A History of Japan in Manga: Samurai, Shoguns and World War II 9784805316702, 9781462923809

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A HISTORY OF

JAPAN IN MANGA Supervised by SHUNICHIRO KANAYA Translated by ZACK DAVISSON

T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore

Table of Contents CHAPTER 1

The Dawn of Japan The Mystery of Yamatai

Ancient Significant Events A Closer Look

The Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki

CHAPTER 2

Buddhism and the Birth of a Nation The Establishment of a Buddhist Government The Isshi Incident and Taika Reform Asuka Period Significant Events A Closer Look

The Difference between Shinto and Buddhism

CHAPTER 3

Buddhist Politics and the Rise of the Aristocracy Daibutsu of Todai-ji and the Ideology of Buddha as National Protector The Glory of Fujiwara no Michinaga

Nara / Heian Period Significant Events A Closer Look

The Development of Kana and Waka

7

8

24 26

27

28

44 58

60

61

62

76

90

92

CHAPTER 4

The Establishment of a Samurai Government and the Kamakura Shogunate

93

The Decline of the Kamakura Shogunate

112

The Genpei War

Kamakura Period Significant Events A Closer Look

The Introduction and Spread of Buddhism

94

126

128

CHAPTER 5

The North-South Imperial Court and the Onin War The End of the Kamakura Shogunate

The Onin War and Higashiyama Culture Muromachi Period Significant Events A Closer Look

The Origin and Development of Noh and Kyogen

CHAPTER 6

The Dawn of the Warring States Period The Dream of National Conquest The Battle of Sekigahara

Sengoku Period Significant Events A Closer Look

Military Commanders and the Development of Castles

CHAPTER 7

The Coming of Peace

The Ako Incident and the Loyal 47 Ronin Oshio Heihachiro’s Rebellion

Edo Period Significant Events A Closer Look

Development of Literary Arts and the Rental Book Shop

129

130

146 160

162

163 164

182

200

202

203

204 220

234 236

CHAPTER 8

The Meiji Restoration and the End of the Samurai New Dawn of Japan

The Satsuma Rebellion and Meiji Restoration

Edo Period / Meiji Restoration Significant Events A Closer Look

Western Art and Japonisme

237

238 256

272

274

CHAPTER 9

The Birth and Modernization of Imperial Japan The Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars Meiji Period Significant Events A Closer Look

Meiji Period Bungo and Modern Literature

CHAPTER 10

The Advance of Modern Japan Modern Japan and International Affairs Modern Era Significant Events

Appendix

Concise Chronology of Japanese History

275

276 290

292

293

294 314

316

Comics Are a Fantastic Way to Learn about History It’s been over a year since I started teaching history. In that time, I’ve come to realize comics are the most effective medium for educating students about the past. Why? Because history reflects humanity, the daily lives, struggles and triumphs of the people who lived before us. But why use comics as a teaching tool when there are many great historical novels, television series, and films to choose from? The simple answer is, I’ve found comics to be the best medium to capture history in a dynamic and lively way. You may think that television must be better suited to teaching history. After all, television can be used to show real people doing actual things which lends a level of realism to the storytelling. However, unlike live action, with comics you are in control. You are able to focus on important details for as long as you like without a need to fast-forward or rewind. If you find anything difficult to understand, or if you’d like to reread something that you find interesting, you can easily pause on that page. You can keep it open, learn at your own pace and absorb until you’re ready to move on. You can take your time.

5

It has long been acknowledged that comics are one of the most effective ways to get children interested in history. Most classrooms today have a selection of historical comics. However, comics are usually written for children and the series tend to be long (a full series might have thirty or more volumes). That may work for children in schools but let’s be honest, it’s not realistic for people with busy lives to read so many comics, even if they find the topic interesting. That’s the gap this book fills. If you are interested in learning about Japanese history, you only need this single volume. Along with a detailed historical narrative, I have taken those events that I believe most effectively represent each era, that best convey the atmosphere of the age, and have presented them using manga. My belief is that these manga sections vividly represent life during these eras. I’ve also supplemented the text with callouts, maps and tables that offer more information on important topics. By doing so, I believe I have created a single book that tells the story of Japan in an informative and entertaining way. I want you to feel the breath of history through this book and let it live on in you.

6

1

CHAPTER

The Dawn of Japan From the Birth of Japan to the Iwai Rebellion YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

30,000 years ago

Proto-Mongoloids arrive in Japan

10,000+ years ago

Japanese archipelago separates from continent

Around 10th century BC

Rice cultivation transmitted from continental China

Around 5th century BC

Neo-Mongoloids arrive on Japanese archipelago

Around 1st century BC

Small countries form

57

Han dynasty presents gold seal as tribute to the King of Na, state of Wa

Around 3rd century

Himiko is crowned Shaman-Queen of Yamatai

239

Messenger from Wei presents Himiko with a gold seal

248

Himiko dies

Around 4th century

Yamato regime is established in Yamato (Nara) province

Around 5th century

Construction of Mozu tombs

471

Inariyama Kofun iron sword is forged

478

King Bu of Wa sends an ambassador to Song dynasty

527

Outbreak of the Iwai Rebellion

End of 2nd Century to 3rd Century Japan’s First Queen: a Federation Ruled by Himiko

The Mystery of Yamatai

Yamatai is a nation on the island of Japan, as recorded in the Han dynasty Chinese text Records of Wei. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Yamatai functions as a country. They have laws and taxes. Social class is stratified. The Records of Wei writes that those of lower status put their hands on the ground in supplication and clear the way when Queen Himiko walks by. Himiko’s authority is apparently shamanic more than political. It’s believed she has the ability to read the weather. As rice cultivation depends heavily on seasons and climate, the ability to predict weather changes is powerful. Himiko’s ability is most likely a factor in her being chosen as ruler. Her position is recognized by Emperor Guangwu of the Han dynasty. According to Chinese records, he sends her a golden seal, the highest ranked symbol of office. Purple seals are used by ministerial class. While Himiko’s existence is not confirmed, this official, recorded account from the imperial court of China is key to understanding her role.

8

after decades of warfare among the kings of wa,

the people try something new. they take a girl and raise her to be their ruler.

they name her himiko. (from gishi wajinden, the records of three kingdoms)

himiko, shamanqueen of yamatai

9

h S plsss

Rice cultivation is introduced to wa (japan) from continental Asia in about 4 BC.

People begin living in communities.

I-it’s…

SHA

Rain!!!

AAA

AAA

AA

these communities develop politics and leaders, eventually evolving into countries.

by 1 bc, there are more than a hundred separate countries.

AA A H A S A AA A A

10

some smaller countries unite behind a shaman-queen for mutual cooperation.

inevitably, conflicts arise.

that shaman-queen’s name is himiko himiko..

the country she rules is called yamatai .

Y A A A Y!!! Y A Y A A

in 239, himiko receives an ambassador from mainland china, then known as wei. Wei Shu Wu she is presented with a golden seal and a hundred bronze mirrors from emperor guangwu. he bestows upon her the title ruler of wa, friend of wei wei..

11

lady himiko!!!

THM slow down there fellow!

P

do you need Something from my sister?

himiko’s brother is also her advisor.

lady himiko, look!

Hey!!!

ho! this is big news! you’re officially an adult!

i got my teeth pulled today! i’m an elder!

AAA

AAH

tooth ablation – performed as a coming-of-age ceremony during the jomon period. it signifies adulthood as well as designates the family patriarch.

Hip my sister will be pleased.

thanks!!!

Pat

Pat

i’ve brought fresh fish and vegetables.

i’ve woven fine silks for you.

Hip

i’ve got clams straight from the sea!

Ho o ray

such easy joy… hold on! one at a time!

Hah a Hah a

S ig h

Tmp

i can only pray that this peace continues.

13

Kr raaaa ck k k

KRK

KRK

KRK

an ill omen…

Kn k something’s happening, i feel it.

Fss

i must protect my people…

I A T MA

himiko’s prophecy comes true. relations with neighboring country kuna turn sour.

YA

A N U K 14

Fighting breaks out.

YADDA

YADDA YADDA YA DD A

Thmp

T h mp don’t worry, little brother!

SMACK

my sister watches over us!

all troops advaaaance!!!

WA A

A

H

H

the battle continues for days. the entire country is exhausted.

lady himiko… lady himiko…

lady himiko!!!

damn…!

16

S LA

M

Lady Himiko!!!

himiko’s relative, iyo.

S niff chaos may rage for a while, himiko, it’s iyo.

S niff

but we will regain peace.

lady himiko…

pplease…

lady himiko!

please listen to me…

around 247, himiko dies. the conflict with kuna rages on.

a man takes her place as king and the battle escalates into war. a queen never rules yamatai again.

queen!

by the 6th century, the kingdom of yamato is established. yamatai disappears into history.

this country ruled by japan’s first queen himiko remains a mystery to this day.

17

STONE AGE – JOMON PERIOD

PREHISTORY TO 4TH CENTURY BC

Rice cultivation is introduced to the Jomon people. Agricultural society is established. Villages unite to form small nations. The First Japanese People Proto-Mongoloids arrive in Japan around 30,000 BC, when the Japanese archipelago is still connected to the continent. After the archipelago drifts, the Japanese people emerge from Neo-Mongoloids that come to Japan during the Yayoi period.

Neo-Mongoloids

Migration approximately 20,000 BC Jodo people

Land-based migration (approximately 30,000 BC)

Jomon period southern migration (Around the 5th century)

Proto-Mongoloids

Liujiang people Minatogawa people Yamashita cave People (Both Proto-Mongoloids)

Ainu (Primarily Proto-Mongoloids)

Hamakita people (Primarily Proto-Mongoloids)

The origin of the Japanese people comes from the neo- and proto-mongoloids that came from the mainland!

Ancient Japan’s origins are found in the hunter-gatherer and agricultural societies that grew up there.

The Japanese archipelago split from the Asian continent more than 10,000 years ago. Isolated people build societies on hunter-gather groups of around thirty people. This lengthy stone age lasts until migrants arrive, triggering the Jomon period. Techniques of hydroponics and rice cultivation are introduced from overseas, along with iron and bronze working. These innovations soon spread across the island. Rice cultivation changes everything. With stable food sources, agricultural society supplants hunter-gatherers completely.

18

Rice Cultivation Routes It’s not known for sure how rice cultivation spreads across Asia. The most promising routes are via the southern part of the Korean peninsula and the Jiang region of China. However, other potential routes cannot be discounted. Discussions on the origin and spread of rice cultivation remain ongoing.

1

Shandong Peninsula Korea Route

2

Korean Peninsula Southern Route

Remains of cultivated rice have been found along this arrow.

One theory says rice was brought to northern Kyushu along with stone tools and earthenware.

3

China Gangnam Region Route

Yellow River

Tareyanagi Hyakkengawa

2 Yangtze River

Ancient rice from China has been found in Japan, but not in the Korean peninsula.

4

1

Nansei Islands Route

Rice remnants are found in earthenware collected from the Nansei islands.

Efficient rice cultivation requires many hands using proper techniques. People need to live together and cooperate. This means abandoning traditional family units in favor of political units called “kuni.” As a result, cultures develop agricultural machinery, irrigation techniques, and festivals for praying for a good harvest. Along with this leaders appear to unite groups. The long-lasting Jomon period comes to an end. The Yayoi period begins.

3

Itatzuke

Hemudu

Toro Habata

4 Rice farming ruins

Important Historical Note The beginning of the Yayoi period is about 50,000 years earlier than previously believed. The Jomon and Yayoi periods are divided by the beginning of rice farming. It is the theorized that the Yayoi period began around the 4th-5th century BC. However, recent research has revealed rice paddy remains and farm tools in Kyushu and western Japan from the late Jomon period. It is now believed rice cultivation was introduced in the 10th century BC. Future research is required to trace the history and routes of transmission.

19

YAYOI PERIOD

LATE 2ND TO THE 3RD CENTURY BC

Several small countries come together to establish the Yamatai nation. Yamatai in the Records of Wei The Chinese historical text Records of Three Kingdoms consists of three books: Records of Wei, Records of Shu, and Records of Wu. The Records of Wei is a valuable resource for learning about the mystery of Yamatai. In addition to recording the lives and customs of Yamatai, Records of Wei says Himiko sends an ambassador to China. The Han Emperor Guangwu responds, naming her Queen of Wa and Friend of Wei, and acknowledges her station with a golden seal and bronze mirrors.

Record of Three Kingdoms, the Records of Wei, Volume 28. The section marks references to the country of Yamatai. (National Archives of Japan). Description

About the Land of Wa A country and people on an island in the sea, southeast of Daifung. Route to Yamatai If you go south from Daifung to Nakoku and Toma, you will reach Yamatai. Customs Deer scapula are burned for divination, and the cracks used to determine whether to advance or retreat. Society There are differences in status between adults and children and lower and upper classes. They have tax and punishment systems, and open markets.

Shaman-Queen Himiko unites the ancient Japanese.

From the Jomon to the Yayoi period, Japan is known as the Land of Wa. The land is separated into multiple small counties called kuni. This era is a transition point from hunting to agriculture. With food stability, populations increase. It becomes possible to lead a stable life. However, in due course, conflicts arise between kuni. They compete for rice, tools, and arable land. Iron technology developed for agricultural machinery escalates these conflicts. Farming tools easily transform into weaponry. Weary of continual war, about thirty kuni gather to decide on a single leader to unite them.

20

Himiko’s Life in Yamatai According to the Records of Wei, Himiko’s house has a triple structure. Himiko lives in the inner buildings with her younger brother as her advisor. The middle structures are accommodations for government officials and messengers. The outer barracks house soldiers and palace servants.

Stilt Buildings During the Yayoi, period, harvested rice was stored in stilted buildings. Because the floor was high and well-ventilated it was used as a residence in summer.

Blacksmith workshop

Enlarged view of inner structures Himiko's residence Himiko's palace

Himiko

She does not leave this area, and shamanic and ruling duties are performed here.

Government office

Watch tower Moat A moat surrounds the complex. This was meant to protect against foreign invaders.

The Chinese text, the Records of Wei, describes Himiko as a woman who hears the voices of the gods and uses their guidance to rule her people. She is officially recognized as sovereign by Han dynasty Emperor Guangwu who presents her with a golden seal and bronze mirrors. He declares her Queen of Wa and Friend of Wei.

Treasury

Himiko's Original Residence (Osaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture)

Messenger accommodations

Himiko's Brother Her younger brother lived by her side.

Soldiers

Live in the outer barracks.

Important Historical Note The Shaman-Queen Himiko could also be the goddess Amaterasu mentioned in the Kojiki. There is a theory that Himiko and Amaterasu are one and the same. This stems from the famous story of the sun goddess Amaterasu hiding in a cave and plunging the world into darkness. There was a solar eclipse in the last year of Himiko’s reign, in 247. Other research noticed they are both associated with mirrors.

21

KOFUN-ASUKA PERIOD

4TH CENTURY TO 527

After the “Blank 4th Century,” the era of the Yamato clan begins. Tsukushi Province Iwai Rebellion In 527, Iwai from the Tsukushi province allies with Silla, an ancient kingdom of Korea. They block the advance of the Yamato army and end up sparking a full-blown rebellion. The 26th Emperor Keitai calls on Otomo no Kanamura, who recommends Mononobe no Okoshi to settle this turbulence. This leads to the strengthening of Yamato rule.

Silla

Baekje

Opposition

Allied

Op

po

Allied

sit

io

n

Yamato regime

(Fukui City History Museum Collection)

Provided by Yame city, Kukuoka prefecture Cultural Promotion Division Dispatched

VS

Supporter

26th Emperor Keitai

Recommendation

Tsukushi province governor Iwai

Mononobe no Okoshi

Otomo no Kanamura

Mononobe to Arakabi settles the Iwai Rebellion

Over the course of a century, the Land of Wa turns from mysticism to military.

After Himiko’s death, Japan enters the Kofun period. It’s called this because over 10,000 tumuli called kofun across the country are built during this period. These burial mounds are simultaneously tombs of great leaders as well as symbols of power. At the same time, social and political structures evolve. Rice cultivation grows due to the improvement of agricultural technology. Himiko’s shamanistic leadership vanishes in favor of military rule. Martial clans rise in power across Wa. No one knows exactly how, however during the 5th century a powerful clan arises that will dominate the country.

22

Distribution of Burial Mounds across Japan Kofun burial mounds are found across all Japan. Many along the coast of the Seto Inland Sea to the Kinki region are still intact. Burial mounds of the early Kofun period are of priests, but during the middle period they transition to military and political leaders. Saitama Kofun Group (Inariyama Kofun)

Over 10,000 tombs

5,000 - 10,000 tombs 1,000 - 5,000 tombs

Less than 1000 tombs

* Data does not include Hokkaido and Okinawa

The Inariyama Sword was excavated here, an iron sword with an inscription from Wakatakeru no Mikoto. (Agency for Cultural Affairs / Provided by Saitama Prefectural Museum, Saitama Historical Site)

Mozu Kofun Group (Daisen Kofun) Built around the 5th century, it has a total length of 486m. It is believed to be the tomb of the 16th emperor Nintoku, but doubts remain.

Eda Funayama Kofun Group An iron sword was excavated here with the same inscription as at the Inariyama kofun. It’s thought that Wakatakeru no Mikoto is another name for the 21st emperor Yuryaku.

The Yamato regime is a coalition of the Yamato clan (Nara prefecture) and allies who conquer neighboring clans. The Lord of Yamato maintains control with the uji-kabane system of hereditary titles. He also allies with the kingdom of Baekje, in the southern Korean peninsula. The Yamato clan acquires technology from the continent, and in exchange fights against the Koguryo kingdom that threatens Baekje. The country of Silla in the southeastern Korean peninsula unites with Tsukushi province against Yamato clan rule in the Iwai Rebellion but are ultimately defeated.

Hashihaka Kofun Overall length about 276m.

The oldest of the keyhole-shaped kofun, likely to be the tomb of Himiko.

Important Historical Note Why did the Land of Wa disappear from historical records for 100 years? The people of Wa created no historical records for themselves. The only history we know comes from Chinese sources. However, due to ongoing war in China in the 4th century, diplomatic relations with Wa were broken off. The Land of Wa disappears from Chinese historical texts for a century. These hundred years are called the Blank 4th Century. Hopefully, future discoveries will help clear up these ancient mysteries.

23

Ancient Significant Events ÆP18

4

Himiko, the five Kings of Wa, the blank 4th century… there is much we don’t know about ancient Japanese history. Let’s look at what we do know. ÆP18

Goguryeo

1

Rice cultivation introduced

About 2,700 years ago, hydroponic rice cultivation is introduced from the continent, beginning in northern Kyushu. Around the 5th century BC, it spreads to western Japan, establishing the Yayoi culture.

Baekje

Silla

Formation of the Japanese people

Humanity arises about seven million years ago. Ancient Mongoloids follow prey beasts to the land that would one day be Japan. They arrive from the north and south. Japanese races come from mixing these original settlers with Neo-Mongoloids that arrive after the Yayoi period.

Gaya

4

Yoshinogari

ÆP22

8

The Iwai Revolution

1

5

8 5 5

Chikugo, Yamato Higo, Yamato

From the latter half of the 5th century to the 6th century, the Yamato clan rules the Kanto region and central Kyushu. At the start of the 6th century, the regional governor of Tsukushi province allies with Silla. They launch a rebellion that lasts for two years. Mononobe no Arakabi suppresses the revolt.

ÆP20

5

Birth of Yamatai

Around the 3rd century, Yamatai is born as an alliance of countries governed by Shaman-Queen Himiko. However, the location of Yamatai is unknown. The Kyushu theory is based on proximity to the Asian continent, while other theories such as the Kinai theory are based on estimated timelines and other factors.

24

Himiko

? – 248 Japan's first empress, whose rule is based on shamanic rituals.

ÆP23

6

Colossal Kofun Appear

Large kofun (burial mounds) appear in the latter half of the Yayoi period during the 3rd century, mainly in Western Japan. Among them is Daisenryo Kofun (Osaka), Japan’s largest keyhole-shaped kofun. Daisenryo Kofun is one of the three largest tombs in the world.

ÆP18

2

The Stone Age is defined by the use of stone tools. It can be divided into the Paleolithic era, which used chipped stones using lithic reduction, and the Neolithic era which used ground and polished stone tools.

2 6

Iwajuki Site

3

Daisenryo Kofun

5

Stone Age Begins

Omori Shell Mounds

Hashihaka kofun

ÆP18

3

ÆP22

7

Birth of the Yamato clan

Jomon Culture Established

About 10,000 years ago a rise in sea levels separates the Japanese archipelago from Asian continent. Environmental changes cause all large animals to go extinct. The surviving populace became dependent on plants for food. Jomon pottery appears, which is used to boil vegetation.

From excavated items, kofun are thought to be burial mounds of chiefs. Since there are many large-scale kofun in what is now the Kinki region, it stands to reason that there was a powerful clan in that area. We call this the Yamato regime. It is a coalition-style government with command centered on a lord of the Yamato clan called the Daio or Emperor.

25

A CLOSER LOOK

History Books about Ancient Japan

The Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki The Kojiki was written for Japan while the Nihon Shoki was written for foreign nations.

Much of what we know about Japanese history comes from two books, the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. Together, they are known as Kiki. While they have complimentary relationship there are differences in content. This is because each book serves a different purpose. The Kojiki was written in 712 by command of Emperor Tenmu. It is the first history book of Japan, however about a third of it is mythical. The purpose of the Kojiki was to establish the divine right to rule for the emperor and his line. Much of it focuses on positioning the emperor as a direct descendent of the gods. Nihon Shoki, on the other hand, was an official history. Its creation was also commanded by Emperor Tenmu but served an entirely different purpose. Its goal was to assert the legitimacy of Japan as an

independent nation to overseas kingdoms. The contents establish the genealogy and achievements of the emperor. By contrast, only about one-eighth of it is mythological. The difference in language tells us much about the purpose of both books. The Kojiki credits only two people, a scholar named Taiko Manto and a priest named Hieda no Are, the emperor’s attendant. It is written in a form of Chinese adapted to the Japanese language. Conversely, the Nihon Shiki is the work of multiple scholars and officials including the royal family. Also written in Chinese, the Nihon Shiki was intended to be sent to China via official courier. The Kojiki was the emperor’s private project. The Nihon Shoki was Japan’s advertisement to the rest of the world.

COMPARISON CHART Compiled

Language

Kojiki

Nihon Shoki

712 (Wado 5)

720 (Yoro 4)

Chinese adapted to Japanese language

Orthodox Chinese

Composition 3 volumes Ÿ V1 -- Age of the Gods Ÿ V2 -- 1st Emperor Jimmu to 15th Emperor Ojin Ÿ V3 -- 16th Emperor Nintoku -- 33rd Empress Suiko

30 volumes + 1 genealogy supplement Ÿ V1 -- 2 -- Age of the Gods Ÿ V3 -- 30 -- 1st Emperor Jimmu -- 41st Empress Jito

Editors

Led by 40h emperor Tenmu. Many were involved in its compilation, including Prince Toneri, six other members of the royal family, and six government officials.

Tone

Private history book for internal use

Purpose

Establish the divine right to rule and imperial authority by emphasizing direct descendancy from the gods.

Led by 40th emperor Tenmu. The scholar Ono Yasumaro and priest Hieda no Are compiled the book from older records the Teiki and Kyuji.

Includes tragic figures such as Okuninushi-no-kami and Yamato Takeru as well as anti-national stories.

Official history for foreign nations

Establish the legitimacy of the Japanese nation and the Yamato regime to foreign countries.

The text is an orthodox history but there are some “Other Sources” that cite alternative records for specific events. Anti-national stories are excluded as much as possible.

2

CHAPTER

Buddhism and the Birth of a Nation From the Introduction of Buddhism to the Establishment of the Taiho Code YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

Around 6th century

Buddhism transmits to Wa

587

Soga-Mononobe conflict

592

Emperor Sushun assassinated by Soga no Umako

592

33rd Empress Suiko ascends throne. Shotoku named regent the following year

607

Ono no Imoko sent as envoy to Sui dynasty

618

Founding of Tang. Sui dynasty is destroyed the following year

629

34th Emperor Jomei ascends throne.

642

35th Empress Kogyoku ascends throne. Prince Yamashiro commits suicide the following year

645 (Taika era begins)

Isshi Incident. 36th Emperor Kotoku ascends throne the following year

663

Battle of Baekgang

667

Capital moved to Omi Otsu. 38th Emperor Tenji ascends throne the following year

672

Jinshin War

694

Capital transferred to Fujiwara-kyo

701 (Taika era ends)

Taiho code established

MIDDLE OF 6TH CENTURY TO 643 A Child Prodigy, Prince Shotoku, and the Soga Clan Create a Nation

The Establishment of a Buddhist Government Buddhism is introduced from the Korean peninsula in the middle of the 6th century, transmitted by immigrants brought over by the Soga clan to bolster their forces. Embracing Buddhism puts Soga in conflict with the Shintoist Mononobe clan. However, this is not a war between Buddhism and Shinto. It is a succession war over who will be the next emperor. The Soga clan wins. A daughter of Soga is married to the royal family so their child will be the new emperor and build a new government based on foreign political ideas. Both Empress Suiko and Prince Shotoku have Soga clan blood. Together they lay the foundation for the Asuka period. Prince Shotoku establishes the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System and the Seventeen-article constitution, which stipulates bureaucracy founded on Buddhism. Not everyone is pleased. The new system gives preferential treatment to immigrants whose status would be low under the uji-kabane system of hereditary titles. Some think Prince Shotoku created this system specifically to favor Buddhist immigrants.

influential family member soga no umako

…

my prince! what are you doing?

S kkr r t

prince!

i carved figures of the four heavenly kings to pray for victory in battle.

umako!

rt S kr

son of 31st emperor yomei, prince umayado (shotoku)

Tnk

may the blessing of the buddha be with me.

we shall win this fight.

shall we go, umako?

FWAAA

AA

the yamato clan rules wa in a political alliance centered on the emperor.

the mononobe and soga clans disagree on whether or not to accept this new religion.

influential family mononobe no moriya

in the mid-6th century, emissaries and immigrants from the southern korean peninsula introduce buddhism by importing buddhist statues, sutras, and teachings.

damn!!! our arrows can’t seem to find them!

R

ready to charge!

follow the prince!

R A A R R

prince shotoku plays an almost mystical role in these turbulent events.

this fourteen-yearold boy dramatically alters the path of japanese history.

time passes. 592.

well now,

shotoku is as popular as ever.

the prince of eight ears holding court…

Y AD D you’ll have to ask about that story.

that’s what they call him.

eight ears?

YAD

AYA DA D

we’ll talk more about buddhism tomorrow.

you carved a buddhist statue? i must see it!

the scroll you’re asking about is at home

my prince! he hears all their voices at the same time.

come quickly!

Ta p A MA Z

princess kashikiya,

eh? emperor sushun?

I N G!

Yes…

it was assassination!

… terrifying. is it true emperor sushun has passed?

which means umako…?

!

umako means me to be the next empress.

prince shotoku’s aunt; wife and empress to sushun, 32nd emperor of japan, princess kashikiya

…i see.

yet i believe buddhism is necessary to advance this country.

why not ask prince shotoku to be your regent?

it seems a large role for a woman to fill.

but i’m considering it.

i’m sure he would support your claim.

will you ask him for me?

i ask you, umeko, are you a serious adherent? will you do what is best for our nation?

of course. *regent – a role assuming political responsibilities of the emperor.

the people will be thrilled to hear prince shotoku shall be regent*.

the following year, suiko took the throne as the 33rd empress of japan.

under her, the politics of prince shotoku and soga no umako shape the country.

prince shotoku values individual ability over lineage. he institutes the twelve level cap and rank system and seventeenarticle constitution based on buddhist teachings.

you want me as ambassador to emperor yang?

he then opens relationships with the sui dynasty of china.

good relations are indispensable for advancing technology and buddhism.

i wish you to deliver this book.

low-ranking family ono no imoko

it would be my honor.

!

this book !?…

“from the son of heaven where the sun rises, to the son of heaven where the sun sets, may good health be with you.” (as written in “book of sui.”)

this petty king of a barbaric island nation expects me to call him emperor?

sui emperor yang guang

607. xingcheng, capital of sui.

my prince! if we deliver this, we may anger sui instead of winning favor!

it will be fine. sui is a different ethnic group than the han chinese we allied with in the past. But sir…

wa is not subordinate to sui.

i know he is asking the impossible, yet…

i trust the prince.

we are equals.

Sui … you may depart.

Tap

the national book from wa is received coldly. yet the request is acknowledged, and a reply sent.

diplomatic relations succeed only due to sui’s chief rival, Koguryo. sui fears if they rebuff wa then Koguryo they will ally with Koguryo instead.

Silla Baekje

Wa

Asuka culture is in full bloom at the time. however… prince shotoku is determined to bring order and reform to the country.

unable to build relationships with the newly founded tang dynasty, the asuka period moves on. one by one, the founders of this new nation die; prince shotoku, soga no umako. finally, empress suiko…

619. the sui dynasty is destroyed.

Y A

...

DA

____.__..____

____.__..____

she should be succeeded by prince tamura, as was her last command!

YA D A

hold on! she said the same thing about prince yamashiro!

here here!

emperor bidatsu’s grandson, prince tamura

umako’s son, soga no emishi

everyone please, calm down. let us examine again the last words of our empress.

as the child of prince shotoku, he should be our next emperor!

prince shotoku’s son, prince yamashiro

she said to me… “the ruling of the empire is a great task and not to be lightly spoken of. do not be remiss”

our empress’s intent is clear.

prince yamashiro is too young.

629. tamura ascends as 34th emperor jomei.

and to me, “you are still young. fail not to follow the council of the many.”

But… if I am to rule... listen to my advice as clan leader and set prince tamura on the throne.

fear not. we’re here to assist you.

the question of succession is not an easy one. soga pushes through prince tamura’s claim.

he dies fourteen years later.

when prince yamashiro is again put forward as emperor, his home at ikaruga no miya is attacked.

he fears this was the work of umako’s son soga no iruka to silence his supporters.

my prince…

let us… so long as you live, we have a chance…

no, my friend.

Our struggle is over. No one else will suffer for my sake.

let us give iruka what he wants.

after the death of prince yamashiro, jomei’s wife takara is enthroned as 35th empress kogyoku. the soga clan strengthens their power. prince yamashiro and his family commit suicide at horyu-ji temple, including the princess and more than a dozen children.

the bloodline of prince shotoku ends.

39

ASUKA PERIOD

MID-6TH CENTURY TO 587

The arrival of Buddhism from Asia sparks a feud between the Soga and Mononobe. When Shinto and Buddhism Collide When Buddhism spreads to Japan, the Soga clan accepts it as the “true faith.” Conversely, the Mononobe clan rejects Buddhism. The conflict between the two clans lasts about fifty years, until 587. In a final decisive battle, the Soga clan annihilates the Mononobe clan.

Shinto

Buddhism

Mononobe clan

Soga clan

Mononobe no Arakabi Oko

VS

Iname

Prince Shotoku

Daughter

Moriya

Tojiko no Iratsume

Umako

Saga no Umako defeats Mononobe no Moriya in the Soga-Mononobe War. The Mononobe clan is destroyed.

Buddhism arrived from India and was adopted by the Soga clan.

In the 6th century, the Yamato clan extends their rule from Kyushu to the Kanto mainland. By the Asuka period, the emperor is increasingly powerful. Other clans attach themselves to the imperial family and rise along with them, gaining political power and influence. The Otomo clan is one such family. However, they lose favor over disagreements regarding the Korean peninsula. When Buddhism is introduced in the mid-6th century, debate rages over whether or not to adopt the religion. The Mononobe clan rejects it entirely, holding onto the indigenous Shinto religion.

40

Buddhist Transmission Buddhism was born in North India. There are two main types: Theravada stresses strict training and individual precepts; Mahayana believes in salvation for the masses. Theravada spreads to Southeast Asia, while Mahayana takes root across Central Asia and goes from China to the Korean peninsula to Japan. Mahayana Buddhism

Salvation for the masses. Samarkand

1st

Bamiyan

tur

n Ce

Dunhuang

C

yB

Gandhara

h

13t

Lhasa 3rd century BC

India

Bodh Gaya (Birthplace of Buddhism)

Current Religious Distribution

r ntu

Ce

y

Chang'an

China

13–14th Century

3rd Century BC

Ceylon

4th Century

6th–7th Century

Ayutthaya

3rd–2nd Century BC

Koguryo

Baekje

Silla

Japan

6th Century According to the biography of Prince Shotoku, Buddhism came to Japan in 538. According to the Nihon Shoki, it was introduced in 553. Currently, 538 is the more accepted date.

Cambodia

Mahayana Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism transmission route

Theravada Buddhism transmission route

Theravada Buddhism

Based on strict training and adherence to precepts.

Said to have been made by Tori Busshi, the oldest Buddhists statue in Japan is "Seated Shaka Nyorai," (Asuka temple)

Along with Buddhism the Soga clan encourages immigrants from China and Korea. This, the Mononobe clan cannot stand, sparking a feud that lasts for generations. Relations between the rival clans explode over succession for the new emperor, escalating to open war. In 587, the Soga clan defeats the Mononobe clan and claims the head of Mononobe no Moriya. With no rivals, power concentrates on the Soga clan. Under their patronage Buddhism spreads across Japan.

Important Historical Note How is the Buddhist /Shinto War related to the Isshi Incident? The Taika Reforms were established in 645 (See p. 54). Remember Kamatari’s family name, “Nakatomi.” The Nakatomi clan were devout followers of Shinto, and mostly ignored by the Soga clan during their rise. The imperial family felt threated by the Soga clan’s power. They conspired with the Nakatomi clan and defeated the Soga in the Isshi Incident. The Yamato regime was heavily Buddhist. The new regime saw a return to a Shinto-focused court revolving around the emperor.

