. J. Said R. Judah, "The handbreadth was stated only with reference to [ the space] between the oven and the wall."

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K. [If} two ovens were side by side, one gives [ assigns as a handle} a handbreadth to this one and a handbreadth to that one, and the remainder is clean. M. Kel. 5:2 A. A crown of a double-stove is clean. B. The fender of a baking oven, when 1t 1s four handbreadths high, receives uncleanness through contact and through airspace. Less than this is dean. C. If he joined it to it [the fender joined to the oven}, even [merely} on three stones, it is unclean. D. ''The socket[s] for the oil cruse, the spice box, [and} the lamp which [are} on the stove receive uncleanness by contact, but do not receive uncleanness by airspace," the words of R. Meir. E. R. Simeon declares clean. M. Kel. 5:3 A. [ As to] three stones which one joined to one another and made into an oven and covered with plaster, whether on the inside or the outside-B. "They are made unclean through contact and air5iPace," the words of R. Meir. C. R. Judah says, "[If the plaster is] on the inside, they are made unclean through contact and airispace, and [if it is} on the outside, they are made unclean through contact anrd are not made unclean through airspace." D. If onJe fix:ed them to the oven but did not fix them to one another, they are unclean. E. If one fixed them to one another and did not fix them to the oven, lo, they are like the fender. F. If one dug :into the ground anrd made them a fender, they are clean. And the fender of the stove tis clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:3 A. "The socket for oil, spices, and the light, which are built on the stoveB. "Their inside is adjudged as [is] the outer part of the stove. C. "The socket for the light which extends from the stove--------D. "Up to three fingersbreadth is unclean. More than that is clean," the words of R. Meir. E. And R. Simeon declares [the whole] clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:6

A. An oven which was heated from its outer sides, or which was heated without his [the owner's} knowledge, or which was heated in the craftsman's house, is susceptible to uncleanness. B. McSH S: Fire broke out among the ovens of Kefar Signa,

22

TRANSLATION

and the matter came to Yavneh, and Rabban Gamaliel declared them unclean. M. Kel. 5:4 A. An oven which one heated so as to roast on it is unclean; [ if it was heated so as] to place within it raw bundles of flax, it is clean, for one does not [in heating flax] do work with the oven itself. B. An oven which was heated before its manufactme was completed is unclean. C. R. Judah says it is clean. D. R. Judah says,, "This iis the precedent (McsH) in regard to the ovens of Kefar Signa, and Rabban Gamali:el was declaring [them] unclean, and the sages declaring them clean." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:4 A. ( 1) The chimney piece of [ ovens belonging to J house-holders is clean, and that of [ ovens belonging to J bakers is unclean, (2) because one rests the roasting-spit on it. B. R. Yo}:ianan HaSandlar says, '"Because one bakes in it when he is pressed." C. Similarly the rim around the boiler of olive-seethers is unclean, and that of the dyers is clean. M. Kel. 5:5 A. Why is the chimney piece of the oven of bakers unclean? Because on it one rests the roasting spit. B. R. Judah 15ays,"Because one sU!Spendsa kettle on the spit and puts it [the spit] on it [the oven]." C. Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel says in the name of R. Y ol).anan HaSand1ar, "The [lowest height of a] chimney piece of the oven [to be susceptible to uncleanness] is a handbreadth. The [lowest height of the] chimniey:piece of the kettle of olive-seethers is two handbreadths." D. And it renders unclean through airspace only in relationship to the chimney piece. E. And from when does it render unclean? When one begins to seethe them. Tol5. Kel. B.Q. 4:5 A. [ As to J an oven which one filled with dirt up to its halfB. from the [top of] the dirt and downward [what is buried in the dirt J is unclean [ only J through contact [but it has no airspace]. From the [top of] the dirt and upward is unclean through airspace. C. [If] one placed it [the oven] over the mouth of the cistern, or over the mouth of the cellar, and placed there a stoneD. R. Judah says, "If one heats from below and it [the oven J becomes heated from above, it [ the oven J is unclean."

KELIM CHAPTER FIVE

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E. And sages say, ''Since it was heated from any place, it is unclean.''

M. Kel. 5:6 [As. to] an oven in which one put dirt up to its mid-pointB. "From the dirt and downward is unclean through contact. From the dirt and upwattl is unclean through airspace," the words of R. Meir. C. And sages s:ay, "They do not divide clay utensils, but the entire [oven] is unclean through contact and airspace." D. (R. Yose says R. Eliezer says, "'From the dirt and downward is unclean through contact, from the dirt and upward :is unclean through aiirspace,' the words of R. Meir. And sages say, 'They do not divide [etc., as in CJ."') E. Said R. Judah, "Under what circumstances? When one put dirt in it and afterward heated it. But if one heated it and afterward put in dirt, the entire oven is unclean through contact and airspace." F. And agrees R. Judah with the sages concerning an oven which one placed over the mouth of the well or 01Verthe mouth of the cellar, and under which one put a stone, and which one plastered with mud from the sides, that it is unclean. G. And the sages say "In either case it is unclean." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:6 A.

A. [ As to] an oven which was made unclean-how do they clean it? B. One divides it in three [ equal] parts and scrapes off the plastering so that it is on the ground. C. R. Meir says, "One does not need to scrape off the plastering, and not down to the earth. "But one cuts it down [to] within four handbreadths." D. R. Simeon says, "And one needs to move it [from its place]." E. [If] one divided it into two parts, one large, one small, the large one is unclean, and the small clean. F. [If] one divided it into three parts, one as large as the other two, the large is unclean, and the two small ones are clean.

M. Kel. 5:7 A. [ As to] an oven which one partitioned :into two, one part of which was heated and made uncleanB. That one is unclean, but its counterpart is clean.. C. If both were heated, and one of them was made uncleanD. R. Yose says in the name of R. Yo}:tanan ben Nuri, "They divide iits breadth. That [part of the partition] which serves the unclean part is unclean, and that which serves the clean is clean." E. Under what circumstances? F. When one divided it and afterward heated it. But if one

24

TRANSLATION

heated it and afterward divided it, the whole renders unclean through contact and airspace. G. If one of them became unclean through contact with a liquid, lo, Jts counterpart is dean. If by a creeping thing, the whole is unclean, and the thickness which is between them is entirely unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:7 H. An oven which one divided into two is unclean, because it is not possible to do it exactly. And if it is possible to do it exactly, iit is clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:8

A. [If] one divided it [ the oven J [into J rings breadthwise [ so that ea1.h is] less than four handbreadths (high], it is clean. B. (If] one [ again set the rings up into an oven and] plastered it over with clay, it receives uncleanness after one will have heated it so as to bake sponge-cakes in it. C. (If] one removed the plastering from it and placed sand or pebbles between [the oven and the plaster], concerning such an [oven] have they said, "The menstruating woman and the clean woman bake in it, and it is clean."

M. Kel. 5:8 A. An oven which came broken into pieces from the house of the craftsman, [ and for which] one made hoops, which one placed on it, is clean. B. If onie plastered it [the oven and hoops] with plaster, it is unclean when he will have heated it sufficiently to bake sponge cakes in it. C. And R. Simeon declares it unclean forthwith. D. [If it was] unclean [and if] one removed the hoops, it is clean. E. If one restored them to it, it is clean. F. If one plastered it with plaster, it receives uncleanness, and one does not need to heat it, for it has already been heated. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:12 B. An oven cut into rings, each of which is less than four handbreadths [,in height], and there was among them one which was four handbreadths in height-that one reruders unclean through contact and not through airspace, and the remainder are clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:14 Rabban Simeon ben Gamaliel says, "He who wishes to make for himself an oven in [ a state of] cleanness brings a cracked oven and brings a new oven [which has not been heated] and dresses it from the outside and puts dirt or pebbles between them, and even though he has made a lining for the outer one, it is clean." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:15 A large jar which one smoothed and rounded off, and which one has used as an oven, and for which one has made a plaster lining

KELIM CHAPTER FIVE

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on the outside, even though it is able to contain [ something} on its sides in accord with the prescribed measure, is clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:16 A. When does it receive uncleanness? B. When it will have been heated sufficiently to bake sponge cakes in it. C. And R. Simeon declares [it} unclean forthwith. D. Ra'bban Simeon ben Gamaliel says in the name of R. Shila, "When its manufacture will be completed." E. [If} one plastered it in purity and it became unclean, from what tJime is its purification? F. R. I:f.alafta of Kefar I;:Ianania said, "I asked Simeon b. I;:Iananiah, who asked the son of R. I;:Iananiah ben Teradion, and he said, 'When one will have moved it from its place.' "And his daughter says, 'When he will have removed its garment."' And when these things were reported before R. Judah b. Bava, he said, "Better did his daughter rule than did his son." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:17 A. A cracked oven, the crack of which one put facing the corner [ of a room} and which one plastered with plaster on the sides [ to the walls of the room}B. R. Nathan declares unclean, because the corner joins [the whole thing} together. C. And sages declare clean. D. The ledge of an oven which one placed in the corner [ of a room} so as to bake with it is clean. E. And if the larger part of an oven is on it, it is unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:9 F. A cracked oven, on each crack of which one spread plaster, and the place of the cracks [ of which} remains apparent, is unclean. G. [If} one put [,in} dirt or pebbles, it is clean. H. [Ifl one put plast!er on the crack, it is unclean. I. [If} one put earthenware on the crack, it is clean. [If} one plastered it with plaster on the top [ of the earthenJ. ware}, or made a lining for it on the outside, it is unclean, because the lining makes the whole thing into one [oven}. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:10 K. [If} one put on it [ a crack .in an oven} clay, lime, dirt, plasrer, and gypsum, in any amount at all, and even at the craftsman's house, it is unclean. [If one put on it} fine clay, sulphur, wax, wine-lees, dough, or clods, or anything with which one does not make ovens, it is clean. L. The general rule is this: Whatever substance is not used for making ovens does not serve to join the crack together. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:11

A.

[ As to J an oven which came in pieces from the craftsman's

26

TRANSLATION

house, [and] for which he [the owner] made hoops, and on which he placed them [ the hoops], and which is cleanB. [if] it [that oven} was made unclean, [and} he [the owner} removed the hoops, it is clean. C. [If] he restored them to it, it is [ still J clean. D. [If} he plastered it with plaster, it receives uncleanness, and he does not need to heat it, for it has already been heated. M. Kel. 5:9 A. [ As to] an oven of rings, each of which is ies'S than four handbreadths [ in height], and among which was one which was four han:dbreadths in height, that one renders unclean through contact and through airspace, and the remainder render unclean through contact, but not through airspace. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:13

A. [If] he cut it up [breadthwise J into pieces and put dirt between each ringB. R. Eliezer declares [it] clean. And sages declare [ it J unclean. C. This is the oven of cAkhna 'i. D. [As to} the cauldrons of the Arabs, which one digs in the earth and plasters with clayE. if the plaster [after heating] can stand by itself [ outside the hole], it is unclean. And if not, it is clean. F. And this is the oven of the son of Dina'i. M. Kel. 5:10 A. An oven made of stone or metal is clean. And it [ the metal one J is unclean on account of a vessel made of metal. B. [If] it was perforated, damaged, [Pa. adds: NQLPJ or cracked, [and] one made for it a plaster [lining} or a patch [rim} of clay, it is unclean. C. How much must the perforation be? Sufficient for flame to exude through it. D. And so with respect to a stove: E. A stove made of stone or of metal is clean [Pa. adds: as a stone utensil]. F. And it is susceptible to uncleanness on account of being a vessel of metal.

