A History of Science Technology and Philosophy in the 18th Century (Routledge Revivals) 9780367181338, 9780429059667

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Half Title
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
PREFACE
CHAPTER I: Introduction
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
THE HERITAGE FROM THE PAST
PROGRESS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY
THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE ; SECULARISM, RATIONALISM, NATURALISM, HUMANISM
DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE
ENCYCLOPAEDIAS
PERIODICALS
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS—CONSERVATOIRE NATIONAL DES ARTS ET MÉTIERS
THE ROYAL INSTITUTION
CHAPTER II: Mathematics
A.—THE CALCULUS, PROBABILITY, ETC.
THE BERNOULLIS
EULER
LAGRANGE
LEGENDRE
B.—FLUXIONS AMONG BRITISH MATHEMATICIANS
BERKELEY
JURIN
WALTON
ROBINS
BROOK TAYLOR
SIMPSON
MACLAURIN
C.—DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY
MONGE
CHAPTER III: Mechanics
A.—GENERAL PRINCIPLES
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF FORCE
THE PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL VELOCITIES
D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE
THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION
EULER’S EQUATIONS
LAGRANGE'S EQUATIONS
B.—SPECIAL PROBLEMS
BERNOULLI
ROBINS
EULER
CLAIRAUT
D’ALEMBERT
C.—PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS
D.—EXPERIMENTAL HYDRODYNAMICS
E.—ELASTICITY
THEORY OF BEAMS
COULOMB’S THEORY OF TORSION
CHAPTER IV: Astronomy
A.—DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY IN FRANCE AND GERMANY
EULER
CLAIRAUT
D’ALEMBERT
LAGRANGE
LAPLACE
KANT
B.—OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE
BRADLEY
LA CAILLE
LA LANDE
MASKELYNE
CAVENDISH
WILLIAM HERSCHEL
GOODRICKE
CHAPTER V: Astronomical Instruments
A.—MAIN TYPES
B.—SOME NOTED INSTRUMENT MAKERS
C.—QUADRANTS
D.—TRANSIT INSTRUMENTS
E.—ZENITH SECTORS
TELESCOPES FOR OBSERVING EQUAL ALTITUDES
F.—EQUATORIAL TELESCOPES
G.—ASTRONOMICAL SECTORS
H.—MICROMETERS
I.—HEUOMETERS
CHAPTER VI: Marine Instruments
A.—THE NAUTICAL SEXTANT
HOOKE
NEWTON
HADLEY
GODFREY
B.—THE MARINE CHRONOMETER
HUYGENS
HARRISON
LE ROY
BERTHOUD
ARNOLD
EARNSHAW
SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER VII: Physics: I. Light. II. Sound
I. CORPUSCULAR AND WAVE THEORIES OF LIGHT
EULER
DOLLOND
PHOTOMETRY
BOUGUER
LAMBERT
LIGHT AND HEAT AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
SMITH'S "OPTICKS"
II. BEATS AND PITCH
THE INTENSITY OF SOUND
MEDIA AND VELOCITY OF SOUND
LIMITS OF AUDIBILITY
CHAPTER VIII: Physics: III. Heat
A.—THE CALORIC THEORY
B.—THERMAL CAPACITY
C.—LATENT HEAT
BLACK
D.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALORIMETRY
LA VOISIER, LAPLACE
E.—ABSOLUTE ZERO
F.—MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
G.—HEAT AND WEIGHT
H.—THE MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT
RUMFORD
DAVY
I.—OTHER STUDIES IN THE HEAT OF MIXTURES
MORIN
KRAFFT
RICHMANN
WILCKE
GADOLIN
J.—INVISIBLE RADIANT HEAT
CHAPTER IX: Physics: IV. Electricity and Magnetism (I)
A.—FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY
HAUKSBE
GRAY
DESAGULIERS
DU FAY