41

ASUKA PERIOD

587– 622

Emperor Monmu, grandson of Emperor Tenmu, wins the Jinshin War and establishes the Ritsuryo Codes. Central Government by Decree Prince Shotoku, regent of Empress Suiko, implements the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System in 603. It promotes talent over pedigree. The following year, in 604, he institutes the Seventeen-article Constitution, outlining the expected morals of government officials.

— Twelve Level Cap and Rank System

The system undermines hereditary succession and political marriages with a serious of twelve ranks, divided into large and small colored caps according to ability. The caps are based on the Confucian ideals of virtue, benevolence, propriety, sincerity, justice, and knowledge. Purple

Blue

Red

Yellow

White

Black

Greater virtue

Greater benevolence

Greater propriety

Greater sincerity

Greater justice

Greater knowledge

Lesser virtue

Lesser benevolence

Lesser propriety

Lesser sincerity

Lesser justice

Lesser knowledge

High

Rank

Low

— Seventeen-article Constitution

Moral guidelines for officials based on virtues such as obedience to the emperor, respect for the public, and Buddhist reverence.

Articles (Partial excerpt)

u Value Harmony and Avoid Quarrels

ÆBe mindful of harmony and do not go against other people.

v Sincerely Revere the Three Treasures

ÆHonor the three treasures of the Enlightened Buddha, the Law that teaches it, and the monk that conveys the law. w Scrupulously obey Imperial Commands ÆObey all orders of the emperor.

Prince Shotoku becomes regent and establishes a new form of government.

During the Asuka period, powerful clans seek to strengthen their relationships with the emperor and imperial court. The Soga clan marries daughters and nieces to the emperor, and with each child born bonds are strengthened. When Emperor Sushun is crowned, their ambitions are realized. Soga blood at last sits on the throne. The clan authority is greater than ever. However, Emperor Sushun is not content to be a puppet of the Soga clan. Sensing the growing resentment, Soga no Mako has Emperor Sushun assassinated and installs Empress Suiko on the throne. She is the granddaughter of Soga no Iname, a revered ancestor of the Soga clan. This allows Soga no Mako to manipulate politics as he pleases.

42

The Relationship between the Soga Clan and the Imperial Family The Soga clan is in charge of finances during the Yamato regime. They organize an influx of immigrants and rise as a powerful family. They continue their rise by strengthening relationships with the imperial family. The Soga clan reaches its peak during the reigns of Emperor Sushun and Empress Suiko, both of whom carry Soga blood. Ankan Keitai

Senka

Hirohime Ishihime

Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko

Bidatsu

Ujinokaitako no Himemiko

Kinmei

Kitashihime Soga no Iname

Oane no Kimi

Jomei (Prince Tamura)

Chinu no Okimi

Suiko (Princess Kashikiya)

Tenji (Prince Naka no Oe) Kogyoku (Saimei)

Yomei Anahobe no Hashihito no Himemiko Prince Shotoku Anhobe no Miko

Karu

Sushun Umako

Kawakami no Iratsume

Tojiko no Iratsume

Daughter

Mononobe no Okoshi

Yamashiro no Oe no Oh

Iruka

Emishi Kuramaro Moriya

Empress Suiko takes on her nephew Prince Shotoku as regent. He forges a political alliance with Umako and implements the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System along with the Seventeen-article Constitution. Shotoku focuses on domestic and foreign policy, sending envoys to China and reopens diplomatic relations. However, in the 600s Prince Shotoku and Empress Suiko both die, one after the other. History turns yet again.

Yamada no Ishikawa no Maro

●

Related Married (Number)

Imperial succession

Important Historical Note Did Prince Shotoku truly exist? In most textbooks Prince Shotoku is written as an alternative name for Prince Umayado. Yet Prince Shotoku is also treated as a Buddhist saint with various miracles attributed to him. This has led to a debate if the two are truly the same person. Some also believe that the architects of the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System and the Seventeen-article Constitution are in fact Empress Suiko and Soga no Umako.

43

645 – 668

Drama between Prince Naka-no-Oe and Fujiwara no Kamatari

The Isshi Incident and Taika Reform With the death of Empress Suiko, Soga no Emishi and his son Iruka move to install a new emperor that is easier to control. Prince Shotoku’s child Prince Yamashiro seems like the most promising candidate. Yet Yamashiro proves less tractable than the Soga clan desires. In a savvy political move, they instead install Jomei’s wife Kogyku as the new empress. She suits their needs, but problems arise again with succession. Emperor Jomei and Empress Kobyoku have a son, Prince Naka-no-Oe. As the child of two sovereigns, he is perfectly positioned to ascend the throne. But like Yamashiro, Naka-no-Oe is not willing to be a Soga puppet. At the same time, he lacks the power to oppose them directly. Naka-noOe conspires with Nakatomi no Kamatari, down a path that alters the course of the Imperial throne.

BAM PING

GO!

SMAP

AH! MINE!

PING

AHA

HA

HAHAH

...

prince! your ball!

son of 34th emperor jomei and 35th empress kogyoku. prince naka-no-oe

Whoa!

PO NG SP OK

! SPP

my prince

ahhh… thanks.

powerful clan in charge of shinto rituals - kamatari

i’ve been hoping we’d get a chance to talk.

i’m nakatomi no kamatari.

… …

their knowledge and connections allow the clan to grow wealthy. they oversee all construction for temples and palace facilities.

the soga clan devotes themselves to buddhism. they organize immigration from the continent, bringing new ideas and technology.

chief of the influential soga clan – soga no iruka

under iruka, they grow more powerful than ever. after orchestrating the downfall of prince yamashiro, son of prince shotoku, they surpass even the emperor.

and what does my prince think of this?

I…

imperial authority is absolute.

how dare the soga clan think themselves above the emperor?

!

is that not so?

h-how do you know?!

we nakatomi have overseen shinto rituals since ancient times.

as i said, i wish to speak with you.

and we’ve had enough of licking soga clan boots.

we’ve been waiting,

…let us end soga no iruka, my prince.

for someone like you. the nakatomi clan is yours.

prince naka-nooe and kamatari succeed in bringing soga no kurayamade no ishikawa no maro to their side.

we await your command.

then, kamatari brings saeki no komaru and katsuragi no wakaiinu no amita into their conspiracy.

do you have a plan to remove iruka, kamatari?

kamatari…

yes.

H uh

ishikawa no maro, i want you reading the tributes. soga no iruka’s cousin - kurayamade no ishikawa no maro this coming june 12th is the samhan tribute.*

*samhan tribute – ritual where the three countries of korea (baekje, silla, koguryo) pay tribute to wa through reading of testimonials.

komaru and amita, i’ll signal you when an opportunity presents itself. don’t let this chance slip away.

Of course!

under­ stood.

HAH hell of a thing,

pulling this off in front of the empress herself!

A

BWA

HAHA HAH

HAH

A

HAHA

A

HAH

A

… …

Hmm … …

june 12, 645

G ulp

Now!

S ll

lp

komaru! amita! go!!!

…Uh…

there’s no time for cowardice!

… Urk… Fools!!!

this chance will never come again!

YNK

YNK we must stand against injustice!

?! … …! my prince?!

50

SLLLRRK Aiiiiieeee

S pu rt

k r r l Gl

TH N K

Wwhy…?

nakano-oe!

naka-no-oe’s mother – 35th empress kogyoku

what… c-crime have i c-commited…?!

what is the meaning of this?!

… … are we to allow this?!

iruka killed prince yamashiro! he thought his power greater than the imperial throne!

prince nakano-oe arms for battle against iruka’s father, soga no emishi.

the following day, the new emperor’s coronation ceremony is held.

52

Sl llp

the following day, after hearing the massive support for naka-nooe’s actions, soga no emishi commits suicide.

this coup d'état becomes known as the isshi incident. incident.

Heh

to allay suspicion on the prince, at kamatari’s suggestion kotoku is immediately enthroned as the 36th emperor.

prince naka-no-oe’s uncle – emperor kotoku

although nakano-oe slew soga no iruka, at nineteen he is too young to assume power.

Huh

working with naka-no-oe,

… …

other theories say kotoku was the true mastermind of the isshi incident.

in measures known as the taika reforms. reforms.

they begin consolidating authority,

naka-no-oe takes the throne as emperor tenji in 668. the next year, he moves the capital to omi otsu.

in 670, he introduces the first family registry system. system. tenji unites wa into a centralized nation under imperial rule.

ASUKA PERIOD

643 – 668

After the coup d'état of Prince Naka-no-Oe and Nakatomi no Kamatari, Wa becomes a centralized nation. The Isshi Incident (the Soga Coup) Prince Naka-no-Oe and Nakatomi no Kamatari kill Soga no Iruka in the Isshi Incident. After, they work together to build a centralized nation. Kamatari is given the surname Fujiwara in recognition of his support to the imperial throne. He becomes the founder of the Fujiwara clan. Tabumine Engi Emaki (detail) (Tanzan Shrine collection / Provided by Nara National Museum / Photograph by Kinji Morimura)

Nakatomi no Kamatari

It is said that Iruka's head flew almost a kilometer away from the Asuka Itabuki palace and landed here.

Spu

rt

rk

Glr

Prince Naka-no-Oe

Young Prince Naka-no-Oe creates a centralized Wa. With the death of Prince Shotoku, Soga no Emishi and his son Iruka move to take political control. After the demise of the 34th Emperor Jomei, some of the great families maneuver to put Shotoku’s son Prince Yamashiro on the throne. In response, Iruka kills Yamashiro. Repulsed by this, Jomei's son conspires with Prince Naka-no-Oe and Kamatari of the influential Nakatomi clan. They assassinate Iruka and force Emishi to commit suicide during the Isshi Incident. Naka-no-Oe hands over power to his uncle Emperor Kotoku. Taking office as regent, Naka-no-Oe reforms the government based on Tang bureaucracy. He implements the Taika Reforms, the Family Registry Act, and develops local administrations.

54

Battle of Baekgang: Wa’s First Foreign War The 37th Empress Saimei (the reign name taken by Empress Kogyoku when she ascends the throne for the second time) and Prince Naka-no-Oe attach great important to the Korean peninsula. When Baekje is overrun in 660 by Tang and Silla forces, Wa sends 27,000 soldiers in three waves to support their ally. Their army engages hostile Silla-Tang forces in Baekgang. They suffer a terrible defeat. Defeated and destroyed by the Tang-Silla Alliance in 668.

Koguryo

Mizuki Castle

Built in 664, It had a moat to protect the city of Dazaifu. The castle was 1.2 kilometers long, 80 meters wide, and 13 meters high.

Strengthened through an alliance with Tang. Destroys Baekje and Koguryo.

Pyongyang

Tang

Ono Castle

Mizuki

Silla

The Battle of Baekgang (663)

The Wa army expels the Silla army invading southern Baekje. However, they are defeated when Silla allies with Tang and they attack again.

Sabi VS

Baekje

In the first half of the 6th century, the allied Silla nation invaded. Baekje was destroyed by 660. Tang army estimated route Silla army estimated route

Wa army estimated route

The goal is to consolidate and centralize imperial authority. Around the same time, Tang and Silla form an alliance on the Korean peninsula. Baekje is destroyed. Wa is friendly with Baekje and sends nearly 30,000 soldiers to take back the country. They are victorious at first, but Tang-Silla forces decimate them at the Battle of Baekgang. After Wa’s defeat, Prince Naka-no-Oe moves the capital to Omi Otsu (Shiga prefecture). He is enthroned as 38th Emperor Tenji.

Mizuki Castle ruins (Picture provided by the Kyushu Historical Museum)

Jincheng

Kaneda Castle

Namba

Ono Castle

Kii Castle

Dazaifu

Yashima Castle

Takayasu Castle

Wa

Defensive facilities and troops were built up in Kitakyushu in preparation for retaliation.

Important Historical Note Was the mastermind behind the Isshi Incident actually Emperor Kotoku? The most promising candidate to succeed to the throne is Soga-backed Prince Furuhito no Otoko. However, he flees after the Isshi Incident, leaving a clear path for Kotoku to declare himself Emperor. The “mastermind theory” is based on the fact that Emperor Kotoku gains the most from the coup d'état. This is given further credence by the fact that Kamatari also serves Emperor Kotoku.

55

ASUKA PERIOD 671 – 701

Emperor Monmu, grandson of Jinshu War-victor Emperor Tenmu, creates the Ritsuryo codes. The Birth of a Centralized Government The Ritsuryo codes establishes two departments for central government; The Jingi-kan in charge of religion; and the Daijo-kan overseeing political jurisdiction. The Daijo-kan is further divided into eight ministries. Influential people are appointed to these eight ministries, and they run by consensus. Monitor and control social customs

Daijo-kan

Danjo-dai Has jurisdiction over general administration Goefu Guard System Left/ Right middle palace guards

Left/ Inner Right palace gate guards guards

Security for the Imperial palace

Administer Imperial court rituals

Emperor

Jingi-kan

Minister of Chancellor Minister of the Left of the Realm the Right

Supreme Not staffed Major Officer when if there is Counselor Daijo-daijin no suitable is not candidate appointed Oversight Minor Department Counselor of the Left

Oversight Department of the Right

In charge of money, goods, and so on.

Geki Ministry of Popular Affairs

Ministry of Ceremonies

Ministry of Civil Services

Ministry of the Center

Ministry Ministry of the of Finance Imperial Household

Ministry of Justice

Laws arise from the feuds of the Asuka period.

Ministry of War

38th Emperor Tenji argues succession with 36th Emperor Kotoku, his uncle and predecessor. Tenji returns to Asuka (Nara) while Kotoku remains in Naniwa (Osaka). During his regency, Tenji schemes to clear a path for his son Prince Otomo. However, when Tenji dies in 672, his younger brother Prince Oama declares himself next in line. Oama fights a succession war with Otomo. Called the Jinshin War, Oama emerges the victor and is enthroned as 40th Emperor Tenmu. Inheriting a centralized state, Tenmu leads via bureaucracy instead of dictatorship. He restructures society into an eight kanbane system which manages both clans and Imperial family.

56

Jinshin War Timeline At the time, brothers are usually next in line to the throne. However, Emperor Tenji has a clear preference for his son Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun). Tenji’s younger brother Oama retreated to Yoshino (Nara) where he mobilizes powerful clans. After Tenji’s death, Oama invades and defeats Otomo in the Jinshin War. Jomei

Blood relations

●

Relation by marriage

Kogyoku

Prince Furuhito no Oe

(Number)

Order of Succession

Prince Oama defeated Prince Otomo in the Jinshin War to be enthroned as Emperor Tenmu.

Empress Yamato

Enemies Confidante

Tenmu Prince Oama

?

Princess Nukata

Tenji

Confidante

Nakatomi Kamatari

Prince Takechi

Princess Ota

Fujiwara no Fuhito

Jito

VS

Princess Oe Princess Nitabe Princess Tochi

When Emperor Tenmu dies, he is succeeded on the throne by his wife, Empress Jito. She moves the palace to Fujiwara-kyo (Nara). The Ritsuryo codes are completed in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu, grandson of Tenmu and Jito. Based on the laws of the Tang dynasty, the Ritsuryo codes cover both ritsu, meaning criminal, and ryo, meaning administrative law. Government administrative positions nationwide are ranked via peerage and aristocrats were dispatched to govern territories. Meanwhile, commoners are taxed and conscripted into military service. Social divides deepen with an increasingly heavy burden being shouldered by the people.

Kobun (Prince Otomo)

Important Historical Note Is the Kofuku-ji Buddhist head a memorial from Soga no Kurayamada Ishikawa Maro? As Buddhism and Confucianism spread, temples were built across the country. Simultaneously an artistic culture emerged, including waka poems and Chinese writings. A famous piece of the era is a sculpture of Buddha’s head, currently at Kofuku-ji. It is thought this head was originally at Yamadadera temple (Nara), which was built by Soga no Kurayamada Ishikawa Maro. A lightning strike burned down the temple and only the head remains.

57

Asuka Period Significant Events

In the Asuka period, the country is shaped by young people such as Prince Shotoku and Prince Naka-no-Oe. It is a time of domestic and international conflict. Tensions rise with China and the Korean peninsula.

ÆP37

5

ÆP41

Founding of Tang and the end of the Sui dynasty

1

In 618, the Tang dynasty is founded on the Chinese mainland. They destroy the Wa-friendly Sui dynasty. Because Prince Shotoku, Soga no Umako, and Empress Suiko die one after the other, Wa is unable to establish diplomatic relationships with Tang. They are only able to build a relationship in 630, about twelve years later.

Buddhism is born in India, then travels to Wa via China and the Korean peninsula in the 6th century. Buddhist statues and sculptures are imported along with teachings. The Soga clan embraces Buddhism and organizes immigration from Asia. They build the first full-scale Buddhist temple, Asuka-dera (Nara).

Baekgang

7

To Sui via Baekje

Transmission of Buddhism

Silla

Baekje

1 ÆP55

7

Battle of Baekgang

Baekje asks Wa for help when allied Tang-Silla forces invade. Baekje and Wa have a friendly relationship, and 37th Emperor Saimei saw this as a steppingstone to the Korean peninsula. He dispatches reinforcements. The Tang-Silla army defeats them. Retreating back to Wa, Saimei builds Mizuki castle to strengthen their defenses against potential invasion.

ÆP34

4

Dispatch of envoys to Sui

The Sui dynasty is founded in 589. In 607, Prince Shotoku sends Ono no Imoko to Sui with a book on the history of Wa. They succeed in building equal diplomatic relations.

58

ÆP57

9

Jinshin War

After the death of Emperor Tenji, his younger brother Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) and his son Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun) fight a war for succession. Called the Jinshin War, in 672 Oama wins and is enthroned as 40th Emperor Tenmu. Fifteen years after his death, the Ritsuryo codes that he started are completed, with a complete restructuring of Japan’s legal systems.

ÆP53

8

Emperor Tenji’s coronation

In 667, Prince Naka-no-Oe moves the capital to Omi Otsu. The following year, he is enthroned as 38th Emperor Tenji. He institutes the Kogo register, the oldest national family register. He works with Nakatomi no Kamatari to build a centralized government.

ÆP40

2

626 – 671 An elite with two emperors as parents, he worked to build a centralized state.

Soga-Mononobe Feud

The Buddhist Soga clan fights the Shinto Mononobe clan. Their feud and power struggle lasts for years until 587, when Soga defeats Mononobe in a decisive battle.

Prince Naka-no-Oe (Emperor Tenji)

Otsu

8

9 2

ÆP54

6

Isshi Incident

After Prince Shotoku’s death, Soga no Emishi and his son Iruka kill Shotoku’s son and seize power, setting themselves above the emperor. In revolt, Prince Naka-no-Oe conspires with Kamatari. In 645 they assassinate Soga no Iruka in the Isshi Incident. Emishi commits suicide and the Soga clan is destroyed. Naka-no-Oe is enthroned as 36th Emperor Kotoku and institutes the Taika Reforms.

Slllrrk

Ishikawa

6 3

Asuka ÆP42

3

Empress Suiko’s coronation

In 592, the 33rd Empress Suiko takes the throne. The following year her nephew Prince Shotoku takes office as regent. He works with Soga no Umako to create a Buddhist country, instituting the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System at court and the Seventeenarticle constitution. Approx. 574 – 622 Charismatic leader who worked alongside the Soga clan to introduce Buddhism to Wa.

Prince Shotoku (Shotoku Taishi)

59

A CLOSER LOOK

Two Major Religions that Shape Japan Today

The Difference between Shinto and Buddhism

Shinto is nature worship and Buddhism is based on the teachings of Buddha. Until Buddhism was introduced in the 6th century, Shinto was the primary Japanese religion. A ritualization of the wisdom and ideas of ancient people, Shinto has its origin in animism (nature worship). As the “eight million gods” pantheon of Shinto indicates, the core idea is that spirits dwell in all things. There are no single gods or gurus. There are no idols or scriptures. Instead, natural objects such as mountains and the sea are worshipped. Buddhism, on the other hand, comes from the teaching of a single founder called Buddha, meaning an enlightened person (one who has overcome desire). Emphasis is placed on salvation and personal enlightenment. The central teaching is the Law of Buddhism, and the embodied Buddha and Bodhisattvas are objects of worship. There is much debate in the Asuka period over the incorporation of Buddhism. When the Buddhist Soga clan took power,

Asuka-dera is Japan’s first full-scale Buddhist temple, built by the Soga clan. It has the oldest Buddhist statue in Japan, a seated Shaka Nyorai (commonly known as the Asuka Daibutsu). →P41

Buddhism grows in Japan and is worshiped along with Shinto. In the Nara period, the two are incorporated into a single religion called Shinbutsu. Buddha enters the Shinto pantheon as the God Above All. In the Heian period, the idea arises that Shinto deities are aspects of Buddha, here to save the Japanese people. The idea of Honji, or “true form” of Buddha is born. The nature gods of Shinto are reinterpreted as Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. That’s why you often see Shinto torii gates at Buddhist temples. In the Meiji period, the Shinbutsu bunri ordinance is issued officially separating Buddhism from Shinto. However, the hearts of the people are not so easily divided by government decree. The role of the gods of Shinto and Buddhism remains united in private faith. Together they form the spirituality of the modern people of Japan.

Omiwa shrine is one of the oldest shrines in Japan. Mt. Miwa, seen behind the torii, is said to be the sacred body of a Shinto god.

3

CHAPTER

Buddhist Politics and the Rise of the Aristocracy From the transfer of the Capital to Heijo-kyo to the Start of Cloister Rule YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

710 (Wado 3)

Transfer of the capital to Heijo-kyo

743 (Tenpo 15)

45th Empress Shomu issues decree to build the Daibutsu

752 (Tenpyo-shoho 4)

Todai-ji Daibutsu Opening Ceremony

784 (Enryaku 3)

Transfer of capital to Nagaoka-kyo

794 (Enryaku 13)

Transfer of capital to Heian-kyo

858 (Tenan 2)

Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, regent

884 (Gangyo 8)

Fujiwara no Mototsune, chief advisor

894 (Kanpo 6)

End of diplomatic relations with Tang

935 (Johei 5)

Tengyo Disturbance begins

1017 (Kanin 0)

Fujiwara no Michinaga, Chancellor of the Realm

1028 (Chogen 0)

Zenkunen War begins

1051 (Eisho 6)

Early Nine Year’s War begins

1083 (Eiho 3)

Gosannen War begins

1086 (Otoko 3)

Emperor Shirakawa starts Cloister Rule

743 – 752

Gyoki, supporter of the Buddhist Emperor Shomu

Daibutsu of Todai-ji and the Ideology of Buddha as National Protector The Nara period begins when the capital is relocated to Heijo-kyo and the Ritsuryo Codes become the law of the land, governing both administrative and criminal matters. The Fujiwara clan emerges from the bloodline of Nakatomi no Kamatari. They fight political battles against anti-Fujiwara clans. A slew of natural disasters combined with an unstable society leads to a weakening of state power. Tax revenue plunges. Emperor Shomu runs away, transferring the capital once again. He becomes obsessed with Buddhism. Buddhism at the time is not really a religion. It is treated as a system of government administration. Closely guarded as a national secret, propagation of Buddhism is prohibited. However, a lay monk appears named Gyoki. He travels around the country, planning irrigation projects and teaching Buddhism to commoners. Emperor Shomu hears of Gyoki and asks his help. He wishes to build a colossal statue of Buddha—the Daibutsu—large enough to please Buddha and invite him to become a spiritual guardian of Japan.

Fuse-ya*

it’s been days since we ate a real meal… thank you!

Ooooh!

*Fuse-ya: Relief shelters built by Gyoki.

yes, the cho… produce tax!

have you also travelled far to pay your taxes?

*ritsuryo system: political system based on ritsu (criminal) and ryo (civil) laws.

at least the trip a monk home named will be a little gyoki built a bridge easier! over the river.

Ritsuryo Tax Codes

there must be something better than this ritsuryo* system. this trip to the city is hard on us regular folks.

Sho

YO

taxes on rice fields

city labor tax

Cho

Other

produce taxes for and local military service, goods commutation, tax tax couriers, etc…

are you resting well?

HS SHH

eh? why would a monk do something like that?

quite well, thank you! and you are…?

idiot! that’s gyoki!!!

the taika reforms set the stage for a centralized government,, which government then adopts the ritsuryo codes.

for peasants, things were bleak. they suffer under plague and heavy taxes.

rule is based in heijo-kyo, the yamato capital. emperor shomu believes in chingokokka,, a chingokokka guardian states whose stability and protection of the nation springs from buddhism. son of the 42nd emperor monmu, 45th emperor shomu

buddhism was considered to serve the nation.

Buddhism is a special . teaching

this mean that monks of the six sects of buddhism had roles as political advisors.

a monk active in kinai, gyoki

s

k Mon

the monk ordinance* prohibited teaching buddhism to the citizenry. *monk ordinance: one of the ritsuryo codes governing monks and nuns.

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yet some felt keeping buddhism from the people was a contradiction to his teachings.

heijo palace.

construction on the rushana buddha is significantly delayed. we lack sufficient labor and materials…

taxes are not being collected. plague is rampant. rebellion… it is far from the envisioned guardian state…

even the great buddha which i thought would save the world progresses slowly… what should i do?

in the next report, we punished the priest gyoki who was taught teaching buddhism to peasants.

ah, that monk of the marketplace…

Hmmmm rest assured we deal harshly with those who would disperse national buddhism

…this must be the same man who built those bridges and rest shelters.

bring him to me. my lord?!

a few days later.

how may i be of service?

there is something i would show you.

i hear you teach in the marketplace, in defiance of the monk ordinance?

ritsuryo is a system of ideals. yet people suffer coming to pay taxes. some even die on the way.

i have given thought on how to make it safe for people to pay taxes.

next, lift their souls. buddhism brings hope… and unity.

your highness…

by spreading buddhism, we increase those who work together for the common good.

however, the country cannot operate without taxes. what can be done?

first, we must reduce the burden on their bodies. make travel easier with local infrastructure and transportation.

the true salvation of the country lies in connecting the nation and its people.

while his actions focus only on their welfare…

they work so joyfully…

HE Y , ! I GYOK LO RD

gyoki, i seek your advice…

i wouldn’t say that your highness.

LO RD GYOK I !

i thought if we gathered people from across the country to build the rushana buddha our nation would be blessed, ensuring prosperity and stability.

is gyoki’s way not the true realization of the guardian state?

however, my plan is failing. we lack necessary raw materials and people. was i mistaken to think that buddhism could build a solid foundation for our country?

rather, rethink the ends and means. and in stabilizing the doing so let country comes their lives be from uniting touched the for a single teachings of purpose, the construction buddha. bringing salvation to of the great your people buddha. is a worthy undertaking.

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i think you may be right! will you help, gyoki?

everyone! gyoki has something he wants to say. gather ‘round!

if you have strength in your body, work as you can. even a little.

if you have gold or copper, give it freely.

if you have hearts, pray for the completion of our great task.

if gyoki asks, we’ll do what we can!

if we are of one mind, the buddha will join us, reaching out to everyone. the buddha is always with the people.

i’ll cook meals for the workers!

devout buddhists and those who trust gyoki join together to build the rushana buddha.

the labor force of the entire country is mobilized. yet this unprecedented work was not without danger. injury and fatigue result in many deaths.

six years later

come quickly! gyoki collapsed!

come quickly! gyoki collapsed!

take solace that when the rushana buddha is complete it will bring happiness to all. … i leave that to you.

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we are so close… now gyoki is gone…

lord gyoki!

gyoki dies without seeing the completion of the rushana buddha.

my emperor! our worries are over!

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gold has been discovered in mutsu province!

we don’t have enough gold to surface the statue. construction is halted. gyoki, what should i do…?

Can it be…?

this must be the blessing of gyoki…

752. a grand ceremony unveils the massive golden statue of buddha. it’s said that around 10,000 monks attend from japan, china, and other countries.

buddhism becomes a major pillar of the nowprosperous country.

however, this leads to a rise in political power of buddhist monks.

to separate buddhism from politics, in 794 the 50th emperor kanmu moves the capital to heian-kyo heian-kyo.. this leads to a new era of prosperity and elegant courtly culture as the heian period blossoms.

ASUKA – NARA PERIOD

630 – 710

Heijo-kyo is modeled after Chang’an, the capital city of the Tang dynasty. Structure of Heijo-kyo Heijo-kyo incorporates the Jobo Four Wards grid system, just like the Tang capital of Chang’an, with roads running east-west and north-south. Heijo palace sits at the northern center and contains the imperial palace and residences of the emperor as well as the Council Hall where government business is conducted. Daidai-ri

Includes the imperial residence, the Council Hall where aristocrats conduct politics, as well as reception halls and other rooms.

Todai-ji Temple

The temple housing the Great Buddha built by Emperor Shomu. It lies beyond the outer capital.

Northern Ward

Daidai-ri (Heijyo-kyo) Kofuku-ji Temple

Todai-ji Temple

Gekyo

Ukyo

Sakyo

Heijo-kyo is divided into Sakyo and Ukyo, with Suzaku Avenue serving as the boundary. It’s said the Gekyo is added to the east side of Sakyo so that Fujiwara temple Kofuku-ji would be within city boundaries.

Tang culture spreads to the Tenpyo culture of Nara.

In China, the Sui dynasty falls to the Tang dynasty in 618. Chang’an, the capital of Tang, is magnificent. It is the center of Asia, in terms of both culture and politics. Since the Sui dynasty, Japan has been sending envoys to China. They are now received by Tang. As navigation technology is immature at the time, these trips are fraught with peril. More than a dozen envoys are sent to Tang over two hundred years until stopped by Sugawara no Michizane. The ideas and technology exchanged by these envoys have an incalculable influence on the development of Japan. Heijo-kyo is designed based on Chang’an. Buddhism, which is popular in Japan at the time.

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Route of Envoys to the Tang The first ambassador to the Tang dynasty is sent in 630. As worsening relationships lead to the Battle of Baekgang, envoys are suspended. But they resume during the Nara period. Many ambassadors to Tang are active as bureaucrats after returning to Japan.

Northern Road

Up until the 7th century envoys use a route along the Korean peninsula. However, as relationships with Silla deteriorated this route became unusable.

Balhae Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu

Balhae Road

With tensions with Silla rising, Japan formed relationships with Balhae. Envoys heading for Balhae used a route through the Sea of Japan.

Donggyeong

Namgyeong

Japan Tang

Noto Guest House Matsubara Guest House

Silla Otsuura

§ To Chang'an via Luoyang

Naniwatsu Fukue island

Dazaifu Yakushima island Amami island

Temples are built in Nara not only by powerful clans but also by the imperial family. Famous temples such as Yakushi-ji, Moto-ji, and Ko-ji are built. These resplendent temples decorating ancient Nara must have been a sight to see. The wonders of the Nara period were not limited to architecture. Book of poetry such as the Manyoshu are compiled, along the book of classical Japanese history, Nihon Shoki. However, behind this flourishing period of the arts the waters of politics are churning.

Heijo-kyo

Southern Road After the 8th century, new routes were used that avoided the Silla coast. However, the Southern Road that cut through the East China Sea was always dangerous.

Important Historical Note Was the Great Buddha really unfinished at its unveiling? The Great Buddha of Todai-ji temple (Nara) was built in 743 and unveiled in a grand ceremony in 752. However, in truth it was incomplete. The casting of the main body was built, but it was not finished or plated. This wasn’t done until 771, about 20 years after it was officially opened. Gold from Mutsu, the first gold discovered in Japan, was used for the plating.

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The Fujiwara clan expands their power, marrying into the imperial family and eliminating rivals.

NARA PERIOD

729 – 770

After a power struggle, the Nara Emperor seeks salvation from Buddha. Emperor

Empress Genshō (715 – 724)

Emperor Shomu (724 – 749)

Four Sons of Fujiwara die of illness (737)

After killing Prince Nagaya, the Four Sons of Fujiwara die from illness, one after the other.

Fujiwara clan

Fujiwara no Fuhito

Four Sons of Fujiwara

Tachibana no Moroe, a confidante of retired Empress Gensho, takes power. Confidante Retired Empress Gensho

Tachibana no Moroe Promoted Genbo * Kibi no Makibi

Prince Nagaya Incident (729)

Other clans

Prince Nagaya

After the death of Fujiwara no Fuhito, Prince Nagaya seized political control. This brought him into conflict with the Four Sons of Fujiwara. They framed him for a false crime and he was forced to commit suicide. Emperor Shomu

Transition of power

Komyo

Younger sister

Four Sons of Fujiwara Muchimaro, Fusasaki, Umakai, Maro

Eliminated

Prince Nagaya

A turbulent era of conflict between the Fujiwara clan and the imperial family.

In the Nara period, Fujiwara no Fuhito, son of Nakatomi no Kamatari, takes political power. When Fuhito dies, Prince Nagaya of the imperial family sees his chance to claim power as regent to Empress Gensho. Fuhito’s four sons accuse him on false charges, and he is forced to commit suicide. Following this was a hectic time when the Fujiwara clan and the imperial family swap power back and forth. When Shomu is enthroned as 45th emperor, he flees the capital for his own safety. He looks for security in the teachings of the Buddhist guardian state and issues an imperial degree to build provincial temples across the country. He recenters the imperial court on Buddhism. His daughter is enthroned after him as 46th Empress Koken.

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Political Conflict in the Nara Period The Nara period is a turbulent time. The Fujiwara clan and others rise and fall in power. Emperor Shomu attempts to stabilize the nation using Buddhism for guidance. However, this creates new problems. With their newfound power, Buddhist monks such as Dokyo appear, ingratiating themselves with Shomu’s successor, his daughter Empress Koken. They manipulate politics behind the scenes and influence the country. Empress Koken (749 – 758)

Emperor Junnin (758 – 764)

Empress Shotoku (764 – 770)

Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion (764)

Fujiwara no Nakamaro rebels against Empress Koken over her favor for Dokyo, but is defeated.