KELIM CHAPTER FIVE

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G. [If] it is perforated, damaged, or cracked, [and] one made for it clay props, it is unclean. H. [If] he plastered it with clay, whether on the inside or on the outside, it remains clean. I. R. Judah says, "[If the plastering is] on the inside, it is unclean, and [if it is] on the outside, it is clean." M. Kel. 5:11 A. An oven of metal for which one maide a lining, and for which one made a chimney-piece, and which one divided into two, and one part of which was maide unclean through airspace-it is unclean and its fellow is clean. B. If a creeping thing touched it [the metal oven] on the inside, it renders unclean through contact and through airspace, and its fellow rendiers unclean through contact, but does not render unclean through airspace. And .its [ the second part's] lining is clean. C. [If] a creeping thing touched it from its outer part, the whole thing [ is unclean in the first remove and soJ renders unclean through contact at one [ further J remove and renders [Heave-offering] unfit at one [ still further J remove. D. [If] about an olive's bulk of a corpse touched it on the outer part, the whole thing renders unclean through contact at two [removes] and renders [Heave-offering] unfit at a one [ further J remove, because it has been made into a Father of uncleanness. And it renders his body unclean. E. "And its airspace renders unclean foods and liquids and hands," the words of Rabbi. F. R. Ishmael the son of R. Yose says in the name of his father, "It does not render unclean foods and faquids and hands, for a clay utensil does not render unclean from its outer side." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:18 A. If it [ a metal oven] was perforated, damaged, or cracked, and one repaired it with iplasrer of any amount, it is unclean. B. If a creeping thing fell into its airspace, the entire oven is unclean through contact and airspace. C. If about an olive's bulk of a corpse fell into ,it, not in a tent, the 'entire oven renders unclean foods and liquids and hands, whether from its, inside or its outer side. D. The general principle is this: So long as it is subject to uncleanness as a clay utensil, it is adjudged according to the rules applying to a clay utensil. If it is unclean as a metal utensil, it is adjudged according to the rules pertaining to a metal utensil. E. If one plastered it with plaster, whether inside or outside, citis clean. F. R. Judah says, "From the inside: if one can plaster it so that it will stand on its own, it is undean, and if not, it is clean.

28

TRANSLATION

G. "But one way or the other it is unclean on grounds of being a metal utensil." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:19 H. A stove of metal for which one made a stand or for which one made clay props is clean I. If one plastered it with plaster, whether inside or outside, it is dean. J. R. Judah says, "As to plaster on the inside, if one can plaster it so it will stand by itself, it is unclean, and if not, it is dean." K. "But one way or the other it is unclean on grounds of being a metal utensil." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 4:20

Chapter Six

A. He who makes three clay props on the ground and joined them together with clay so as to set the cooking-pot on themB. [the tripod] is unclean. C. He fixed three nails into the ground so as to set the cooking pot on them, even though he made on their head a place for the cooking pot to set, D. [the tripod] is clean. E. He who makes two stones into a stove and joined them with clay-[ the stove isJ unclean. F. R. Judah declares clean until he will add a third, or until he will lean [ it J against the wall. G. One with clay and one without clayH. -it is clean. M. Kel. 6:1 A. Three [ met,ti] nails, three [ wooden J pegs, [ or J three clay props, which one placed in the ground and joined with clay so as to set the cooking pot on themB. it is unclean C. And R. Judah declares dean until he will join them to one another with clay. D. And agrees R. Judah that if one set them on the stone and joined them to it, that it is unclean, because the stone joins them together. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:1 A. Three stones which were joined to one another but [which] one did not attach to the earth, [or] attached to the earth but d:id not attach to one another, are unclean. B. And R. Judah declares clean until one will join them to one another and also join them to the earth.

KELIM CHAPTER SIX

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C. And how much is their joining? D. With any amount of clay.

Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:2 A. A stone [fixed to the ground with clay] on which one was setting [ the cooking pot J as well as on the ovenB. on it and on the double-stove, C. on it and on the single stove, D. -it [the cooking stool] is unclean. E. On it and on the stone, on it and on the rock, on it and on the wall F. -it is clean. G. · And this was the stove of the Nezirim who were in Jerusalem: that which is set against a rock. H. The stove of the butchers!. when he [ the butcher J puts stone beside stone, J. [if] one of them was made unclean, all of them have not been made unclean. M. Kel. 6:2 A. [Regarding] three stones of which one made two doublestoves, B. [and] [Pa.: ~MJ one of the outer ones became unclean, C. the middleD. that part which serves the unclean [ stone J is unclean. That part which serves the clean [ stone J is clean. E. [If] the clean [ outer stone J was removed, the middle stone is decided for uncleanness. If the unclean was removed, the middle was decided for cleanness. F. Both the outer ones were made unclean: G. if the middle one was largeH. one gives to this [ outer stone J sufficient [ spaceJ for setting on this side, and to this [ other J one sufficient for setting on this side, and the rest is clean. I. H it was small, the whole is unclean. J. The middle one was removed: K. if one can set on it a large cauldron, it is unclean. L. [If] one put it back, it is clean. M. [If] one plastered it with clay, it receives uncleanness after one will have heated it sufficiently to boil an egg on it. M. Kel. 6:3

30

TRANSLATION

A. As to two large stones [ or J two barrels which one arranged so as. to suspend on them a large cauldron or a large kettleB. only the part necess:ary [ for that purpose J is unclean. C. And how much is necessary? D. The place for setting-a handbreadth. E. [ As to J two jars, two stewpans, two pots which one made into a stovethe space between them is subject to uncleanness through contact and airspace, but their insidie is clean. F. As to the thickness between them, they divide it: G. that which serves the unclean [p:artJ is unclean, and that which serves the clean part is clean. H. R. Judah says, "On it [a wall] and on the projection-if the wall is remov.ed and the projection stands by itself, it is clean, and if not, it is unclean." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:3 A. [ As to J a stove which one placed on top of the s.tand [ for a portable starveJ of stone-it is unclean only in regard to the requiired part. B. And how much is required? C. Ral:rban Simeon b. Gamaliel says in the name of R. Judah, "The required part is three fingerbreadths." D. R. Nathan says, "If the stove w:as removed and the stand which is on it goes up with it, it is a connector. And if not, ,it is not a connector." E. R. Eleazar b. R. Simeon says, "If one tips. the stand and the stove stands, lo, this is a connector, and if not, it is not a connector." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:4

A. [As to] two stones which one [plastered and so] made as a stove and [which] became uncleanB. [if] one set up for this a stone on one side, and for the other a stone on the other side: C. half of this [ the inner] one [stone] is unclean and half [ of the inner one] is clean; and [ the inner] half of the other [ inner stone] is unclean and half clean. D. [If] the clean [= the outer] ones were removed, E. these [ which made up the original stove] have returned to their uncleanness. M. Kel. 6:4 Chapter Seven

A. The fire-basket of householders which was diminished [ to a distance of] less than three handbreadths [from the top] is unclean. B. for one heats from the bottom and the pot boils from above.

KELIM CHAPTER SEVEN

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C. [If it was hollowed out to} more than this [distance}, it is clean. D. [If} one placed stone or pebble [to fill up the hole}, E. [ the basket remains} clean. F. [If} one plastered it [the stone or pebble} with clay, it [the fire-basket} receives uncleanness from now on. G. This was the answer of R. Judah concerning the oven which one set over the mouth of a cistern or a cellar. M. Kel. 7:1

A. The fire-basket of hous'eholders which was diminished [hollowed out], lo, this is clean. B. And how much is its measure? C. In the scattering of its coals. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:5A

A. An ash-box [ of a stove} which has a receptacle for [holding] cooking pots is clean as a stove and unclean as a receptacle. B. [ As to J its sidesC. that which touches them is not unclean on account of a stove. D. [ As to J its wide sideE. R. Meir declares clean. And R. Judah declares unclean. F. And so he who inverts the basket and places the stove on it. M. Kel. 7:2 A. A chair which one has made into an ash-box, even though one makes use of it [for sitting], is clean. B. [If] it was unclean and one made it [dnto] a box, it remains unclean until one will affix it with a nail. C. A metal box belonging to householders, even though the plaster goes down into its midst, is clean. D. [If] one made for it props, it is unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:7 E. A metal hive [large round vessel] of householders which is used as a basket, even though the plaster goes down iinto it, is. rl,.~n [If] one made for it clay props, it is unclean. F. A box of the bath-house attendants, even though one made props for it, is clean, for it is made only to be used with [ on J the ground. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:8A

A double-stove which was divided lengthwise is clean, and [that which is divided] breadthwise is unclean. C. A single-stove which was divided, whether lengthwise or breadthwise, is clean. A. B.

32

TRANSLATION

D. The court of the stove, when it is three fingers high, is susceptible to uncleanness through contact and airspace. E. Less than that is susceptible to uncleanness through contact but not susceptible through airspace. F. How do they measure it? G. R. Ishmael says, "One places the spit from top to bottom, and that which is below it is susceptible to uncleanness through airspace." H. R. Eliezer b. Jacob says, "[If] the stove is made unclean, the court is made unclean. But [if] the court is made unclean. the stove is not made unclean." M. Kel. 7:3 A. The court of the double-stoveB. R. Simeon says, "[If] the stove is made unclean, the court is made unclean. [If] the court is made unclean, the stove is not made unclean. C. "And if it was separate, it is clean." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:5B

A. [If} it [ the fender of the stove} was separated from the stove, B. when it is three fingerbreadths high, it is susceptible to uncleanness through contact and airspace. C. Less than that, or [ if} it was flat, it is clean. D. Three clay crops of three fingerbreadths are susceptible to uncleanness through contact and airspace. E. Less than thisF. all the more so are they unclean, G. and even if they are four. D. R. Judah ·says, "If it may be taken as one [piece], ~t is unclean, and if not, it is clean." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5.5B

A. "[If] one of them [the three props] was taken away, they [ the remaining two J are susceptible to uncleanness through contact [as handles] and are not susceptible through airspace," the words of R. Meir. B. R. Simeon declares clean. C. "[If} one set two, one opposite the other, they are susceptible to uncleanness through contact and airspace," the words of R. Meir. D. R. Simeon declares clean. E. [If} they were [ more than} three fingers high-

KELIM CHAPTER SEVEN

33

"From three and downward, they are susceptible to uncleanness through contact and through airspace. "From three and upward they are susceptible to uncleanness through contact ( as handles] and are not susceptible to uncleanness through airspace," the words of R. Meir. F. R. Simeon declares clean. G. (If] they were withdrawn from the lip [ rim JH. "[The parts which are] within three fingerbreadths are susceptible to uncleanness through contact and through airspace. "[The parts which are] outside three fingerbreadths are susceptible to uncleanness through contact and are not susceptible to u,ncleanness through airspace," the words of R. Meir. I. R. Simeon declares clean. M. Kel. 7:5 J. How do they measure them? K. R. Simeon b. Gamaliel says, "One places the measuring-rod between them. [The airspaceJ from the rod and outward is clean, ( and the airspaceJ from the rod and inward and the place of the rod [itself] are unclean." M. Kel. 7:6 A. "Four props of a stove, two of which were removed crosswiseB. "the second two are susceptible to uncleanness through contact and airspace because one sets the saucepan and the pot on them," the words of R. Meir. C. And R. Simeon declares clean. D. For R. Simeon would say, "Any clay props of a stove which are not subject to uncleanness through contamination of airspace are not subject to uncleanness through contact." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 5:9