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
LEYDEN JAR
THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY
FRANKLIN
B.—INDUCTION AND PYRO-ELECTRICITY
WILCKE
AEPINUS
CHAPTER X: Physics: IV. Electricity and Magnetism (II)
C.—ELECTROSTATICS
PRIESTLEY
CAVENDISH
COULOMB
D.—ELECTROMETERS
E.—GALVANISM
SULZER
GALVANI
VOLTA
RITTER
WOLLASTON
F.—MAGNETISM
COULOMB
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
CHAPTER XI: Meteorology
A.—METEOROLOGICAL LITERATURE
WOLFF
HANOV
COTTE
DALTON
EPHEMERAL LITERATURE
B.—CONCERTED METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION
C.—DE LUC’S THERMO-BAROMETRIC STUDY OF THE ATMOSPHERE
D.—THE STUDY OF NORTHERN LIGHTS (AURORA BOREALIS)
CHAPTER XII: Meteorological Instruments
A.—THERMOMETERS
FAHRENHEIT
RÉAUMUR
CELSIUS
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THERMOMETERS
B.—ANEMOMETERS
C.—HYGROMETERS
CHAPTER XIII: Chemistry (I)
A.—THE PHLOGISTON THEORY
BECHER
STAHL
POTT
MACQUER
LAVOISIER
B.—THE STUDY OF GASES BEFORE LAVOISIER
BLACK
PRIESTLEY
VOLTA
RUTHERFORD
SCHEELE
CAVENDISH
CHAPTER XIV: Chemistry (II)
C.—THE CHEMICAL RESEARCHES OF LAVOISIER
MONGE
D.—CHEMICAL AFFINITY AND EQUIVALENTS
BERTHOLLET
RICHTER
FISCHER
E.—THE REFORM OF CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER XV: Geology
A.—GEOGONY
MORO
DE MAILLET
BUFFON
B.—PALAEONTOLOGY
LEIBNIZ
SCHEUCHZER
KNORR
WALCH
BERINGER
C.—VOLCANIC GEOLOGY
GUETTARD
DESMAREST
DE SAUSSURE
PALLAS
MICHELL
D.—PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
STRACHEY
ARDUINO
LEHMANN
FÜCHSEL
WERNER
HUTTON
PLAYFAIR
HALL
CHAPTER XVI: Geography
A.—EXPLORATION
B.—GEODESY
C.—CARTOGRAPHY
D.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER XVII: Botany
A.—THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
LINNAEUS SEXUAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
DE JUSSIEU’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
B.—THE MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS
GÄRTNER
C.—THE ANATOMY OF PLANTS
WOLFF
D.—THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS
HALES
PRIESTLEY
INGENHOUSZ
SENEBIER
DE SAUSSURE
E.—SEXUALITY OF PLANTS
GREW
CAMERARIUS
KOELREUTER
SPRENGEL
CHAPTER XVIII: Zoology
A.—THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
LINNAEUS' CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE
B.—MORPHOLOGY
BUFFON
RÉAUMUR
BONNET
LYONET
DE GEER
ROSENHOF
BAKER
TREMBLEY
C.—EMBRYOLOGY
LOGAN
MILLER
WOLFF
HALLER
BONNET
D.—PHYSIOLOGY
HALLER
RÉAUMUR
SPALLANZANI
HALES
E.—SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
NEEDHAM
F.—ANATOMY
ALBINUS
CAMPER
HUNTER
PALLAS
D'AZYR
CUVIER
CHAPTER XIX: Medicine
A.—CLINICAL TRAINING
SYLVIUS
BOERHAAVE
VAN SWIETEN
DE HAEN
B.—MORBID ANATOMY
MORGAGNI
BAILLIE
JOHN HUNTER
WILLIAM HUNTER
C.—HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
HALLER
D.—INOCULATION AGAINST SMALLPOX
JENNER
E.—MEDICAL METHODS AND MEDICAMENTS
CHAPTER XX: Technology: I. General. II. Agriculture. III. Textiles
I. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
II. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS AND INVENTIONS
III. TEXTILE INVENTIONS
SPINNING
WEAVING
KNITTING
BLEACHING
DYEING
CHAPTER XXI: Technology: IV. Building
A.—THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