Fujiwara no Nakamaro (Emi no Oshikatsu)

Dethrone

Empress Koken

Subdue

Favor Dokyo

Emperor Junnin Confederates

Insurrection

Fujiwara no Nakamaro

Downfall of Tachibana no Moroe (756)

Tachibana no Moroe

Tachibana no Moroe opposes the coronation of Empress Koken as loses his rank. Fujiwara no Nakamaro regains power. Fujiwara no Nakamaro

Eliminate

Confederate Empress Komyo

After Fujiwara no Nakamaro takes power as Chancellor, he forces Empress Koken to abdicate and enthrones 47th Emperor Junin. However, supporting Koken is the monk Dokyo. He receives her favors after curing her illness. Empress Koken eventually regains power and is Enthroned as 48th Empress. Dokyo has ambitions to become emperor himself. Although he amasses power, when Koken dies Dokyo is stripped of power and exiled. The 50th Emperor Kammu worries about the influence of religion in politics. He transfers the capital in order to separate Buddhism and the government.

Tachibana  Moroe    no

Dokyo

Usa Hachiman-gu Incident

The reinstated Empress Koken's favorite advisor Dokyo said he received a prophecy from the oracle at Usa Hachiman-gu that he should ascend the throne. His claim was soundly rejected, and after the death of the Empress he lost all influence and was sent into exile.

Important Historical Note The six Buddhist sects were originally national management consultants. Chingokokka, or Guardian State Buddhism, invoked Buddha to stabilize and guard the nation. Buddhist teachings were classified as state secrets. Monks were forbidden to evangelize. The Nanto Rokushu, or Six Sects of the Southern Capital, (Sanron, Shojitsu, Hosso, Kusha, Kegon, and Ritsu sects) researched Buddhist doctrine for ways to govern, serving as management consultants to the emperor.

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1006 – 1027

From the perspective of Murasaki Shikibu, author of the Tale of Genji

The Glory of Fujiwara no Michinaga

Chingokokka, the ideal Buddhist guardian state envisioned by Emperor Shomu, creates as many problems as it solves. With the expansion of Buddhist influence, monks exert political power. The decree system collapses. To separate religion from government, Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Heian-kyo. As politicians and government officials relocate to the new capital, the city expands. The Fujiwara clan rises to prominence, supplanting imperial power and establishing a regency government. By the time of Fujiwara no Michinaga, the clan is in its full glory. Murasaki Shikibu is a lady-in-waiting to Michinaga’s daughter Shoshi, later the Empress Shoshi. This insight into courtly life allows Murasaki to write The Tale of Genji. Meanwhile in another palace Sei Shonagon serves Empress Consort Teishi, daughter of Fujiwara no Michitaka. Shonagon pours out her personal feelings into her diary, which will become known as The Pillow Book. When Michinaga defeats Michitaka in a power struggle, the family is exiled.

In a certain reign, there was among the gentlewomen,

Author of Tale of Genji

Of the Wardrobe and Chamber, one not of high rank…

The shining world she brings to life is more than fiction—

A woman named Murasaki Shikibu

Lady Kiritsubo, from the Tale of Genji*. Genji*.

Arts and culture flourish during the Heian period. Literature, music, painting…

the tale that captures the hearts of aristocrats was spun by a woman.

*TALE OF GENJI: The representative work of Heian period literature, featuring protagonist Hikaru Genji.

My lady, a courier. He is magnificently attired.

What could it be?

a letter from the powerful fujiwara no michinaga, michinaga, inviting shikibu as teacher for his daughter, shoshi shoshi..

i… am the daughter of governor tametoki of echigo province. at your service.

welcome to our home!

i love tale of genji! i’m so happy you accepted our offer to be my lady-inwaiting*!

*lady-in-waiting: woman who served in the palace. **chugu empress: one of two empress consorts.

the women married to the emperor gather together talented ladiesin-waiting, forming an elegant salon* salon*..

*salon: a french word describing social circles in aristocratic mansions, where patrons invite important cultural and academic figures to interact.

ah! th-thank you, your highness! 66th emperor ichijo’s chugu empress** fujiwara shoshi.

this was as good as the last one.

now, which of the kugyo* is tamakazura** going to choose?

hehehe… you’ll have to read and find out like everyone else.

ahh! my heart burns for such romance! if only there were real lords like your SHINING prince***!

alas, do none of our own bright young lords find favor in your eyes?

*kugyo: one of the upper-class aristocratic families. **tamakazura: a character in tale of genji, the adopted daughter of hikaru genji. ***SHINING prince: a literal translation of the name of hikaru genji.

i am in dept to your generosity, my lord.

Father!

i apologize for the intrusion, empress.

i have brought shikibi another ream of paper.

it is entirely self-serving, i assure you. it is not only the empress, but the emperor himself who eagerly awaits the next chapter of the tale of genji.

shosei’s father, fujiwara no michinaga

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lady teishi!

i heard you were unwell. are you improved?

yes, i’m feeling much better today. in fact, i thought i might go out.

kogo empress of the 66th emperor ichijo. fujiwara no teishi

fujiwara no teishi, the second wife of emperor ichijo, also forms a salon. in her circle is sei shonagon.. shonagon

please don’t overdo yourself…

F WW W P

sei shonagon, author of the pillow book

A AA

AH

however, due to the decline in fortunes of her parent’s house, her salon is a comparatively lonely affair.

emperor ichijo eventually dies. 67th emperor sanjo takes the throne. shoshi’s son prince atsuhira is named crown prince*. prince*.

Emperor Emperor En'yū Reizei

Choshi

Emperor Teishi Emperor Sanjo Ichijo

Prince Prince Atsuakira Atsuyasu

after enthroning his grandchild as 68th emperor goichijo, michinaga becomes the true power behind the throne.

look at me! let’s celebrate with a grand feast!!!

Michinaga

Shoshi

congratulations. but the previous emperor only recently died.

Prince Prince Atsunaga Atsuhira

perhaps a party at this time is not…

Enthroned as Emperor Go-Ichijo - 1016

And is enthroned as Emperor Go-Ichijo in 1016 *Crown Prince: Next in line for the throne.

this display is meant to assure us all is well with the government.

i wonder if i send him a gift if i can raise my rank?

that damn michinaga!!!

michinaga further solidifies his position, by marrying his third daughter ishi to emperor go-ichijo.

. r l d. . . o w t h is y w o r l d k n i m h I t i ndee d is “i think this world, is indeed my world. i shine like the full moon, uncovered by clouds.” (from the shoyuki *) *)

michinaga is at the height of his power.

he was even said to have been the model for hikaru genji, the protagonist of tale of genji.

“when the chrysanthemum flowers bend like purple clouds, only then can you see the stars of the world with clarity.” wisteria leaves chapter, tale of genji.

*shoyuki: a diary written by fujiwara no sanesuke, an aid to michinaga.

“how hateful. a man with nothing to say who talks as if he knows everything.” list of hateful things, the pillow book**.. book**

**the pillow book: a heian period collection of essays and memories with teishi before her decline.

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teishi dies unexpectedly. sei shonagon fades into obscurity.

lady teishi… how happy we would have been without michinaga…

meanwhile shikibu receives some startling news.

oh my! i can’t believe it!!!

what’s wrong? you’re absolutely pale!

michinaga resigned!!!

why would michinaga…? the gossip is he’s going to become a buddhist monk…

…!

i’m afraid i went overboard this time.

how is tale of genji coming along? i thought you might have run out of paper about now.

Sffft

…

now… i have my duties to return to…

i’ve heard many talk about the truth path to paradise.

i’ve heard you plan to enter a monastery… is that true?

i too would like to study buddhism, to enter the pure lands.

ahh… i’ve seen many prosperous people fall from grace. success in this life is fleeting.

the clan is safe without me. my son has become capable, and shoshi’s position is secure.

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but, without you…

hed Va ntios t h e . i n l o u ds C

P PLI

Lord Michinaaagaaa!!!!

Ahhhh!!! at 62 years old, fujiwara no michinaga leaves behind the luxuries of this world to dwell in contemplation on the amida nyorai.

all political responsibilities are inherited by michinaga’s son.

when 71st emperor go-sanjo takes the throne, he does so without fujiwara consort kin*. kin*. the nation takes its first step towards cloister rule.

*consort kin: a direct maternal relative. go-sanjo is the first emperor in 170 years not to be born of a fujiwara mother.

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EARLY HEIAN PERIOD

794 – 1028

The Hokke Fujiwara clan gains control through marriage ties with the emperor. Relations between the Fujiwara Clan and the Emperor The Fujiwara clan takes power by marrying daughters to Emperors, and then ensuring their children sit on the Imperial throne. Fujiwara no Michinaga weds four of his daughters to Emperors, with three children from those marriages becoming Emperors themselves. Fujiwara no Kaneie

Blood relations

● Michitaka Michikane

Teishi

Michinaga

Yorimichi

Norimichi

Prince Atsuyasu Michinaga's son Yorimichi wielded power as regent for fifty years

(Number)

Shoshi Kenshi

●

Imperial Succession

Choshi Senshi

Reizei

Ichijiro

Marital relation

Sanjo

En'yu

Ishi

Kishi

Princess Prince Teishi Atsuakira Go-Ichijō

Go-Suzaku

Go-Sanjo

Go-Reizei

The Fujiwara clan reemerges in politics, this time with the emperor in hand. 49th Emperor Konin attempts to separate government from Buddhist influence but dies before he can achieve his ambition. In Nara, the combination of powerful families and Buddhist strongholds proves unbreakable. Realizing this, Konin’s son 50th Emperor Kammu decides to relocate the capital. He first moves to Nagaoka-kyo but is forced to abandon the site due to plague. He then establishes Heian-kyo in Kyoto, a city that will last a thousand years. Emperor Kammu forbids the temples of Nara from establishing themselves in Heian-kyo. He is thus able to sever Buddhist ties at last. However, he is less successful at suppressing the power of the Fujiwara clan. The Shikike branch collapses after Fujiwara no Kusuko’s failed attempted coup using Emperor Heizei as her pawn. The northern Hokke branch of the Fujiwara clan fills the vacuum of power.

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Transition of the Ancient Capital Up until the Asuka period, whenever a new Emperor took the throne, a new capital is established. Under the Ritsuryo codes, the capital is relocated due to political instability and fear of natural disasters. The transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo establishes Kyoto as the center of Japan for a thousand years. Excepting a temporary transfer to Fukuhara-kyo in 1180, the capital does not move again until the Meiji Restoration in 1869.

● Order of Capital (Number)

Lake Biwa

Omi Otsunomiya (667 – 672)

Relocation

Nagaoka-kyo (784 – 794) Planned by Emperor Kanmu for the purpose of separating Buddhism from government.

Provided by the Muko City Cultural Assets Department

Settsu

❷

Naniwa-no-Miya (645 – 686, 744)

❹ Asuka

Omi Yamashiro Heian-kyo (794 – 1868) Emperor Kanmu moved the capital here from Nagaokakyo to escape the angry spirit of Prince Sawara. Kuni-kyo (740 – 744) Relocated by Emperor Shomu Kawauchi

❽ Fujiwara-kyo

(694 – 710) Established by Empress Jito, the first city built on Japan's gridded Jobu system.

Kawara-no-miya (655 – 656)

The Fujiwara clan, also called Regency Houses, holds political power by monopolizing the regency system. They prop up child Emperors then rule as adult guardians called regents. Fujiwara are also installed as kanpaku, or chief advisors to the emperor. The most famous regent is Fujiwara no Michinaga. He rules for thirty years, and many of his daughters became empresses and many of his grandchildren take the throne as Emperor. His son Yorimichi takes office as Kampaku and continues to wield power for fifty years.

Shigarakinomiya (744 – 745) Relocated by Emperor Shomu Heijo-kyo (710 – 784) Established by Empress Genmei, modeled after the Tang capital of Chang'an.

Yamato

❼ Asuka

Kiomihara-no-miya (672 – 694)

❺ Asuka

Oakmoto-no-miya (630 – 636)

❶❸ Asuka

Itabuki-no-miya (642 – 645, 654)

Important Historical Note Who was the real model for Tale of Genji’s Hikaru Genji? Fujiwara no Michinaga is thought to be the model for Hikaru Genji. They certainly have a lot in common, such as being extremely prosperous and active in the world of consort kin politics. However, in truth Hikaru Genji most likely had many models. Narihira no Ariwara is most likely the origin of Genji’s many love affairs. Other possible models include the illustrious scholar Sugawara no Michizane and contemporaries Minamoto no Toru and Minamoto no Takakira.

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LATE HEIAN PERIOD

1086 – 1156

The tyrant Taira no Kiyomori seizes power in a coup d’état. Insei (Cloister Rule) Insei, or Cloister Rule, begins as a way to strengthen imperial authority against regents and the samurai class. Emperors abdicate and retire to monasteries but continue to wield power. Their commands are enforced by their private army, the Northern Guard. Cloister

Cloister Decree

– Retired Emperor, Cloistered Emperor Servant

Retired Emperor's command

Cloister Decree

Administrators

Soldiers – Northern Guard – Western Guard

Petition

– Vassals (Direct servants of the retired Emperor) – Staff (Steward, Clergy, Magistrates)

Suppression

Sohei – Warrior monks

Imperial Court – Emperor – Regent / Kampaku – Council of Nobility

Daijo-kan – Ritsuryo bureaucracy

Edict from the Retired Emperor

Gentry Manor Lords

Imperial Edict / Decree

Provincial governor

Genji

Northern Guard

Taira

Primarily responsible for palace security and personal escort of the emperor. Their name comes from being stationed in the Northern part of the palace.

The Cloister Rule begins, enforced by the retired emperors’ private armies.

The Fujiwara clan dominates early Heian period politics. When Emperor Gosanjo ascends to the throne, he is the first Emperor without Fujiwara blood in generations. He reforms the system of estate taxes that is the financial foundation of the Fujiwara clan. Gosanjo abdicates only a few years into his reign and puts his young son, Emperor Shirakawa, on the throne. Gosanjo then rules from behind as his child’s guardian. This is the beginning of the Cloister Rule, where emperors abdicate and supposedly take Buddhist orders as monks, but in truth ruled in the name of child emperors. In addition, Gosanjo commands a private army of warriors (the Northern Guard) which consolidates his power. The Cloister Rule system continues for the next forty-three years, until the arrival of Minamoto no Yoshie.

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The Emperor and the Taira/Genji Clans The retired Emperor who serves as regent to the newly ascended child Emperor is called the Chiten, or Head of the Family. They are the true ruler, wielding power from the monastery during Cloister Rule. Emperor Shirakawa passes the title of Chiten to Emperor Toba and then Emperor Goshirakawa in turn. Emperor Shirakawa rules as Chiten for two of his sons, Emperor Horikawa and Emperor Sutoku. Shirakawa lays the foundation for Cloister Rule, establishing the structure and amassing tremendous power. With his death, Emperor Toba rises to Chiten over his son, the child Emperor Sutoku. However, when Goshirakawa ascended the throne, he fights with his brother Emperor Sutoku over the title of Chiten. Their conflict sparks the Hogen Rebellion. Goshirakawa defeats Emperor Sutoku and is able to establish his authority as both Emperor and Chiten. Over his life, he suffers defeats and even several imprisonments. But he is able to retain power for a long time.

— Imperial Family during Cloister Rule Emperor Toba

Emperor Goshirakawa Cloister Rule (1158 – 79, 1181-92)

Cloister Rule (1129 – 56)

Taira no Kiyomori

Sutoku

Taiken-mon In

Rokujo

Nijo

Kenrei-mon In Antoku

Shirakawa

Horikawa

Toba

Goshirakawa

Emperor Shirakawa Cloister Rule

Konoe

(1086 – 1129)

Bifuku-mon In

Takakura

Serves

Prince Mochihito In Red The Chiten during Cloister Rule ● Imperial lineage

Minamoto no Yoshitomo

— Cloister Rule Emperors Emperor Shirakawa

Chiten from Emperor Horikawa to Emperor Sutoka. Established much of the structure of Cloister Rule and the tremendous power of the retired emperors.

Emperor Toba

Chiten from Emperor Sutoka to Emperor Goshirakawa. He disliked Sutoka, and his choice to advance Goshiakawa to the throne sparked the Hogen Rebellion.

Samurai clans only guard the Imperial palace until Emperor Shirakawa sends Taira no Masamori to quell a rebellion led by Minamoto no Yoshichika. The Taira clan’s influence rises. When Emperor Sutoku wants his son to succeed him instead of his brother Go-Shirakawa, Sutoku allies with Minamoto no Tameyoshi and Taira no Tadamasa. Go-Shirakawa allies with Tadamasa’s nephew Taira no Kiyomori and Tameyoshi’s son Minamoto no Yoshitomo. The resulting Hogen Rebellion ends when Go-Shirakawa’s forces attack Sutoku. The samurai clans thus realize their power and influence.

Gotoba

Emperor Goshirakawa

Defeated Emperor Sutoku in the Hogen rebellion. Defeated and imprisoned multiple times, but yet managed to remain in power for some time.

Important Historical Note In the time of Mappo, even the emperor looks to Buddha. The age of Mappo marked two thousand years since the death of the Buddha, an era of decline as the influence of Buddha waned. The latter Heian period was marked by plague and wars. People saw this as a sign that Mappo had arrived. Seeking salvation, many emperors abdicated the throne, took up Buddhist robes, and prayed for otherworldly paradise.

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Nara / Heian Period Significant Events

From the emperor to the Fujiwara clan, from the Fujiwara clan to the emperor… the Nara – Heian period is a time of power struggles and transition. Let’s look at some of the major events. ÆP72

7

ÆP72

1

Dispatch of envoys to Tang

Abolition of envoys to Tang

In the middle of the 8th century, Tang declines due to a series of rebellions. Sugawara no Michizane suggests Japan had nothing further to learn from Tang. The envoys are recalled.

When the Tang dynasty replaces Sui in 618, Japan sends envoys to study and integrate their political systems and culture.

6 1 7

Transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo

The 50th Emperor Kanmu ascends to the throne following the Dokyo incident. He makes plans to transfer the capital to reduce the influence of the powerful Buddhist temples. Initially, Nagaokakyo is selected as the new location, but these plans are changed following the assassination of construction overseer Fujiwara no Tanetsugu. Instead, the capital is relocated to Heian-kyo in 794.

ÆP75

5

5

Usa Hachiman shrine incident

Usa Hachiman shrine

The monk Dokyo, confidant of the 48th Empress Koken, persuades an oracle of Usa Hachiman to issue a false prophecy with the intention of claiming the imperial throne. Wake no Kiyomaro exposes him and blocks Dokyo’s ambitions.

ÆP74 ÆP72

2

Transfer of the capital to Heijyo-kyo

In 710, the 43rd Empress Genmei transfers the capital to Heijyo-kyo. A poet says of the city “With the beauty of green and vermilion the imperial city is like flowers in full bloom.”

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ÆP87

3

Prince Nagaya conspiracy

Prince Nagaya seizes power following the death of Fujiwara no Fuhito, architect of the Ritsuryo Codes. This puts him in conflict with Fuhito’s four sons. In retaliation, the sons accuse Nagaya of rebellion and force him to commit suicide.

ÆP86

9

Fujiwara no Michinaga inaugurated as regent

Fujiwara no Michinaga marries four of his daughters to the emperor. When his eightyear-old grandson ascends the throne as 68th Emperor Go-Ichijo, Michinaga takes office as regent. When his son Yorimichi later succeeds him as regent, the power of the Michinaga family is solidified.

ÆP92

8 Murasaki Shikibu

Birth and death unknow Lady-in-waiting to Fujiwara no Akiko. Author of Tale of Genji.

Dynasty literature blossoms

Following the abolition of envoys to Tang and continental influence, Japan develops its own unique culture. Literature flourishes with the development of the kana writing system, primarily used by women. Works such as Tale of Genji and The Pillow Book are written, which are still read in the modern day.

6 8 9 10

Heian-kyo

Heijyo-kyo

2 3 4

ÆP88

ÆP73

4

10

Construction of the Great Buddha

After a series of plagues and rebellions ravage the land, 45th Emperor Shomu turns towards Chingokokka, or Guardian State Buddhism. Under the guidance of the monk Gyoki, Shomu constructs the Great Buddha of Todaiji Temple. The casting of the main body is completed in 752. The dedication ceremony is attended by with retired Emperor Shomu, his consort Empress Komyo, and 48th Empress Koken.

Gyoki

668 – 749 A monk who spreads Buddhism to the common people. He helps construct the Great Buddha.

Cloister Rule begins

Emperor Shirakawa abdicates in favor of his eight-year-old son, 73rd Emperor Horikawa. Shirakawa’s purpose is to expand his power, creating the Cloister Rule system. He forms the Northern Guard to function as a personal army for the retired emperor. This creates the opportunity for the rise of samurai such as Taira no Kiyomori and Minamoto no Yoshitomo.

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A CLOSER LOOK

The aristocracy develops a uniquely Japanese national culture.

The Development of Kana and Waka Resplendent culture blossoms with the advent of kana. Japan’s national culture changes drastically with the end of the envoys to the Tang dynasty in 894. Instead of importing and replicating the advancements of another country, Japan begins to develop its own unique national identity, something suitable to the Japanese climate and temperament. A major leap forward is the development of the kana writing system. Previously everything was written in Chinese, but the simpler kana system is adopted by women. They began to write diaries and compose stories. This new culture flourishes under the pens of women. Murasaki Shikibu’s “The Tale of Genji” and Sei Shonagon’s diary “The Pillow Book” are among the first. Another was “Taketori Monogatari,” or “The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter,” arrives, considered to be the first work of monogatari literature. Tales such as “Ochikubo Monogatari,” or “The Tale of Ochikubo,” which is Japan’s native version of Cinderella, also contribute to the emerging national culture. In some cases, men even pretend to be women to make use of the freer kana writing system. Ki no Tsurayuki

published “Tosa’s Diary” from the point of view of a fictitious woman narrator. Literary monogatari and picture scroll works provide an invaluable source of information regarding late Heian-period aristocratic culture. Around the same time Waka poetry developed among the aristocratic classes. In 905, by order of Emperor Daigo, the first Imperial poetry collection is complied, called “Kokin Wakashu” or “Collection of Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times.” In the preface, Ki no Tsurayuki mentions high priest Henjo, Ariwara no Narihara, Fun’ya no Yasuhide, Kisen Hoshi, Ono no Komachi, and Otomo no Kuronushi are masters of the waka form. They later become known as the Rokkasen, or Six Poetry Immortals. The creation and use of kana does not mean that Tang culture is suddenly obsolete. Kana is considered a lesser writing system, unsuitable for official documents or important books. For Imperial documents and the diary of the official house, they continue using the Chinese writing system kanji, or “True Writing,” as it was called.

Heian-period Poets

Drawn around the year 1000, this is a Hyakunin Issu set, or “One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets.” Illustrating the Rokkasen, from the right are Ariwara no Narihara, high priest Henjo, Fun’ya no Yasuhide, Kisen Hoshi, Ono no Komachi, and Otomo no Kuronushi. (National Diet Library).

Heian-period Literature Monogatari

– Tale of Genji – Tale of Taketori – Tale of Ise

Poetry

– Kokin Wakashu – Gosen Wakashu – Goshui Wakashu

Essay / Diary

– The Pillow Book – Sarashina Diary – Mayfly Diary – Tosa Diary

– Konoe Iezane's Diary – Shoyu’s Diary

4

CHAPTER

The Establishment of a Samurai Government and the Kamakura Shogunate From the Genpei War to the Fall of the Kamakura Shogunate YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

1086 (Otoku 3)

Emperor Shirakawa begins Cloister Rule

1156 (Hogen 0)

Outbreak of Hogen Rebellion

1159 (Heiji 0)

Outbreak of Heiji Rebellion

1167 (Nin’an 2)

Taira no Kiyomori appointed Daijo-daijin, Chancellor of the Realm

1185 (Bunji 0)

Destruction of the Taira clan

1192 (Kenkyu 3)

Minamoto no Yoritomo appointed Shogun

1203 (Kennin 3)

Hojo Tokimasa takes office as Shikken, the shogunate Regent

1221 (Jokyu 3)

Retired Emperor Go-Toba instigates Jokyo Rebellion.

1232 (Joei 0)

Hojo Tokimasa establishes the Goseibai Shikimoku (Joei Shikimoku) legal codes

1274 (Bun’ei 11)

Mongol-lead Yuan dynasty invades Kyushu (Battle of Bun’ei)

1281 (Koan 4)

Yuan dynasty second invasion (Battle of Koan)

1297 (Einin 5)

The shogunate issues tokuseirei (The Einin Tokuseirei)

1331 (Genko 0)

Emperor Go-Daigo fails to overthrow shogunate (Genko War)

1333 (Genko 3)

Kamakura shogunate falls

1156 – 1192

Rise of a military society and samurai clans such as the Taira and Genji

The Genpei War

By the latter half of the Heian period, it is customary for a member of the Fujiwara clan to serve as Regent to the reigning emperor. The emperor’s involvement in governing is always at the direction of a Fujiwara hand. Emperor Shirakawa defies this system. He creates the Cloister Rule system that allows the imperial family to throw off the yoke of the Fujiwara clan and retain authority. Cloister Rule also results in the rise of the samurai clans. Lords needing to protect their territories assemble warriors who form into clans. While most clan leaders arise from local chieftains, two are unique for direct bloodlines to the emperor— Seiwa Genji of the Minamoto clan and Kanmu Heishi of the Taira clan. Genji amasses power serving as bodyguards to Fujiwara regents. Taira, on the other hand, form the Northern Guard as a personal army of retired emperor Shirakawa. As the Emperor regains power, Taira influence grows.

with the cloister rule, the retired emperor* acts as guardian to the young emperor and is the true power behind the throne. the new system supplants the fujiwara regency. the onceprosperous clan loses influence.

the sound of the bell of gionshoja

the color of the sal tree flowers,

rings with the transience of all things.

shows the truth that all glories must fade. (from the tale of heiki) *retired emperor: emperor abdicates while retaining power

trying desperately to pass as human.

that foul stench.

the retired emperor organizes the northern guard* to protect the imperial palace.

the northern guard reek of blood and flesh.

*northern guard: samurai army guarding the imperial palace, founded by the 72nd emperor shirakawa

walk with me.

chief of the taira clan, taira no kiyomori

lord kiyomori.

a pack of carnivorous beasts,

i’ll not stand with those beasts and kinslayers.

political aspirations of the samurai begin with these two. genji samurai, minamoto no yoshitomo

you and i are not content with the lowliest seat at the aristocrat’s table. they became involved with a war to determine who succeeds on the imperial throne.

we’ve come this far as samurai. i will take what steps i need to go further.

even if it means a little kinslaying.

lord yoshitomo

…let’s set aside the past and come together on common ground.

1156 the hogen rebellion

minamoto no tameyoshi and taira no tadamasa back emperor sutoku. minamoto no yoshitomo and taira no kiyomori side with emperor goshirakawa.

a succession war is fought between emperor sutoku, fujiwara no yorinaga, fujiwara no michinori, and 77th emperor go-shirakawa.

emperor go-shirakawa emerges as the victor.

allies taira no kiyomori and fujiwara no michinori gain favor with the emperor.

upset at being overlooked, yoshitomo allies with fujiwara no nobu to attack michinori.

minamoto no yoshitomo and taira no kiyomori face off in heiji rebellion of 1159.

although chakushi* to a rebel clan, considering your age you will not be decapitated.

the war ends with kiyomori defeating yoshitomo.

you are hereby exiled.

we’ve captured minamoto no yoshitomi’s child, yoritomo.

chakushi: clan heir.

your leaders are dead. only children remain.

what have you done with my father?!

learn from your father’s mistake.

take him away!

in 1167, kiyomori becomes daijo-daijin.

after supporting emperor go-shirakawa in the hogen rebellion and emerging victorious in the heiji rebellion, kiyomori’s position and authority expand further.

the taira clan are unparalleled.

kiyomori restarts trade with china, now the song dynasty. he bases trade in his hometown of fukuhara and amasses vast wealth.

in 1168, kiyomori collapses from illness. he quits his position and retires to a monastery.

the insolence of these samurai “lords.” thinking if you’re not taira, you’re no one.

kiyomori arranges the marriage between his daughter tokuko and 80th emperor takakura, establishing bloodlines with the imperial family. the imperial court and governors* are stuffed with taira.

common soldiers imitating their betters. the very idea!

*governors: government officials dispatched to local areas as administrators.

do they imagine they can be the new fujiwara?

**cloistered emperor: retired emperor who has become a monk.

in retaliation kiyomori imprisons go-shirakawa in toba-in temple and strips aristocrats of their ranks.

1177

cloistered emperor** go-shirakawa and fellow monks conspire to overthrow the taira clan in a failed uprising.

three years later, a child born from tokuto is enthroned as the 81st emperor, the three-year old antoku.

kiyomori expands his power, crushing all who oppose him.

may 1180 prince mochihito*, mochihito*, son of emperor go-shirakawa, plots to overthrow the taira clan. he allies with old taira enemy minamoto no yorimasa.

the uprising is quickly suppressed, but not without consequences.

*prince mochihito: third son of go-shirakawa.

feeling insecure, kiyomori attempts to consolidate his power by moving the capital from heian-kyo to the taira home at fukuhara. the people crave stability. you lose support with this move. lord kiyomori, we should return the capital to heian-kyo.

minamoto no yoshitomo’s son yoritomo also raises soldiers in izu…!

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samurai across the country flock to the banner of prince mochihito.

damn aristocrats looking down their noses at us. we rose from hell to destroy them.

ha! no wonder they despise us…

1181. kiyomori falls ill three months after returning the capital to heian-kyo.

yoshitomo, the country moves at my command now…

yoritomo draws more samurai to him, expanding his power in sagami at kamakura. forces from both sides prod each other. amid exchanges…

i need no funeral…

offer yoritomo’s head in front of my grave.

1181. Taira no Kiyomori dies.

famine overlapping with kiyomori’s death weakens the taira clan. two years later yoshinaka defeats taira at the battle of kurikara .

minamoto no yoshitomo’s third son, minamoto no yoritomo

brother! you called for me?

minamoto no yoshitsune, leader of the minamoto forces, rushes to the side of half-brother yoritomo in kamakura.

there’s a battle i need you to fight.

has kuro come?

minamoto no yoshitomo’s ninth son (yoritomo’s half-brother) minamoto no kuro yoshitsune.

ichi-no-tani

DMP DMP DMP DMP

is the enemy attacking?!

my god! they’re charging down the cliffs!!!

by sea?

yoshitsune arrives from hiraizumi, oshu.. he swiftly oshu demonstrates his tactical talent.

the taira army suffers a decisive defeat by yoshitsune. they abandon their stronghold at ichi-no-tani.

just the thought of horses going over those cliffs gives me chills.

i saw deer using the same path and knew we could do it…

P M D …

P M D

supreme ruler, retired emperor go-shirakawa

a feat worthy of recognition.

such courage deserves reward!

i have in mind for you the rank of kebishi*.

truly?

*kebishi: officer in charge of palace security.

nonsense. he will be delighted for you.

i should first consult with my brother…

but first, the fleeing taira.

dan-no-ura

i would not make the same mistake kiyomori made with yoshitomo

and leave my enemies alive.

Kill them all.

FW W

H H S S WS

don’t let the heir escape!

yoshitsune chases the taira to dan-no-ura.

aim for the helmsmen!!!

1185. the taira clan are wiped out at the battle of dan-no-ura .

yoshitsune captures taira no munemori and brings him to kamakura.

yoritomo is furious yoshitsune was promoted without consultation.

he refuses his brother entry to kamakura and orders him back to kyoto.

denied entry… should i expect assassins as well?! my brother is my brother

no more…

my brother yoritomo is cruel.

yoshitsune seeks imperial authorization to pursue a vendetta.

i know his true intentions… … indeed.

…he...

after learning this, yoritomo marshals his troops and marches to the capital.

my brother kuro…

i respect his skills as a warrior, however…

so long as we bow our heads to the emperor the age of the samurai will never come.

yoritomo learns yoshitsune left kyoto to rebuild his power. yoritomo sends a messenger to emperor go-shirakawa and sanctions his own vendetta.

But… forgive me, yoshitsune. ostensibly in pursuit of yoshitsune, yoritomo appoints provincial military governors called shugo*.. he establishes shugo* nationwide controls, laying groundwork for the kamakura shogunate.

we cannot risk losing our ancestral lands in conflict with yoritomo.

meanwhile yoshitsune slips through this web. he goes to his childhood home of oshu and seeks the protection of the fujiwara clan. *shugo: local military appointees supplanting imperial governors, allowing the kamakura shogunate to seize power.

1192. yoritomo becomes shogun .

the government now belongs to the samurai .

HEIAN PERIOD

935 – 1185

Taira no Kiyomori defeats the Genji clan allowing Taira to rise to power. Regime

Golden Age of the Fujiwara Clan Emperor Kammu

Emperor GoShirakawa:: A Shirakawa resilient leader, Go-Shirakawa resists samurai rule. In 1179 he is imprisoned during the Shishigatani Incident. After Kiyomori’s death, he resumes Cloister Rule and orders Yoritomo to overthrow the Taira.

Taira

Sadamori

936 – 940

Sadamori + Hidesato vs Masakado

Korehira

Taira no Masakado's Revolt Masakado

Tadatsune

1028 – 31

Yorinobu vs. Tadatsune

Taira no Tadatsune's Revolution

1051 – 62

Yoriyoshi + Yoshie vs Abe clan + Tsunekiyo

Tsunemoto Genji

939 – 941

Tsunemoto vs Sumitomo

Emperor Seiwa Fusasaki

Mitsunaka Fujiwara no Sumitomo's Revolution

Fuyutsugu

Fujiwara

Sumitomo

Yoshifusa Muchimaro

Yorinobu

Mototsune

Hidesato

Yoriyoshi

Yorimitsu Michitaka

Early NineYears War

Michinaga Tsunekiyo

The Taira clan becomes the center of political power in Japan. The Genji and Taira clans fight together for the Emperor during the Hogen rebellion. But after the war, cracks appear in the alliance. These cracks deepen, bringing Fujiwara no Nobuyori and Minamoto no Yoshitomo in conflict with Taira no Kiyomori. Their attempted coup d’état, the Heiji rebellion, fails. Kiyomori wins an overwhelming victory. Yoshitomo is killed on the run and his son, Yoritomo, exiled to Izu (Shizuoka). As the Genji clan wanes the Taira clan rises. In 1167, Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first from a samurai clan to be appointed Daijodaijin, the chief minister of government. Tying his family to the imperial bloodline, he marries a daughter of the emperor and marries one of his own daughters to the emperor.