Chapter Eight

A. B. C.

D. hung E. F. G. H. I.

( As to J the oven which one has divided with hangings(if] an insect is found in [any] one place, the whole is unclean. ( As to J a hive, broken down and patched with straw and down into the airspace of the oven( if] the insect is in it ( the hive J, the oven is unclean. (If] the insect is in the oven, foods which are in it [the hive] are unclean. And R. Eliezer declares clean. 3

34

TRANSLATION

J. Said R. Eliezer, "If it [the hive] saves [affords protection from uncleanness] in the case of a corpse, which is grave, will it not save (afford protection] in the case of a clay utensil, which is lenient?" K. They said to him, "If it [the hive] has saved in the case of a corpse, which is grave-for indeed they divide tents-will it save in the case of a clay utensil, which is lenient, for they do not divide a clay utensil ?" M. Kel. 8:1 A. [As to J a hive broken down and patched with straw and hung down in the aiirspaceof an oven, with an insect inside itB. the oven is unclean. C. [ If] the insect is in the oven, D. foods which a:re in it are unclean. E. And R. Eliezer declares [them] clean. F. Said R. Eliezer, "From a qol vepomer: If it [the broken hive] saves from the power of the tent of a corpse, which is stdngent, will it not save from the power of a clay utensil, which is Lenient?" G. Said R. Yol:}.ananb. Nuri, "I stated to R. Eliezer, 'If tents [partitions J saved from the power of tents in connection with the tent of a corpse-for indeed they do partition tents-will tents save from the power of tents jn the tent of an insect, for they do not partition day utensils?'" H. Sa.id R. Yose, "I stared to R. Yol:}.ananb. Nuri, 'I should be surpri:sed if R. Eliezer accepted from you this answer. But an answer for the matters [is thus]: If tents saved from the power of tents in connection with the tent of a corpse-for [if] one makes a [space of] a handbreadth by a handbreadth with the height of a handbreadth in a house, [it is] clean-wm tents save from the power of tents in the case of an insect. [If] one makes [a space] for a handbt:1eadthby a handbreadth in a clay utensil, :it is unclean."' I. Said Rabbi, "The answer of R. Yose is the same as the answer of R. Yol:}.ananb. Nuri." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6.3-4

A. [If] it (the hive] was whole-and so the hamper, and so the goatskinB. [and] the insect is in it (the hive], C. the oven is clean. D. [If] the insect is in the oven, E. foods which are in it [the hive] are clean. F. (If] they were perforated, G. ( as to] that which was made for foodsH. their measure is with olives. I. ( As to] that which was made for liquids-

KELIM CHAPTER EIGHT

35

J.

their measure is with liquids. ( As to] that which was made for this and for that, L. they subject it to its more stringent [measure]: With ( the capacity to] admit liquid. M. Kel. 8:2

K.

A. [As to] the mattress and the wrap which were placed on the top of the oven [ and] sunk down into it, B. [ if] an insect is in them, C. the oven is undean. D. (If] an insect is in the oven, E. foods which are in them are unclean. F. You have nothing which affords protection from the power of clay utensils except utensils which have an inside, for example, the basket and the hamper and the goatskin. Tos. Kd. B.Q. 6:6

A. ( As to] a colander which is placed over the mouth of the oven (and] sinks into it (the oven] and does not have rims, B. (if] the insect is in it, C. the oven is unclean. D. (If] the insect is in the oven, E. foods which are in it are unclean, for only utensils [with an inner part] save from the power of clay utensils. F. ( As to] a jar which is full of clean liquids and placed below the bottom of the oven, G. [if] the insect is in the oven, H. the jar and the liquids are clean. I. [If] it was turned upside down, and its mouth was [ directed] toward the air of the oven, J. (if] the insect is in the oven, K. dripping liquid which is on the bottom of the jar (nonetheless] is clean. M. Kel. 8:3 A. [ As to] the basket and the hamper and the goatskin [ aH made of leather] which wer:e placed in the oven, and their mouth was above (the mouth of] the oven, B. (if] the insect is in them, C. the oven :is clean. D. [If] the insect is in the oven, E. foods which are ~n them are clean. F. [If] they were perforated, and one repaired them with plaster, G. [and if] an insect is in them,

36

TRANSLATION

H. the oven is unclean, for the tightly-covered stopper does not apply to [ the egress of} uncleanness. I. [If] an insect is in the oven, J. foods which are in them are clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:7 K. [As to] a jar which was sunk foto an oven and its mouth was above [ the mouth of] the oven, L. [ if] the insect ,is in it, M. the oven is clean. N. [If] an insect is in the oven, 0. foods which are in it are clean. P. [If] it was perforated and one repaired it with plaster, Q. [and] an insect is .in it, R. the oven is unclean, for the rule of the tightly covered stopper does not apply to [the egress of) uncleanness. S. [If] an !insect is in the oven, T. foods which are in it are clean. U. And if one repaired it with pitch, the oven is clean, for the pitch is a connector to it. But as to all other utensils which one repaired with pitch, the pitch is not a connector to them. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:8 A. [ As to] a jar which is 1placed on top of the oven, [ with J its mouth to this side and its bottom to that side, B. [ if) the insect is in it, C. an oven is clean. D. [If] an insect is in the oven, E. foods which are in it [the jar) are clean. F. [If] its side was crushed into its [the oven's] midst, G. [ and if] an insect is in it, H. an oven is unclean. I. [If] an insiect is in the oven, J. foods which are in it are unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:9 K. [ As to) a pot which is full of foods and liquids and !lightly stopped up and placed into an oven, L. [ if) an insect is in the oven, M. foods and liquids which are in the pot are clean. N. [If] they were unclean, 0. the oven is unclean, for there is not tightly stopped up cover for [the egress of] uncleanness. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:10 A. [ As to) the goatskin which is placed in the oven, with its mouth above the oven, and a bone about the size of a barley-corn wrapped in bast or in parchment [is] placed in it [the skin}B. it [the goatskin] is clean, and the oven is clean. C. [If} the clean person came and took it and raised it,

KEUM CHAPTER EIGHT

37

D. he is made unclean and renders the goatskin unclean, and the goatsk,in goes back and renders the oven unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:13 A. Two ovens, one on top of the other, and a jar is extended downward between them, and its mouth is, in the upper [ oven J and its bottom in the lower [oven]B. [If] a creeping thing is in the jar, the ovens are clean. C. [If] a creeping thing is in the lower [oven], foods and liquids which are in the jar are clean. D. [If] a creeping thing is in the upper [oven], foods and liquids which are in the jar opposite the airspace of the upper [oven] are unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:14 E. An oven whose rims extend downward into its midst, and liquids fell thereF. in the name of R. Nehemiah have they said, "One brings a metal cubit or a staff and places it [the cubit] on it [the rim]. From it [the cubit] and inward is unclean, from it and outward is clean." G. If its lips turned downward toward its outer sides, it is regarded like the outer parts. H. R. Al;la says in the name of R. cAqiva, "It is judged like lits inside." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:115A

A. B. C. D. E.

[As to] a cooking pot which is placed in the oven: [Pa.: W] [if] the insect is in the oven, the pot is clean. For a clay vessel does not contaminate vessels. [If] dripping liquid was in it [the pot], it is made unclean [Pa. adds: W'fYM']. F. Lo, this one [the pot] says, "The things which made you unclean did not make me unclean, but you made me unclean." M. Kel. 8:4 A. A cock which swallowed the insect and fell into the airspace of the ovenB. it [ the oven] is clean. C. And if it [ the cock] died, D. it [ the oven] is unclean. E. [ As to] the insect which is found in the oven, F. the bread which is in it G. [ is unclean in the J second [ degree of uncleanness], H. for the oven [ is unclean in the] first [ degree of uncleanness]. M. Kel. 8:5 A. A day vessel is made unclean only by a Father of uncleanness. or liquids. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:IA

38

TRANSLATION

B. Whatever is at one time a Father of uncleanness [through being connected to a Father of uncleanness], and on which one has come to lighten [the burden of its uncleanness], even not through immersion [but through separating the object from the source of uncleanness to which iit is attached], so that it rendel's unclean at one remove and unfit at one remove, does not render men and utensils unclean. Whatever is at one time a Father of uncleanness [and] on which [ oneJ has lightened the burden of its undeanness only through immersion, [before it is immersed] it renders unclean at two removes and unfit at one; fo, this renders men and clay utensils, unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:lB A. Whatever makes a man unclean makes a clay vessel unclean, and whatever does not make a man unclean does not make a clay vessel unclean, except for liquids. B. Whatever tis made unclean in a clay utensil on its inside is made unclean on its outside. [C. And uncleanness. applies to a clay vessel oniy froqi. its airspace or through the moving ( of it) by a Zab or on top of a heavy stone.] D. And it makes unclean only food, liquids, .and hands. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:2 A. A rinsable utenisil which is tightly sealed and placed into the mids,t of an ovenB. a creeping thing iis in the ovenC. lo this is unclean. For whatever does not afford protection in the tent of a corpse does not afford protection in the ten:t of an insect. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:11 D. Three things afford protection in the tent of a corpse: that which is swallowed, and that which :is tightly sealed, and tents. E. There is [ a rule J concerning that which is swallowed up which does not apply to that which is tightly sealed or to tents. There is [a rule] concerning that which is tightly sealed and tents which does no,t apply to that which is swallowed up. F. That which is swallowed affords protection for dean things so that they should no,t become unclean, and affords protection for undean things so that they should not convey undeanness. G. That which is tightly sealed and tents afford protection for dean things from becoming unclean, but do not afford protection for unclean things from conveying uncleanness. H. Things which are swallowed do not become contaminated through the carriage of a Zab, and that which is tightly sealed and tents do become unclean through the carriage of a Zab. I. The leather bag and the basket which have been damaged so as to allow pomegranates to fall through, even though they have ceased to be subject to the law of utensils, [still] afford protection in the tent of the creeping thing. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:12

KELIM CHAPTER EIGHT

39

A. [As to a clay} leaven-pot with a tightly stopped-up cover, and placed in the midst of an ovenB. [if} the leaven and the insect are in it [the leaven pot}, and the partition is between them, C. the oven is unclean, and the leaven is clean. D. And if there was about an olive's bulk from a corpse, the oven and the house are unclean, and the leaven is clean. E. If there is an opening of a handbreadth, the whole is unclean. M. Kel. 8:6 The eye of the oven which one repaired with dirt or pebbles brings uncleanness to the oven only if it is a handbreadth square. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:15B

A. [ As to} the insect which is found in the eye [ outlet, vent] of the oven, in the eye of the double-stove, [or] in the eye of the single-stove, B. [if the insect was found} from the inner rim [lip} and outward [ outside the inner edge], it [ the oven] is clean. C. And if it [ the oven] was in the [open] air, D. even [with} about an olive's bulk from the corpse [found in the outlet], E. it [ the oven} is clean. F. But if there is [in the outlet} an opening of a square handbreadth [in length, breadth, and height}, the whole [the vent and the oven] is unclean. M. Kel. 8:7 A. [If} it [ the insect} is found [in} the place for setting the logsB. R. Judah says, "[If the insect is found] from the outer lip and inward, it [the lip of the oven] is unclean." C. And sages say, "[if the insect is found} from the inner lip and outward, [ the lip of the oven] is clean." D. R. Yose says, "(If the insect is found} (from) directly beneath the (place of] setting the cooking pot and inward, it (the oven] is unclean; [if the insect is found] (from) directly beneath [the place of] setting the cooking pot and outward, it [ the ovenJ is clean." E. (If] it is found in the place of the seat of the bathhouse attendant, the place of the seat of the dyer, the place of the seat of the olive-seethe.rs,it [the oven] is clean. F. Only (when the insect is found} from the blocked up [part of the stove} and inwards is it [the oven] unclean. M. Kel. 8:8