MUSSCHENBROEK
BELIDOR
BUFFON
COULOMB
SOUFFLOT
GAUTHEY
RONDELET
LAMBLARDIE
GIRARD
RÉAUMUR
B.—RETAINING WALLS
VAUBAN
BULLET
COUPLET
BELIDOR
MAYNIEL
GADROY
GAUTHEY
COULOMB
WOLTMANN
C.—ARCHES
LA HIRE
GAUTIER
COUPLET
DANISY
PERRONET
COULOM
GAUTHEY
BOISTARD
D.—DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
E.—THE DOMESTIC HEARTH
CHAPTER XXII: Technology: V. Transport
A.—ROADS AND VEHICLES
B.—BRIDGES
MASONRY BRIDGES
IRON BRIDGES
C.—CANALS
D.—STEAMBOATS
E.—HARBOURS AND LIGHTHOUSES
F.—BALLOONS AND PARACHUTES
CHAPTER XXIII: Technology: VI. Power Plant and Machinery
A.—PUMPING PLANT AND WATER-WHEELS
B.—WINDMILLS
C.—THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ROTATING MASSES
D.—MACHINE TOOLS
CHAPTER XXIV: Technology: VII. The Steam-Engine
A.—NEWCOMEN'S ATMOSPHERIC ENGINE
B.—WATT’S SEPARATE CONDENSER
C.—WATT'S ROTATIVE ENGINE
D.—STEAM-ENGINE INVENTIONS CONTEMPORARY WITH THOSE OF WATT
CHAPTER XXV: Technology: VIII. Mining and Metallurgy
A.—ORE-MINING AND COAL-MINING
B.—METALLURGY
CHAPTER XXVI: Technology: IX. Industrial Chemistry X. The Making of Lenses and Specula
IX. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
A.—THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID
B.—THE MANUFACTURE OF ALKALI
X. THE MAKING OF LENSES AND SPECULA
CHAPTER XXVII: Technology: XI. Mechanical Calculators. XII. Telegraphy. XIII. Miscellaneous
XI: MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
THE SLIDE RULE
CALCULATING MACHINES
XII. TELEGRAPHY
XIII. MISCELLANEOUS
ARGAND’S IMPROVED OIL-LAMP
MURDOCK’S INTRODUCTION OF COAL-GAS ILLUMINATION
COIN-MINTING BY STEAM POWER
WATT’S COPYING PRESS
WYATT’S WEIGH-BRIDGE
HALES' WINDMILL VENTILATOR
CHAPTER XXVIII: Psychology
BERKELEY'S "NEW THEORY OF VISION"
HUME'S "TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE"
HARTLEY'S "OBSERVATIONS ON MAN"
DIDEROT'S "LETTERS ON THE BLIND AND DEAF-MUTES"
CONDILLAC "TREATISE ON SENSATIONS"
BONNET'S "ESSAI DE PSYCHOLOGIE," ETC.
CABANIS'S "RAPPORTS DE PHYSIQUE ET DE MORALE"
TETENS' "ESSAYS ON HUMAN NATURE"
WOLFF'S "PSYCHOLOGIA EMPIRICA," ETC.
KANT'S "ANTHROPOLOGY"
MENDELSSOHN'S "LETTERS ON THE SENSATIONS"
PEREIRE'S PIONEER WORK WITH DEAF-MUTES
CHAPTER XXIX: The Social Sciences: I. National Character II. Demography
I. CLIMATIC AND OTHER INFLUENCES ON NATIONAL CHARACTER
MONTESQUIEU
HUME
II. DEMOGRAPHY
POPULATION STATISTICS IN FRANCE
BRITAIN
GERMANY, ETC
THE SPECTRE OF OVER-POPULATION
LIFE OR MORTALITY TABLES AND ANNUITIES, ETC
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
CHAPTER XXX: The Social Sciences: III. Economics
CANTILLON'S "ESSAI SUR LE COMMERCE"
THE PHYSIOCRATS
GOURNAY
QUESNAY'S "TABLEAU ÉCONOMIQUE"
TURGOT'S “RÉFLEXION SUR LA FORMATION ET LA DISTRIBUTION DES RICHESSES"
MIRABEAU'S "PHILOSOPHIE RURALE"
ADAM SMITH'S "WEALTH OF NATIONS"
CHAPTER XXXI: Philosophy (I)
BERKELEY'S IDEALISM
HUME'S SCEPTICISM
REID'S COMONSENSE REALISM
KANT'S TRANSCENDENTALISM
CHAPTER XXXII: Philosophy (II)
FRENCH SCEPTICS
POIRET
HUET
BAYLE
GERMAN RATIONALISTS
WOLFF
MENDELSSOHN
LESSING
ENGLISH MATERIALISTS
HARTLEY
PRIESTLEY
DARWIN
FRENCH MATERIALISTS
LAMETTRIE
HOLBACH
DIDEROT
CABANIS
PANTHEISTS
TOLAND
BUFFON
ROBINET
A CRUSADING PHILOSOPHER
VOLTAIRE
Index