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The Genpei War The Taira clan are blood relations of 50th Emperor Kanmu. The Genji clan’s bloodline includes 56th Emperor Seiwa. The clans are fiercely competitive and build their strength in rivalry. Taira no Kiyomori’s decisive victories in the Hogen rebellion in 1156 and the Heiji rebellion in 1159 seemingly end their rivalry, with Taira emerging as the sole political power. Momentarily defeated, Minamoto no Yoritomo is exiled to the Kanto region where he slowly rebuilds the Genji strength. The Genpei War began.

Emperor Shirakawa Cloister Rule

Masamori

Emperor Toba Cloister Rule

Emperor Go-Shirakawa Cloister Rule

Tadamasa

Shigemori

Tadamori

Munemori

1107 – 08

1156

1083 – 87

Minamoto no Yoshichika Rebellion

Hogen Rebellion

Yoshie

Yoshichika

Tameyoshi

Emperor Go-Shirakawa's faction (Yoritomo + Munemori) vs Emperor Sutoku's faction (Tadamasa + Tameyoshi + Tametomo )

Nobuyori

Heiji Rebellion

Michinori (Shinzei)

As the clan rises, more Taira are appointed to official positions. Whispers spread of a plot to overthrow Kiyomori. Alerted to the rumors, Kiyomori imprisons Emperor Go-Shirakawa and harshly punishes the nobles involved, stripping them of position. This cements Kiyomori’s power as he fills all vacancies with members of his own family. Eventually, the Taira clan meddle in imperial succession. This is too much for Prince Mochihito. He allies with the exiled Morimoto no Yoritomo. Mochihito calls on samurai clans across the land to rise against the despot Kiyomori and his Taira clan.

1180 – 85 Genpei War

Genji vs Taira

Yoritomo

Tametomo Yoshinori

Qing dynasty

Emperor Antoku

1159

Michinori Faction (Kiyomori + Shigemori) vs Nobuyori Faction (Yoshitomo + Yoritomo)

Yoshitomo Gosannen War

Koremori

Tokuko

Kiyomori

Masamori vs Yoshichika

Qing dynasty vs Intervene Yoshi Kiyohara clan

Emperor Go-Shirakawa Cloister Rule

Golden Age of the Taira Clan

Yoshinaka

Adopted or similar

Yoshitsune Blood relation

Important Historical Note Why was Yoritomo exiled to Izu instead of Dazaifu? Minamoto no Yoshitomo’s son Yoritomo was fourteen years old, so he was exiled instead of executed. Exiles were generally sent to Dazaifu island in Kyushu. However, Dazaifu was an important Taira base overseeing trade on the Seto Inland Sea. Fearing an enemy prince so near, Taira no Kiyomori exiled Yoritomo to northern Izu. This unintentionally allowed Yoritomo to build support in the Kanto region.

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LATE HEIAN PERIOD – KAMAKURA PERIOD

1180 – 1192

Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Yoritomo respond to the call. They raise troops to overthrow the Taira. Yorimoto founds the Kamakura shogunate. March 1185: The Battle of Dan-no-Ura The Minamoto and Taira clans meet in battle. At first, the Taira have the upper hand, but tides shift and the Minamoto clan wipe the Taira from the face of the earth.

❼

SPL

Hofu

SH AAA

February 1185: The Battle of Yashima Yoshitsune feints the Taira clan with a false attack from the Yashima coast, then circles behind for a rear surprise attack. The Taira clan flee to the sea, with landings blocked by Yoshitsune. Taira Army

Minamoto and Yoritomo Army Yoshitsune Army

February 1181: Taira no Kiyomori Succumbs to Illness. The Taira clan loses power with Kiyomori's death. Yoshinaka attacks and drives them from the city.

Hiroshima

Port Oshima

D❻M P DMP

February 1184: The Battle of Ichi-no-Tani

Yoshitune's army launches a surprise attack on the Taira clan, storming down a cliff. The Taira are routed to Yashima.

DMP DMP

is the enemy attacking?!

my god! they’re charging down the cliffs!!!

❺

by sea?

❸ ❹

yoshitsune arrives from hiraizumi, oshu.. he swiftly oshu demonstrates his tactical talent.

Port Watanabe

the taira army suffers a decisive defeat by yoshitsune. they abandon their stronghold at ichi-no-tani.

February 1184: The Battle of Uji With the Taira gone from the capital, Yoshinaka seizes his chance to move against Yoshitsune, but is defeated. just the thought of horses going over those cliffs gives me chills.

i saw deer using the same path and knew we could do it…

P DM The Genpei War ends and the Kamakura shogunate begins. …

supreme ruler, retired emperor go-shirakawa

Minamoto no Yoshitomo’s son Yoritomo is in exile in Izu (Shizuoka),Munder the governorship P D clan. Together with his of the Hojo clan. He answers the call for forces to overthrow the Taira younger brother Minamoto no Yoshitsune and cousin Kiso no Yoshinaka, they succeed in forcing the Taira out of the capital. They hunt down the fleeing clan at the Battle of Ichinotani (Osaka), the Battle of Yashima (Kagawa), and finally the Battle of Dan-no-ura (Yamaguchi). The Taira plead for the life of the child 81st Emperor Antoku, but more than anyone Yoritomo knows the danger of leaving an enemy behind. The surviving Taira take Antoku and attempt to flee across the ocean, where they were exterminated. History of Japan in Manga_int.indd 103

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a feat worthy of recognition.

14/11/22 4:08 PM

From the Genpei War to the Establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate The Taira clan prospered, but after Kiyomori’s death its power immediately diminishes. They flee the capital. Yoshitomo dispatches his half-brother Yoshitsune to hunt down the remains of the clan. The last battle is at Dan-no-Ura. Images of the battle show Yoshitsune heroically leaping from ship to ship. The Taira clan are destroyed.

July, 1192: The inauguration of Shogun Yoritomo

Under the guise of protecting the country. Yoritomo defeats Yoshitsune. He set's up regional governors, establishing the Kamakura shogunate. He then destroys the Oshu-Fujiwara clan and is appointed Shogun. October 1180: The Battle of Fujikawa Yoritomo's army wins a victory against Taira no Koremori's forces. Then he moved against Yoshitsune.

❷

❾

Kamakura

❶

1180: Yoritomo's Recruitment Yoritomo raises an army in Izu in response to Prince Mochihito's call.

After the war, Yoshitsune asks Emperor Go-Shirakawa for permission to oppose Yoritomo. In response, Yoritomo sends his armies to Kyoto and forces the emperor to strip Yoshitsune of his titles. Yoshitsune escapes to the protection of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan but under pressure from Yoritomo he is forced to commit suicide. Yoritomo gains a foothold in eastern Japan after destroying the Oshu-Fujiwara clan. With his power consolidated, the emperor appoints Yoritomo Shogun. Yoritomo then establishes a military government in Kamakura where his shogunate rules for almost a hundred and fifty years.

Hiraizumi

April 1189 (Leap Year): Yoshitsune's Suicide Yoshitsune made a mistake with Yoritomo, and now he would pay for it. He escaped to Oshu, but was cornered and forced to commit suicide. His vassal, Benkei Musashibo, died standing to protect his master.

Oshu-Fujiwara clan Even thought the Zenkunen War and Gosannen Wars were fought in Hiraizumi they still involved the Fujiwara. The 3rd ruler of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, Fujiwara no Hidehira, aided Yoshitsune. But Hidehira's son Yasuhira could not resist Yoritomo's power. He betrayed Yoshitsune and forced him to commit suicide.

Important Historical Note The Kamakura shogunate was not created in 1192 as is normally taught. “In 1192, Kamakura takes rule.” This common mnemonic is still taught in textbooks. While Yoritomo was appointed shogun in 1192, modern historians consider the founding of the Kamakura shogunate to be 1185 when Emperor Go-Shirakawa granted Yoritomo authority to collect tax and appoint regional governors and constables. Yoritomo established absolute rule without being shogun. The granting of title was formality.

111

1274 – 1285

8th Shikken regent Hojo Tokimune repels the Mongol invasion triggering the collapse of the Kamakura shogunate.

The Decline of the Kamakura Shogunate Although the Minamoto clan founded the Kamakura shogunate, their successors are assassinated one after the other. Finally, the Hojo clan takes control. Ironically the Hojo are related to the Taira by blood. In a way, Minamoto finally falls to Taira. The Hojo serve as officials in government and military roles, as well as staff the Royal household and sit on the Samurai-dokoro board of retainers. Their rule is authority by bureaucracy, called Regency Rule. A term often misunderstood, in Regency Rule authority does not lie with a single sovereign. It’s a parliamentary system. Decisions are made only by consensus of the Gokenin, vassal families of the shogunate. This system does not last. Fighting off Mongolian invasions depletes government resources. A purely defensive war, there are no spoils to pay samurai forces. The Hojo clan takes advantage of this to break with the Gokenin and assume full, tyrannical authority.

yoritomo builds the kamakura shogunate on a lord / retainer symbiosis between the shogun and his vassals, the gokenin.

Power Structure of the Kamakura Shogunate Gifts

(Bestowing governorships and land grants)

Lord/Retainer Relationship

Service

(Fights when called)

Military Government (Shogun)

as minamoto heirs are eliminated, regents called shikken* assume authority. Hojo Tokimasa

Hojo Yoshitoki

Hojo Masako

the system operates via rewards from the shogun to the gokenin in exchange for military service.

asserting blood ties to minamoto no yoritomo’s wife, the hojo clan takes control.

Samurai (Gokenin)

when hojo tokimune becomes 8th shikken of the kamakura shogunate, the yuan dynasty demands a show of subservience from japan.

Minamoto no Yoshitomo

Hojo Yasutoki Minamoto no Yorie

Minamoto no Sanetomo

lord tokimune, a messenger from yuan approaches.

*shikken: regent to a child shogun. a position held exclusively by the hojo clan.

Hojo does not rule by dictatorship.

He establishes a parliamentary system**.. system**

**Parliamentary system – Multiple people compose an executive body.

they’ve requested you parley with them.

influential gokenin, adachi yasumori

my lord…?

enough …of this

now… what news of kyushu?

a-as you say.

kill him.

8th shikken, hojo tokimune

let their messenger’s corpse be our answer.

TWHHP

T H

NN

K

if kublai khan thinks we will hand over our country…

he have the hojo to contend with!

the gokenin of kyushu reinforced defenses as directed

we’ve nothing to fear from a yuan attack.

hearing tokimune’s refusal, yuan invades kyushu with 30,000 soldiers.

1274. the battle of bun’ei

the yuan army uses tactics and weapons unknown in japan. it is a bitter struggle.

they’ll be back, with greater force. we must do something. we repelled them this time, but…

of course! force them into a sea battle!

their massive ships are unmaneuverable. our smaller boats can slip past them, giving us our chance.

can you do it?

after a desperate battle, as dawn breaks japanese forces manage to push the invaders back to their ships.

what if we build a wall around kyushu? prevent they from landing in the first place?

i’ll talk to the gokenin at once.

the shogun orders the gokenin to build bulwarks centered on hakata bay. it’s said to have been around twenty kilometers long.

1281. the battle of koan

the bulwark succeeds, preventing a yuan landing and forcing a marine battle. japan counterattacks.

A sudden storm causes the Yuan armada to retreat.

YAAA

AY!!!

YAAA

WAH

AY !!!

OOO!!

WAHO

O!!

!!

THM P THM P THM

P

yet…

T

THMP when do we get what’s owed us?!!

THMP

In the midst of this Tokimune falls ill.

Forgive me… at a time like this…

you think to forget what we did against the yuan?

THMP

i recommend staying silent. this will blow over.

cooperation with the gokenin defeats the yuan armada, but the purely defensive war means no plunder. the shogunate cannot reward soldiers. the gokenin become disgruntled.

my son… sadatoki… is my successor. yasumori…

hojo tokimune dies of illness.

understood, my liege!!!

117

in an unstable situation, power passes down to tokimune’s son sadatoki.

9th shikken hojo sadatoki. lord sadatoki, i will serve as guardian until you come of age.

Fwp

yes, my lord. we shall pursue this course.

do whatever you want.

H uff

the dissatisfaction of the samurai grows, my lord. perhaps we should prioritize the gokenin in kyushu…?

118

i need to get closer to sadatoki somehow… adachi.

we’re indebted… with the parliament reduced to a mere formality, you are the sole hope of the gokenin. our thanks.

i’m working on it. patience, please.

how goes the plan?

lord sadotoki i wish to discuss…

yasumori! lord sadotoki?

y-you…!!! this is your fault! something the matter, lord?

everyone’s mad at me because you said to give preferential treatment to kyushu!

this was only our opening strategy…

Tch k 119

it’s your fault!!!

who are these gokenin anyways? my father and uncle may have needed them, but not me!

hojo rule does not require vassals!!!

claiming a plot against his rule, sadatoki commissions taira yoshitune to attack adachi and set fire to his mansion.

A

R R A sadatoki’s displeasure with yasumori reaches a boiling point.

120

O W O F

lord tokimune… forgive me…

*tokusho tyranny: dictatorial government under the tokusho, the hojo clan leader.

now the hojo are the supreme power in the land. as it should be… after the death of adachi yasumori, the shogun succeeds in WEAKENING the gokenin. the tokusho tyranny* begins.

dissent among the gokenin explodes along with distrust of the shogunate.

anti-shogunate sentiments amplify.

it paves the way for their defeat by ashikaga takauji and kusunoki masashige,, who answer emperor masashige go-daigo’s call.

121

KAMAKURA PERIOD

1192 – 1221

A new shogunate arises, more powerful than the Genji/Hojo Kamakura regime. Dual rule by Shogunate and Imperial Court Samurai and the imperial court often struggle for dominance. Yet in this era, economic and political power is split. Landowners answer to both shogunate stewards and Imperial aristocracy. National lands are under joint control. Shogunate

Imperial Court

Shogun (Kamakura) Appointment National defense and administration

Nation

Regents, Clergy

Dominion

Private Estates

Landed Estates Hereditary Clans (Regents, Imperial Family) Manor Lord (Aristocrats, Clergy) Tribute

Districts

Emperor

Service

Appointment Service

Parliament

Appointment

Dominion

Stewards

Dominion

Public Lands

Vassalage (Aristocratic families, Clergy) Sponsor Provincial Governors (Children and close relatives of the vassal) Tribute

Dominion Stewards

With the end of the Genji line the Hojo clan takes command of the shogunate.

The Kamakura shogunate government is built on a Lord / Retainer relationship between Shogun and Gokenin. Instead of payment, the shogunate grants territorial control to Gokenin. In return, Gokenin pledge to protect the shogunate in times of war. Shogun Yoritomo dispatches stewards called jito to each territory. With military and police powers, these Jito become a Shogunate control network over the Gokenin, monitoring and reporting. However, the imperial court remains powerful. Imperial provincial governors called kokushi are stationed throughout the land. They come into conflict with the jito. The gap between the shogunate and the imperial court gradually deepened. In this time of crisis Yoritomo suddenly dies. His successor, Yorie, is only twelve years old. A regency council forms including his mother Masako and grandfather Hojo Tokimasa.

122

Genealogy of Minamoto and Hojo Clans The Hojo clan supports Minamoto Yoritomo while alive. But when Yoritomo’s son Yorie succeeds as Shogun, he clashes with Hojo Tokimasu. The Hojo kill Yorie’s eldest son and imprison Yorie himself. Tokimasu put his support behind Yorie’s little brother Sanetomo. However, Tokimasu’s own son Yoshitoki incites Yorie’s younger son Kugyo to assassinate his uncle. Sanetomo dies, ending the Genji-Minamoto line. Hojo Tokimasa

Yoshitomo

Yoshitoki

Tokifusa Masako

Tomotoki Yoshitoki Mitsutoki

Tokiuji

Masamura Saneyasu 2nd generation omitted

Shigetoki Nagatoki

2nd 2nd 2nd generation generation generation Munenobu

Tsunetoki

Tokiyori

Munemasa Tokimune

Yoshimune Mototogi

Hirotoki

Sadatoki

Daughter

Yorie Sanetomo 2nd generation

Sadaki

Yoritsune Assassination of Sunetomo Ichiman Kokyo Takenagosho Kugyo assassinated his uncle Sunetomo at Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Hisatoki shrine. Ironically, this shrine was Yoritsugu dedicated to his grandfather, Yoritomo, founder of the Kamakura shogunate. Muritoki

Morotoki

Yoritomo

Takatoki

Tokimasa later imprisons Yorie, favoring his impressionable younger brother Sanetomo as Shogun. Yorie, his children, and Sanetomo are assassinated in succession, ending the Genji- Minamoto line. Hojo Tokimasa passes the regency to Kujo Yoshitsune. Kujo is a puppet for Tokimasa’s rule. Angry with the rise of Hojo, 82nd Emperor Go-Toba attempts to reclaim power but is defeated in the Jokyu war. Go-Toba is exiled. Rokuhara Tandai is appointed as Kamakura shogunate representative in the capital.

The head of the Tojo clan was called Tokuso.

Tokiyuki

Blood relation

● ●

Marital relation Shogunate order ● of succession Shikken assumption ● of office Tokuso clan chief

Important Historical Note The portrait of Yoritomo you see in textbooks is not the actual person. When you imagine Yoritomo, the image that springs to mind is a thin-faced man in formal black attire. This portrait is held in Jingo-ji temple and designated a national treasure. However, modern textbooks do not explicitly state this is Yoritomo. Modern research, based on clothing, age, and background, think this is a picture of Ashikaga Takauji’s younger brother Tadayoshi.

123

KAMAKURA PERIOD

1268 – 1333

After the Mongol invasion, Gokenin dissatisfaction with the tyrannical Regency Rule grows. The Two Mongol invasions Yuan dynasty troops attempt two invasions of Japan. The Battle of Bun’ei is fought in 1274. Japan is pummeled by unfamiliar weapons but ultimately beats them back. They strengthen defenses along Hakata Bay. When Yuan dynasty invades again in 1281, Japan is able to force a sea battle where the Mongols are weaker.

Suenaga boards a ship and defeats Mongolian soldiers during the Battle of Koan. (Mongol Invasion Battle Picture Scroll, part of the National Diet Library collection)

Takezaki Suenaga Suenaga was Gokenin of Higo province during the Kamakura period. It's said he commissioned an artist to showcase his victories in battle in order to be rewarded by the Shogun. Known as the "Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion," it is a famous work of art. Suenaga requests a reward from Adachi Yasumori (From the "Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion," National Diet Library collection)

Takezaki Suenaga

Adachi Yasumori

A Mongolian invasion causes suffering that leads to the collapse of Kamakura Shogunate.

In the Kamakura shogunate, Hojo regency continues as a hereditary position, supported by a parliamentarian government of influential Gokenin. They hold meetings to decide by consensus. In 1268, the Yuan dynasty currently ruling China demands supplication from Japan. 8th Shikken Hojo Tokimune refuses. Yuan sends 30,000 troops to northern Kyushu. Initially they overpower Japan’s forces, using advanced technological weapons. Only harsh storms drive them back. A few years later they invade again with more than 100,000 soldiers. They are again defeated by storms. These two wars are now known as the Mongol Invasions.

124

The Fall of the Kamakura Shogunate The Kamakura shogunate repels the Mongol Invasions. However, they lack the means to properly reward retainers, leaving Gokenin desperate. Dissatisfaction explodes as the Hojo clan expands their power. Gokenin take advantage of 96th Emperor Go-Daigo’s unsuccessful bid to regain power. The shogunate trembles on the verge of extinction.

1

Mongol Invasion

Poverty of the Gokenin

The Shogunate did not appropriately reward the Gokenin for their military service against the Mongols, causing their descent into poverty.

TH

MP

After repelling two Mongol invasions, there are no spoils for fighting purely defensive wars.

2

6

Rebellion Against the Shogunate

Emperor Go-Daigo launched a campaign to retake power. Although it ended in defeat, it sparked the fires of rebellion in the Gokenin who began to raise troops.

5

TH

MP

M TH

Tyranny of the Hojo Clan

4

Shimotsuki Incident

Under the guise of preparing against further Mongol invasions, the Hojo clan extend their rule to Kyushu. They begin to separate the Gokenin from politics.

P

Einin Tokuseirei

The Shogunate could not let this unrest go unanswered, so they issued the Einin Tokuseirei Cancellation of Debt order which wiped away twenty years of debt from the Gokenin. However, their posture of not wanting to be involved in financial difficulties lead to a decline in confidence of the Shogunate.

Because they fought a defensive war, there are no spoils to reward Gokenin. Faced with crushing war expenditures and no repayment, Gokenin fall into poverty. Meanwhile, the Hojo clan uses the invasion to expand their control over Kyushu. They exert their authority more and more over the weakened Gokenin. Dissatisfaction rises to a boiling point across the country. Nitta Yoshida and Masashige Kusunoki raise troops and unite the Gokenin. The long-lasting Kamakura shogunate is about to fall.

3

Influential Gokenin Adachi Yasumori is assassinated by the lower-ranking Taira no Yoritsune. This highlighted the weakening power of the Gokenin.

Important Historical Note The Kamakura shogunate didn’t actually rule the entire country. When you hear the word shogunate you tend to picture absolute rulers of the nation. In fact, the shogunate ruled only the Gokenin. Any others did not obey the shogunate and were ruled by a disjointed network of temples and subordinates of the imperial court. People at the time didn’t really have the concept of a nation. However, they did band together in emergencies such as the Mongol Invasion.

125

Kamakura Period Significant Events

In the Kamakura period, the samurai take power for the first time. The glory days of the Taira clan begin when they seize power after the Genpei war and finish with the eventual collapse of the Kamakura shogunate. ÆP108

ÆP108

3

2

Taira’s Prosperity

After the Heiji rebellion, Taira no Kiyomori continues to serve Emperor Go-Shirawa. In 1167, he becomes the first samurai to hold the rank of Chancellor of the Realm. Taira clan members are appointed as high-ranking officials in the imperial court. This gave rise to the saying, “If you’re not Taira, you’re no one.”

Heiji Rebellion

Fujiwara no Nobuyori allies with Minamoto no Yoshitomo. They slay Kiyomori’s retainer Fujiwara no Michinori and take temporary control of the capital. However, Kiyomori soon subjugates their rebellion. Yoshitomo is executed and his son Yoritomo exiled to Izu.

Taira no Kiyomori

1118 – 1181 Raises up the Taira clan in a single generation.

ÆP110

4

Fall of the Taira Clan

The expanding Taira powerbase is seen as a threat. Emperor Go-Shirakawa’s son Prince Mochihito issues a call to overthrow Taira. Minomoto no Yoritomo raises troops in response. He dispatches his half-brother Yoshitsune who hunts down the Taira clan and destroys them in the 1185 at the Battle of Dan-no-Ura.

7

4

1159-1189 Ninth son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo and brother to Yoritomo. A military genius.

Minamoto no Yoshitsune

Dan-no-Ura

Hakata

ÆP125

9

96th Emperor Go-Daigo sees the weakened state of the Kamakura shogunate and thinks his chance has come to restore imperial power. He attempts twice to restore his sovereignty but both fail. Finally, Kusunoki Masahige heads his call and gathers troops in an uprising.

ÆP124

7

Mongol Invasion

At the time of 8th Shikken regent Hojo Tokimune, the Yuan dynasty of mainland China invades Japan. Although the invaders have advanced tactics and weapons, Japan repels them. In 1281, when they attack again, Japan’s forces prevent their landing, and their ships are destroyed by a sudden storm.

126

Emperor Go-Daigo’s Attempted Restoration

Hojo Tokimune 1251 – 1284 8th Shikken regent who repels the Mongol Invasion.

ÆP108

1

Hogen rebellion

When Emperor Toba dies in 1156, a succession war breaks out between retired Emperor Sutoku and 77th Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Each mobilizes samurai to fight. Go-Shirakawa allies with Taira no Kiyomori and Minamoto no Yoshitomo, emerging the victor.

Tonamiyama

ÆP123

6

Yoritomo’s second son Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes the third Kamakura shogun until he is assassinated by the Hojo clan. The imperial court is concerned with Hojo seizing power. In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba gathers allies with the intent of overthrowing the shogunate. Yoritomo’s wife Hojo Masako puts out a call for support which is answered by samurai clans. They defeat and exile the emperor. Hojo power is solidified as they dominate the Kamakura shogunate.

6

6 6

3 2 1 Uji 6

Oido Pass

Sunomata

Kamakura

Capital

5 8 10

9

ÆP125

Kasagiyama

ÆP110

5

Jokyu war

Kamakura shogunate established

In 1185, Emperor Go-Shirakawa grants Minamoto no Yoritomo the right to appoint jito stewards and shugo constables. Under the pretense of opposing his brother Yoshitsune, Yoritomo establishes the Kamakura shogunate. Seven years later, he is officially appointed Shogun. Minamoto clan leader who establishes the Kamakura shogunate from 1147 – 1199.

Minamoto no Yoritomo

8

Einin Tokuseirei

The Gokenin are weakened after supporting the shogunate during the Mongol Invasions. The Hojo clan presses their advantage, taking more power and deteriorating the Lord / Retainer relationship. In 1927, the shogunate issues the Einin Tokuseirei Debt Cancellation Order to help destitute Gokenin. However, it is not enough. The Gokenin remain dissatisfied. ÆP125

10

Fall of the Kamakura Shogunate

Rebel forces increase, answering Emperor Go-Daigo’s call. Influential Gokenin like Ashikaga Takauji raise their banners. Nitta Yoshisada marches troops from the Kanto region and lays siege to Kamakura. They destroy the Kamakura shogunate in 1333.

127

A CLOSER LOOK

Kamakura Buddhism spreads in many ways.

The Introduction and Spread of Buddhism

Buddhism remains deeply rooted in modern Japanese society, especially in new year’s rituals and funerals. From Asuka through the Nara period, Prince Shotoku and 45th Emperor Shomu establish policies and plant seeds of Buddhism that root it deeply in Japan. It develops into the unique form known today. The early Heian period saw esoteric Buddhism brought over by Kukai. Unlike the widely practiced Nanto Rikushu, or Six Buddhist Sects of Nanto, which focuses on the study of scriptures, Kukai believes belief in Buddha and casting of incantations brings worldly benefits. Around the same time, Pure Land Buddhism arises. It claims worship of Amida Buddha brings entry to paradise. This is a big hit. In 1052, people think the world was ending, in a period known as Mappo. In response, Fujiwara no Yorimichi builds the magnificent temple called Byodoin, or the Phoenix Hall. They hope it will alleviate suffering. During the Kamakura period, several new sects and denominations of Buddhism arise, based on different systems and doctrines. The greatest innovation of Kamakura Buddhism

is the idea it can be practiced without training, education, or status. This makes it easy for the public to embrace. For example, Jodo Shinshu, or Pure Land Buddhism, is founded by Shinran. He teaches that anyone, no matter how evil, can go to paradise simply by chanting the nembutsu, or Namu Amida Buddha. The Rinzai sect believes in individual enlightenment through zazen meditation and question-and-answer riddles called Koans. This becomes the devout religion of samurai. Jodo Shinshu and another sect called Nichiren still has many followers today. Nichiren believes that a scripture called the Lotus Sutra holds the key to rebirth in the pure lands. Chanting Namu Myoho Renge Kyo guarantees a place in heaven. Later during the Edo period Christianity is banned and the danka system is established, forcing everyone to become Buddhists. This is why Buddhist funerals are still common today.

Denominations of the Kamakura Period Jodo-shu

Jodo-shinshu (Ikko-shu)

Ji-shu

Founded by Honen. Jodo shu teaches that anyone who prays to Buddha and recites the Nembutsu (Namu Amida Butsu) can be reborn in paradise with equality. This spreads rapidly among the common people.

Founded by Shinran, disciple of Honen. Jodo-shinshu teaches humans cannot escape their worldly desires, and salvation can only come through the grace of Amida Buddha, whose purpose was to redeem sinners. Popular with farmers and rural samurai.

Founded by Ippen as a branch of Jodo shu. Ji-shu teaches that all people should be taught the recital of the Nembutsu. He travels the country proselytizing with his Nembutsu dance and distributing Nembutsu pamphlets.

Nichiren-shu (Hokke-shu)

Rinzai-shu

Soto-shu

Founded by Nichiren, who follows the Lotus Sutra. Nichiren-shu teaches that salvation comes from reciting the Lotus Sutra (Namu Myoho Renkakyo). Nichiren teaches this while denouncing other denominations. Spread mainly to Kanto samurai and merchants.

Introduced to Japan from China by Eisai. A sect of Zen Buddhism, Rinzai-shu teaches salvation is achieved through aesthetic practices such as meditation. Valued by the Kamakura shogunate because the strict spiritual training appeals to the samurai.

Propagated by Dogen, a disciple of Eisai. Soto-shu teaches that through focusing your mind you can enter a Buddha-like state. Dogen preached mainly in the Hokuriku region.

5

CHAPTER

The North-South Imperial Court and the Onin War From the Fall of Kamakura Shogunate to the Rise of the Warring States YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

1321 (Genko 0)

96th Emperor Go-Daigo abolishes Cloister Rule

1324 (Shochu 0)

Outbreak of Shochu Incident

1331 (Genko 0)

Outbreak of Genko Incident

1333 (Genko 3)

Fall of the Kamakura shogunate. Founding of the new Kenmu government the following year

1336 (Kenmu 3 – Engen 0)

Split of the northern and southern courts

1338 (Rakuo 0 – Engen 3)

Ashikaga Takauji takes office as Shogun

1392 (Meitoku 3)

Unification of northern and southern courts

1394 (Oei 0)

Ashikaga Yoshimitsu takes office as the 3rd Muromachi Shogun and Chancellor of the Realm

1404 (Oei 11)

Trade begins between Japan and Ming dynasty China

1441 (Kakitsu 0)

Outbreak of Kakitsu War

1467 (Onin 0)

Outbreak of Onin War

1481 (Bunmei 13)

Ikkyu Sojun’s death

1489 (Chokyo 3)

8th Muromachi Shogun Ashikaga Yorimasa, construction of Ginkaku-ji begins

1493 (Meio 2)

Horigoe Kubo attacked and destroyed by Hojo Soun

1331 – 1336

Masashige Kusunoki, a rogue devoted to Emperor Go-Daigo

The End of the Kamakura Shogunate

The imperial court at the time has two lineages, the Daikakuji-to and Kimyoin-to. The lines fight over succession to the throne. Eventually, the shogunate arbitrates between the lineages, proposing a compromise of alternating successions. After being enthroned this way, Emperor Go-Daigo abolishes the Cloister Rule system, taking political power for himself. He attempts to lead a movement to restore Imperial authority over the shogunate but fails and is exiled to Oki Island. However, this leads to a backlash against the shogunate, similar to the response to the Taira clan when they imprison Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Against the background of all this, Masashige Kusunoki raises troops. Masashige is not connected to the imperial family yet his loyalty to the throne is absolute. Only Gokenin are subject to the Shogun, but in the wake of the Mongol Invasion the shogunate stretches their power over non-Gokenin as well. This causes more troops to respond to Masashige’s call.

after hojo tokimasu seizes power, the kamakura shogunate rules japan for about a hundred and fifty years.

14th shikken hojo takatoki forces heavy taxes on the people.

eventually they became too comfortable in their power.

the power of the shogunate declines. independent gangs arise across the land. gozoku clans form armed factions to protect their estates*.. estates*

while amusing himself watching dogfights.

*estates: called shoen, estates are privately held land located throughout the country. they are controlled by jito governors.

samurai who rebel against these jito governors are branded as akuto— villains.

so this… is the famed scourge of kawachi, kusunoki masashige?

… as you say, my lord. akuto from kawachi province, kusunoki masahige

the emperor wishes to put an end to the misrule of the shogunate and bring his peace to the country.

132

a most worthy under­ taking…

i had a dream…

of a great tree that reaches far down south…

a t-tree…?

if you write “south” and “tree” together it reads as kusunoki. the emperor says this as a sign.

1242 enthronement, 96th emperor go-daigo.

i have no skill for war.

–yes, my lord!

you are battlewise, a famed warrior. do this for the people, for me.

…

p a l S

! Waaaa

kusunoki considers this a great honor. he raises troops to fight for the emperor.

O h no !

Kasagi

when the shogunate gets word of this, they send troops hiding in mt. kasagi to capture emperor go-daigo and exile him to the oki islands.

Akasaka Castle

akasaka castle what’ll we do with that shabby castle?

B w ah ah ah a

we could knock it over with a breath!

Tmpt mpt mp

U UU WW A

A

134

i’m coming brother!!!

A

masahige’s younger brother, kusunoki masasue!

on my mark!

AFTER THAT THEY FACE KUSUNOKI MASAHIGE AT AKASAKA CASTLE.

fire!!!

FWP P

no one falters! advance!!!

today’s not our day to die!

A H H HAAA YA

let’s see how you like it!!!

KAKONKAK

ON

H H G R A A A YEE repelled by if only masashige’s we had innovative a few it’s tactics, the more almost shogunate troops… time… army settles into a siege.

we flee.

masahige sets fire to the castle making it look like suicide while his forces secretly escaped.

we’ll be back soon enough.

masahige reemerges alongside emperor godaigo, freshly escaped from the oki islands. ashikaga takauji and nitta yoshisada rethink what side they are on.

there’s no profit in taking the shogunate’s side.

gokenin, nitta yoshisada

the kamakura shogunate gradually loses power due to a series of rebellions.

i’ve no affection for the shogun.

the emperor will be pleased.

influential gokenin, ashikaga takauji (taka at the time) with the end of the shogunate, emperor go-daigo becomes supreme ruler.

then, in 1336… hojo takatori is driven to suicide

and the kamakura shogunate is destroyed

136

with brave soldiers such as you joining the cause the shogunate doesn’t stand a chance!

kenmu restoration: emperor’s go-daigo’s attempt to return to the ancient system of direct-rule by the emperor.

if you want anything done you gotta do it yourself!!!

in emperor go-daigo’s kenmu restoration, restoration, members of the nobility are given preferential treatment.

takauji alienates himself from masashige and others. he withdraws to kyushu, where he forges alliances with local lords. together, they march on the capital.

samurai suddenly find themselves with their status lowered.