40

TRANSLATION

[If the insect is found] from the blocked up space and inward, it is unclean through contact and ail'Space.From the blockied up space and outward, it is unclean through contact, but it tis not unclean through airspace. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:15C

A. An earth-oven which has a place for setting [the pot] is unclean. B. And [ oneJ of those who make glass, if there is on it a place for setting the pot, is unclean. C. A kiln of limeburners, and of glass-blowers, and of potters, is clean. D. A big baking oven, E. if it has a rim, F. is unclean. G. R. Judah says, "If it has a roof." H. Rabban Gamaliel says, "If it has borders." M. Kel. 8:9 A. A furnace of smiths which stands on the ground and which one attached [to the ground] with plaster so as to place the cooking,pot on it is unclean. B. But what is unclean is only that which is necessary for use. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:16 A. A stove which one set on top of the upper aperture, even though one may set the pot on it, is clean. B. [If] one maide for it clay props, lit is unclean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:17A A. A large furnace, io, this is clean. B. For it is made only to be used on the ground. C. R. Meir says in the name of R. Gamaliel, "If it has a rim, it is unclean." D. R. Judah says in the name of R. Gamaliel, "If it has a roof." E. R. Yose says in the name of R. Gamaliel, "If .it has lips." F. And all are for the same reason. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6: 17

A. [ As to] one unclean through touching a corpse, who had in his mouth foods and liquids: B. [ if) he poked his head into the airspace of the clean ovenC. they [the liquids] have made it unclean. D. And the clean [person] who had foods and liquids in his mouth and poked his head into the airspace of the unclean ovenE. they [liquids] are made unclean. F. [If) one was eating a fig with unclean hands, [ and] he poked his hand into his mouth to remove the pit-

KELIM CHAPTER

EIGHT

41

G.

R. Meir declares [the fig] unclean. R. Judah declares [the fig] clean. R. Y ose says, "If he turned over [ the fig in his mouth J, it [the fig] is unclean. If he did not turn [it] over, it [the fig] is clean." J. [If] a coin was in his mouth, K. R. Yose says, "If it is for his thirst, it is unclean." M. Kel. 8:10 H. I.

A. Anything affords protection from the power of a clay utens,il, even a utensil made of dung or a utensil made of stones, or a utensil made of dirt-except for the man. B. How so? C. A dean perison who had foods and liquids in his mouth and poked his head into the airspace of an unclean ovenD. they [liquids] arc made unclean. E. And they do not take account of the possibility that they are attached to the spring. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:5 A. The [ unclean] woman from whose breasts milk has dripped and fallen into the air [ space J of the ovenB. it [ the oven] is unclean. C. For the liquid renders unclean both by intent and not by intent. D. [If] she was cleaning it [the oven J out, and the thorn pricked her, and blood came out of her, or [ if] she was burned and put her finger into her mouth, E. it [ the oven] is unclean.

M. Kel. 8:11 Chapter Nine A. [ As to] a needle or a ring [ unclean with corpse-uncleanness] which were found [ embedded] in the ground of the oven, B. [ and] they are seen [ in the oven] but do not project-C. if one bakes the dough, and it [ the dough] touches them [ the needle or ring], D. [the oven is] unclean. E. Concerning what sort of dough did they speak? Concerning medium dough. F. [If] they [a needle or ring] were found in the plaster of the oven with a tightly fitting cover, G. if in an unclean [ oven], they are unclean, H. and if in a clean [oven], they are clean. I. If they were found in the stopper of the jar-

42

TRANSLATION

J. [if K. L. clean.

found} at its sides [ of the stopper}, they are unclean.

[If they were found} oposite its mouth, they are clean. [If} they appear in its midst but not in its airspace, they are

M. [If} they sink into it, N. and under them is [plaster} about as much as the garlic-peel, 0.

[ they are J clean.

M. Kel. 9:1 A. A needle or a ring which were found [n the stopper of the jar at the side of the jar, B. if they were unclean, they hruve not made the jar unclean. C. And if they were dean, the jar does not afford them protection in the tent of the corpse. D. [If} they were found above the lip of the jar opposite the inside of the jar, whether the plaster flows under them or does not flow under them, E. if they were unclean, they have not made the jar uncle:rn. F. And if they were clean, the jar affords them protection in the tent of the corpse. G. [If] they were found bdow the lips opposite the inside of the jar, when the plaster Clows under them, if they were unclean, they have not made the jar unclean, but if they were clean, the jar does afford them protection in the tent of the corpse. H. [If] the plaster. does not flow under them, if they were unclean, they haYe made the jar unclean, and if they were dean, the jar does not afford them protection in the tent of a corpse. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7: ! A. A jar which is filled with clean liquids, and a siphon is in it, covered with a tightly-affixed cover, and placed in the tent of the corpseB. The House of Shammai say, "The jar and the liquids are clean, and the siphon is unclean." C. And the House of Hillel say, "Also the siphon is clean." D. The House of Hillel reverted to teach according to the words of the House of Shammai.

M. Kel. 9:2 A. [ As to the case of} the insect which is found below the ground of the oven--B. [ the oven is} clean. C. For I say, "It fell while alive and now has died." D. A needle or ring which were found below the ground of the oven-

KELIM CHAPTER NINE

E. F. G. H. I.

43

[ the oven is] clean. For I say, "They were there before the oven came." [If] they [the ring or needle] were found in the wood-ashes, [ the oven is] unclean. For it has nothing on which to hang [ = blame it].

M. Kel. 9:3 A. An insect which was found in the ashes of the oven below the bottom of the oven is clean, because there is something on which to blame it. B. [ As to] a needle or a ring which were found in the ashes of the oven below the bottom of the oven, C. [the oven is] unclean, because there iis nothing on which to blame it. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:2A

A. [ As to the case of] a sponge which absorbed unclean liquids and was dried on the outside and [then] fell into the airspace of the ovenB. [ the oven is] unclean, C. for liquid eventually exudes. D. And so a piece of turnip or reed-grass. E. But R. Simeon declares clean in [the case of] these two.

M. Kel. 9:4 A. A wick which is full of unclean liquids and dried up on the outside and fell into the airspace of the ovenB. when it [the oven] is heated, [the oven is] unclean. C. When not heated, [the oven is] clean. D. But a sponge in either case is unclean, because it ,is made to absorb [liquid]. E. R. Meir declares unclean in the ca:s'e of reed-grass because the market-inspectors examine the wine. F. R. Yose declares unclean in the case of reed-grass because the physician places it on the wound to draw up the liquid. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:19

A. [ As to] sherds which have been used [ with J unclean liquids and fell into the airspace of the oven, B. [if] the oven was heated, C. [ the oven is J unclean, D. for liquid eventually exudes. E. And so with new olive-peat. F. But with old [ olive-peat], G. [ the oven is] clean.

44

TRANSLATION

H. And if it is known that liquids exude from them even after three years, it is made unclean. M. Kel. 9:5 A. [ As to J the olive-peat and grape-skins which were prepared in [ the condition of J cleanness, and unclean [people J walked on them, and afterward liquids exuded from themB. [ the liquids are J clean. C. For in the first place they were prepared in cleanness. D. (1) The spindle which swallowed the spindle-hook, (2) the ox-goad which swallowed up the iron-point, ( 3) the clay brick which swallowed up the ring, E. and they are [Pa.: were J cleanF. [if] they entered the tent of the corpse, G. they are made unclean. H. [If] the Zab shifted them, I. they are made unclean. J. [If] they fell into the airspace of the clean oven, K. they have rendered it unclean. L. [If] a loaf of Heave-offering touched them, M. it [the loaf] is clean. M. Kel. 9:6 A. Olive-peat which was prepared in [ conditions of] cleanness and feH into the airspace of the oven, even when it [the oven] is heated-[the oven is] dean. B. And [olive-peat] which was maide in [ conditions of] cleanness and became unclean and feH into the airspace of the orvenC. when it [the oven] is heated, [the oven is] unclean. D. When it [the oven] is not heated, [the oven is] clean. E. And R. Simeon declares it clean. F. R. Eleazar b. R. Simeon says, "The House of Shammai declare unclean, and the House of Hillel declare dean. G. "Under what circumstances? H. "For new [peat]. I. "But for old [peat] all agree that it is clean." J. What is o1d [ipeat]? After twelve months. K. Abba Yose ben Dosetai and R. Yose b. HaMeshulam say, "[If] it has idried, [it is clean] afrer thirty days. [If] it has not dried, even after three years [,it is still unclean]." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 6:18

A. [ As to J a colander which is placed over the mouth of the oven [ forming] a tightly stopped up cover,

KELIM CHAPTER

NINE

45

B. [if] it [the plaster forming the tightly stopped up cover] was cracked from the oven to the colanderC. its measure is the tip of the ox-goad, that it [ can J not enter. D. R. Judah says, "It enters." E. [ if] the colander was cracked, F. its measure is the tip of the ox-goad [which can] enter. G. R. Judah says, "That it does not enter." H. [If] it [ the split J was curved, I. it is not regarded [ as if it were J lengthwise. J. But its measure is such that the tip of the ox-goad enters. M. Kel. 9:7 A. [ As to J an oven which was perforated at its eye [ aperture JB. its measure [ that of the hole J is the thickness of a spindlestaff, entering and leaving, burning. C. R. Judah says, "Not burning." D. [If] it was perforated from its side, E. its measure is the thickness of a spindle-staff, entering and leaving, not burning. F. R. Judah says, "Burning." G. R. Simeon says, "From the middle, entering. From the side, not entering." H. And so he would rule concerning the stopper of the jug which was perforated: "Its measure is the thickness of the second knot of an oat-stalk1. "from the middle, entering, J. ''from the side, not entering." K. And so he would say in regard to large jars which were perforated: L. "Their measure is the thickness of the second knot of a reedM. "from the middle, entering N. "from the side, not entering. 0. "Under what circumstances? P. "When they are made for wine. Q. "But if they are made for other liquids, R. "however small [ the hole J, they are unclean. S. "Under what circumstances? T. "'When they have not been made by man. But if they have been made by man, however little the hole, they [the jars] are unclean." U. [If] they were perforated:

46

TRANSLATION

V. That with olives. W. That X. That Y. they

which is made for foods-their

[Pa.: its] measure is

which is made for liquids-their measure is with liquids. which is made for this and thatlay on it its more stringent [ condition J: ( 1) a tightly stopped up cover, and (2) liquids can filter into it.