E

Y A HH H

masashige sees popular support for takauji’s advance and advocates making peace.

however the emperor does not listen. he leaves no choice but battle…

Yes.

will you meet takauji in kyoto?

Y EA HH H

and when i do, the emperor must evacuate to mt. hiei.

no! never!

it would cause irreparable damage to the emperor’s authority should he flee the capital!

A HH H !

what will you do…

when the city becomes a battlefield?

… as you say. you must fight him outside kyoto.

S h h a a a as h h a a a a a even though he knows he’ll be at a disadvantage, masashige heads to minatogawa in settsu province to face takauji.

between land and sea forces, i estimate 250,000 total.

even combined with nitta kochitora we have 35,000 men at best.

i see no path to victory.

loyalty only ends with one’s lasts breath.

N eit h e r Minatogawa

138

aa

well.

do I . Hahahaha

takauji’s head is mine!!!

UW A A A! resigned to death, masashige flies into battle. both enemies and allies alike are surprised at the ferocity of his attack.

they fight hard, but it is inevitable. general ashikaga tadayoshi’s forces surround them…

U

A W

AA

damn! if only we had a little more…

they take up a defensive position in a private residence.

Haaaa…

my brother.

we may not succeed in this life…

but that i had seven more lives…

… this is the end.

A E H! A YE

i guess none of us are fit for heaven.

well…

140

…

Hah ah a

S ob

i would spend them all battling takauji!!!

brother…

so,

and continue our fight!?

shall we be reborn together,

SHNNK

masashige and the others set fire to the house and commit suicide. the battle of minatogawa is over.

emperor go-daigo flees to yoshino. takauji founds another imperial court in kyoto.

the noboku-cho era began, with opposing dynasties. the northern court in kyoto, kyoto, and the southern court in yoshino. yoshino.

takauji forms the ashikaga shogunate. by the time of the third ashikaga shogun, ashikaga yoshimitsu,, the northern and yoshimitsu southern courts reunite.

KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE – NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COURTS

1333 – 1338

Samurai dissent leads to the Kenmu Restoration. Japan is torn apart by two emperors. Kamakura to the Northern and Southern Emperors Since the time of Emperor Go-Fukakusa, there are two imperial lineages enthroned alternately. After rebelling against Emperor Go-Daigo, Ashikaga Takauji raises up Emperor Komyo of the Go-Fukakusa line and founds the Ashikaga shogunate. Go-Fukakusa Line (Northern Court) Go-Fukakusa Kamkura era

Fushimi

Noboku-cho era

1

Kameyama Line (Southern Court)

88

Kameyama

89

Go-Uda

92

Go-Fushimi

Kogon

Go-Saga

93

Komyo

95

Hanazono

Go-Murakami

2

Go-Kogon

4

Go-En'yu

5

100

Go-Komatsu

Suko

3

96

Go-Daigo

Chokei

90

91

Go-Nijō

94

Go-Kameyama

99

97

98

By negotiations between Takauji's grandson and Yoshimitsu, the Three Sacred Treasures were transferred from Emperor Go-Komatsu to Emperor Go-Kameyama. For the first time in sixty years, the imperial court was united.

Norther and Southern court unification

Northern court enthronement order Line of Succession

Contempt for the samurai causes a split between the Northern and Southern courts.

After his conspiracy to overthrow the shogunate fails, Emperor Go-Daigo is exiled to the Oki islands. When the Kamakura shogunate collapses, he returns to Kyoto and regains his position. The era named is changed to Kenmu. Go-Daigo dissolves the Cloister Rule and reinstates the direct rule of the emperor. This becomes the Kenmu Restoration. Go-Daigo despises samurai and shows preferential treatment to nobility. This leads to dissatisfaction among samurai clans across the nation. The new government collapses in just three years.

142

Nanboku-cho Timeline The imperial court is divided for about sixty years. It is unified in the era of Yoshimitsu, third shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

1

Shochu and Genko Wars

Emperor Go-Daigo conspires to overthrow the shogunate and reinstate imperial power. The plan is revealed to the shogun, who exiles Go-Daigo to the Oki islands. Rebellion against the shogun continues to break out across the nation.

5

Nakasendai War

In 1335, Hojo Tokiyuki raised troops to restore the Kamakura shogunate. Ashikaga Takauji suppresses him, but then leads his own rebellion against the imperial court.

4

2

Kusunoki Masahige Raises Troops Kusunoki Masashige, the Villain of Kawachi, raises troops. He shows ingenuity in the Siege of Akasaka Castle, inflicting heavy casualties on the shogunate army.

Fall of the Kamakura Shogunate Nitta Yoshisada marches on Kamakura. After fierce fighting, the city falls to Nitta. He forces Hojo Takatori to commit suicide. The Kamakura shogunate is finished.

6

Establishment of the Northern Court

Takauji expels Emperor Go-Daigo from Kyoto and enthrones Emperor Komyo. In return, Komyo appoints Takauji as Shogun. The Ashikaga Shogunate begins.

Ashikaga Takauji plays a key role in reinstating Emperor Go-Daigo yet is not rewarded for his efforts. At the time, the Hojo clan is causing largescale disturbances in the Kanto region. Takauji raises troops to quell these disturbances, then advances to Kyoto to overthrow Emperor Go-Daigo. Takauji expels Emperor Go-Daigo and enthrones Emperor Komyo in his place. Go-Daigo escapes to Yoshino (Nara), where he establishes a new imperial court (Southern court). Emperor Komyo’s court in Kyoto is called the Northern court. The Northern and Southern courts upset all of Japan. It lasts several years. Samurai divide into support break out into civil war across the country.

7

3

Ashikaga Takauji Raises Troops

The shogunate orders Ashikaga Takauji (Taka) to Kinai to subdue anti-shogunate forces. Instead, Takauji joins the rebellion and attacks the security office Rokuhara Tandai.

Establishment of the Southern Court

Emperor Go-Daigo is banished from Kyoto and flees to Yoshino. He declares himself the true emperor. The Southern and Northern courts confront each other, and Japan enters an era of turmoil.

Important Historical Note Kusunoki Masashige dies fighting the shogunate and becomes a national hero. Fiercely loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo, Kusunoki Masahige’s tactics confounded the shogunate army. He died fighting for his liege. During the Meiji restoration, the Southern court was considered orthodox. Kusunoki was upheld as a model of Japanese virtue and given posthumous honors and rank. School children learned about him. You can still see statues across Japan, including at the Kokyo Gaien National Garden.

143

MUROMACHI PERIOD

1392 – 1429

Ashikaga Yorimitsu unites the Southern and Northern courts and builds the Golden Age of the Ashikaga shogunate. Pirates and Japan-China Trade Ashikaga Yorimitsu sees the enormous benefits of trade with the Ming dynasty. He seeks to reopen diplomatic relations and is told they can only begin when Japan cracks down on the Woko pirates ravaging the coastlines of China and Korea. When the pirates are vanquished trade begins. Wako

Early Wako raiding routes Trade routes Early Wako territory

Pirates were active across the Noboku-cho era to the Muromachi period.

Korea Wonsan

Pyongyang Dengzhou

Woko Zukan, depicting late-period Woko activity (Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo)

Hanyang Jiaozhou

Akamazeki

Port of Pusan

To Peking

Xuzhou

Ming China

Kyoto Sakai

Hakata Goto

Nanking Hangzhou

Hirado

Hyogo

Ningbo Wako were not only Japanese. They included a mix of Chinese and Koreans as well.

Japan / China Trade Ashikaga Yoshimitsu began trade with China as tribute from the ruler of Japan to the Yongle Ming Emperor. Japan exported Tongbao copper in the form of ore or (Currency swords, and imported bronze Museum of the coins and textiles from China. Bank of Japan)

The Muromachi shogunate reconciles the Northern and Southern courts, but fires still smolder.

During the time of the 3rd Muromachi shogun, the Northern and Southern courts reconcile. The Emperor of the Southern court, 99th Emperor Go-Kamehama, abdicates to the Emperor of the Northern court, 100th Emperor Go-Komatsu. After sixty years, Japan was united under a single emperor again. Which does not mean peace. During the Nanboku-cho conflict, several Shugo military governors expand their authority and territories. With their support, Yoshimitsu builds a luxurious mansion in the Muromachi quarter of Kyoto to serve as his base of power. The Muromachi period takes its name from this palace.

144

Kyoto and Muromachi Shogunate With the establishing of the Muromachi shogunate, Kyoto develops into a political and economic center. Within the city, two distinct cultures are born: the Kitayama and Higashiyama cultures. The painting below shows what the bustling city looked like at the time. Town Life This folding screen shows the comings and goings of a vibrant town.

The Flower Palace – Muromachi The cypress roofed building that stands out in the picture is where the Ashikaga shogun took power.

Also around this time, the Ming dynasty is founded in China. Yoshimitsu sends ambassadors to open up diplomatic relations and trade, representing himself as the King of Japan. China insists that Japan deal with the pirates called Wako ravaging the Sea of Japan (East Sea). This allows Japan to bring tribute ships to the Ming dynasty, for which they are rewarded with gifts. This system is called the Tally Trade. The China-Japan trade deal ended with Yoshimitsu’s death. However, 6th Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori resumes trade some years later. He uses trade to finance the shogunate and hopefully control the power of the shugo governors, now called daimyo. Yoshinori attempts to consolidate power under himself in a dictatorship.

Kinkakuji Ashikaga Yoshimitsu built a villa in Kitayama, Kyoto, originally called Kitayama-dai. He used it as his seat of political power.

Hosokawa Mansion The Hosokawa clan residence, who wielded power as Kanrei governor, is drawn as finely as the Imperial Palace.

Important Historical Note Was 6th Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori really selected by lottery? 5th Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Yoshikazu died at age nineteen with no children. His predecessor, Yoshimochi, resumed office. However, he then died four years later without naming a successor. Yoshimochi had four younger brothers who were Buddhist priests. A lottery among the four decided Yoshinori would become shogun. Because of this, his nickname in the citizenry was the Lottery Shogun.

145

1461 – 1481

Ikkyu Sojun causes an uproar in the Muromachi period

The Onin War and Higashiyama Culture

People who watch anime are probably familiar with Ikkyu from the cartoon Ikkyu-san. He is a Zen priest who survives the Onin War. There are still many mysteries about his origin. One promising theory says he is the illegitimate child of Emperor Go-Komatsu. We know that Ikkyu is separated from his mother at six and enters the Ankoku-ji temple in Kyoto. He demonstrates a talent for poetry and composes The Flowers Dwell in Spring at fifteen. The poem is incredibly popular and recited all over Kyoto. Yet at twenty-one, he becomes so distraught at the death of his teacher, who had given Ikkyu the name Sojurn, that he tries to drown himself. His youth is turbulent. Despite being a Zen priest and strict with the commandments, he does not believe in celibacy and loves many women. In later years, he meets a blind woman named Shinjo and falls in love with her. He says she was as beautiful as Yang Guifei, one of the legendary Three Great Beauties of the world.

around 1436. sakai.

that’s quite the weapon for a priest.

this here? take a closer look.

S hh k k k k that’s ikkyu! everything about him is not quite what it seems.

it’s wood. it looks fancy from the outside but has no substance.

buddha is inside. it’s Smrk easy to be deceived by fine-looking fakes. but they cannot cut, they have no purpose.

known by his nickname ikkyu, he is renowned around sakai.

Hahahahah Hahahahah

zen priest, ikkyu sojun

like some priests and lords.

since 3rd muromachi shogun yoshimitsu,, the yoshimitsu shogunate appears stable, but in truth tyranny weakens its hold. riots and rebellion spring up.

around 1461, things are happening in kinki and hokuriku.

wars in kanto bring people to kyoto hoping for relief. but starvation kills more than 80,000.

Kl a ck k

KLACKK

K K C KLA in the middle of a famine, the shogun renovates his manor and hosts banquets. 8th muromachi shogun ashikaga yoshimasa lives a life of luxury despite the great famine. caring nothing for his people, yoshimasa stays at his newly constructed mountain retreat, watching plays and having parties.

148

his ears are closed to the emperor’s advice… we’re on the edge of chaos.

8th muromachi shogun ashikaga yoshimasa

1467. with two competing candidates for succession to shogun, influential shugo daimyos pick sides. the country divides into east and west.

The Onin War begins. Eastern Army (Hosokawa Faction)

Western Army (Yamana Faction)

Ashikaga Yoshimi

Hosokawa Katsumoto

Hino Tomiko Ashikaga Yoshihisa

Hatakeyama Masanaga

war envelops kyoto, turning every street into a battlefield.

Ashikaga Yoshihisa

Hatakeyama Yoshinari

Yamana Sozen

ikkyu does not escape unscathed.

ikkyu’s hermitage koroan at daitoku-ji is destroyed.

to flee the destruction of war, ikkyu moves to shuonan in takigi (currently ikkyu-ji temple).

yet the war follows him. ikkyu keeps moving to yamato and izumi.

in the spring of 1471, when he is seventy-seven years old, ikkyu visits sumiyoshi yakushi-do

O N T 150

who brushes a sleeve, scented with plum incense? this is the question of spring. (from the kangin-shu).

blind performer, shinjisha

…

the following year, the two meet again at sumiyoshi. they form a relationship.

151

ikkyu dotes on shinjisha.

BLIND SHINJISHA YOU LOVE FULFILS ME. SOUR MY FOOD, END MY LIFE, THESE REMNANTS OF SUFFERING. I MAKE A PRAYER TO BUDDHA, AND SPEAK THESE WORDS. (FROM KYOUN−SHU)

she inspires many love poems in ikkyu’s kyoun-shu* kyoun-shu*..

*kyoun-shu: a collection of chinese poems by ikkyu on eccentric subjects like popular entertainment and amorous affairs.

1474. exhausted by eleven years of fighting, an end is negotiated to the onin war.

there are still minor skirmishes fought here and there, and parts of kyoto that became battlefields are now scorched earth.

hosokawa katsumoto’s child, hosokawa masamoto in the winter of the same year, ikkyu receives an imperial edict**. edict**.

yamana sozen’s child, yamana masatoyo

what is it?

the emperor wants me to be abbot of daitoku-ji. to rebuild it after it was burned in the onin war.

**imperial edict: a direct order from the emperor

you’ve always kept yourself outside of government…

i can’t refuse a direct order from the emperor.

congratulations on being named abbot of daitoku-ji. at the time, ikkyu is said to have written both geishu* and hogo** hogo**,, both of which are included in kyoun-shu *geishu: sutras celebrating the virtues and teachings of buddha and the bodhisattvas. **hogo: a simple explanation of buddhism for the masses.

i shall do my best to restore the sacred temple.

wealthy merchant of sakai, owa munerin

ikkyu becomes the abbot of daitoku-ji at 81 years old.

his disciples and city merchants who admire him work hard to rebuild the temple.

the abbot’s chamber, the lecture hall, the pagoda, all are rebuilt one after another.

restoration in the aftermath of the onin war is called higashiyama culture. culture.

*shoin-zukuri: muromachi period-style architecture based on mysterious profundity and rustic sincerity called wabi-sabi.

ginkaku-ji, (jisho-ji), built by yoshimasa represents the apex of shoinzukuri* and becomes the prototype for japanesestyle houses.

ikkyu is bedridden with malaria.

1481

Th u n k i don’t want to die…

Plip ikkyu’s long life ends at eighty-eight years old.

it’s said that shinjisha continues to MOURN him the rest of her life.

her name is recorded in the buddhist memorials for the thirteenand thirty-thirdyear anniversaries of ikkyu’s death.

the ashikaga shogunate collapses, losing authority as the shugo daimyo* and kokujin** flex their power. in this world, servants replace their masters, in a time of conflict, this is only the opening of the play.

*shugo DAIMYO: deputy provincial governors. (èp107) **kokujin: rural samurai.

MUROMACHI PERIOD

1441 – 1477

In the aftermath of the Onin War, Kyoto is devastated and shogunate authority declines. Onin War Combatants The Onin War is a succession battle between Yoshimasa’s Yoshihisa, and his younger brother Yoshimi. Yamana Sozen backs Yoshihisa while Hosokawa Katsumoto backs Yoshimi. Daimyo nationwide are drawn into conflict, as Japan splits into Eastern and Western factions. Western Army

Eastern Army

Shogunate

Adopted Heir Son Hino Tomiko

Ashikaga Yoshimasa

VS

Hatakeyama Clan

Shugo Daimyo

Ashikaga Yoshihisa

Yamana Sozen

Ashikaga Yoshimi

VS

Hosokawa Katsumoto

VS Hatakeyama Yoshinari

Hatakeyama Masanaga

Prior to 1467. In 1468, Yoshimi goes over to the Western Army side and Hino Tomiko and her son Yoshihisa go to the Eastern Army.

Civil war continues for eleven years, leaving Kyoto in ruins.

The oppressive politics of 6th Ashikaga shogun Yoshinori angers the shugo daimyo. In 1441, Yoshinori is assassinated by Akamatsu Mitsusuke, sparking the Kakitsu Incident. This further erodes confidence in shogunate authority, although the shoguns themselves do not recognize the danger. A succession crises emerges following 8th Ashikaga shogun Yoshimasa. Both his younger brother Yoshimi and his son Yoshihisa have claims. The dispute spreads as the shugo daimyo take sides. Meanwhile, the Hatakeyama clan is spoiling for a fight, having their own succession dispute over who will succeed as Kanrei. Powerful leaders Yamana Sozen (Formerly Mochitoyo) and Hosokawa Katsumoto enter the battlefield as the conflict escalated.

156

Onin War Timeline January 1467. A conflict between Hakeyama Yoshinari and Hakeyama Masanaga breaks out at Kamigoryo shrine. This sparks the Onin War that later spills across all of Kyoto as daimyo fights daimyo. Western Army Victory!

Eastern Army Victory?

Battle of Kami Goryo Shrine

December 1466, Hatakeyama Yoshinari leads his armies to Kyoto. Backed by Yamana Sozen, he claims the title of Kanrei. In response, Hatakeyama Masanaga sets up camp at Senbon Shakadō in Daihon-ji. Their armies meet at Kami Goryo Shrine. Because Hosokawa Katsumoto did not reinforce Masanaga, the Western Army wins. Hatakeyama Masanaga Hosokawa Katsumoto

Peace

Attack

End of the Onin War

In 1473, Yamana Sozen and Hosokawa Katsumoto die one after the other. Their children succeed their positions and convince the warlords to reconcile. The Onin War is over.

Hatakeyama Yoshinari

Hosokawa Katsumoto Takeda Nobuyoshi

Yamana Sozen

Draw War in Kyoto destroys many shrines and temples. Ikkyu avoids this, wandering around in Kinai.

Yamana Sozen Attack

Isshiki Yoshinao

Battle of Shokoku-ji

August, 1468. Masahiro Ouchi, Shugo daimyo of Suo, marches to Kyoto reinforcing the Western Army. They attack Shokoku-ji temple, the Eastern Army base. Their goal is to force the Eastern Army from Kyoto, but after taking the temple with overwhelming forces, it is retaken by Hatakeyama Masanaga. The Western Army maintains control of Kyoto for almost a year. Hosokawa Katsumoto

Hatakeyama Masanaga

Swords pile up on both sides. Yamana’s Western army and Hosokawa’s Eastern army meet in January 1467 at Kami Goryo shrine in Kyoto, the first battle of the Onin War. Daimyos from across the nation join the conflict, bringing in twenty-five thousand soldiers to Kyoto to reinforce either the Western or Eastern armies. The battle rages for eleven years. All of Kyoto became a battlefield and is burnt to the ground. The Onin War has no victor. Both Yamana Sozen and Hosokawa Katsumoto die of illness. Their children make peace, ending the fighting. However, Japan is left without strong central leadership. The Onin War leads to what will be known as the Sengoku period, or Warring States period.

Battle of Rakuhoku

Hosokawa Katsumoto tries to regain the upper hand after his defeat at Kami Goryo shrine. He gathers the Eastern Army in Kyoto. Yamana Sozen also assembles troops from across the nation. Both sides stand ready. On May 26th, the Eastern Army attacks in the Battle of Rakuhoku. The battle is even pitched, but the Eastern Army allies with Shogun Yoshimasa and is named the governmental army.

Captures the Capitol

Masahiro Ouchi

Retakes Shokoku-ji

Hatakeyama Yoshinari

Important Historical Note Was Ashikaga Yoshimasa an incompetent shogun? Because of his disinterest in politics and absorption in his pastimes, Yoshimasa is depicted as an incompetent shogun. However, when he became shogun, he tried to restore shogunate authority. He stabilized Japan’s finances by reviving trade with Ming dynasty China. During the Onin War, Yoshimasa appealed to the daimyos to cease fire, but they paid him no heed. Increasingly irrelevant, Yoshimasa escaped further into his hobbies.

157

MUROMACHI PERIOD

15th – 16th CENTURY

Shugodai and kokujin rise during the Warring States period, when only power matters. Strength of the Sengoku Daimyo There were two ways sengoku daimyo take power. One is for shugo daimyo to retain rule, such as with the Takeda and Imagawa clans. Another was to overthrow your shugo daimyo and claim their territory, such as the Hojo and Mori clans. Uesugi Kenshin (Nagao Keitora)

Mori Motonari Kokujin from Aki province (Hiroshima) who rose to Daimyo governing the Chugoku region.

Shugodai who rose to be Daimyo of Echigo (Nigata).

Takeda Shingen Shugo daimyo of Kai (Yamanashi) who held his position as Sengoku daimyo.

Oda Nobunaga Shugyodai of Owari (Aichi) who rose to Daimyo.

Hojo Soun Miyoshi Nagayoshi Exiled by the shogun, shugodai of Settsu (Osaka) became Daimyo of Kinai.

Imagawa Yoshimoto

Exiled Kubo Horikoshi and became Daimyo of Izu (Shizuoka) and Sagami (Kanagawa).

Shugo Daimyo of Suruga and Totomi (Shizuoka), retained power as Daimyo.

All items not specified are from the University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute.

(Odwara Castle)

Unrest rules in the aftermath of the Onin War.

Many shugo daimyo go to Kyoto during the Onin War. Local samurai, called kokujin, are appointed as acting shugo known as shugodai. Peasants gather together in groups called Ikkis. Taking advantage of the lack of clear leadership and sick of the suffering they endure, uprisings broke out nationwide. In Kaga (Ishikawa), peasants join with Ikko-shu monks and kokujin to kill their shugo and set up a Peasant Kingdom. They hold power for nearly a century.

158

The Battle of Kawanakajima Takeda Shingen, warlord of Kai (Yamanashi), invades Shinano (Nagano). The Shinano people ask Uesugi Kenshin (Nagao Keitora) for help. Kenshin heads to Shinano, and the two engage in Kawanakajima (Nagano) five times. Their fourth battle is brutal, costing three thousand lives on both sides. Shingen at Ikigaya Mountain

Takeda Shingen emerged dominant after the fourth battle of Kawanakajima. However, many of his generals such as his younger brother Takeda Nobushige, Murozumi Masakiyo, and tactician Yamamoto Kansuke were killed. More than 4,000 people died in total.

Shingen and Kenshin's Single Combat

On September 10, when the fog on Kawanakajima cleared, the Uesugi army attacked Takeda in Hachimanbara. In the midst of a turbulent battle, Shingen Statue of Kenshin and Shingen's duel and Kenshin dueled in the Onbe river (According to eyewitness account in Koyo Gunkan).

Kenshi at Mt. Saijo

On August 15, 1561, Kenshin set up camp at Mt. Saijo, south of Kawanakajima. On September 9th, sensing Takeda's army was up to something, he secretly moved his troops to Hachinmanbara. Kawanakajima Battle Folding Screen (Collection of Uesugi Museum, Yonezawa City)

Shugo who return to their post following the Onin War find themselves in conflict with acting shugodai and the people. Many shugodai accumulate power while suppressing frequent rebellions. There are many stories of shugodai and kokujin who expel their former masters from the province, or even kill them. After the Onin War, many shugo daimyo disappear from the history books. In their place rise the sengoku daimyo, who have no imperial sanction or appointment, instead holding their position by strength of arms. These daimyo hold no allegiance to a shogunate nor imperial palace.

Important Historical Note Did each daimyo create their own territorial laws? As the Sengoku period progressed and daimyo rule became decentralized, they created local laws applicable only to their territories. Regulations of vassals and trials was dependent on the daimyo. Many laws were adapted from systems such as the Kamakura period Goseibai Shikimoku legal code or the Muromachi period Kenmushi Shimoku. But most were tailored to the actual needs of the territory. For example, Takeda Shingen created the Koshu law, stating that in any dispute both parties were to blame.

159

Muromachi Period Significant Events

Two emperors divide the country into the Nanboku-cho era, the Northern and Southern courts. The Onin War further splits loyalties as Daimyo declare themselves for the Western or Eastern armies. The Muromachi period sees the entire nation embroiled in wars. It is an age of turmoil.

ÆP138

3

Battle of Minagawa

Disgruntled by their lowered position after the Kenmu Restoration, Kusunoki the samurai rise behind Takauji. Minatogawa Although at first defeated by ? – 1366 Kusunoki Masashige, he rallies his The Scourge of army and marches on Kyoto. The Kawachi. A resourceful tactician, his small Southern court army intercepts him force harries the at Minatogawa but are defeated. shogunate army. Masashige commits suicide.

ÆP142

5

3rd Ashikaga Shogun Yoshimitsu unifies the Southern and Northern courts. As part of the reconciliation negotiations, Southern court emperor GoKameyama abdicates and there is a single emperor once more.

ÆP144

6

China-Japan Trade Begins

After inheriting the title of Shogun from his father, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sends envoys to the Ming dynasty as King of Japan. Trade between the two nations resumes. Because trade could only be conducted by recognized traders who possessed tallies, or official letters, this was known as the tally trade.

3

6

Nanboku-cho Unification

1 5 7 9

Minatogawa

To Ningbo port of the Ming dynasty

8

Kyoto

Shuon-an

4

Yoshino

ÆP155

8

Death of Ikkyu Sojun

Ikkyu is made abbot of Daitoku-ji after it is reduced to ashes in Ikkyu Sojun the Onin War. He oversees its reconstruction as his last act. 1394 – 1481 The model of His way of life satirizes authority modern ideas of the and mocks organized religion. wondering monk. During the Edo period, he becomes a character in many stories and plays.

160

ÆP143

4

Nanboku-cho Split

Ashikaga Takauji removes Emperor Go-Daigo from Kyoto and establishes the Ashikaga shogunate along with enthroning a new emperor. Go-Daigo insists he is the true emperor and establishes the Southern court in Yoshino, Nara. The country splits apart and goes to war over Northern and Southern courts.

ÆP142

1

Emperor Go-Daigo Raised Troops

96th Emperor Go-Daigo plots to overthrow the shogunate and reinstall himself into power. But his plans are uncovered, and he is exiled. However, Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshida are dissatisfied with the shogunate, so they join Emperor Go-Daigo’s cause. The shogunate is outnumbered. ÆP143

2

ÆP156

7

Onin War

Fall of the Kamakura Shogunate

Kusunoki Masashige allies with Nitta Yoshisada and marches on Kamakura. Shikken regent Hojo Takatoki commits suicide. The Kamakura shogunate is destroyed. Emperor Go-Daigo returns to power and attempts to establish direct Imperial rule. The Kenmu Restoration begins.

8th Ashikaga shogun Yoshimasa has no children and names his younger brother as his heir. However, the following year he has a son, Yoshihisa. Both claim the shogunate. A war of succession breaks out. Daimyo across the entire country are dragged into the Onin War.

2 10

10

Kamakura

Horigoe

Horigoe Kubo Destroyed

Horigoe kubo is a political administration governing the Kanto region headed by Ashikaga Chachamaru. They struggle for control with Koga kubo. Taking advantage of the turmoil, Ise Sobata (later Hojo Soun) comes from Kyoto. He dismantles the kubo, exiles Chachamaru, and takes control of Izu province. ÆP145

9

Formation of Muromachi Culture

Nobility, samurai, and commoners fuse to form a prototype of Japanese culture. Architecture of this era includes Yoshimitsu’s Kinkaku-ji and Yoshimasa’s Ginkaku-ji temples.

161

A CLOSER LOOK

The Pursuit of Mysterious Beauty and the Daily Lives of Common People

The Origin and Development of Noh and Kyogen Sacred dances called Kagura evolve into popular comedic entertainment. Noh and kyogen are traditional theatrical forms performed alternately on the same stage. Tragic noh stories of history and mythology are followed by comedic kyogen monologues, laughing at the daily lives of common people. Both evolved during the Heian and Kamakura periods from sarugaku—monkey music. Sarugaku by turn developed from kagura, ancient Shinto ceremonial dances, and dengaku, ritualized harvest performances. Sarugaku is comedic dialog, incorporating impersonations, improvisation, and clever word play. In the middle and late Kamakura period, performers incorporate narrative, evolving into something theatrical. This becomes noh around the Nanbokucho period. As a carryover from dengaku, noh is rural theater, performed in rice fields at the end of harvest festivals. During the Muromachi period amateurs perform noh under coaching of trained performers. Noh’s status as provincial art changes when 3rd Muromachi shogun Yoshimitsu sees a performance by Kan’ami Kyotsugu at Yuzaki Theater. He becomes a patron of the troop, inviting them to the capital of Kyoto.

There are four styles at the time, which are the foundation of modern noh. Kan’ami’s style is Yamato Saragaku, active mainly in Yamato province (Nara prefecture). Kan’ami adds musicality and dance. Noh’s true transformation comes with Kan’ami’s son Zeami Motokiyo. Zeami is a genius performer. Famed for the beauty and quietness of his dance, he embodies “mysterious beauty,” an ethereal aesthetic difficult to define. Zeami writes the noh theory book Fushikaden—The Transmission of the Flower Through a Mastery of the Forms. Zeami’s ideal of “mysterious beauty” becomes the heart of noh. Shogun Yoshimitsu continues his patronage to Zeami, allowing noh to become the most important theatrical form of the time. Zeami founds the Iemoto system still used today. Kyogen, on the other hand, exists as independent entertainment during the Nanboku-cho period. It’s dialog drama inherits comedic elements of sarugaku. Kyogen is fluid. Its strength is improvisations without specific form or content. Noh and kyogen are eventually performed together as part of a set. Combined they are called nogaku.

1464, 8th Muromachi shogun Yoshimasa views sarugaku. (Higashiyamaen Sarugaku Performance, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)

6

CHAPTER

The Dawn of the Warring States Period From Nobunaga Oda’s Arrival to the Siege of Osaka YEARS

Main Events

1543 (Tenbun 12)

Guns introduced at Tanegashima

1549 (Tenbun 18)

Christianity introduced

1560 (Eiroku 3)

Outbreak of Battle of Okehazama

1568 (Eiroku 11)

Oda Nobunaga enters Kyoto, installs Ashikaga Yoshiaki as 15th Muromachi shogun.

1573(Tensho 0)

Fall of Muromachi shogunate

1575 (Tensho 3)

Outbreak of Battle of Nagashino

1582 (Tensho 10)

Honno-ji Incident. Outbreak of Battle of Yamazaki

1584 (Tensho 12)

Outbreak of Battle of Komaki and Nagakute

1590 (Tensho 18)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi unites the nation

1592 (Bunroku 0)

Japan invades Korea, and does it again five years later

1598 (Keicho 3)

Hideyoshi Toyotomi dies of illness

1600 (Keicho 5)

Outbreak of Battle of Sekigahara

1603 (Keicho 8)

Tokugawa Ieyashu becomes Shogun

1615 (Genna 0)

Toyotomi clan falls at Siege of Osaka summer campaign

1575 – 1590

Oda Nobunaga’s ambition is achieved by Toyotomi Hideyoshi

The Dream of National Conquest After the turbulence of previous years, the Muromachi shogunate no longer has any real authority. Warlords fight for regional power. Shugo guardians strengthen their positions, recruiting kokujin and other rural samurai as retainers. Powerful shugo became daimyo, effectively lords of their provinces. The Muromachi shogunate survives in name only, serving ceremonial duties as appointers of daimyo. One ambitious daimyo, Oda Nobunaga, thinks that with the prestige of the shogunate behind him he can become ruler of the country. He installs a puppet shogun, 15th Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki. However, after a dispute Nobunaga expels Yoshiaki from Kyoto and dismantles the Muromachi shogunate entirely. The age of civil war known as Sengoku period—the Warring States period—finally begins.

1575. battle of nagashino

A A W A A W ! U We will crush our enemies!

Charge!!!

B LA M sengoku warlord of owari

there are three main players during the Warring states period

all three of them are at the battle of nagashino.

UW WA A AA !

the autocrat who destroys the past and creates the future. oda nobunaga.. nobunaga hehehe, takeda.

your CAVALRY doesn’t stand a chance against my guns.

allies with nobunaga solely to build a world of peace after the exhaustion of war. tokugawa ieyasu. ieyasu.

nobunaga’s strategy is incredible…!!!

sengoku warlord of mikawa tokugawa ieyasu

And… hey?!

there’s no bullet in this thing!

enough! you’re relieved, soldier.

let me see that!

hashiba hideyoshi is born a farmer but climbs the ranks to chancellor of the realm. nobunaga’s vassal hashiba hideyoshi (later toyotomi hideyoshi)

s-sir…

standing on the battlefield without a weapon is begging to be killed!

the only value in battle is surviving! he later becomes toyotomi hideyoshi.. hideyoshi

U WW AA AA

well now… this will be a splendid victory!