R. Simeon says, "In the case of the eye-outlet, [ there are] two measures: from the middle, capable of entering, and from the side, not capable of entering." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:2 A. How do they examine clay utensils to know whether it is not [so perforated as to] admit liquid? B. One would fill a trough with water and place the jar in it, and if it does not admit [water], .it is known that it is not so perforated as to admit water. C. R. Judah says, "In the first instance one wou1d cover the pot in the midst of the trough and allow water to flow over it, and if ,it did not admit it, it is known that it :is not so perforated so a:s to receive lriquid. ''[Or] one would place it on the fire and [if] the fire stops [the leakage], it is known that it is so perforated as to admit liquid. [ If] the fire does not stop [ the leakage], it is !known that it is so perforated as to admit liquid." D. R. Yose says, "If one places it on the hot ashes, and [if] the ashes stop .it up, it is known that it is not perforated so as to admit liquid. E. "[If] the hot ashes do not stop it up, it is known that it is so perforated as to admit liquid." F. "If it drips drop after drop, it is known that it is. so perforated as to admit liquid." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:3

Chapter Ten

A. These utensils afford protection with a tightly stopped-up cover: B. Vessels [made] ( 1) of dung, vessels ( 2) of stone, vessels (3) of earth [not fired], vessels (4) of [fired] clay, and vessels (5) of alum-crystal; C. [vessels made from] (6) bones of the fish, and (7) its skin; ( 8) bones of an animal which is in the sea [mammals] and ( 9) its skin; D. and (10) [those] wooden vessels

KELIM CHAPTER TEN

47

E. that are clean. F. They afford protection (1) whether [the tightly stopped-up cover is} above or at their side (2) whether they are setting on their bottoms or leaning on their sides. G. [If} they were turned upside down, they protect all which is under them to the nethermost deep. H. R. Eliezer declares unclean. I. They protect everything, except for a clay utensil. J. For it [ a clay utensil] protects only the foods, and the liquids, and clay utensils. M. Kel. 10:1 A. [Utensils made from] (l) bones of birds and (2) unfinished metal utensils [ which are insusceptible J and ( 3) clean wooden utensils afford protection with a tightly sealed cover. B. And R. Y ose adds, "Also a convex chest which is [ tightly J covered." C. The hollmv which is, in the chip and which is in the beam, and the stopper which is ocnthe jar do not afford protection when tightly cm·ered. D. And if there is in them an empty-space of a handbreadth sguare, they do afford protection [ as a tent J if they are covered. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:4 A. A jar which one inverted against the wall and whose lips one plastered [to the wall] affords protection for what is inside it and for what is opposite it in the wall. B. [If] om:: overturned it and pla,tc:rcd its lips together with the earth, C. it affords protection for what is inside it ,md for what is opposite it in the earth. D. R. Eliezer says, "Th.at which is turned ups,ide down does not afford protection." E. And R. Eliezer agrees concerning two saucepans and [ or J two pots which one inverted against each other and plastered togetht:r with plaster on the sides, that they afford protection as a tightly sealeJ cover; F. but if it was a small utensil and does not contain a handbreadth square and it is dnverted on its mouth, it does not afford protection. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:5-6 A. A pot which one turned over onto the mouth of :a jar and the lips of which are plastered to the sides of the j,ir affords protection for what is in the jar and for what is between it and the jar. B. [If] one placed it in its ordinary position [ right sjde up J and ,it was made uncleanC. an unclean utensil does not interpose. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:12

48

TRANSLATION

A. Two saucepans and two pots which one turned upside rd.own into one another, and the upper one exceeds [the lower one's rim}, even though one plastered it with plaster on the sidesthey ,do not afford prot-ection. B. For whatever does not afford protection in the tent of the corpse does not afford protection in the t.ientof the ins,ect. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:13 A. "A funnel, even when clean, does not afford protection with a cover," the words of R. Meir. And sages say, "It affords protection with a cover." B. And there is no purifying a clay utensil except through breaking it, and even if one attached it to the ground, and even if one affixed it with a nail, filled it with plaster or gypsum. Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel declares clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:14

A. With what do they stop up? B. With (1) lime and with (2) gypsum, with (3) pitch and with ( 4) wax, with ( 5) plaster and with ( 6) excrement, with ( 7) crude clay and with (8) potter's clay and (9) with any thing which is used for plaster. C. They do not stop up either with ( 10) tin, or with ( 11) lead, because it is a covering, but it is not tightly stopped-up. D. They stop up not with swollen fig-cake, or with dough which is kneaded in fruit-juice, so that one may not bring it to unfitness. E. And if one stopped up, it [the stopper} affords protection. M. Kel. 10:2 A. They do not stop up with tin, because it is a covering but is not tightly stopped up. And if one used it for reenforcing [the cover}, lo, this affords protection. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:7

A. outB. C.

D.

E. F. G. H.

A plug of the jar which became loosened but has not fallen R. Judah says, "It affords protection." And sages say, "It does not afford protection." [If} its finger-hold was sunk below[if} the insect was in it, the jar is unclean. [If} the insect was in the jar, foods which are in it are unclean.

M. Kel. 10:3 A. [ As to} the ball and the coil of reed-grass which one placed on the mouth of the jar-

KELIM CHAPTER TEN

49

B. if one plastered [ them J from the sides [ onlyJ, it [ the ball or co,il} does not afford protection, C. until one will plaster above and below. D. And so with a patch of woven stuff. E. [If the coverJ was [ made J of paper or of leather, and one tied it with a cord, if one plastered (it} from the sides, it affords protection. M. Kel. 10:4 A. A patch [of cloth J which one _placedover the mouth of a jar, and the lips of which one pla:stered with [ = on to J the sides of the jar affords protection for what is in the jar and for what is between it and the jar. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:lA A. The wine-jug [made] of the skin of the fish and the papyrus with which one covered the jar and tied below, lo, [such as} this affords protection. B. The skin of the fish and the papyrus with which one covered the jar but which one did not tie below, even though one plastered with plaster from the Slides.,do not afford protection. C. For whatever does not afford protection in the tent of the corpse does not afford protection in the tent of the insect. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:11 A. The broken bottoms of ladling jars and the broken bottoms of jars and the bottoms of utensils and their sidesB. they [priests J do not draw [ water for the heifer-ashes J with them, and they do not sanctify with them [ = wash the hands and feet], and they do not sprinkle from them [for purifying corpseuncleanness], and they do not afford protection when nightly sealed, and they do not afford protection from the power of a clay utensil. [If} one trimmed them, smoothed them, and made them into utensils, they draw [water for the heifer-ashes] with them, and they do sanctify with them, and they do sprinkle from them, and they afford protection when tightly sealed, and they afford protection from the power of clay utensils. C. "And they receive uncleanness from rt:henon," the words of R. Meir. D. And sages, say, "Every day utensi1 which was clean for one moment never aga,in is subject to uncleanness." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:15 E. The 'broken bottoms of wooden utensils and bone utensils and glass utensilsF. they ,do not draw with them, and they do not sanctify with them, and they do not sprinkle from them, and they do not afford protection when tight1y sealed, and they do not afford protection from the power of a clay utensil. 4

50

TRANSLATION

(If] one trimmed them and smoothed them off a:nd ma.de them into utensi1s,, they draw [ water J with them and sanctify with them and sprinkle from them, and they afford protection when llightly sealed, and they afford protection from the power of a clay utensil. G. The sherds of clay utensils which hold anything at all-they draw with them and sanctify with them and sprinkle from them, and they afford protection when tightly sealed, and they afford protection from the power of clay utensUs. H. The sherds of metal utensils have ·returned to their former uncleanness. I. Unformed metal utensils, lo, they are like utensils, but they are clean. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:16-17 A.

inside] B. C. D.

A jar that was scaled off, but whose pitch [lining on the stands, and so pots of f ishbrine which were stopped up to the lipR. Judah [Pa.: Yose] says, "They do not afford protection." And sages say, "They afford protection." M. Kel. 10:5

B. Pots of fishbrine which one stopped up to the lip, and the lips of which appear, even though the plaster extends downward into their midst as much as a foll span of fingers, do not afford protection. C. For whatever ,does not afford protection in the tent of the corpse does not afford protection in the tent of an insect. Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:7 A. R. Judah says, "A tightly stopped-up cover [ cannot be arranged] from the iinside." B. And sages say, "A tightly stopped u;pcover [can be arranged] from the inside." C. How so? D. A jar which was perforated and which the wine-lees have stopped up--E. R. Judah says, "It does not afford protection." F. And sages say, "It affords protection." G. [If its plaster] is rubbed off but its pitch standsR. Judah says, "It does not afford protection." And sages say, "It affords protection." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:8 H. The eye of an oven for which one made hoops on the inside!. R. Judah says, "It does not afford protection." J. And sages say, "It affords protection." K. A basket ,in which one placed plaster up to its middle and in which one sank the utensilsL. R. Judah says, "It does not afford protection." M. And sages say, "It affords protection."

KELIM CHAPTER TEN

51

N. [If] one turned it on the mouth of the jar and plastered its sides [together] with the sides of the jar. 0. it affords protection for what is in the jar and for what is between it a11'dthe jar. P.

Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:9 R. Yose b. R. Judah says, "It does not afford protection for

what is in the jar until ~t will have been plastered with the lip [of the jar]." Tos. Kel. B.Q. 7:l0B A. [In the case of] a jar which was perforated, and which the wine-lees have stopped upB. they have protected it. C. [If] one stopped it up with the wineshoot, D. [it affords protection only] after one will have plastered [it] from the sides. E. [If] they were two, F. [they afford protection only] after one will have plastered [ them both J from the sides and between one wineshoot and its fellow. G. [ As to] a board which is placed over the mouth of the ovenH. if one plastered [ it on to the oven] from the sides, I. it has afforded protection. J. [If] they were two [boards], [they afford protection only] after one will have plastered [both J from the sides and between one board and its fellow. K. [If] one made [for] them pegs or joints, L. one does not have to plaster [them] from the middle. M. Kel. 10:6 A. [As to] an old [already fired] oven [Pa. lacks old] [which is] in the midst of the new, and a colander [ isJ over the mouth of the old [Pa.: new], B. [ if J one removed the old and the colander falls, C. the whole is unclean. D. And if not, the whole is clean. E. A new [ oven J in the midst of the old one, and a colander is over the mouth of the oldF. if there is not between the new one and the colander [ a space of] one handbreadth, all which is in the new [ ovenJ is clean. M. Kel. 10:7 A. Saucepans [ of clay]B. this one [is] in the midst of this-

52

TRANSLATION

and their lips [ are J equal [ in height JD. the insect is in the upper one or in the bottom oneE. that one [in which the insect is found, bottom or top J is unclean, and all [the rest] of them are clean. F. [If] they were [so damaged that] liquids could penetrate: G. the insect is in the top oneH. all [ the rest J of them are unclean. I. In the bottom oneJ. it is unclean, and all [the rest] of them are clean. K. The insect is in the top one, and the bottom one exceeds [ the others in height]L. it and the bottom one are unclean. M. [If it is] in the top one, and the bottom one exceeds [the others in height JN. each one in which there is moist liquid is unclean. M. Kel. 10:8 C.

Chapter Eleven

A. Metal utensils: B. their flat [part]s and their receptacles are unclean. C. [If] they have been broken, they have been purified. D. [If] one went and made of them [new] vessels, they have returned to their former uncleanness. E. Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel says, "[They return J not to every uncleanness, but [ only J to the uncleanness of the soul." M. Kel. 11:1 A. Rabban Simeon ben Gama:liel says, "Not to all uncleanness, [ does it return], but to the uncleanness of the soui." B. R. Simeon says, "Even a metal utensil which was unclean for the selfsame day (tevul yom) returns to the status of uncleanness for the selfsame day." C. He who makes utensils from the anchor which is used to weigh down the ship, or from the large utensil which one made to escape the taxesD. R. Meir declares unclean. E. And sages declare clean. F. R. Yose says, "He who makes utensils from the scraps-they are unclean." Tos. Kel. B.M. 1: 1 A. B.

Every utensil of metal which has a name of its own is unclean, except for

KELIM CHAPTER ELEVEN

53

1. the door, 2. and for the bolt,

C.

3. and for the lock, 4. and the hinge-socket, 5. and the hinge, 6. and the clapper, 7. and the threshhold groove, which are made [to be joined] to the ground.

M. Kel. 11:2 A. He who makes utensils from ( 1) the iron ore, or from ( 2) the [smelted] pig-iron, or from (3) the iron hoop of a wheel, or from ( 4) sheet-metal, or from ( 5) plating, or from ( 6) the bases of [other] utensils, or from (7) rims of [other) utensils, or from (8) the handles of [ other] utensils, or from (9) the chippings or from ( 10) the filingsB. [ the objects made from these metals] are clean. C. R. Yol:,iananb. Nuri says, "Also from the shattered [iron]." D. [He who makes utensils] from (1) sherds of utensils, from (2) refuse, or from (3) nails known to have been made from other utensilsE. [the objects made from these metals] are unclean. F. From nailsG. The House of Shammai declare unclean. H. And the House of Hillel declare clean. M. Kel. 11:3 A. Said R. Eleazar b. R. Yose [or: b. R. ~adoq], "The House of Shammaiiand the House of Hillel did not dispute concerning nails which a.reknown to ha¥e been made from vessels,that they are unclean. B. "Or concerningnails which are known not to have been made from utensils, that they are clean. C. "Concerning what did they dispute? D. "Concerning the ordinary [nails], for E. "The House of Shammai declare unclean. "And the House of Hillel declare clean." Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:2 A. [ As to] unclean iron which one smelted with clean ironB. if the greater part [was] from the unclean [iron], it is unclean. C. And if the greater part [was] from the clean, it is clean. D. Half and half-it is unclean. E. And so [a utensil made] from cement and from cattle-dung. F. A door-bolt is unclean.

54

TRANSLATION

G. And [one which is] plated [wood plated with metal} is clean. H. The clutch and the cross-piece are unclean. I. And the door-bolt: J. R. Joshua says, "One draws it off this door and suspends it on another on the Sabbath." K. R. Tarfon says, "Lo it is like all utensils and may be carried in the courtyard." M. Kel. 11:4 A. He who makes utensi:ls from the filings, whether from the Land [of Israel] or from foreign land-they are unclean. B. R. Judah says, "He who makes utensils from the fiLings from foreign territory-they are dean." C. Clean utensils which one glazed w;ith an unclean glaze are clean. He who makes utensils from the unclean glaze--[the utensils] are unclean. D. A spade which one made from the unclean [utensil}, [with] (and) its adze [made] from the clean [ utensil J is clean. E. Everything follows after [the part of the object which actually] does the work. F. [If} one made it from the clean [utensil], even though ,it is covered [ with metal} from the unclean, it is clean . Tos. Kel. B.M. 1: 3 A. A ladle [for drawing wine] which one made from the unclean [utensil], and its bottom from the dean, is clean. [If] one made it from the dean and its bottom from the unclean, it is unclean. Everything follows after the receptacle. · B. "A laver which one made from the cement, and its bottom from the dung, is clean. [If] he made it from the dung and its bottom from the cement, it is unclean. Everything follows after the bottom,'' the words of R. Nathan. C. Rabbi says, "Only if its bottom is a receptacle." Tos. Kel. B.M. 1 :4 A. [ As to} the cement and the dung which one put together and with which one made utensilsif the greater part is from the unclean, it is unclean . If the greater part is from the clean [ dung], it is clean. B. Half and halfC. R. Eleazar says, "They burn the Heave-offecing ori their account, but they are not liable on their account for uncleanness of the Sanctuary and its holy things." D. Said R. Yose, "R. Yo};ianan b. Nuri came to R. I:falafta. He said to him, 'What do you say concerning the metal spinner's coil?' "He said to him, 'Unclean.' "He said to him, 'So I say thus, but cAqiva declares it clean.'" Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:5

KEIJM CHAPTER ELEVEN

55

A. A door-boltB. R. Tarfon declares unclean. C. And sages declare clean. D. And Beruria says, "One may remove it from this door and hang it on another on the Sabbath." E. When these things were reported before R. Judah, he said, "Beautifully did Beruria rule." Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:6

A. The scorpion-bit of the bridle is unclean. And [that] of the cheeks is clean. B. R. Eliezer declares unclean in the case of the cheeks [ as well}. C. And sages say, "Unclean is only the scorpion-bit." D. And when they are connected, the whole is unclean. M. Ke!. 11:5 A. A spindle-knob of metalB. R. cAqiva declares unclean. C. And sages declare clean. D. And [if it is} plated [metal on wood, it is] clean. E. (1) The spindle, (2) distaff, (3) rod, ( 4) double-flute, and ( 5) pipe of metal are unclean. F. And plated [ ones, metal on wood} are clean. G. A double-flute, H. if it has a receptacle for the wings [ = bags of the bag-pipe}, many case, I. is unclean. M. Ke!. 11 :6 A. A plated double-flute is clean. B. [If} one made on it a receptacle for wings, it is unclean. And unclean is only that part which serves of necessity. C. A plated recorder is clean. D. [If} one made on it a receptacle for cups, it is unclean. And unclean is only that pa:rt which serves of necessity. E. Its cups are unclean and are not a connector to it. F. [If} its mouthpiece was of metal, the utensil is connecred to the mouthpiece. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:7

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

A curved horn is unclean. And a flat [one} is clean. If its mouthpiece is of metal, it is unclean. Its wide [metal end]R. Tarfon declares unclean. And sages declare clean. And when they are joined, the whole is unclean.

56

TRANSLATION

G.

Similarly: H. The branches of a candlestick are clean. The cup and the base are unclean. And when they are connected, the whole is unclean. M. Kel. 11:7 A. A trumpet made of parts, lo, this [whole thing, when joined together] is unclean. B. [If] it i'Staken apart, the upper part is unclean, and the lower part is clean. C. The naiil with which one removes the wick and the tongs with which one crushes the w;ick are unclean. The nail with which one raises up and pushes down the branch for the base is unclean. D. Rah'ban Simeon b. Gamaliel declares dean. E. If one made it with tin or with lead, it is a connector for uncleanness and for $prinkling. If one nailed it on, :it is a connector for uncleanness but not for sprinkling. If one takes it and puts it back, it is a connector neither for uncleanness nor for sprinkling. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:8A

A. A helmet [is) unclean. And cheek-pieces are clean. If they have a receptacle for water, they [are) unclean. B. All weapons of war [are] unclean: 1. the javelin, 2. the spear-head, 3. the greaves, 4. and the breastplate-are unclean. C. All [metal) ornaments of women are unclean: 1. the golden city [tiara], 2. necklace, 3. [ ear) rings and [finger) rings: a. and a ring, whether it has a seal, or whether it does not have a seal; b. and rings of the nose. D. [As to) a necklace whose metal beads [are) on a thread of flax or of wool: E. [if) the thread is broken, the beads are unclean, for each one is a utensil unto itself. F. [ As to the case in which J the thread is of metal and the beads are of precious stones or pearls or of glass: G. [if) the beads are broken, and the thread by itself remains, it is unclean. H. The remnants of a necklace [ remain unclean if they are sufficient to) encompass the neck of a little girl.

KELIM CHAPTER ELEVEN

57

I. R. Eliezer says, "Even one ring is unclean, for so they hang it on the neck."

M. Kel. 11:8 A. The scarabee which was breached, and the sting of which was removed, is clean. B. [If] hooks remained on it from either side, it is unclean. C. A necklace, the beads of which are of red coral and suspended on hooks of metal, Io, these are clean, for they are made only for reenforcement. D. If it is broken, each one of them is clean by itself. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1 :9 A. (1) AH sculptured images are unclean, and (2) the thin image is clean. B. [If] its lock is of metal, lo, this is susceptible to corpseuncleanness. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:10 A. All seals are clean. B. Unclean is only the metal seal with which they actually seal, alone. C. A metal amulet, lo, this is unclean with corpse-uncleanness. [If] the lower part broke, it is unclean. If the upper [brokie], it is dean. D. The leather with which one binds the amulet is unclean. [If] one spread it out, it o.sdean. It may be made unclean and then made clean ·even ten times a day. E. Bowls on which one writes the amulet are clean. F. [If] one took a chip from it and made a 'ball for an ornament, it is unclean. G. A sash which contains metal, lo, this is susceptible to corpse uncleanness. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:11-12

A. All ornaments of a beast, such as the chains and the noserings and the booklets and the rings, are clean. Unclean is only the clapper which makes a sound for the man to hear. B. One who makes. bells for the mortar and for a cradle and for mantels for scrolls or for children's mantels, lo, they are clean. If one made for them a clapper, they are unclean. If their dapper is removed, they are clean. C. The bell of the door is clean, and of the beast is unclean. D. The bell of a door which one made for a beast is unclean, and of a beast which one made for a door, even if one affixed it to the ground and even if one nailed it with a nail, is unclean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:13 A. The presumption concerning bells which are found anywhere is that they are unclean, except for those found in cities, because most of them [ in cities] are for doors.

58

TRANSLATION

B. [If] one said to a craftsman, "Make for me two bells, one for the door and one for the cow," "Make for me two reed-mats, one for lying arud one for tents," "Make for me two sheets, one for a tapestry [ for pictures J and one for tents," lo, these [both J are unclean until the time that he will distinguish between them. And R. Simeon declares them cledn until one will [actually] distinguish between them. C. But the craftsman who makes and displays bells for a cow and belis for doors, and mats for ly,ing and mats for tents, and sheets for tapestries and sheets for tents, if the most of them are of the unclean variety, they are unclean until one will set them aside for a dean [purpose], and if most of them are of the clean [variety], they are clean until one wiU set them aside for the unclean [purpose]. Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:14

A. [ As to} an ear ring which is made like a pot-shape from the bottom, and like a lentil from the top, and broke [ = the two sections fell apart]B. [the part shaped) like a pot is unclean because of [its forming} a utensil ( with J a receptacle. C. And (the part shaped) like a lentil is unclean by itself. D. The booklet is clean. E. That which is made like a kind of grapecluster and is broken is clean. M. Kel. 11:9 E.

R. Eliezer says, "A hooklet of the nose is clean by itself." Tos. Kel. B.M. 1:9

Chapter Twelve A. A ring of a man is unclean. B. A ring of a beast and of the utensils and all the rest of the rings are clean. C. The beam of the arrows is unclean. D. And (the beam] of the prisoners is clean. E. The neck-piece ( of prisoners} is unclean. F. A chain which has on it a lock-piece is unclean. G. That which is made for tying up is clean. H. A chain of the wheat-merchants is unclean, and of householders is clean. I. Said R. Y ose, "When? At the time that it is a single link. But if they were two, or one fastened a slug-piece on the head, it is unclean." M. Kel. 12:1

KELI.M CHAPTER

TWELVE

59

A. A ring with which one fastens, his breeches or affixes [the cloak} between his shoulders is clean. B. Undean only is the ring of the finger alone. C. A ring whether incised or not incised is unclean, and, if plated, is clean. D, Said one disciple of the disciples of the Upper Galilee before R. Eliezer, "I have heard tlut they make distinctions between one sort of ring and another." Ifr [Elie2:er} said to him, "Perhaps you heard only in regard to the Sabb~.th, that one who goes out [ from one property to another] with an .incised one is liable, and with an unincised one is free of liability." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2: 1 A. A needle whether perforated or not perforated as unclean, and [if} plated is clean. B. Further did a disciplie of the disciples of the Upper Galilee say before R. Eliezer, "I heard that they make distinctions between one needle and another." He [Eliezer} said to him, "Perh:1ps you have heard only in respect to the Sabbath, that one who goes out with a perforated one is liable, and with an unperforated one is free of liabi'lity." Tos. Kel. B.J\L 2:2 A, A chain of saddlebags, lo. this is, clean; and of surveyors, lo, this is unclean, because with it one spreads out the tents. And [ as to the chains} of padlocks and of all other vessels, that which serves the undeacn [ vessel} is unclean, and that which serves the clean [vessel} is clean. B. On what account :is the chain of the wholesale grain-dealer unclean? Because it is used for tying up. And as to that of householders. if one set iit up for protection, it is unclean. C. R. Yose says, "It is all the same with a rope, a chain, and a surveyor's rope." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:3 D. A balance of retailers--~ E. [ if} it has weights and does not ha vc hooks, [ or if it} has hooks but does not have weights, it .is unclean. F. [If} its weights are r:emoved, it is clean. G. And when one attaches them, they arc a connector for uncleanness and for s,pr>inkling. To'S, Kel. B.M. 2A

A. The balance of the wool-combers is unclean, because of hooks. B. And [that] of householders, if there are hooks on it, is unclean. hook of the stevedores is clean, and of the C. The [lading] peclcllars is unclean. D. R. Judah says, "[As to that] of the peddlars, the one in front is unclean, and [ that which he carries J behind him is clean.''