!

a new lord is about to be born, whose name will be written forever in the book of japan. the battle of nagashino ends with an allied oda-tokugawa victory.

many obstacles remain, but he is one step closer to his dream of conquering japan.

nobunaga continues to expand his territory, one province after another.

nobunaga’s base, azuchi castle, omi prefecture

–monkey.

i want you to take the chugoku region from the mori clan.

if you transfer clan leadership to lord nobutaka, what will you do lord nobunaga?

168

takigawa will go to shinano. akechi to kinki. hokuriku is shibata. shikoku, i leave to my third son nobutaka.

solidify my base in azuchi.

although i have no interest in dealing with those fools at court.

give them a big smile, like i do! it smooths things over.

okehazama… the capture of mino… anegawa… nagashino… the battle with ikko-shu.

as for your longsought unification,

if i make short work of them, i can soak in the hot springs in arima!

you’ve been fighting for decades.

Hmm…

leave the battle to us for a while. let us stretch our wings.

that’s the spirit!

is it time to attack the chosokaba clan in shikoku?

KK A H C K lord nobunaga, excuse me.

i have word about the chosokaba clan in shikoku

…

mitsuhide…

D a mn

my lord nobunaga…

i beg you,

WH M P

reconsider the shikoku campaign…!

nobunaga’s vassal, akechi mitsuhide

enough!!! i have been negotiating with chosokabe for years, urging surrender.

if i had but a little more time, i’m sure i could…

G rnnn

Konk

negotiations are closed!!!

i’ll hear no more of this!!!

lord… nobunaga…

Ur k the enemy… is at honno-ji!!!

UW W AA

H H

A

lord nobunaga!

Ch k

the akechi army is marching here!

WH A M damn!

mitsuhide…!

Boom he’s a skilled warrior. there is no way he’d let me slip by…

Fifty years of men

PA

S LL LL L H S this is the end…

1582. the honno-ji incident. nobunaga dies during mitsuhide’s rebellion.

W O O A ARR

F

nobunaga is a visionary who built an era. but many of his retainers do not share his vision and resent his singleminded drive.

at the same time, at bichu-takamatsu castle—

hey! i see a hot chick in the castle!

o Wo o o w

oo

i might take her as a concubine.

h S h ees sir… you risk nobunaga’s anger.

Hideyoshi’s tactician, Kuroda Kanbe

he wrote a letter directly to your wife nene, you know.

I do n’itt nee d guy acts like my mother…

that said, if they don’t hurry up and surrender there’ll be no concubines.

all the samurai, peasants, women, and children will die in vain.

my lord hideyoshi!

mitsuhide rebelled at honno-ji temple! lord nobunaga committed suicide…!!! W-what?!

are you…?

NO…

i’m afraid not. we found this secret message on that man we captured earlier.

if this is some kind of joke…

think, lord hideyoshi…

T

R M M B B L E 174

the fortunes of war smile on you.

if we return to kyoto now and defeat mitsuhide, you would be the next ruler of the country.

Gr nk

Th

hideyoshi immediately makes peace with the mori clan and rides hard to kyoto.

d d m r h T

rmd d

he defeats mitsuhide akechi at the battle of yamazaki. yamazaki. seeing this, shibata steps in to stop hideyoshi.

his revenge concluded, hideyoshi

makes steps to unify japan under his rule. hideyoshi meets him at the battle of shizugatake and forces shibata to suicide.

YAA

oda’s long-serving loyal retainer shibata katsuie

AA !!!

E A A R GH !

175

after the battle of komaki and nagakute, nagakute, hideyoshi and ieyasu meet face-to-face.

ieyasu marries hideyoshi’s sister and becomes a retainer.

hideyoshi negotiates an alliance.

B rot h

shikoku swiftly falls.

Kyushu

er …

and finally the hojo clan of odawara, the final remaining opposition.

i, hojo ujimasa surrenders.

Shikoku

Yes!!! followed by kyushu.

for the first time in history, japan is one nation.

nobunaga, what you have begun,

i have finished!!!

Hee Ahhh!!!

toyotomi hideyoshi unifies the country.

look at that smile!

chacha’s a happy girl!

politics and culture center on hideyoshi . the toyotomi government reaches its peak when his heir hideyori is born.

177

MUROMACHI – AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA PERIOD

1560 – 1582

Sengoku revolutionary Oda Nobunaga defeats powerful enemies and raises the banner of a unified Japan. The Battle of Nagashino Takeda Katsuyori succeeds his father Shingen. In order to advance on Tokugawa-held Suruga and Toe provinces (Modern day Shizuoka), Katsuyori lays siege to Nagashino castle. Ieyasu and Nobunaga bring in combined forces to defend, and defeat the Takeda army with the use of gun corps.

1

May 11, 1575

2

May 18, 1575

3

May 20, 1575

4

May 21, 1575

Takeda Katsuyori leads 15,000 soldiers and surrounds Nagashino Castle.

Its said that between 1-3000 guns were used at the Battle of Nagashino.

Nobunaga heads for the rescue of Nagashino Castle, bringing an army of more than 30,000. He sets up a camp at MT. Chausu and awaits the Takeda army.

Aware of Nobunaga's reinforcements, Takeda Katsuyori advances to Shitara and camps at Mt. Io.

The Takeda army launches an attack. They are routed after the Oda-Tokugawa army gun corps rips through their senior samurai.

B la m

Nobunaga, once called the Fool of Owari, aims for the world.

The Sengoku period—known as Warring States—is a time of social upheaval when the lowly overthrow the great lords. Everyone scrambles for power. Powerful warrior clans emerge, such as the Data clan that rules the Tohoku countries. The Hojo clan dominates the entire Kanto region. Uesugi Kenshin, shugodai of Echigo (Nigata), raises himself to daimyo. Takeda Shingen, shugo of Shinano (Nagano), conquers Kai (Yamanashi). The greatest among them is the former shugodai of Owari (Aichi), Oda Nobunaga. The ambition of most daimyo at the time is to expand their domains. Nobunaga is different. He wants to unite Japan into a single country, under his rule.

178

Nobunaga’s Expanding Power Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto, then destroys the Saito clan of Mino (Gifu). He then marches into Kyoto to confront shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki. Nobunaga exiles Yoshiaki and disassembles the Muromachi shogunate. After, he sends his retainers to subdue the Takeda clan, the Uesugi clan, the Mori clan, and others who will not bend the knee. His goal is nothing less than absolute domination of Japan. .

Invasion of Chugoku (1577 – 1582)

Hideyoshi attacks the Mori clan on Nobunaga's orders. During the Siege of Bichu Takamatsu Castle, he learns of Nobunaga's suicide.

Nobunaga Enters Kyoto

Battle of Anegawa (1570)

Ashikaga Yoshiaki raised as 15th Muromachi shogun to support Nobunaga.

Nobunaga defeats the Azai clan of Echizen and Asakura clan of Omi. Battle of Tenmokuzan (1582) Nobunaga dispatches his son Nobudada and vassal Takigawa Kazumasu to Kai to destroy the Takeda clan.

Honno-ji Incident (1582) Nobunaga moves to Honno-ji in Kyoto in preparation of reinforcing troops in Chugoku. His retainer Akechi Mitsuhide betrays him and attacks. Nobunaga commits suicide.

Fww oo oo oaaa rr rr

Battle of Okehazama (1560) Oda Nobunaga crushes Imagawa Yoshimoto's invasion of Omi.

Nobunaga was not the sole daimyo seeking to gain control of Owari. He fought and killed Yoshimoto Imagawa, the famed Archer of Kaido. Nobunaga defeats daimyo of many countries, eventually marching on the capital of Kyoto. He installs Ashikaga Yoshiaki as 15th Muromachi shogun. Nobunaga thinks to use him as a puppet. But when Yoshiaki stands against him, Nobunaga banishes him and dismantles the Muromachi shogunate. Next Nobunaga defeats Takeda at the Battle of Nagashino. He then mercilessly suppresses the peasant Ikko-ikki uprisings. He is one step closer to his dream of conquest.

Nobunaga's Advance Territories around 1560 Territories around 1573 Territories around 1582

Important Historical Note The Battle of Okehazama wasn’t actually a surprise attack. In the Battle of Okehazama Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto. It was long thought that Nobunaga ambushed Yoshimoto’s main force, attacking from a mountain road. However recent studies deny this theory. It’s now thought Nobunaga planned to take the most direct route from his stronghold to Okehazama but got lost in the rain. They came upon the Imagawa army in narrow terrain ensuring their victory. After scattering the army, Nobunaga attacked Imagawa himself and took his head.

179

AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA PERIOD

1582 – 1598

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the son of a peasant farmer, unites Japan. Korean Invasion Route In 1592, Hideyoshi makes plans to conquer the continent. He sends troops to Korea twice. Japanese troops swiftly take the Korean castle. But in the face of reinforcements from the Ming dynasty they cannot hold it. In the end, Hideyoshi dies with no gains for Japan. Imjin Disturbance Chongyu War Advance route

Japanese route

Main battlefield

Uriankhai Invasion

M ing

Korea Battle of Sacheon

July, 1952. Kato Kiyomasa advances into Jurchen-controlled Manchuria looking to find a route to Ming.

y arm

Main battlefield Japanese castles in Korea

Sea of Japan

Pyongyang

Siege of Ulsan

At the same time as the Anbyon Siege of Ulsan, MingKorean allied forces rushed Sacheon Castle. Shimazu Kaesong Yoshihiro met them with Byeokjang his 7,000 soldiers. He Hansung struck a devastating blow to the allied army.

an re Ko Komatsu Kogawa – Shimazu Yoshihiro Equestrian (Detail) (Kagoshima City Museum 黄 海 of Art

na vy

Jeju island

Uslan castle was attacked by the allied Ming-Korean forces. Kato Kiyomasa's forces endure the siege for twelve days, suffering hunger and thirst. Reinforcements arrive that dispel the allied forces.

Busan Tsushima

Iki

Japan Nagoya castle

Nobunaga dies in the middle of his campaign. Toyotomi Hideyoshi inherits his ambition.

After dismantling the shogunate, Nobunaga turns his eye towards the remaining daimyo who resist his rule. He sends retainers to pacify them. In 1582, Nobunaga camps in Honno-ji in Kyoto to reinforce Hashiba Hideyoshi (Toyotomi) who was attacking the Mori clan. Instead, Nobunaga’s retainer Akechi Mitsuhide betrays him and attacks. Nobunaga commits suicide. When hearing about Nobunaga’s death, Hideyoshi makes ceasefire with the Mori clan and speeds home. He attacks and kills Mitsuhide in Kinki. Claiming power as Nobunaga’s successor, he subdues the remaining daimyo and conquers the nation. His final rival is the great lord, Tokugawa Ieyasu. It takes convincing, but Tokugawa joins his banners. Hideyoshi is named kanpaku—personal advisor to the emperor—and builds a huge castle in Osaka. Daimyo across the country are commanded to lay down their arms.

180

Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s Unification of Japan Hashiba Hideyoshi (Toyotomi) learns about the Honno-ji Incident. He immediately reconciles with the Mori clan and rides off to avenge Nobunaga. Hideyoshi seizes Oda’s position, installing himself as kanpaku. He heads off to quash resistance in Shikoku and Kyushu. By 1590, with the destruction of the Hojo clan in the Kanto region, the nation is unified under Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi's Advance

Battle of Shizugatake Shibata Katsuie and Toyotomi Hideyoshi fight over who will succeed Oda Nobunaga. Hideyoshi defeats the Shibata army at Shizugatake and forces Katsuie to commit suicide.

After the Battle of Yamazaki After the battle of Shizugatake After attacking Shikoku After attacking Kyushu After attacking Odawara and striking Oshu

Battle of Yamazaki Hideyoshi reconciled with the Mori clan and rushed back to defeat Mitsuhide Akechi at Yamazaki.

Attack on Kyushu Hideyoshi and Chosokabe Motochika of Shikoku attack the Shimazu clan in Kyushu. Hideyoshi himself leads the attack, and the Shimazu clan surrenders.

Kyushu

Shikoku

When the Hojo clan does not obey the general amnesty order. Hideyoshi comes in with reportedly hundreds of thousands of soldiers and destroys them utterly. Hideyoshi unifies Japan, succeeding beyond the dreams of Oda Nobunaga. But his ambition is more than a single country. He sets sites on Korea and China. Hideyoshi’s reach exceeds his grasp. He dies of illness after causing the deaths of thousands of soldiers, their lives spent on a worthless cause. The dramatic rise and sudden fall of Toyotomi Hideyoshi is over. From farmer to Nobunaga’s retainer to lord of Japan—with his passing an era was over.

Siege of Odawara After establishing his base in Kyushu, Hideyoshi sent a large army to lay siege of the Hojo clan at Odawara castle. The defeat of the Hojo clan signaled the final victory of Hideyoshi's plan of unification.

Important Historical Note The Samurai tradition of collecting valuable tea utensils is related to their conquests. During the Muromachi period tea became widespread. Samurai and nobles began collecting rare tea utensils. Some utensils were known as meibutsu and were said to be valued at high as entire territories. There is a record that when Nobunaga’s retainer Kazumasu Takigawa was asked what he wanted as a reward for conquering Koshu, he replied. “The Enameled Teapot.” The one who started this trend was tea master Sen no Rikyu. He pursued the spirituality of tea, in what he called Wabi-cha. He valued exquisite craftsmanship and distained gaudy displays of expensive materials.

181

1598 – 1615

Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats Mitsunari Ishida at the Battle of Sekigahara

The Battle of Sekigahara After achieving his goal of the unification of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi establishes the Gobugyo, or Five Commissioners, to manage political affairs. This later evolved into the Gotairo, or Council of Five Elders. Whatever the name, it’s a group of five influential daimyo. Before he dies, Hideyoshi expresses wishes for them to manage as a Parliamentary system, although there are few specific rules. First among them is Tokugawa Ieyasu, appointed by Hideyoshi as guardian for his young child Hideyori. Tokugawa is supposed to be an observer on the council but gradually he ignores Hideyori and exerts control. Seeing this, Hideyoshi’s loyal retainer Mitsunari Ishida pushes back. Mitsunari is a leader of the Gobugyo and a genius of logistics. His expertise is the transport of food, weapons, and support units on battlefields. Mitsunari is committed to keeping Hideyoshi’s policies alive. Another of the Five Elders, Mori Terumoto stands and confronts Ieyasu.

august 1598

toyotomi hideyoshi, conqueror of japan, dies.

extremely ill and on the verge of death, hideyoshi twice invades korea, attempting to expand his power. the imjin and chongyu wars*. wars*.

when his child hideyori is born, the former heir toyotomi hidetsugu plots to stay in power. he is accused of rebellion and commits suicide.

hideyoshi also forces tea master tea master sen no rikyu to commit suicide for reasons unknown.

*imjin and chongyu wars: 1592-93 and 1597-98. hideyoshi twice sent troops to conquer korea.

did you prepare this tea?

M aa

M aaa

toyotomi hideyoshi's loyal retainer, ishida mitsunari

183

kanno-ji temple, omi.

Nod

weeeelll! so much talent for one so young!

what’s your name?

Hahahahah i’m called sakichi.

Th…t hank you temple initiate sakichi (later ishida mitsunari)

so, sakichi,

well lad, i like you.

Mu uu

M uu u

how would like you to be my retainer…?

nagahama castle, omi hashiba (toyotomi) hideyoshi

! I…! My-my Lord!!!

184

lord mitsunari!

otani. kobakawa.

ishida mitsunari’s best friend otani yoshitsugu

Ha

lord ishida.

how until long to our do we armies think he hide my are pulled would uncle’s end out of death?! this korea. way…

kobayakawa!!!

toyotomi hideyoshi’s nephew kobayakawa hideaki

knowledge of hideyoshi’s death would devastate troop morale.

you will do as you’re told.

it’s said mitsunari hides news of hideyoshi’s death to protect soldiers in korea.

lord hideyoshi!

but in truth he has a bigger concern.

lord hideyoshi!

*gotairo: military commanders who control affairs under hideyoshi’s administration. tokugawa ieyasu. maeda toshie. ukita hideie. mori terumoto.

Edo

first of the gotairo* gotairo*,, tokugawa ieyasu.

lord ieyasu!!!

lord hideyoshi… edo castle, musashi tokugawa ieyasu

did you hear the news about majesty hideyoshi’s death?

Yes…

mitsuhide, leader of the gobugyo, and tokugawa, leader of the gotairo, are in conflict.

tokugawa entertains other daimyos, consolidating his position.

his power grows considerably.

i’ve been waiting for this.

G ri n

Gotairo

Versus

Gobugyo

cracks grow as the uesugi kagekatsu grumbles about tokugawa’s tyranny. in response, tokugawa marches his army to the uesugi clan home in aizu.

mitsunari’s army, eh?

turn west! we go back to edo!!!

enough!

as ieyasu heads to aizu, mitsunari raises troops.

i shall end tokugawa and restore rule to the toyotomi family!

Mitsunari september 1900. massive armies assemble on both sides of the field of Shimazu sekigahara in mino. 83,000 Konishi troops on the western Ukita army, 88,000 in the east. Otani the nation divides in the battle of sekigahara .

Kobayakawa

according to movements it seems his headquarters was moved to momokubariyama.

our strength is about even… our position is solid.

Fukushima

Mt. Matsuo

how is tokugawa looking?

kobakawa is encamped on mt. matsuo. mori holds mt. nangu.

Ieyasu Kuroda Hosokawa Kato Ieyasu Ii

U

W

W

A

AH

H

momokubariyama.

U

U W

U

W W

everything is in place.

W W A W A A A A AA A A H H H H H H should we not make proper offerings to the gods…?

we may be meeting them soon enough.

ahhh…

P lk 8:00 am, the same day.

Ii NomWasa’s eastern army launches an attack on Ukita Hideie’s western army.

Bo

Ii

the battle begins.

why?

Ta p lord mitsunari!!!

why hasn’t mori moved into position?

an urgent communi cation…!

Ta p

Ta p

kobakawa came down from mt. matsuo…

finally!

Ta p 189

G ul

p

he attacked lord otani…!!!

kobakawa…

ieyasu knows mitsunari is raising troops since he went to aizu in june.

it’s not… he…

has gone over to the enemy!

he writes over a hundred and twenty persuasive letters to various daimyos, setting up this little trick.

among the generals who made secret alliances, kikkawa hiroie who serves the mori clan. and…

190

hideyoshi’s nephew.

Mt. Matsuo

are we really going to do this?

Kobayakawa Hideaki

the other units will synchronize their attack with us on the otani forces. chosokabe motochika hasn’t shown up yet. well, well. i guess we need to pick a side…

shimadzu declared against tokugawa?

it looks like tokugawa is the smart choice.

Fw o mp

and then…

Yes…

S ig h …

no matter who wins, will anything of toyotomi remain? i wonder…

this is what we get for playing politics…

… damn!

the enemy will soon be upon us!!!

everyone has been in secret communication with tokugawa…

tn n r r G

will no one fight for toyotomi…?

lord mitsunari! we must retreat!

tokugawa was appointed guardian for toyotomi hideyori…

does anyone seriously think, this was our lord’s will!!!

lord mitsunari!

Hmm

lord hideyoshi…

the battle had been evenly matched, until the tides of war change with kobayakawa hideaki’s betrayal. the eastern army takes the day.

otani yoshitsugu commits suicide in the mountains.

the great civil war that split japan in two, and was expected to last for many years,

is over in about six hours.

the eastern army is overwhelmingly victorious.

sakichi is grateful for all you have given him.

ishida mitsunari is defeated in battle and captured after routing.

as many as 6000 soldiers died in battle.

my lord. it is done.

i’ll be honest. i didn’t think the system toyotomi built would be so fragile.

i certainly don’t know, my lord.

is this the fading glory that mitsunari obsessed about?

M Ish itsun sta batt idas' ari n l dard e

194

you can’t do politics by feeling…

hideyoshi’s heir hideyori… being cute doesn’t hold a country together.

Fwa p p

p

i thought he understood that… but in the end, he let his emotions carry him away.

fourteen years later.

ll.

We

tokugawa ieyasu wins the siege of osaka. osaka .

that’s that.

Wh a p

hideyori and his mother yodo-den are forced to commit suicide. the toyotomi line is destroyed.

ieyasu establishes the tokugawa shogunate, which rules japan peacefully for about two hundred and sixty years.

195

AZUCHI–MOMOYAMA PERIOD

1598 – 1600

Tokugawa Ieyasu and Ishida Mitsunari fight for control of Japan at the Battle of Sekigahara. cracks grow as the uesugi kagekatsu grumbles about tokugawa’s tyranny. in response, tokugawa marches his army to the uesugi clan home in aizu.

i shall end tokugawa and restore rule to the toyotomi family!

Battle of Sekigahara Combatants enough!

as ieyasu heads to aizu, mitsunari raises troops.

When Ishida Mitsunari begins gathering forces, daimyo nationwide side with either Western or Eastern armies. In addition to the main battle at Sekigahara, conflicts arise across Japan, such as the Battle of Ishigakibaru in Kyushu, the Battle of Asainawara in Hokuriku, and the Battle of Hasedo Castle in Tohoku. mitsunari’s army, eh?

turn west! we go back to edo!!!

Mitsunari september 1900. massive armies assemble on both sides of the field of Shimazu sekigahara in mino. 83,000 Konishi troops on the western Ukita army, 88,000 in the east. Otani the nation divides in the battle of sekigahara .

Main battle

our position is solid.

Kobayakawa

according to movements it seems his headquarters was moved to momokubariyama.

Western Army our strength is about even…

Hokuriku Kyushu

Eastern Army

Betrayed

U

Secret communication

W

W

A

AH

H Ishida Mitsunari 14/11/22 4:10 PM

Tohoku

History of Japan in Manga_int.indd 187

Fukushima

Mt. Matsuo

how is tokugawa looking?

kobakawa is encamped on mt. matsuo. mori holds mt. nangu.

Ieyasu Kuroda Hosokawa Kato Ieyasu Ii

Tokugawa Ieyasu Kobayakawa Hideaki

Naoe Uesugi Kanetsugu Kagekatsu

Otani Yoshitsugu

Otomo Yoshimune

VS

VS

VS

Date Masamune

Mogami Yoshiaki

Maeda Toshinaga

Kuroda Kanbei

The great war that divides Japan lasts only a few hours.

On his death bed, Hideyoshi’s thoughts are of his young son Hideyori. In his will he asks the Gotairo—the five elder daimyo lead by Tokugawa Ieyasu—to protect and support Hideyori. Instead of advancing Hideyori, Tokugawa solidifies his personal power. Seeing this, Hideyoshi’s former retainers Ishida Mitsunari and Konishi Yukinaga begin conspiring. A rumor spread that Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of the Gotairo, is planning a rebellion. Ieyasu leads soldiers to Aizu (Fukushima) to quell this uprising. Sensing an opportunity, Mitsunari begins raising armies to fight Tokugawa. Hearing this, Tokugawa immediately turns his forces around and heads West.

196

Battle of Sekigahara Timeline When Tokugawa Ieyasu moves against the Uesugi clan, Ishida Mitsunari begins gathering forces. He builds a castle in Kinai, and his Western army moves east. In response, Ieyasu moves his Eastern army west. The two armies face each other in Sekigahara. The battle for divided Japan begins. Mitsunari’s Western army has the early advantage of terrain, but with the betrayal of Kobayakawa Hideaki his forces collapse and route. Eastern army castle Western army castle

September Otani Yoshitsugu marches on Mino

September 1st Eastern army wins the Battle of Sekigahara

Tsuruga Castle Wakasa

Tamba

Settsu July 16th Mori Terumoto enters Osaka castle Osaka castle

July 12th Ishida Mitsunari raises troops

September 7th Western army begins attack on Fushimi castle

VS

September 3rd Eastern army Gifu takes Inuyama castle castle

Ogaki Castle

Sawayama Castle

Otsu Castle

August 23 Eastern army destroys Gifu castle

September 14th

Suzuka Pass

Inuyama castle

Mino

Mitsunari marches Owari from Ogaki castle to Sekigahara Kiyosu Castle

Nagashima Castle

Fushimi Castle

Western Army Yamato

Tokugawa’s Eastern army meets Mitsunari’s Western army on the fields of Sekigahara (Gifu). Their armies are evenly matched. However, Tokugawa has been secretly communicating with military commanders in the Western army. Springing his trap, one after the other they begin declaring for Tokugawa. The great battle to control Japan started in the morning as is over by afternoon. The Eastern army is victorious. Many Western army generals are killed in action or later beheaded. Ishida Mitsunari is captured and executed. The Toyotomi family is removed from the earth.

August 1st Western army begins attack on Otsu castle

Anotsu Castle

Eastern army

Iga Matsusaka Castle

Important Historical Note Was Kobayakawa Hideaki with the East Army from the beginning? The turning point in the Battle of Sekigahara was the betrayal of Kobayakawa Hideaki. The prevailing view is that Hideaki wavered over the double-cross. Tokugawa lost his temper and fired shots at Hideaki. This flustered Hideaki who immediately launched an attack on the Western army. However, recent studies have left many to believe that Hideaki was with the Eastern army since the beginning. It’s thought that he held back his attack until the timing was right to attack the Western army. This draws a different picture of Hideaki than found in most conventional history books.

197

AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA – EDO PERIOD

1600 – 1616

Tokugawa Ieyasu founds the Tokugawa shogunate, destroys the Toyotomi clan, and establishes the peace of the Edo period. Osaka Winter Campaign Ieyasu got his excuse to attack Toyotomi and mobilized daimyo to lay siege to Osaka castle. However, the shogunate army could not break through the moats and defenses of Osaka castle. Peace conferences were opened. Tokugawa forces

Honda Tadatomo

Toyotomi forces

Honda Tadamasa

Ikeda Toshitaka

Yodo River

Yamato River

Tachibana Muneshige Ikeda Tadatsugu

Osaka castle Inner moat

Ikeda Tadao

Sanada Nobuyoshi Sanada Nobumasa

Toyotomi Hideyori Inner citadel

Tenma River

Hirano River

Uesugi Kagekatsu

Outer moat Perimeter moat Akashi Takenori

Kizu River

Ono Harunaga

Date Masamune Date Hidemune

Osaka castle bombardment The Shogunate army could not break through the many moats of Osaka castle. Ieyasu ordered his generals to fire cannons at the castle.

Chosokabe Morichika

Sanada Yukimura Sasayama

Todo Takatora Ii Naotaka

Maeda Toshitsune Okayama

Tennoji Tokugawa Ieyasu

Chausuyama

Tokugawa Hidetada

Sakai Ietsugu

Battle of Sanada Maru Near the south moat, Sanada Yuikimura builds the Sanada Maru fortification. He draws the Maeda and Matsudaira Tadano armies here and defeats them.

Tokugawa Ieyasu inherits the Japan built by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi.

After winning the Battle of Sekigahara, the imperial court appoints Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun. He founds the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, yet he knows his power is not solidified while Toyotomi Hideyori lives. Ieyasu accuses the child of rebellion and lays siege to Osaka castle (Osaka Winter Campaign). After a month and a half, Ieyasu realizes he cannot breach the castle and tries another tactic. He a peace treaty with Hideyori but as a condition demands the castle moats be filled in. The once-powerful castle now defenseless, Ieyasu attacks with a massive army of ten thousand soldiers (Osaka Summer Campaign).

198

Osaka Summer Campaign In 1615, the final battle between Tokugawa and Toyotomi begins. After the castle moats are breeched, the Toyotomi army meets the shogunate army on the field. The shogunate army is temporarily driven back by the onslaught of the Toyotomi army. But the overwhelming force of Tokugawa prevailed. Toyotomi Hideyori and his mother Yodo-dono are forced to commit suicide. The destruction of the Toyotomi family draws the final curtain on the Sengoku period—the Warning States—which lasts about one hundred years. Osaka castle Toyotomi Hideyori intends to join the final battle, but after his armies were routed he commits suicide inside the castle with his mother, Yodo-dono.

Mori Katsunaga

Mori's forces take the lead early at the Battle of Tennoji and continue to defeat Shogunate forces one after another. But gradually the tides turn against him and he commits suicide in Osaka castle.

Sanada Yukimura (Nobishige) Yukimura attacks the Shogunate main force and corners Ieyasu, but the arrival of reinforcements causes him to route. Portrait of Sanada Yukimura (Nobushige) (Ueda City Museum Collection)

Although Sanada Yukimura and others fight hard, without its moat Osaka castle falls in the blink of an eye. Hideyori and his mother Yodo-dono are forced to commit suicide. Ieyasu successfully destroys the Toyotomi clan and dies the following year at age seventy-five. However, he hands over the title of Shogun to his son Hidetada years before, so the Tokugawa administration remains unchanged. Ieyasu also ensures all rival daimyo are removed to remote territories where they wield no influence. His foresight ensures the Tokugawa shogunate lasts for two hundred and sixty years.

"The Siege of Osaka Summer Campaign" depicting the Battle of Tennoji, the final battle of the Osaka Summer Campaign. (Right side) (Osaka Castle Tower Collection)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Ieyasu's armies fall back before Yukimura's onslaught. The tide turns with the arrival of reinforcements, and Toyotomi's army is repelled.

It's over

Fwa p

Important Historical Note Was Ieyasu’s true fear Sanada Yukimura’s father? During the Siege of Osaka Sanada Yukimura (Nobishige) easily repelled the Shogunate army. And yet when Ieyasu heard Sanada had joined Osaka castle, it’s said he was relieved it wasn’t Sanada’s father, Sanada Masayuki. Masayuki had defeated the Tokugawa army twice. Ieyasu was glad to be facing the son instead of the father. However, Yukimura was more able than expected, and killed ten thousand Tokugawa soldiers during the Osaka Winter campaign. In the Summer campaign, he led troops attacking Ieyasu’s main camp. In the end, two generations of Sanada caused trouble for Tokugawa Ieyasu.

199

Revolutionary Oda Nobunaga died fighting for his dream of a unified Japan. His cause was realized by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who died trying to expand Japan’s borders. That left Japan in the hands of the one who would end the Sengoku period—the Warring States era. That man was Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Sengoku Period Significant Events negotiations are closed!!!

5

Honno-ji Incident

ÆP179

i’ll hear no more of this!!!

Oda Nobunaga destroys the Takeda clan. Then, in 1582, he prepares to move his armies to the Chugoku region to support Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi. However, Akechi Mitsuhide betrays U r k and him, attacking Nobunaga’s base at Honno-ji. Surrounded defeated, Nobunaga sets fire to the temple and commits suicide. lord… nobunaga…

the enemy… is at honno-ji!!!

UW W

AA

H H

A

ÆP179

3

Fall of the Muromachi Shogunate

In 1568, Oda Nobunaga places Ashikaga Yoshiaki as 15th Muromachi shogun. Initially, he works with Nobunaga but eventually rebels. Nobunaga exiles Yoshiaki and dismantles the shogunate entirely in 1573.

History of Japan in Manga_int.indd 171

Kyoto

Siege of Osaka

The Tokugawa clan takes control of Japan with the establishment of the new shogunate. However, the heir of Toyotomi is still alive, and remains a threat. Ieyasu lays siege to Osaka castle to destroy the Toyotomi clan once and for all. At first, the castle defense repels his armies. But in the second campaign, they win through and Toyotomi Hideyori and his mother Yodo-dono commit suicide.

200

1

Okehazama

4

Osaka

Shitarahara

ÆP196

ÆP198

9

14/11/22 4:12 PM

7

3 5 9

Sekigahara

7

Battle of Sekigahara

After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Ieyasu begins contacting daimyo dissatisfied with the Toyotomi clan to fill the power vacuum and solidify his position. Ishida Mitsunari sees this and realizes the danger. With Mori Terumoto he gathers forces for war. He fights Ieyasu at Sekigahara but is defeated by the betrayal of Kobayakawa Hideaki.

Ishida Mitsunari

1560 – 1600 Toyotomi Hideyoshi's retainer. Raised troops to overthrow Tokugawa.

ÆP179

1

Battle of Okehazama

In 1560, Imagawa Yoshimoto attacks Owari (Aichi). Oda Nobunaga meets him in battle in heavy rain and defeats Yoshimoto.

Oda Nobunaga

1534 – 1582 Daimyo from Owari. He almost achieves his goal of conquering Japan.

ÆP181

2

ÆP159

Kawanakajima

2

Battle of Kawanakajima

When Takeda Shingen advances on Shinano (Nagano), the citizens call to Uesugi Kenshin for help. Kenshin and Shingen fight five times at Kawanakajima, with the fourth battle being the most famous. The final result is a draw.

8 6

Toyotomi Hideyoshi conquers Japan

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Hashiba) takes up Oda Nobunaga’s cause of a united Japan. He defeats regional daimyo one by Toyotomi one. In 1590. Hideyoshi Hideyoshi 1537 – 1598 surrounds the Hojo clan at Odawara castle. One of the most influential people With their defeat, he in Japanese becomes sole ruler history was born of Japan. the child of poor farmers.

Edo

Odawara

ÆP178

4

6

Battle of Nagashino

In 1575, Takeda Katsuyori invades Mikawa (Aichi) and surrounds Nagashino castle. They call for help from Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who leads a massive army to Shitarahara. Using his gun battalions, they defeat the Takeda army. The Takeda clan is destroyed in the Battle of Tenmokuzan in 1582.

ÆP198

8

Founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate

After his victory over the Western army, Tokugawa Ieyasu is appointed Shogun by the imperial court. He establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo. A year later, he retires, handing his Tokugawa position to his son Hidetada. Ieyasu In this way he ensures the 1542 – 1616 lineage of the Tokugawa First Shogun of the 260-year Tokugawa administration. Ieyasu lays Shogunate. the foundations for a system that will rule Japan for two hundred and sixty years.