60

TRANSLATION

E. A hook of a bed-frame is unclean, and of the bed-poles is clean. F. [ A hook of] the box is unclean, and of the fish-trap is clean. G. [ A hook of] the table is unclean, and of the wooden candlestick is clean. H. This is the general rule: Any [hook] that is connected to the unclean [utensil} is unclean, and [one} that is connected to the clean [utensil} is clean. And all of them by themselves are clean. M. Kel. 12:2 A. Said R. Judah, "On what account is that [ the hook] of the peddlars which is in front of him unclean? Because he hangs things from it. And the one behind him clean? Because it is made for guarding." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:9 A. A balance which has a receptacle for coins is unclean. And unclean is only that [part] which serves of necessity . B. Its cups,of metal, whether or not they are able to senve as a receptacle are unclean, and those of wood and of bone and of glass are unclean [ iif] they are able to serve as a receptacle, but are clean if not. C. [If] one joined them to a beam and a beam to a balance, the entire [contraption] is one connector. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:5 D. A lantern which has a receptacle for oil is unclean; a receptacle for a candlestick is clean. And unclean is only that ,part which serves of necessity. E. Its pillars of metal, whether or not they are capable of serving as a receptacle, are unclean, and those of wood, bone, and glass which serve as a receptacle are unclean, and those which do not serve as a receptacle are clean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:6 F. A candlestick which has a receptacle for oil is unclean, and [ one which has] a receptacle for a light is clean. And unclean is only that part which serves of necessity. The nail on which one hangs the funnels is clean, and the funnels are unclean, and it is, not connected to it. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:7 A. JQWNBYJWT which are on cupboards and frames, and their galleries and colonnades on turrets, lo, these are clean, since they are made only as an ornament. B. The hook of a chest is unclean, and ,if it [ the chest] was of suffici'ent size, it [too] is clean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:8

A. B.

A metal basket-cover of householdersRabban Gamaliel declares unclean.

KELIM CHAPTER TWELVE

C. D.

E. clean, F. G. and a

61

And sages declare clean. And that of physicians is unclean. The [metal} door which is on the cabinet of householders is and of physicians is unclean. The smelter's tongs are unclean, and the fire-bars are clean. The scorpion [-shaped hook} of the olive press is unclean, hook which is on the walls is clean. M. Kel. 12:3

B. A basket-cover of metal and of householdersRabban Gamaliel declares unclean. And sages declare clean. C. And [ a basket-cover] of wood is clean. D. If it was sunk ,in up to its half or third, it is unclean, because it is like the lid of a cauldron. E. Less than that is clean, because iit is like the cover of a box. F. And why is the cabinet door of physicians unclean? Because h>eplaces.compresses on it or hangs the scissors on it. G. R. Yose b. R. Judah says, "Because he manipulates the child on it." H. They said to him, "If so, let it be unclean [with] midrasuncleanness." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:9 B. What are the tongs? Those with which the storekeeper stirs the pot. What are fiirebars? Those which are affixed on the walls. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:10 A. sundial B. C. D. E. F. G.

The nail of the blood-letter is unclean, and [the nail} of the is clean. R. $adoq declares unclean. The nail of the weaver's pin is unclean. And the ark of the gristdealerR. $adoq declares unclean. And sages declare clean. [If} its carriage [ carrier} was made of metal, it is unclean. M. Kel. 12:4

A. A bowl of a storekeeper which is entirely made of nails, even if the whole thing is of wood and one is of metal, is unclean. And one of a householder, even if the entire thing is of metal and one of wood, is clean. B. Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel says, "Of a storekeeper, even if the whole thing is of metal and one [nari.l] is of wood, is clean, since it is made only for use in connection with the ground." C. R. Simeon b. Judah says in the name of R. Simeon, "A blood-

62

TRANSLATION

letter's nail is clean, for it is made only for use in connection with the ground." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:11 A. A nail which one set up so as to open and close ( with it) is unclean. B. That which is used for protection is clean. C. A nail which one set up to open the jarD. R. cAqiva declares unclean. E. And sages declare clean, until one will have forged it [ anew J. F. A nail of a money changer is clean. G. And R. $adoq declares unclean. H. Three things does R. Sadoq declare unclean and do sages declare clean: I. (1) A nail of the money changer, (2) and the chest of the gristdealer and ( 3) the nail of the sundial-' J. R. $adoq declares unclean. K. And sages declare clean. M. Kel. 12:5 A. A nail which one twisted so as to open and close [ a door} is unclean. B. [If} one arranged it for protection, it is clean. C. [If} one arranged it for a lock or for a s.f:rigil,it is dean. D. [If} one put it on a door-bolt so that the bolt should. not move, it is unclean. And Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel declares clean. E. [If} one placed it on the hand mill or on donkey mill, it is unclean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:114 F. The hooks which hold the millstones from above, lo, these are clean, for they are used only for strengthening. G. The metal ball and anvil are unclean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:15 H. Weights which are broken, even though one restores them and weighs with them, are clean. [If} one set apart from them halflitres, third-litres, fourth-litres, they are unclean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:16 A. Four things does Rabban Gamaliel declare unclean, and do sages declare clean: B. (1) A metal basket-cover of householders, and (2) the hanger of a strigil, and (3) unfinished metal utensils, and ( 4) a tray which was divided into two.

KELIM CHAPTER TWELVE

63

And sages agree with Rabban Gamaliel concerning a plate which was divided into two, one large and one small, that the large is unclean, and the small clean. M. Kel. 12:6 C.

A. These are the unfinished metal utensils which are clean: any object which one is destined to smooth, to scrape, to hollow out, to adorn with designs, and to plane with a plane. Thus if they are lacking a border, and an ear, and a hand, they are dean. [If} they [merely] lack covers, they are unclean. Tos. Ke!. B.M. 2:10 A. Sai,d R. Nathan, "Rabban Gamaliel and sages did not differ concerning the hook of the scrapers of the bathhouses, that it is clean, for it is tna!de on1y for use in connection with the ground. "Concerning what did they differ? ·'Concerniniz the scraper of metal of householders which is made like a ball, for: "Rabban Gamaliel declares it unclean, because slaves scrape with it. "And sages declare it clean." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:12 B. Said R. Judah, "Rabban Gamaliel and sages did not differ concerning a plate which was divided into two, and one of them was twice as large as the other, that the large one is unclean and the small one clean. "Concerning what did they differ? "Concerning the case in which one of -them is not larger than the other, or in which the two are equal, for: "Rabban Gamaliel •declares unclean. "And sages declare dean." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:13

A. A denar which became defective and which one fashioned to hang on the neck of a little girl is unclean. B. And so a sela which became defective and which one fashioned for use as a measure is unclean. C. How defective may it become and yet be fit for use [as a coin}? Up to two denars. Less than this-let it be cut up. M. Kel. 12:7 A. A teethed strigil and a chain of figures and whatever does not circulate as a coin, lo, these are unclean. B. A statue of a man which one made in the house, if for an ornament, is clean. And if to place the cup and the plate on it, it is unclean, because it is like a three-legged table. Tos. Kel. B.M. 4:8

64

TRANSLATION

A. The penknife, and the pen, and the plummet, and the weights, and the pressing-plates, and the measuring rod, and the measuringtables are unclean. B. And all unfinished wooden utensils are unclean, except for the [ ones made of} box-wood. C. R. Judah says, "Also [what is made from} branches of olive [trees} is clean, until it will be heated [for drying}." M. Kel. 12:8 A. And what B. Whatever or to plane. C. So if they D. [If] they

are the unfinished wooden objects which are unclean? one is destined to ~mooth, to scrape, to hollow out,

lacked a border, an ear, or a hand, they are unclean. lacked hollowing, they are clean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:17 E. A seJah which one is going to iplane (from) below is unclean, (from) above, is clean. Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel says, "Wooden utensils do not receive uncleanness until their manufacture has been completed. "And a seJah-once one will tiie the tongs to it." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2:18 F. All unfinrshed wooden utensils are unclean, except those made of box-wood, because they lack heating. R. JU!dah says, "He who makes utensils from branch es of olivethey are clean because they lack heating, and they embitter what is in them." Tos. Kel. B.M. 2: 19 1

Chapter Thirteen

A. (1) The sword, and (2) the knife, and (3) the dagger, and (4) the spear; (5) a hand-sickle, and (6) a harvest sickle; and (7) the razor, and (8) pair of barbers' scissors which were divided, lo, these are unclean. B. R. Y osesays, "That [part} which is near the hand[le} 1s unclean, and that [part} which is near the head is clean." C. Shears which are divided into two-R. Judah declares unclean. And sages declare clean. M. Kel. 13:1 A. The javelin and the spear-head and the javelin-case and the helmet and the greaves which were divided, lo, they are clean. B. A breast-plate which was divided lengthwise is clean; [ when divided] breadthwise, if it serves more or less its original function, it is unclean, and if not, it is clean.