201

A CLOSER LOOK

The Castles of the Sengoku to the Warring States Periods

Military Commanders and the Development of Castles Modern castles are invented by Nobunaga, popularized by Hideyoshi, then expanded by Ieyasu. There are castles scattered across Japan, such as Osaka, Edo, and Himeji castles. It’s said the origin of these castles are the moated settlements of the Yayoi period, built as defensive structures. In the wake of the defeat at the Battle of Baekgang, several ancient mountain fortresses are built for shore defense, such as Mizuki castle (→P55) in Kyushu. However, the practice is isolated and does not take root. With the rise of the civil war of the Northern and Southern dynasties, castles proliferate nationwide. Castles are built on steep mountain peaks, providing natural fortification against cavalry. In fact, at the time castles are referred to san-jo meaning “mountain castle.” They literally cut into the mountains. Because the mountain supply most military defenses, structures were sunken pillar and board-roof constructions, not much different from common huts. During the Sengoku period, the Warring States, these ancient san-jo are again occupied and strengthened by warlords. Oda Nobunaga creates the first modern castle in

Azuchi castle in Omi (Shiga). It’s intended as a symbol of power while still serving as a defensive structure. It highlights what will come to represent modern castles—a high stone wall, a tall castle keep, and gold leaf tile. Azuchi castle is a work of beauty that rises tall above the horizon. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, unifier of Japan, authorized new castle construction in various territories. Castles become widespread throughout the country. After the Battle of Sekigahara, when military tensions are still running high, there is a boom in castle building. Tokugawa Ieyasu institutes a nation-wide infrastructure project called “Tenka-fu,” which changes the topology of Japan. With advances in technology, tall, beautiful castles spread across the country. In reaction, the Tokugawa shogunate institutes a One Province, One Castle policy. They destroyed all castles except the residences of regional daimyo. This is the end of the evolution of castle-building.

ÛTakeda castle in Hyogo is a famous castle built during the Sengoku era, known poetically as the castle floating in a sea of clouds. Ú Himeji castle has the largest existing keep. It is designated as a World Heritage site.

Only cornerstones remain in the ruins of the Azuchi castle keep built by Oda Nobunaga. It was a six-story building, with the first- through third stories being Nobunaga’s palace.

7

CHAPTER

The Coming of Peace From the Establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the Tenpo reforms YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

1603 (Keicho 8)

Tokugawa Ieyasu named Shogun

1615 (Genna 0)

Laws for Military Households and Laws for Imperial and Court Officials are established

1635 (Kan’ei 12)

Sankin kotai begins

1637 (Kan’ei 14)

Shimabara rebellion

1685 (Jyokyo 2)

Laws and regulations for the purpose of living creatures are enacted

1702 (Genroku 15)

The Forty-Seven Ronin

1716 (Shotoku 0)

Tokugawa Yoshimune begins the Koho Reforms

1732 (Shotoku 17)

Koho famine

1767 (Meiwa 4)

Tanuma Okitsugu takes control

1782 (Tenmei 2)

Tenmei famine

1787 (Tenmei 7)

Matsudaira Sadanobu and the Kansei reforms

1832 (Tenpo 4)

Tenpo famine

1837 (Tenpo 8)

Rebellion of Oshio Heihachiro

1841 (Tenpo 12)

Mizuno Tadakuni and the Tenpo reforms

1616 – 1702

Attempted murder by Oishi Kuranosuke shocks the peace of the Edo period

The Ako Incident and the Loyal 47 Ronin After winning the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu looks to solidify the Tokugawa shogunate. He puts laws in place to control the daimyo. All clan movements most be officially reported. Strict codes are written regarding vendettas. Permission for vendettas must be applied to and approved by the shogunate. Samurai are only allowed to seek revenge is a superior relative is killed; the deaths of wives and children are not eligible. Vengeance for a vengeance killing is forbidden. In addition, vendettas must be resolved with a duel and not a massed attack. Any killings outside of these sanctions is treated as murder and punished if found guilty by investigating officials. Oishi Yoshio Kuranosuke and his clan do not follow these rules. They are found guilty of murder for the death of Uenosuke Kira.

ieyasu establishes laws to control the daimyo. the buke shohatto*, shohatto*, or laws for military households, are upheld by each successive shogun. by 3rd tokugawa shogun iemitsu, the practice of sankin kotai** becomes obligatory.

*buke shohatto: the fundamental laws regarding the governing of daimyo. **sankin kotai: institutionalized in 1635, daimyo are forced to reside in the capital for a year, with their wives and children held as collateral in edo.

the shogunate establishes the bukahan system, system, formalizing the lord/retainer relationship.

China

Soya Matsumae domain Korea

Tsushima domain ((Song dynasty Nagasaki Satsuma domain Ryukyu Holland

Shogunate

Aide-de-camp

Chief Minister Head Clerk

Master of Ceremonies

Inspector-general (...(Mino, (... (Mino, Hida, etc

Castle guard

(Town Magistrate (Edo

Governor of Kanto

Gold - Silver Mint

Accountants Local magistrate County Magistrate

Chief Accountant

Elder

Shandan

Accounts Magistrate

(as Magistrate of Construction ,,Magistrate Magistrate of Roads (Inspector general (also serving as chief accountant Magistrate of Construction, including public works

Inquisitor (Inspector general, also serving

(Chamberlain (Sanjo, Sanpu, Fushimi

(Town magistrate (Kyoto, Osaka, Sanpu

Kofu Castle Governor

,Magistrate (Fushimi, Nagasaki, Nara, Nikko ,,Yamada, Yamada, Sakai, Shimoda, Uraga, Nigata (Sado, Hakodate

Secretary

Commissioner Master of Ceremonies Junior Elder Light Cavalry squad leader

Light Cavalry Officer Cavalry Cavalry squad leader Officer

Deputy of Kyoto

Inspector

the establishment of the tokugawa shogunate brings war to an end.

Osaka Chamberlain

Shogun

furthermore, japanese people are prohibited from traveling abroad, or from returning to japan even if on diplomatic missions.

by the time tokugawa tsunayoshi takes office as 5th tokugawa shogun, the shogunate has stabilized. the flowering culture of edo, known as genroku culture—is culture—is born. japanese culture is enriched by artists such as painter ogata korin, novelists hishikawa moronobu and saikaku ihara, and wandering poet matsuo basho.

K I OK NU OG EO R O

it began as an argument that boils over. asano is a rural samurai in charge of envoy reception. kira is the protocol officer instructed to guide him.

NT AO KM AI MJ UU RR AO

protocol officer, kira kozuke-nosuke yoshinaka

Seiwa Genji

kabuki and bunraku puppet theater are popular in genroku culture. the play kanadehon chushingura— chushingura— the treasury of the 47 loyal retainers—fires the hearts of the edo people.

kanadehon chushingura is a barely disguised fictional retelling of the ako incident.. incident

feudal lord of ako, asano takumi-nokami naganori

i’m supposed to instruct this… yokel… in the finer points of courtly life.

march 4th, 1701. edo castle. matsu corridor.

Tmp Tmmpp T

the fool doesn’t even know how to read and write!!!

kira!!! he must have some leverage to be appointed such a significant role in the court.

kira’s insults are not lost on asano.

Fw i k k k eh? asano?!

madness! to draw swords

regardless of provocation, it is forbidden to draw swords in our lord’s halls.

…in the shogun’s palace!

asano is sentenced to commit suicide that same day. no fault is found with kira. asano takumi-no-kami naganori, you are sentenced to commit suicide. ako castle and all asano territory will be confiscated, and the clan disbanded.

loyal retainer oishi kuranosuke gathers scattered clan warriors to avenge asano.

1702, december 15. they launch an early morning raid at the kira residence. this is known as the ako incident.

ronin of ako, oishi kuranosuke

Hmm Heh

the night before the attack.

it it’s been two years since we vowed to avenge our lord.

F lk

the eldest of the ronin of ako, horibe yahei kanamaru the funds entrusted to us by lady asano have run out.

this is thanks to you, oishi. i never thought i would see us avenged during my own lifetime… ronin of ako, son of yahei, horibe yasubei taketsune

it was a great burden we asked of you, father and son.

our sacrifice will be worth it when we claim vengeance tonight.

living in slums, degrading yourselves…

it was nothing.

we’re here for uenosuke’s head!!!

find him!!!

S hhh k k k

it’s still warm.

B A A A M M

He’s near!!!

t h h h S

!

Fw w t let’s go!

you’re unenosuke kira.

that scar on your forehead—

the age of such paltry vendettas is finished…

although you may claim victory,

not one of you knows the truth of what happened between asano and i… !

that insignificant gnat of a samurai…!

Gyaaaahhhh…!!!

H H L S L this does not work in kira’s favor.

K KK

he could not justify his actions as the other man was dead.

hunted down and killed, kira has no choice but to be framed as the villain of the story.

212

because kira is never investigated, the true cause of their fight is unknown.

in hazu-gun, mikawa, uenosuke kira is responsible for developing saltflat industries and creating hydraulic engineering projects. by all accounts his is a virtuous man and a good politician. but all that remains of his reputation is this infamous account.

the slaughter is over in a blink of an eye. news spread across edo rapidly. everyone takes a side.

most generally praise oishi and his ronin for their remarkable loyalty.

thank you for your care, lord hosokawa.

two months after the attack.

lord asano will also be pleased…

and you have my respect as well, oishi kuranosuke.

lord entrusted with the jailing of oishi’s group, hosokawa etchu mamoru tsunatoshi

the ronin were sentenced to seppuku, ritual suicide.

213

C la p C Clap la p

C la p

the ako incident causes a sensation in edo period japan.

the story is soon staged, disguised by changing names and slight details. this allows them to circumvent shogunate laws. scandal involving daimyo is not fit entertainment.

C la p

the forty-seven ronin are instant folk heroes, standing up to corruption.

have you seen chushingura yet?

it truly captures the heart of loyalty.

what’s that?

it’s a doublesuicide story, a bunraku doll play. its all the rage in kyoto.

oh yeah? i saw love suicides at sonezaki.

huh. do you think men and women who die for love like that are really united in the afterlife?

The themsyelhveunsg.

i wonder if that kind of love truly exists?

the edo period is a time of peace, enforced by the tokugawa shogunate. culture and refinement are available not only to the privileged classes of the samurai but also to the general populace.

of course it does! i’ll put it in a haiku that will blow you away!

“i may not study but i’ll experience love that lasts a hundred years!”

Give it up!

EARLY EDO PERIOD

1615 – 1641

The Bakuhan system is established. The shogunate stabilizes with restricted trade. Restriction of Trade under the Shogunate The shogunate restricts trade ports: Holland and the Qing dynasty in Dejima: Korea at Ainu Tsuma in Matsumae (Hokkaido): and the Ryukyu kingdom (Okinawa) in Satsuma (Kagoshima). Tsushima

Matsume

Envoy – So clan Trading Nations – Korea, China (Qing dynasty)

Envoy – Matsue clan Trading Nations – Ainu

Beginning in 1609 with the Keicho Treaty. Conducted out of Waegwan by Japanese residents in Busan. Primarily exchanging raw silk for silver and ginseng.

Founded in 1604 when Tokugawa Ieyasu granted exclusive rights to trade with the Ainu. Matsumae rice, sake, and cotton exchanged for salmon, herring, and fur.

Nagasaki Satsuma Envoy: Shimazu clan Trading Nations – Ryukyu Kingdom

In 1609, feudal lord Shimazu Iehisa sent soldiers to subjugate Shuri castle. The Ryukyu kingdoms are taken as a vassal state, and offer silk and shark skin as tribute.

Envoy: Nagasaki Magistrate's Office Trading Nations – Holland, China (Qing dynasty)

Established in 1641, this trading authority lasted for two hundred and fifteen years. Trade was limited to the artificial island at Dejima, and exchanged silver, gold, copper, and marine products for imported wool fabrics, sugar, and other goods.

With clans and trade under control, the Tokugawa shogunate transitions to long-term government.

After destroying Toyotomi, Tokugawa Ieyasu shores his position by placing loyal daimyo in territories across the country, called hans. The Buke shohatto laws, or Laws for Military Households, are enacted. These strictly control life in daimyo territories. 3rd Tokugawa shogun Iemitsu institutes the sankin kotai policy. Daimyo are required to yearly alternate residence between Edo and their own han. This takes time and money. Wives and children of daimyo are ordered to live at Edo residences, effectively serving as hostages. These tyrannical policies reduce the economic power of daimyo families and keep them unable to rebel. Together, this is known as the bakuhan system.

216

Succession of Tokugawa Shoguns

Shogun

The two hundred and sixty years of the Tokugawa shogunate is ruled by fifteen people who serve as shogun. With the shogun at the top, the next highest rank are Elders who supervise political affairs. After that were junior elders, who could temporarily assume higher roles. Matters that crossed between them are decided by consensus between the elders and the tree magistrates, (temple magistrates, town magistrates, and accounting magistrates.) Ieyasu

Osaka Jodai – Osaka Chamberlain In charge of the upkeep and defense of Osaka Castle on behalf of the Shogun

Hidetata

Iemitsu

Kyoto Shoshidai – Deputy of Kyoto An important regional administrator. Controls the Imperial court and monitors Western Daimyo

Tsunayoshi

Ietsuna

Ienobu

Ietsugu

Jisha-bugyo – Temple Magistrate

Soshaban – Master of Ceremonies

The highest ranking of the three magistrates. Controls religion, shrines, and temples

In charge of official receptions and ceremonies. Sometimes served concurrently with Temple Magistrate.

Daimyo were ranked as shinpan (relatives of the Shogun), fudai (hereditary daimyo who supported Tokugawa Ieyasu at Sekigahara), and tozama (outsider daimyo). This affected what positions they could be appointed to.

Ieshige

Yoshimune

Ieharu

Ieyoshi

Wakadoshiyori Soba yonin – Junior Elders – Aide-de-camp Around two to six people who assist the Elders. Also monitors Hatamotos.

Shogun's personal valet. Intermediary between the Shogun and the Elders, keeping each apprised of the others' opinions.

Machi-bugyo – Town Magistrate Law officers with centralized jurisdiction over administration, judiciary, and police enforcement.

Subsequently, 3rd Tokugawa shogun Iemitsu restricts trade with foreign countries. During Nobunaga Oda’s time a Portuguese ship accidently drifts to Japan. This establishes trade relationships between Japan, Portugal, and Spain. However, the Christianity they bring leads to a large-scale uprising when converted Christian Amakusa Shiro assembles troops in the Shimabara Rebellion. The shogunate bans Christianity and restricts Western trade to single port of entry on the artificial island of Dejima in Nagasaki. Of course, this also allows the shogunate to monopolize trade profits.

Ienari

Iesada

Yoshinobu

Iemochi

Roju – Elders

Tairo – Prime Minister

Senior retainers who are the center of the Shogunate and political affairs. Originally called Toshiyori.

Highest ranking official, appointed in times of crisis. Only oversees issues of the highest importance.

Kanjo-bugyo – Accounts Magistrate Four elected officials responsible for tax collections and managing the Shogun's accounts.

Ometsuke – Inspector General Four to give people who monitor and report on daimyo activity.

Important Historical Note Was the Edo period not fully isolated? In school I learned Japan was isolated during the Edo period and banned foreign trade. In fact, the shogunate did not use the term sakoku, or “closed country.” Commoners would have been unaware of the policies restricting outside contact. It was generally understood to be nothing more than a maritime policy. For example, the similar Haijin Order during the Ming dynasty restricting international ports was an anti-piracy measure. The shogunate policies went further, however, strictly limiting which countries could trade at which ports.

217

MID-EDO PERIOD

1651 – 1694

Japan prospers under Tokugawa Ietsuna’s five routes and Bunchi politics. Development of Five Routes and Shipping Lanes The Tokkaido, Nikko Kaido, Oshu Kaido, Nakasendo, and Koshu Kaido made up the Five Routes. The shogunate maintains them as trade routes, along with oceanic shipping lanes. Some of these Five Routes continue to be used as national highways today. Aomori Hachinohe

Five Routes

Tokkaido: Connects Kyoto to Edo Nihonbashi. 53 stations on the route. Nikko Dochu: Land route connecting Edo to the restored Nikko shrine. Oshu Dochu: Route from Utsunomiya to Shirakawa. It is thought it also went to Aomori and Nihonbashi. Nakasando: Route from Edo Nihonbashi to Kusatasu. Koshu Dochu: Route from Edo Nihonbashi to Shimosuwa.

Westbound Shipping Sea of Lane Japan Began as a rice supply chain, but later extended to Yezo in Matsumae.

Sakata

Utsunomiya Shimosuwa Kofu

Edo Nihonbashi

Kyoto Osaka

Pacific Ocean

Kusatsu

Shimoda

Southbound Shipping Lane Sea route from Osaka to Edo. The freighters Higaki Kaisen and Taru Kaisen service this route.

Eastbound Shipping Lane Established in 1671. Sea lane from Sakata to Edo via the Tsugaru Straits.

The shogunate revises the Bunchi political system and connects Japan via the Five Routes.

Eleven-year-old Ietsuna succeeds as 4th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate. Disorder breaks out at the first child ruler since the founding of the shogunate. Fearing a return to regency rule and seeing a chance to seize power, ronin uprisings break out. Over sixty percent of Edo burns to the ground during the Great Fire of Meireki. The chaos causes the shogunate to reorganize the political system, advised by Hoshino Masayuki. They reform the government into the Bunchi political system. Restrictive policies are relaxed on deathbed adoptions for clan lords who die without heirs. This appeases ronin who find themselves unemployed when clans are dissolved. However, this policy does not last with the next shogun.

218

Edo Period Cultural Transmission The peace of the Edo period continues for centuries. Distinct types of culture flourished. The Kanei culture of the early Edo period comes from the imperial court and samurai. Genroku culture rises during the middle Edo period, led by influential townsmen. During the late Edo period, ordinary townspeople birth the Kasai culture. Cultural influence shifts from the upper to lower classes as time goes by. Kanei culture

Genroku culture

Kasei culture

Year

1624 – 1645

1688 – 1704

1804 – 1830

Center

Kyoto * Edo

Upper class (Kyoto * Osaka)

Edo

People Style

Notable Works

Imperial Court * Samurai

Wealthy Townspeople

Townspeople * Commoners

* Based on elegant salons * Later, dynastic culture merged with

* Grounded and lively townspeople culture * Development of academic studies based on rationalism

* Ironic, fashionable, humorous, critical, etc... * Spread to the general public and rural populations

* Katsura Imperial Villa (Kyoto) [Sukiya-style] * Nikko Shrine (Tochigi) [Gongenstyle] * [Wind God and Thunder God Folding Screen] Tawaraya Sotatsu * [Family Enjoying the Evening Cool] Kusumi Morikage * [Daitoku-ji Fusuma Painting] Kano Tanyu * [Writing Box with Pontoon Bridge] Hon'ami Koetsu

* [Narrow Road to the Interior] Basho Matsuo [Haiku] * [The Life of an Amorous Man] Saikaku Ihara [Ukiyo-zoshi] * [Love Suicide at Sonezaki] Chikamatsu Monzaemon [Ningyo Joruri] * [Beauty Looking Back] Hishikawa Moronobu [Ukiyo-e] * [Yuzen Dying] Miyazaki Yuzen [Dying]

* [Shank's Mare] Jippensha Ikku [Kokkeibon] * [Tale of Eight Dogs] Kakutei (Takizawa) Bakin [Novel] * [Kanadehon Chushokuzo] Takeda Izumo [Ningyo Joruri] * [Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji] Katsushika Hokusai [Ukiyo-e] * [Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido] Utagawa (Ando) Hiroshige [Ukiyo-e]

The Life of an Amorous Man" by Saikaku" Saikaku" Ihara and Hishikawa Moronobu (National ((Diet Diet Library

Scene from "Kanadehon Chushokuzo" by (Katsushika Hokusai (National Diet Library

town culture

Nikko shrine, dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu

Under Ietsuna, the Five Routes are built to carry annual rice tribute and enable the sankin kotai system. The routes connect Nihonbashi (Tokyo) to the rest of Japan. Each has designated waystations with inns and restaurants for travelers. Along with rice, culture spreads through the country. Travel is not without restrictions, however. There are guard posts along the way and all entry and exits to Edo are carefully monitored. Transport of guns, wives, and women of the daimyos are considered particularly dangerous. All of these are closely watched.

Important Historical Note Is Kira Uenosuke really the villain of Chushingura? Although in most productions Kira Uenosuke is the villain, in his hometown of Mikawa (Aichi) he is revered. His irrigation projects opened up new rice fields and created what is still known as the Golden Banks. Kira promoted the salt industry and bolstered the economy. He took care of his family and was fond of the tea ceremony. In addition, Kira was from a high-ranking family and Master of Ceremonies to the Shogun. The true villain, they say, is Asano Naganori, who drew his sword in what amounted to a temper tantrum.

219

1830 – 1837

Oshio Heihachiro speaks openly about public dissatisfaction with shogunate reign.

Oshio Heihachiro’s Rebellion

Years pass since the Tokugawa shogunate was established, and their finances begin to drain. Bad crops and famine send the economy spiraling. There are four major famines during the Edo period. One of the lesser famines, the Tenpo Famine, has a greater impact as shogunate stockpiles of rice and money are depleted. The damage spreads. With famine, the price of rice goes up. Merchants go bankrupt, and the poor can no longer afford food. The shogunate demands Osaka sell rice stocks to Edo, leaving them unable to provide relief for the poor. Oshio Heihachiro is enraged at this situation. He rails against injustice he sees in the political system at the time. In a way, he is the forerunner of the modern protest movement.

edo switches to bunchi politics*, but gradually falls politics*, into financial difficulties.

around 1800, townspeople culture reaches its peak.

around 1700, they enter a reform period based on financial consolidation and famine recovery.

called kasei culture, culture, it thrives in the cities of edo, osaka, and kyoto.

8th tokugawa shogun yoshimune

Edo Kyoto

Osaka elder and grandson of tokugawa yoshimune, matsudaira sadanobu

*bunchi politics: political system enacted from 4th tokugawa shogun ietsuna to 7th tokugawa shogun ietsuga. encourages learning and education.

Tea

Around 1830. Osaka.

hey! you’re back from edo!

Heh . oh yeah! i just got home. edo was amazing!!!

we saw ichikawa danjuro! what presence!

we went to see kabuki.

Wo w !

Ka b u k i

!

i guess edo is a totally different place after all.

Th m

the area around ryogoku is lively, for sure. we got there just in time to watch sumo.

p

isn’t the sheer number of people over whelming?

there were peddlers and shows lining the roads. it was brilliant!

“oh, the taste of the fish from edo bay!” i had some nigiri sushi. it was delicious!

i read about something like that in shank’s mare*.

Sha nk Ma ’s re

edo has a magical something… i want to go again!

222

Tea

next time you’re taking me with you!

*shank’s mare: a humorous travelogue written by jippensha ikku in 1802. it tells the story of yajirobei and kitaharchi journeying from edo to ise grand shrine.

at any rate, there’ll be no trips for me anytime soon. it’s been decided—i’m working at the osaka higashimachi magistrate’s office.

congratulations! that’s great!

is that with commissioner oshio heihachiro?

A tea, npolteher ase.

i think he’s amazing. such conviction!

he’s gotten quite the reputation.

Higashimachi Magistrate's Office

listen.

we will never accept bribes. the truth is not something that can be moved by money.

osaka magistrate commissioner oshio heihachiro

you know the shame you feel when you lie? it’s the same when you turn a blind eye to injustice.

oshio’s at it again…

we can’t get anything done if we don’t get our hands dirty every now and then.

osaka is structured the same as edo, with magistrate offices set up in the east and west.

and yet he’s solved an amazing number of cases.

in addition to criminal investigations and trials, their job is maintaining public order.

oshio heihachiro serves as police commissioner under the higashimachi magistrate. his sense of justice is inviolate. he refuses to allow injustice and takes a hardline stance against the corruption that infests the osaka magistrate.

l town magistrate responsible for maintaining security

l commissioner assistant to the magistrate including administrative

l constable town patrol and peacekeeping under the commissioner

oshio becomes famous for the number of cases he solved, working both east and west. people called it “oshio’s osaka.”

he’s so upright and dignified… i want to be like that!

i’ve heard there are many in the magistrate’s office who don’t like oshio.

i’d say you already are.

you’re not getting wrapped up in anything weird, are you?

don’t worry about that!

1832. the tenpo famine.. famine

oshio heihachiro resigns from the magistrate’s office. bad harvests continue and by 1936 the people are starving.

is it true osaka’s rice is being diverted to edo?!

Higashimachi Magistrate

when you burst in like this, i know something is up…

our people are suffering from famine! they’re starving! why can’t the people of osaka eat the rice of osaka?

am i wrong?

town magistrate atobe yoshisuke

and if we didn’t pay our rice taxes to the shogunate? what would become of osaka then?

its wiser to contribute at such times. this sets you up in a better position… ah, you wouldn’t understand.

Pa p

we cannot go against the shogun’s orders.

wh-what is the magistrate for if not the people?!

Fw w p and the shogunate!

the people are starving! they need rice now…!!

Tmp Oshio…!!

S na p … h g u on E

F they’ve left us with no choice…

W

C rck l e

C rck l e

O OA

OSHIO

R R R both the magistrate and the shogunate are corrupt…

they leave us no choice but to stand up and fight back…!

Yeah!!!

1837. after the osaka magistrate repeatedly ignored his complaints, oshio mobilizes his disciples into an armed uprising for the relief of the poor.

however, because authorities are forewarned, his rebellion is suppressed in less than half a day.

he fires cannons at the homes of wealthy merchants involved in fraud and corruption, burning them down.

oshio escapes from investigators, hiding in osaka. about forty days later he is tracked down.

his small force is unable to affect change against the massive juggernaut of the shogunate…

O s h io

oshio is afraid his body will fall into the hands of the shogunate. he commits suicide by explosives.

lord oshio…

oshio’s destruction movement* spread all over the country… even so…

*destruction movement: a resistance movement where townspeople and farmers destroy the houses and possessions of exploiters such as rice merchants.

Kr r nc

h

nothing changes! not our lives nor the shogunate!

is the shogun deaf to the voices of the people?

dark clouds gather. the turmoil of the time is about to reach its climax.

MID TO LATE EDO PERIOD

1716 – 1843

The failure of three major reforms leads to lost shogunate authority and a transitional period. Shogun

Ietsuna

Admin- Hoshina istrator Masayuki 1657

1702

Major Events

Deterioration of Tax System

Ietsugu Arai Hakuseki

1709

AppointAko Great Fire of incident ment of Arai Meireki Hakuseki

Tokugawa Yoshimune

1648 – 1751. 8th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate. Also called the Rice Shogun because he focuses on stabilizing rice prices. He raises daimyo taxes of one hundred koku of rice per ten thousand produced.

Ienobu

Tsunayoshi

1712

1714

1716

Death of Ienobu

Shotoku Koban issued

Kyoho Reform

Emphasis on social order and improving Shogunate authority

Arai Hakuseki 1657 – 1725 Cheng-Zhu scholar. He taught the 6th Tokugawa shogun Ienobu. Changes in rice value

Yoshimune

An oval coin with high gold content. Failed attempt to curb inflation.

Deflation continues

Financial stability restores Shogunate authority

Reform

The Middle Edo period is a time of famine and riots.

When 8th Tokugawa shogun Yoshimune travels to Kishu (Wakayama) he solicits the voices of the common people. After listening to people on the streets, he issues the Kyoho Reforms. These include sumptuary laws to remedy financial difficulties of the shogunate. Yoshimune also raises the annual tribute rate. Because the economy is rice-based, it is devastated whenever there is a famine. By the time of 10th Tokugawa shogun Ieharu, Tanuma Okitsugu takes power as Elder. He gives preferential treatment to merchants and encourages bribes. This is a disaster for the country when struck by another famine. The Destruction Movement breaks out across the nation. Shogunate increases rice stockpiles and rescues the Gokenin.

230

Three Major Reforms and Shogunate Changes Shogunate finances are devastated following the Great Fire of Meireki. They institute several reforms with the aim of reconstruction. 8th Tokugawa Shogun Yoshimune’s Kyoho Reforms stabilize the economy and temporarily bolster the shogunate authority. The subsequent Kansei Reforms emphasize frugality and tight controls. When the following Tenpo Reforms fail, they reveal the tyranny of the shogunate and expose its declining power.

Ieshige 1732 Kyoho famine

Ieharu

Ienari

Tanuma Okitsugu

Matsudaira Sadanobu

1772 1782 1786

1787

Soaring rice prices

Ieharu Tenmei dies. Destruction Tanuma Movement. dismissed. Matsudaira Sadanobu The installed Tenmei as Elder Famine Transition from

Bribery rampant

1832

Dismissal of Tenpo Sadanobu famine

1837

Mizuno Tadakuni 1841

1843

Tenpo

Mizuno Tadakuni loses position

Oshio Heihachiro’s Rebellion

Following the Kyoho and Kansei reforms there is a drive for austerity and regulation. But ultimately this fails.

Tanuma’s Mercantilism to Physiocracy. Strongly conservative, the tight economic controls lead to general frustration.

Commercial development

Ienari

1793

Tanuma Okitsugu The Shogun installed himself carries as Elder

out reforms aiming for the prosperity of Ieyasu’s era. For fiscal consolidation new fields are developed and rice taxes are implemented.

Ieyoshi

Rice shortage

Rural reconstruction

Tyranny of Shogunate exposed. Authority is lost.

Increased public opposition

Kyoho Reforms

Matsudaira Sadanobu, Elder of 11th Tokugawa shogun Ienari, attempts to repair shogunate authority with the Kansei Reforms. However, since these reforms are not strictly financial but also ban popular entertainment like books and art of the pleasure quarters, they are unpopular with the people. Mizuno Tadakuni further exasperates this, Elder of 12th Tokugawa shogun Iekei. He issues the Tenpo Reforms which set restrictions on luxury items. Although this is done for financial reasons, the people are angry at such strict control. They see this as tyranny and lose respect for the Shogun.

Kansei Reforms

Tenpo Reforms

Important Historical Note Did Tanuma Okitsugu really encourage bribes? The general image of Tanuma Okitsugu is a corrupt official who took bribes. Instead of taking rice as a tax from poor farmers, he collected money from ambitious merchants. Those who paid Tanuma’s business tax received exclusive sales rights. Merchants start to pay for privileges, bribing influential people in the shogunate.

231

LATE EDO PERIOD

1825 – 1842

Japan is forced to open by Western powers during the Age of Discovery. Major Foreign Ship Incidents The United States, Great Britain, Russia, and other countries have all attempted to open Japan’s ports to trade. Japan resists, and in the wake of the Phaeton Incident issues an edict to repel all foreign ships. However, the military might of the Western powers triggers an internal crisis. Gradually, Japan’s attitude softens. Russia

Adam Laxman Arrives Adam Laxman arrives to repatriate rescued castaways, Daikokuya Kodayu's crew. He negotiated a limited trade agreement at Nagasaki.

Russia Russian Warships Attack Yezo

Angry at the Shogun's refusal of trade, Nikolai Rezanov retaliates by attacking Sakhalin. Kunashir Island

USA

Britain Russia

Nikolai Rezanov Arrives In 1804, Nikolai Rezanov visited Nagasaki as the second envoy to Japan to request trade. He is refused.

Otsuhama Incident In 1824, armed British soldiers landed on Otsuhama. Otsuhama

Kyoto

Britain

Edo Uraga Shimoda

Nagasaki

Phaeton Incident In 1808, the British warship Phaeton invades Nagasaki under the guise of a Dutch flag. They demand water and supplies.

Russia

Yevfimy Putyatin Arrives In 1854 peacefully negotiated the Treaty of Shimoda.

Nemuro

Commodore Perry Arrives Four black ships, including a steamship from the US Navy East India Armada, arrive. The demand Japan open for trade using overwhelming force. USA

Morrison Incident In the wake of the Edict to Repel Foreign Ships, the Morrison is bombarded by cannons while attempting to repatriate Japanese castaways.

Hundreds of years after closing their ports, the world comes knocking.

While Japan struggles with famine and financial difficulties, Britain leads the world in the Industrial Revolution. The Western powers have ocean-voyaging ships crossing the Pacific in search of colonies. Japan strengthens its boarders, issuing the Edict to Repel Foreign Ships. All unknown ships are bombarded on site. At the same time, Qing is defeated by Britain in the Opium War. The shogun is shocked to see Western European countries defeat the strongest country in Asia. Russia also embarks on a full-scale invasion of the continent. Many countries approach Japan trying to establish trade relations but are refused. In retaliation, there are attacks on Sakhalin and other places.

232

Western Powers Advance into Asia Technological advances of the Industrial Revolution greatly increase the power of the Western nations. They want colonies in Asia. Britain, the driving force of the world economy at the time, engages in trilateral trade with the Qing dynasty. This relationship deteriorates when Britain wins the Opium Wars, forcing unwanted trade on the country. This worries Japan, a country already nervous about foreign relations. Great Britain Great Britain entered the Industrial Revolution early in the 1760s. They established a vast network of colonies across the world, including Asia. They made a huge fortune in trade. — Triangle Trade Britain is worried about unequal trade due the UK Cotton outflowing of silver from Tea fabric Qing. They establish routes of cotton from Qing India England to India, opium Opium dynasty from India to Qing, and tea from Qing to Britain. — Opium War (1840 – 1842) The Qing dynasty was suffering due to the influx of opium from the triangle trade. They tried bans but were unsuccessful. At last they began attacking British merchant ships and destroying the opium. In retaliation, Britain sent warships to Qing.

France Established a trading company in India in 1604 as a stepping stone into Asia. But are pushed out in a power struggle with Britain. From 1887, they colonize the former Indochina.

Holland In 1581, Holland gains interdependence from Spain and sets their sites on Asian trade. They win against France and Britain, and establish the Dutch East India Company, controlling the Indonesian Islands and spice production and trading.

Russia Russia heads south in search of ice-free ports to expand overseas. They reached the Kuril Islands and Karafuto. Later, they fight Japan over the South Manchuria Railway.

United States of America The USA targets Japan as a source of whale oil, which is not in high demand due to the Industrial Revolution that started in the 1830s. Japan is also a stepping stone to trade with the Qing dynasty.