KELIM CHAPTER THIRTEEN

65

C. When is its purifica.tion? When it wm be worn out and no longer serve more or less. its original function. D. [If} it wore out and there remains on it the greater part (from) above, it is unclean; the greater part (from) below, it is clean. E. [If} one took a chip from it and made a bead for an ornament, it [the bead) is clean. Tos. Kel. B.M. 3:1 F. Shears which may be taken apart, lo, this is unclean. G. [If} it was separated, this [one) is unclean by itself, and the other one is unclean by itself. H. And when one joins it, it is a connector for uncleanness but not a connector for sprinkling. Tos. Kel. B.M. 3:2 I. Shears divicred into twir, R., I 16 Plow, I 2 Potsherd, I 84-85 ; III 14 Potter's mould, I 65-66, 68; III 10 Properties, I 1-2 Purification of utensils, II 66-84 Rabad, I 213-14, 271; purification of utensils, II 78, 80, 84 Rashi, R., ovens, I 140; III 121 Rava, I 67,200; ovens, I 141; perforations or cracks, I 83-84 Rav Judah, I 264 Reading desk, I 65; III 9 Replacement, character and function of object, II 119-64 Ring, I 218-27; III 41-46, 58-64, 68 Rosh, I 6, 79, 103, 152, 213; II 219, 229; alteration of objects, II 199; covers and protection, I 241, 257; degrees of uncleanness, II 125, 134; leather objects, II 262; measurements and cleanliness, II 88, 95; metals, I 271, 279; II 32, 34, 38; ovens, I 125, 173, 179; purification of utensils, II 68; textiles, II 281, 285,317 Saddles, I 2, 5, 20-22, 24-30; III 2-3, 118-20 $adoq, R., attributions to III 256; metals, II 2, 10-12; III 61-62 Samson of Sens, I 7-8, 11-12, 44n, 46, 50, 56, 103; II 253; III 349-50; covers and protection, I 246-47, 257; degrees of uncleanness, II 134, 140-41, 148; measurements and cleanliness, II 88, 90, 96-97; metals, I 280; ovens, I 122, 125, 129-30, 137,140,142,144,153,156,173,175,179,217; perforations or cracks, I 78, 86; textiles, II 317; three kinds of uncleanness, II 225, 229; traits of objects, II 168, 179; use of objects, II 215; wooden utensils, II 56 Saw, I 2 Seats, I 2 Semen, I 16-17, 20, 27-30; III 1 Shafts, broken, II 326-30; III 66, 148-50 Shal$ion, Queen, I 264 Shammai, House of Shammai, I 53-54, 223-24; II 213; III 115, 144; alteration of objects, II 197-98, 202-207; attributions to, III 249-51; broken shaft, II 327-29; III 149; covers and protection, I 242, 250; degrees of uncleanness, II 120-22, 144; III 93, 109; forms, traditions and legal ideas, III 192-93, 196-97, 205; leather objects, II 269, 271; III 105, 107, 133, 134; Levitical rules, III 361-64, 378-80, 383; metals, I 266-67, 269; III 53; metals, functions of, II 23, 34, 36, 47-48; III 67, 70-71, 75; ovens, I 225,227,231,237; III 42, 44; textiles, II 306, 315; three kinds of uncleanness, II 229; traits of objects, II 171-73, 177-78, 184-85; weaving law, III 279,289,311,323 Sherds, I 229; spoiled jars, I 101-11; III 16-19, 43 Sidonian bowls, I 106, 110; III 18 Simeon, R., I 2; III 119; alteration of objects, II 206, 208-10; attributions to, III 240-41, 243, 262-63, 267; degrees of uncleanness, II 121, 123, 127, 129, 138-39; III 92, 96, 98; forms, traditions and legal ideas, III 205; glass, II 331, 335-37; III 152; inner and outer parts, II 237, 241-42, 246,248; III 125; leather objects, II 268,273; III 234; measurements and cleanliness, II 88, 93-95, 103-104, 106;

GENERAL INDEX

413

III 88, 90; metals, I 264,282; III 52, 58, 61; metals, functions of, II 11, 28, 34-35, 47; III 69-71; ovens and double stoves, I 112, 127-28, 139-41, 146-47, 149, 171, 179-82, 206, 228-29, 231, 233, 235, 237; III 21, 23-25, 32-33, 43-46; perforations or cracks, I 80-83, 89-92, 95-96; III 13-15; purification of utensils, II 70-71, 86-87; style and traits, III 338-39, 344, 347, 349, 351, 353; substances discussed, II 115; textiles, II 282, 293- 97, 303-305, 311-16, 318; III 136, 139-40, 142; three kinds of uncleanness, II 226, 231-32; III 124; traits of objects, II 169; use of objects, II 213, 215-17; wooden utensils, II 56, 58-59; III 76-77, 79, 115-17 Simeon b. Eleazar, R., I 104; attributions to, III 271; degrees of uncleanness, II 122; III 7, 91; measurements and cleanliness, II 110; metals, functions of, II 26; III 68; shape and measurements, I 46, 53-55; III 16; wooden utensils, II 59, 61; III 77-78 Simeon b. Gamaliel, R., I 2, 245; II 152; III 48; attributions to, III 242, 269-71 ; forms, traditions and legal ideas, III 221; fringes and threads, II 323, 325; III 147-48; glass, II 334, 336; III 151; inner and outer parts, II 247; III 127; leather objects, II 258, 268, 271; III 129-35; measurements and cleanliness, II 88, 95; III 85, 93; metals, I 263-64, 277; III 52, 56, 61-62, 64; metals, functions of, II 11-12, 16, 24, 30, 42, 44-45, 47; III 67, 73, 75; ovens, I 121-22, 133-34, 147,169,171, 180;III 20, 22, 24, 30, 33; style and traits, III 329, 331-32, 344-45; substances discussed, II 117-18; textiles, II 304-306, 316,318; III 141-42, 144-45 Simeon b. R. Judah, R., metals, II 11; III 61; textiles, II 315; III 144; wooden utensils, II 59; III 77 Simeon b. Menasia', R., II 271; III 134,271 Simeon b. Shetal:_i., R., I 264 Simeon Shezuri, R., II 120-23; III 94; leather objects, II 266; III 132; Levitical rules, III 364 Simeon b. Y ol:_i.ai, R., 171 Simeon the Modest, R., I 40, 42; III 6-7 Sin-offering-water, I 17-19, 26-30; III 1-3 Slotki, W., I 9, 12, 85; degrees of uncleanness, II 125, 149; measurements and cleanliness, II 89, 91, 110; menstruants, I 21; metals, functions of, II 22, 35, 46; ovens, I 123, 128, 136, 140, 165, 174, 192, 205, 209, 214-15, 232-33; textiles, II 282,314,316; traits of objects, II 174,183; wooden utensils, II 53, 62 Spice-box, I 73-74; III 11 Spoiled jars, I 101-11 Sponge, I 228-29 Substances, clean or unclean, II 113-18 Tarfon, R., I 13; attributions to, III 240, 253; covers and protection, I 250; inner and outer parts, II 234, 250-52, 255; III 127-28; Levitical rules, III 3 75-76, 378; measurements and cleanliness, II 106; III 89; metals, I 270-71, 273-74, 276; weaving law, III 307-308 Textiles, I 2, 15, 18-21, 64; II 275-321; III 111, 135-47 Threads, II 322-30 Three kinds of midras-uncleanness, II 221-33; III 120-24 Torah scrolls, II 62-64 Torch, I 75; III 12 Tosefta, attributions, III 237-72; forms and traditions, III 194-236; Mishnah compared, III 154-91; Mishnah and legal ideas, III 194-236 Traits of objects, II 165-89 Tray, I 62-63, 73; III 9, 11, 114

414

GENERAL

INDEX

TYB, I 161, 271 TYT, I 131, 161, 222; II 51, 56 TYY, I 85; alteration of objects, II 199, 201, 208; broken shaft, II 327; covers and protection, I 241, 258; degrees of uncleanness, II 134, 140; glass, II 334; inner and outer parts, II 242, 246; measurements and cleanliness, II 88, 91, 95, 111; metals, I 267; metals, functions of, II 32, 38; ovens, I 152,159,174,213; purification of utensils, II 68; textiles, II 280, 307, 311; three kinds of uncleanness, II 224, 229; traits of objects, II 182; use of objects, II 215, 220; wooden utensils, functions of, II 51, 62 Use of objects, II 213-20 Utensils, inner and outer parts, II 234-56; III 124-29 Water cooler: seeComb of water cooler Weaponry, I 277-80; II 34-35, 82; III 56, 64-65 Weiss, I 240 Wick, I 228; III 43 Windfuhr, I 122,243; II 59, 80,127,210,212 Wooden utensils, I 1-2, 15, 63; III 7, 9, 113-18, 359; functions, III 49-65; III 75-81, 92-95, 102-103, 105-106; shape and measurements, I 46, 48, 51-52, 54-55, 64, 69; III 84-90 Yalon, I 49, 63 Yeshebav, R., II 209; III 117 Yol;tanan, III 380; purification of utensils, II 70; style and traits, III 350; three kinds of uncleanness, II 222 Yol;tanan b. Beroqa, measurements and cleanliness, II 103-104; III 89; purification of utensils, II 70 Yol;tanan HaSandlar, attributions to, III 242-43, 257; ovens, I 121, 132-34; III 20, 22 Yol;tanan b. Nuri, II 209; III 90-92; attributions to, III 238-39, 255-57; forms, traditions and legal ideas, III 197; glass, II 331, 334-36; III 151-52; measurements and cleanliness, II 93, 97-98, 108-10; III 86; metals, I 264-67, 273; III 53-54; ovens, I 141, 167, 187-88; III 23, 34; purification of utensils, II 86-87; shape and measurements, I 46, 73-75; III 11-12; style and traits, III 332-33, 343; substances discussed, II 115, 117; weaving law, III 289, 308; wooden utensils, II 61; III 78, 117 Yol;tanan hen Zakkai, R., I 56-57, 61-62; attributions to, III 251, 255; Levitical rules, III 365, 369-70; measurements and cleanliness, II 105; III 8, 92; metals, functions of, II 27; ovens, I 120; perforations of cracks, I 96, 99; purification of utensils, II 87; substances discussed, II 113-14, 116 Yosah, R., III 115, 117; alteration of objects, II 204-205, 209 Yose, R., I 2, 92; III 119-20; alteration of objects, II 197, 199, 201, 208-10; attributions to, III 238, 240, 257-59, 262-63, 267; blessing, I 15; broken shaft, II 328-30; III 150; connectors, II 193-94; covers and protection, I 242, 253, 256; III 47, 50; degrees of uncleanness, II 120-22, 126-27, 129,143,152, 154-57, 159, 161-62; III 96, 101, 104; forms, traditions and legal ideas, III 195, 197, 209-10; fringes and threads, II 324-25; III 148; glass, II 331-32, 335-37; III 153; holiness, degrees of, I 38; III 6-7; inner and outer parts, II 234, 250-52, 255-56; III 127-29; leather objects, II 258-60, 263-65, 269, 272; III 82-83, 129, 131, 133; Levitical rules, III 356, 378-80; measurements and cleanliness, II 85, 97-99, 105-106; III 86, 89; metals, I 264-65, 273; III 52, 54, 58-59; metals,

GENERAL

INDEX

415

functions of, II 2-5, 8-9, 18, 26, 37; III 64; ovens, I 121, 122, 137-38, 141-42, 153-54, 183, 187, 207, 210-11, 228-29, 238; III 20, 23, 34, 39-41, 43, 46; purification of utensils, II 66, 77-82, 85-86; shape and measurements, I 46, 66-67, 74; III 10-12, 15-16; spoiled jars, I 103; style and traits, III 329, 332-33, 336, 339, 342-47; textiles, II 276,287, 291-93, 304-305, 308, 311-12; III 112, 138-39, 141-43; three kinds of uncleanness, II 226, 228-30; III 123; traits of objects, II 170-71, 176-77, 179,181; use of objects, II 213, 215-17, 219; weaving law, III 277,300,315; wooden utensils, II 55; III 76, 83, 94-95, 103, 106, 114; Zab, I 26-28; III 3 Yose b. I;Ialafta, R., I 72, 113; editor of Kelim, III 349-54 Yose b. HaMeshulam, R., I 231; III 44, 351 Yose b. l;Ianina, R., I 178, 194 Yose b. R. Judah, R., III 134, 272; metals, II 9, 36-37; III 61, 72, 79; textiles, II 314; III 144; traits of objects, II 176-78, 186; wooden utensils, II 64; III 106, 109 Y ose the Galilean, I 109 Zab, Zabah, I 2, 5-6, 20-31, 34-37, 67; II 51; III 2-3, 6, 100-101, 112, 139 Zebid, R., I 67