Britain invades Nagasaki under a false Dutch flag, demanding water, firewood, and supplies. The Western powers begin testing Japan. The shogunate repeals the Edict to Repel Foreign Ships and relaxes it to the extent that they give food, fuel, and supplies to ships that turn back. However, this does not satisfy the Western powers. The continue to press Japan for open trade.

Important Historical Note Was Russia the first to open Japan? In 1792, Russia sends envoy Adam Laxman to return rescued castaways, Daikokuya Kodayu and his crew. They land in Nemuro (Hokkaido) and petition for trade with Japan. This is about sixty years earlier than when American Commodore Perry demands to open the country. Laxman receives a permit for a single ship to enter the port of Nagasaki.

233

Edo Period Significant Events

Tokugawa Ieyasu founds the Tokugawa shogunate and the peace of the Edo period which lasts around 260 years. But behind development of art, culture, and ideas, there is famine and rebellion.

ÆP216

3

Limited Trade

At first, the shogunate actively trades with foreign countries. But they institute stricter trade controls, a ban on Christianity, and prohibit overseas Japanese travelers from returning. In 1641, the Dutch trading house moves to Dejima in Nagasaki. Japan opens four ports to specific outside trade; Qing and Holland trade in Dejima; Korea on Tsushima; the Ryukyu Kingdom on Satsuma (Kagoshima); and the Ainu in Matsumae (Hokkaido.)

4

During a period of stability, Asano Naganori from Ako Castle visits the Shogun’s palace when he draws his sword. He is ordered to commit suicide and his clan and lands are forfeit. Loyal retainer Oishi Kuranosuke and forty-seven Ako ronin take revenge. They are then ordered to also commit suicide.

Shandan China

Soya Matsumae domain Korea

Tsushima domain (Song dynasty) Nagasaki

Shogunate

Satsuma domain

3

Ryukyu Holland

3

2

The Ako Incident

Tsushima

Dejima

ÆP208

1659 – 1703 The last Edo period vendetta, carried out by the Ako clan.

Oishi Kuranosuke

4

Shimabara

Ako

Osaka

ÆP228 ÆP217

2 3

Ryukyu Kingdom

234

Shimabara Rebellion

Fearing it would lead to foreign aggression, the shogunate bans Christianity in 1612 and begins persecuting Christians. Upset at high taxes during a time of famine and Christian repression, peasant Amakusa Shiro leads a revolt against Shimabara castle. As a result, the shogunate persecutes Christianity even more strictly.

8

Oshio Heihachiro's Rebellion

1793 – 1837 The 1832 Tenpo Famine Former official of the cause a national rice magistrate's office. Fought shortage. Meanwhile, for the people of Osaka the shogunate demands Osaka’s rice be sent to Edo. Outraged, Oshio Heihachiro leads an uprising to help the poor. But it is suppressed in half a day.

Oshio Heihachiro

8

ÆP231

7

Kansei Reforms

Matsudaira Sadanobu takes office as Elder to 11th Tokugawa shogun Iesai in 1787. He implements the Kansei Reforms and begins stockpiling rice stores against future famines. He also implements strict sumptuary and morality laws cracking down on publishing and popular culture. This causes public antipathy.

3

Hirosaki

ÆP230

5

Kyoho Reforms

In 1716, 8th Tokugawa shogun Yoshimune, also known as the Rice Shogun, tries to stabilize shogunate finances. He implements a tax system involving rice and establishes a petition box for people to complain directly to the shogunate. These measures are starting to work until the price of rice soars from the Kyoho Famine of 1732. Peasant uprisings increase. Edo

ÆP231

9

Tenpo Reforms

In 1841, Mizuno Tadakuni becomes Elder to 12th Tokugawa shogun Ieyoshi. He issues more sumptuary laws aiming to strengthen the shogunate authority. The culture of the people becomes even more restricted. These are unpopular measures and combined with recession the people are deeply dissatisfied.

1 5 6 7 9 ÆP216

1

Tokugawa shogunate established

In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu takes power as shogun and founds the Tokugawa shogunate. He implements the Buke shohatto system, controlling daimyos of each region. He also organizes job positions within the shogunate. Tokugawa establishes a Lord/Retainer system with the daimyo called bakuhan. 3rd Tokugawa shogun Iemitsu further reduces clan financial strength with sankin kotai policies.

ÆP231

6

Tanuma Okitsugu becomes Elder

In 1772, Tanuma Okitsugu becomes Elder to 10th Tokugawa shogun Ieharu. Feeling the shogunate’s finances deadlocked using rice, he establishes commercefocused policies. However, as a result, he encourages bribery. Corruption runs rampant. In 1783, he is dismissed after the country is devastated by the Tenmei Famine.

235

A CLOSER LOOK

Publishing focuses on the entertainment of the common people of Edo

Development of Literary Arts and the Rental Book Shop The appearance of publishers and rental book shops creates a literary boom in Edo. With the 260-year peace of the Edo period, culture spreads beyond the aristocrats to the common people. While a variety of cultures emerge, Kasai culture has the greatest effect on the development of literary arts. A wide variety of genres emerged. Sharebon are short novels depicting supposedly true-life stories of the pleasure quarters. Kokkeibon, literally “comical books,” are amusing stories best exemplified by Jippensha Ikku’s Shank’s Mare. Yomihon are serious novels, depicting historical accounts of poetic justice. All of these genres are aimed at the common people. The establishment of dedicated publishers fuels this literary boom. Publishers act like producers, with circulation increasing as works become more popular. Tsutaya Juzaburo was a popular publisher at the time, publishing works such as Santo Kyoden’s “Grilled and basted Playboy Edoite” and the

Bakin (Takizawa) Bakin's yomihon [Tale of Eight Dogs]. This cover is filled with adorable dogs and was published sometime between 1814 and 1842. (National Diet Library).

collaboration between writer Saikaku Ihara and Ukiyo-e artist Hishikawa Moronobu’s “The Sensualist.” When publishers start producing books, they keep an eye towards sales. They innovate illustrated covers, multicolor printing, magazine binding, and other ways to catch readers’ attention. However, paper remains expensive, and most people cannot afford all the books they want to read. Books aren’t as easy to buy then as they are now. Some enterprising entrepreneurs come up with the idea of shops that rent books. This greatly expand readership and make works affordable for everyone. Rental books shops are one of the main factors supporting the development of the literary arts during the Edo period, as well as the high literacy among all classes of people.

Storefront of a Tsutaya Koshodo bookstore. Signs with the name Tsutaya Juzaburo line the entrance. (From “Picture Book Totoyo,” National Diet Library collection).

8

CHAPTER

The Meiji Restoration and the End of the Samurai From the Arrival of the Black Ships to the Satsuma Rebellion YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

1853 (Kaei 6)

Perry arrives in Uraga, Kanagawa

1858 (Ansei 5)

Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce signed. Ansei Purge

1860 (Man’en 0)

Ii Naosuke assassinated at the Sakuradamon Incident

1863 (Bunkyu 3)

Outbreak of Anglo-Satsuma War. August 18th Plot

1864 (Genji 0)

Kinmon incident. First Choshu expedition.

1866 (Genji 2)

Satcho Alliance established. Cancellation of Second Choshu expedition

1867 (Genji 3)

Meiji Restoration. Sakamoto Ryoma assassinated in Omiya Incident.

1868 (Meiji 0)

Outbreak of Boshin war. Charter Oath issued.

1871 (Meiji 4)

Abolishment of han system. Iwakura Mission sent to the USA.

1872 (Meiji 5)

National school system implemented. Railway opens between Shimbashi and Yokohama.

1873 (Meiji 6)

Conscription order and land tax reform implemented.

1874 (Meiji 7)

Seikanron disbanded

1876 (Meiji 9)

Sword Abolishment Edict

1877 (Meiji 10)

Satsuma Rebellion. Saigo Takamori commits suicide.

1858 – 1865

Sakamoto Ryoma leads Japan to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and restoration of Imperial rule

New Dawn of Japan

With the opening of the country, Japanese goods flow to other countries. However, this means a shortage of domestic goods and rising inflation in Edo. Furthermore, shogunate policies meant to prevent the exportation of gold drives down the value of money. Prices go up as money goes down. Japanese people blame their suffering on the opening of the country to foreigners. A movement emerges to “expel the barbarians” (joi). Around the same time, the shogunate loses what prestige it has. People turn to the imperial court. The emperor is considered again to be the heart of the country and the foundation of prosperity. People shout, “revere the emperor” (sonno). 121st Emperor Komei also despises foreigners, so the xenophobic movement gathers around him. The slogans merge into “Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians” (sonno joi). This is often misunderstood in modern times, as “Revere the Emperor” and “Expel the Barbarians” were originally separate movements.

1853. edo.

Tmp Tmp

Ya d da

Hah a

Ya d da so this…

is edo!

Hah a

Tosa…

has nothing on this!

tosa samurai, sakamoto ryoma

ryoma is a student of oguri-ryu swordsmanship at tosa’s hineno dojo. he journeys to edo for one year to expand his skills. he has no idea how this decision will alter his destiny.

hokushin ittostyle chiba sadakichi dojo

i came from tosa.

my name is sakamoto ryoma.

in march, i was awarded the oguriryu school mastery scroll

i look forward to all you can teach me.

june 3rd.

th-that’s me…

sakamoto!

this is no time for sipping tea!!!

is sakamoto ryoma here?!

clan orders! we’re to provide security for a landing!!!

make for uraga at once!!!

what…?

H O A H H R A O B

successive famines and reforms hit edo, one after the other. rebellions occur with equal frequency.

as it feels its power slipping away, the shogunate tightens its grip.

meanwhile, european countries race to establish colonies.. colonies they expand into asia. britain defeats asia’s powerhouse china in the opium war. war.

BR O

HH A H A O

it isn’t long before japan feels this impact.

in response, the people’s voices raise against the tyranny of the feudal system. criticism is no longer whispered. it grows louder and louder until it becomes a shout.

it arrives in the form of the american commodore matthew c. perry and his black ships. ships.

1853. commodore perry demands the shogunate open the country. country.

he gives them a grace period of one year to decide.

perry then departs japan.

S ha dda

S ha dda

We will…

The foreigners…!

Not yield!!!

however…

tokugawa shogunate elder ii naosuke

signs the japan-us treaty of amity and commerce

in september, all who were critical of the treaty are purged.

two years later, those who were oppressed retaliate,

in june of 1858, contrary to the feelings of ryoma and the people who cry “expel the barbarians”*… barbarians”*…

and assassinate ii naosuke in the sakuradamon incident. incident.

“EXPEL THE BARBARIANS”*: RALLYING CRY OF SONNO JOI, A MOVEMENT WITH EXCLUSIONARY POLICIES TOWARDS FOREIGNERS.

things have become tense in edo. ryoma hears this news after he returns to tosa. we can’t leave the rule of the country to the shogunate…

ryoma is a member of the tosa loyalist party* organized by his old friend hanpeita takechi. he visits kusaka genzui to deliver a letter.

*tosa loyalist party: association of the sonno joi movement. founded 1861.

kusaka…

i have something to ask you.

central figure of the sonno joi movement in choshu, kusaka genzui.

i’ve heard takeuchi plans to unite the country with tosa sonno joi**.

is that correct?

**sonno joi: movement to disband the shogunate and reinstitute direct imperial rule.

i feel very uncertain…

what use are clans and shoguns in the modern world? japan must change if we are to thrive!!!

tosa alone will not save us.

tosa, choshu… what does it matter?

we need to unite as japanese!

i… march 1862 believe we can sonno joi is count on necessary neither to rebuild nobles our country. nor daimyos.

sakamoto ryoma leaves the tosa clan.

december of that year.

what can i do for you?

well then…

shogunate retainer, katsu kaishu

you wrote that

i agree. i did.

to hold our own against foreign nations, japan must unite.

i also support open trade with these same foreigners.

Hah ah a Hah ah a

and yet…

that’s why,

we can’t allow foreigners to tromp across japan doing as they please.

yes.

can you explain this hypocrisy to me why?

And if I can’t?

will you kill me with that sword?

… you said your name was sakamoto?

have you…

seen the american ships?

they’re huge and black.

yes.

if such things attack us…

what did you think?

japan lags behind other countries. we are weak. what we need now is to open the country.

next, i believe we need to establish a naval college.

asia…?

first, we learn everything we can from foreign nations. technology. military strategy.

this man…

a strong navy will allow japan to flourish.

we cannot win.

…

we must be the protectors of asia.

he thinks that far ahead?

katsu…

please tell me more…

under the guidance of katsu kaishu, ryoma appeals to the shogunate. he gets permission to establish the kobe naval training center. center.

*kobu gattai – union of imperial court and shogunate. political alliance between the ko (imperial court) and the bu (shogunate) to defend against foreign threats.

and then… august 18. increased tension between the kobu gattai factions. the ikedaya incident and kinmon incident break out one after the other.

not only shogunate retainers, but clan samurai and ronin are accepted as students at the kobe naval training center.

katsu, who serves as the school headmaster,

still, it is forced to close after a mere half year.

i’ve asked an acquaintance in satsuma to hide me.

is accused of inciting the kobe ronin.

i’m leaving my dream in your hands, ryoma.

january 1866. komatsu house, kyoto

ryoma and his comrade nakaoka persuade choshu and SATSUMA to reconcile.

forming the satcho alliance. alliance.

five months later, the satcho alliance is put to the test.

in june of the same year, the shogunate launches the choshu expedition to subjugate the rogue domain.

when satsuma joins the battle, the tide of war goes quickly against the shogunate.

14th tokugawa shogun iemochi dies suddenly. the war ends. april 1867. this evolves into the tosa kaientai kaientai,, maritime support force

ryoma conducts the kameyama troup* to assist choshu with naval support.

Katsu… *kameyama troup: japan’s first shipping and trading company, formed in 1865.

i’ll continue what you started. i’ll build a strong navy for our country!

japan’s going to be interesting from here on out! on the voyage,

right, shojiro?

ryoma’s comrade and tosa politician, goto shojiro.

ryoma shares his vision with goto for a new imperial japan. he sees upper and lower houses of parliament established, a review of foreign treaties, exchange rates optimized, and legal strengthening of the navy.

15th tokugawa shogun yoshinobu cedes power to the imperial court. october 1867.

he writes them down, and they are called ryoma’s eight proposals while shipboard. this becomes the blueprint for modernized japan.

in a fulfillment of ryoma and katsu’s dream, the 260-year rule of the tokugawa shogunate comes to an end.

then,

november 15th of the same year.

sakamoto ryoma is assassinated in omiya.

the man who dreams of the dawn of a new japan,

dies at 33 years old, without ever seeing the world he made.

END OF EDO PERIOD

1853 – 1860

The arrival of the black ships propels Japan into opening and rapid modernization. Anti-shogunate Sentiment and the Ansei Purge The shogunate is divided by issues of succession as well as how to respond to Perry’s demands to open the country. Ii Naosuke ignores debate and signs the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce. He follows this up removing opposition in the Ansei Purge. Favors Shogun dictatorship and compromised opening.

Favors leadership by the Yuhan alliance of Satsuma, Choshu, and Tosa, and hard-line anti-foreign diplomacy.

Nanki Faction

Hitotsubashi Faction

Tokugawa Iemochi Ii Naosuke Kampaku Chief Advisor Ooku Inner Palace

VS

Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu Feudal lord of Echizen Feudal lord of Satsuma

Ii Naosuke becomes Elder, signs the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, and installs Tokugawa Iemochi as Shogun.

— Ansei Purge

Signing the treaty against the Emperor's orders angered not only Emperor Komei but also the Hitotsubashi and Sonno Joi factions. In response, Ii Naosuke purged their influence from government.

Principal Victims Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu (Retired) Matsudaira Yoshinaga (Resigned) Yoshida Shoin (Executed) Hashimoto Sanai (Executed)

After succumbing to high-pressure diplomacy, the joi movement breaks out across the shogunate.

The United States continues to push Japan to open its borders. In 1853, four ships are sent from the East India armada to Uraga (Kanagawa). The people of Edo are astonished and the shogunate accedes to Commodore Perry’s demands. They sign the Convention of Kanagawa. This allows American ships to enter Japanese ports and refuel, but not trade. Soon US Consul General Townsend Harris pressures Japan for a trade agreement. The shogunate attempts to obtain a royal charter for trade, sending a messenger to the imperial court. But it is denied. 121st Emperor Komei despises foreign countries and refuses to sanction trade. Squeezed on both sides, Elder Ii Naosuke decides to not wait for the emperor’s permission and signs the treaty.

252

Perry’s Route and World Affairs The United States sees Japan as a foothold for trade with the Qing dynasty. They also want to use it as a whaling port. Perry departs from Norfolk, arriving in Uraga via the Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa). Britain, France, and Russia are occupied by the Crimean War, allowing the United States to expand into Asia with little competition.

Crimean War (1853 – 1856)

Greenland Austro-Hungarian

Empire

Commonwealth of Canada

United Kingdoms

United States of America

Atlantic Ocean Norfolk (November 1852)

France

Qing Dynasty

Crimea

Ottoman Empire

Japan

Shanghai (May 1853)

Uraga (July 1853) Ogasawara (June 1853)

Hong Kong (British) (April 1853)

British Raj

Madura Island (December 1852)

Pacific Ocean

Russian Empire

Naha (May 1853)

Ceylon (March 1853)

Commodore Perry's Fleet

Perry's fleet included two steamships. A total of four ships came to port. They were wooden vessels painted with black tar to prevent rot.

Indian Ocean

St. Helena (January 1853)

Dutch East Indies

Mauritius (February, 1853)

Australia Cape Town (January 1853)

B ro oaaahhhh

British Empire

B ro oaaahhhh This enrages Emperor Komei. Facing a potential rebellion by the sonno joi faction, Ii Naosuke removes opposition in the Ansei Purge. Two years after signing the treaty, he is assassinated outside Sakuradamon. Foreign trade negatively affects the lives of Japan’s citizens. Common household items become scarce. Prices skyrocket. This drives more to embrace the joi “Expel the Barbarians” movement. The imperial court shares this view, and the movement becomes synonymous with efforts to restore the emperor. Japan is in the midst of confusion.

French Empire Perry's Route

Important Historical Note Was the Council of Elders responsible for the shogunate’s loss of prestige? When the black ships arrived, Elder Abe Masahiro asked everyone around the imperial court and the Shogun’s retainers for opinions on how to respond. This unusual act alone weakened shogunate power. They had previously not consulted retainers on political decisions, let alone the imperial court.

253

LATE EDO PERIOD – MEIJI PERIOD

1862 – 1867

Public opinion shifts from kobu gattai to the Satcho Alliance. Many demand an end to the shogunate. Conflict between Kobu Gattai and Satcho Alliance At the end of the Edo period, philosophies can be roughly divided into the Shogunate-Aizu backed kobu gattai and Satsuma-Choshu Satcho Alliance. With the influence of the United Kingdom and France, this escalates into the Boshin War. France

United Kingdom

Fighting over colonies

Support

Consulted on steel mill construction, in response to a request from the Shogun. Arranged by pro-French retainer.

Approached Satsuma after engaging in the Satsuei War. Provided weapons to the Choshu clan.

Kobu gattai

Goal is a unified government using a feudal system with the Shogun as leader under the auspices of the Emperor.

Shogunate

Aizu

Support

Tobaku Faction

VS

Goal is overthrowing the Shogunate and reinstating Imperial rule.

Satsuma

Chosha

War was thought to be avoided by the Imperial restoration, but the two factions collide in the Boshin War.

As conflict boils over, shogun Yoshinobu cedes authority to the imperial court.

Sonno was not the sole faction pushing for a return to imperial rule. Kobu gattai advocates for a blended shogun/imperial government. Many saw kobu gattai as the sensible approach. The imperial court and shogunate were making moves in that direction. Around that time several foreign diplomats are killed by anti-foreigner joi factions. The shogunate fears joiradical Choshu clan (Yamaguchi) is making inroads with the court. Kobu gattai clans Satsuma (Kagoshima) and Aizu (Fukushima) expel Choshu from Kyoto. Choshu is silenced for the moment but eventually Choshu samurai Takasugi Shinsaku changes tactics. He abandons joi ideals and forges alliances with foreign nations to overthrow the shogunate. Meanwhile, Sakamoto Ryoma mediates between hereditary enemies Satsuma and Choshu, forging and alliance. From Emperor Komei they receive a royal commission, the Secret Imperial Rescript to Overthrow the Shogunate.

254

Steps to Imperial Restoration The shogunate is defeated by joi factions at the first Choshu Expedition, causing their authority to dwindle. Satsuma feels the disparity of strength with the Western powers following the Satsuei War and leans towards sonno. January 21, 1866 Tobaku Faction

Sakamoto Ryoma negotiates an alliance between the Choshu and Satsuma clans.

October 13, 1867

Secret Imperial Rescript to Overthrow the Shogunate issued to Satsuma. The following day one was also issued to Choju.

Notification of cancellation of the Secret Imperial Rescript.

Alliance signed between Satsuma and Tosa. Together with Choshu they plan the overthrow of the Shogunate.

1866 November 18, 1864 Kobu gattai

October 21, 1867

May 1867

December 1866

After the Kimon Incident, The Shogunate attacks Chosu by Imperial directive, in the First Choshu Expedition.

July 19, 1864

After exile from Kyoto, the Choshu clan bands with Satsuma and Aizu and attack the Imperial Palace. They are routed. (Kimon Incident).

1867

Kobu gattai-faction supporter 121st Emperor Komei dies.

October 14, 1867

The 15th Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu yields rule to the Imperial court.

July 20, 1866

14th shogun Tokugawa Iemochi dies. The following year, the Choshu expedition is called off.

Ryoma worries foreign powers would take advantage of the chaos following a civil war to subjugate Japan. Through Tosa (Kochi), he advises 15th Tokugawa shogun Yoshinobu to willingly surrender power. In 1867, Yoshinobu abdicates authority to the imperial court. Only a day after the Secret Imperial Rescript to Overthrow the Shogunate is recalled, the shogunate ends its two-hundred-andsixty-year reign.

Important Historical Note The first suspect in the assassination of Sakamoto Ryoma was a member of the Shinsengumi. One month after the imperial restoration, Sakamoto Ryoma was assassinated. The first person to emerge as a suspect was Harada Sanosuke of the Shinsengumi. Harada continued to support the shogunate until the end. Various other groups in Satsuma, Kishu (Wakayama), Tosa and others were suspected. Eventually the Kyoto Mimawarigumi militia were determined to be the perpetrators after their leaders confessed under interrogation. However, the truth is still unknown.

255

1867 – 1877

Saigo Takamori leads the last and greatest samurai rebellion

The Satsuma Rebellion and Meiji Restoration Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last shogun of Japan, reads the writing on the wall. If the shogunate is gone, he reasons, there will be no need to overthrow it. Yoshinobu takes swift action in an attempt to avert war. He voluntarily surrenders sovereignty of Japan to the imperial court. Yoshinobu does this with the assumption he will continue to play a role in Japan’s governance and will be given a high-ranking political post in whatever the new system is. He also wants to leave the possibility open to eventually reviving the position of Shogun. However, the anti-shogunate tobaku faction will not allow this. They demand Yoshinobu cede all authority, abolish the shogunate system, and disband the Tokugawa clan. This was more than Yoshinobu was prepared to yield. In a show of resistance, he occupies Osaka Castle. A civil war breaks out between old shogunate forces and the new national army. This is the Boshin War.

WO

someone’s happy to see me!

Ha

Ha

OF

that dog loves you kichinosuke!

Ha

SLP SLP satsuma domain, shosuke (later okubo toshimichi)

satsuma domain kichinosuke (later saigo takamori)

good pup! when you get bigger you should keep a hundred dogs!

i can’t take care of that many!

saigo takamori is a low-ranking samurai of the satsuma domain raised up by lord shimazu nariakira who recognizes and improves his abilities. although pro-shogunate at first, after talking with katsu kaishu he leans towards the tobaku faction.

HA HA HA

S KR T S KR T

T

T

WO O F

WO O F

between the satcho alliance and the bloodless taking of edo castle, castle, he is one of the driving forces behind the meiji restoration. restoration.

okubo is the brains behind hisamitsu shimazu, as he takes power in satsuma. His childhood friend Okubo Toshimichi is another.

it’s been a long time, but finally… a new era has arrived!

S MAK

let’s create a new japan with the power of the japanese people!

forged in the fires of the end of edo, they share a strong bond.

a new government forms under emperor meiji. however, even after winning the boshin war*, war*, the fledgling government is far from stable.

with the abolishment of the class system, samurai find themselves on the same level as commoners.

*boshin war: conflict between the old shogunate forces and the new national army.

258

deprived of their swords. deprived of their income**. income**. I s th at sa murai po or ?

S hhhh

**chitsuroku: government stipend paid to samurai, funded by taxes on land, retainers, rice, gold etc…

many are displeased with meiji government policies.

TH M P

Yeah …

outrageous!!!

do they expect samurai to grub in the dirt like farmers?!

Iwakura Tomomi

there’s a difference in perspective between saigo, who oversees the interim government*,, and government* okubo, who visits the united states and europe as part of the iwakura mission**. mission**.

their deep bond cracks from the korean situation.

Okuma Shigenobu

Itagaki Taisuke

*interim government: oversees the country while the delegates are gone. develops school and military conscription systems and adopts the solar calendar.

why did you recall our envoy to korea?!

as i said,

Ito Hirobumi

Kido Takayoshi

**iwakura mission: led by iwakura tomomi, the mission evaluates western technology, economy, and culture. they see domestic development as the highest priority.

if japan becomes embroiled in a war with korea we will be destroyed.

we’re supposed to decide these things together!!!

G RN

K

skulking behind the scenes, changing decisions already made…

… you have lost your sense of honor. minister of the right, meiji government, iwakura tomomi

after the end of the shogunate korean relations deteriorate. the interim government decides to send saigo as a special envoy to improve relations.

i’m done with you.

he advises that if the delegation goes poorly and the countries go to war, it will devastate japan’s future plans.

after the decision has been made, iwakura counsels the emperor to overrule the cabinet decision and recall the envoy.

…

saigo is lived at how the new government casually overturns cabinet decisions.

he quits his position and returns to satsuma.

HAA

AH

what happened to the ideals of our country? to loyalty and honor…?

i’ll open a school for them when i return to satsuma.

…samurai are a kettle ready to boil over. they need purpose in this new world.

1874. saigo returns to satsuma and opens a private school.

we’ll teach the path of the samurai in a new era.

that is the role i will play.

however, complaints about the government continue.

ostensibly established for military training, saigo’s true ambition is to give a sense of purpose to the samurai.

among the leaders is the radical kirino toshiaki. toshiaki.

against saigo’s intentions, the school’s political associations intensify.

former army major general who follows saigo, kirino toshiaki.

261

be the strength our country needs.

sensei!!! i hear your words, yet we cannot forgive this new government that steals our pride…!

this is your mission as a samurai.

O O O O M B

we took these guns and bullets from new government troops before they could be used on us.

!!!

CHAC H

NG

M We are ready!!!

and… if i am honest with myself, i feel the same way… i can’t… be blind anymore.

i understand.

i stand with you. it’s out of my hands—

UWA A AA

AHH H

UWAA AA AH HH

AA UWA A

AHHH

one more thing… this is hard to say…

… that changes nothing.

sir, a report just came in!

a private school in satsuma is rebelling. we’re sending the army.

that place is a hotbed for anti-government sentiment. make an example of them.

their leader… is saigo takamori…

!!!…

Bow

anyone who stands against us,

must be put down.

S l u mp

a rare day when it snowed in kyushu,

kichinosuke… what did you think would happen… ?

UW A AAAHHH

U WAA A A HH

UWA

AAAH

H

rain’s soaked our gunpowder…

OM O BO Waa a!

Yaaah!

the satsuma rebellion begins.

Their numbers dwindle in the face of the army’s advance.

BAM

BAM

HH it’s the government army!!!

U W AAAH H

UWAA A A HHH this is our last stand. Saigo’s army takes the initiative in an all-out attack on Kumamoto Castle.

anyone who wishes is free to leave.

B AA M

WBBLE

B AA M

W BB L E Sir… are you alright?

PO P …!!!

PO P

SHKK

SHKK

B

L S

sir… you’re wound…?!

S

H

H

Sensei!!! former army major who followed saigo, beppu shinsuke

..I…

would die like a samurai…

….!!!

you understand.

T

SWF FFF F Forgive me!!!

H O

K

K

Sensei… september 24th, 1877. saigo takamori’s suicide at shiroyama ends the satsuma rebellion—the rebellion —the last charge of the samurai.

that was the final opposition to our new government.

make the report.

you foolish man…

yes, sir.

...

kichinosuke…

so ends the age of the samurai.

the new meiji government aims to unite the country. they drive towards rapid modernization and a strong military. military.

japan takes steps towards being a country powerful enough to compete on the world stage. the following year, okubo is assassinated by those who considered him a traitor for his response to the satsuma rebellion.

MEIJI PERIOD

1867 – 1871

The new government wins the Boshin War and advances modern policies, including abolishing feudal clans. New Government Structure A new government forms that excludes the Tokugawa clan from any role. All current systems are abolished, including the shogunate, regency, and kampaku. In 1868, the government reorganizes into a Daijo-kan system, or Great Council of State, based on the Ritsuryo codes. In 1871, they establish a tricameral system of Minister of the Left, Minister of the Right, and Chancellor. Ruling government council Legislative body

Ministry of the Left Minister of the Left

Emperor Daijo-kan

Chancellor

Administrative agency divided into nine departments. Okubo was Secretary of the Ministry of Finance, in charge of accounting. Daijo-kan's highest government office

House of Councillors Satsuma

Chancellor of the Realm

Saigo Takamori Tosa

Sanjo Sanetomi

Itagaki Taisuke

Portrait of Sanetomi Sanjo (National Diet Library)

Ministry of the Right

Okubo Toshimichi

Minister of the Right

Choshu

Kido Takayoshi

Hizen

Okuma Shigenobu

Iwakura Tomomi Appointed from each of the four domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen. (From August, 1871)

The old shogunate army is defeated, and the new government of the Meiji period is born.

After handing authority to the imperial court, Tokugawa shogun Yoshinobu expects a prominent position in the new administration. Satsuma, however, refuses to allow this. They strip Yoshinobu of rank and order him to his home territory. In defiance, he occupies Osaka castle. January of the following year, 10,500 shogunate troops rally around Yoshinobu and clash with the new national army in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.

268

Boshin War Timeline In 1868, the Boshin War begins with the Battle of Toba and Fushimi. The new national army is vastly outnumbered, only 4,500 troops versus the old shogunate army of 15,000 troops. However, the national army is modernized. With superior weapons and tactics, they easily defeat the shogunate army in the Battle of Goryokaku. The war ends at the Battle of Hakodate. Battle of Goryokaku

Battle of Aizu (August 1868)

New government army attacks AizuMatsumae Wakamatsu Castle to subdue former Aizu feudal lord Matsudaira Katamori. The castle surrenders after a month-long siege.

Battle of Nagaoka (May 1868)

The fiercest battle of the Boshin War, the daimyo of Nagaoka inflicted heavy casualties on the new government army using modern firearms.

Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma (March 1868)

The Shinsengumi, renamed the Koyo Relief Corps, was defeated by the new government army led by Itagaki Taisuke.

Sendai Nagaoka

Former Shogunate army retreat

Aizu

Shirakawa

Utsunomiya

Battle of Toba and Fushimi Major cities Osaka New government army route Yoshinobu's retreat

Hakodate October, 1868. Former Shogunate Admiral Enomoto Takeaki and Shinsengumi commander Toshizo Hijikata occupy Goryokaku. Unable to resist sustained land and sea attacks by the new government army, they surrender in May of the following year. The Boshin War is over.

Kofu

Kyoto

Edo

Battle of Utsunomiya Castle (April 1868)

The former Shogunate army and Shinsengumi lead by Hijikata Toshizo take Utsunomiya Castle. They are defeated as soon as new government army reinforcements arrive.

Battle of Ueno (May 1868)

Bloodless Battle of Edo

The old shogunate army is swiftly defeated by the modern weaponry of the new national army. Yoshinobu escapes to Edo Castle. National army leader Saigo Takamori meets shogunate army minister Katsu Kaishu to negotiate, and Edo Castle is surrendered without a drop of blood spilt. The shogunate army continue to fight, from Tohoku to Hokkaido. They are beaten by the national army at every turn. About a year and a half after beginning, the Boshin War ends in imperial victory. Emperor Meiji takes the throne, and the era name is changed to Meiji. The new government institutes new currency, new transportation infrastructure, and a new postal system. The Tokugawa clan is disbanded. Their hereditary clan stronghold of Edo is renamed Tokyo.

Approximately 3,000 former retainers form together at the Shogitai. The fortify at Kane-ji temple (Tokyo), but are destroyed by the new government army's successive attacks.

Important Historical Note Did the Boshin War promote the development of Western medicine? In the Boshin War, more guns and shells were used than swords. Which meant wounded needed different care. The new government established a military hospital in Yokohama. William Willis was invited to teach there as part of the British legation in Japan. Foreign doctors performed treatments such as amputation, training Japanese doctors. Military hospitals played a key role in the adoption of Western medicine in Japan.

269

MEIJI PERIOD

1867 – 1877

Resentful and abandoned by the rush to Westernize and modernize the military, the samurai rise in the Satsuma Rebellion. Landscape of Civilization With the Westernization of the new government, people appear on the streets with hair cut short and dressed in Western clothes. The Ginza district becomes a symbol of the era. Lined with brick buildings, it appears in modern Nishiki-e art. Gas lights, rickshaws, and railroad carriages are Tokyo specialties. With new beef imports, everyone is eating sukiyaki. "Tokyo Ginza Prosperous Brick Building Map" and "Shimbashi Railway Steamcar Map," published in 1873. (Tokyo Metropolitan Central Library Special Bunko Room Collection)

Opening of Railways

In 1872, Japan's first railway opened between Shimbashi and Yokohama. At the time, trains were called okajoki.

Shimbashi station

Ginza 1-chome

Sukiyaki

The government encourages eating beef as part of Japan's Westernization. Once rare, it spreads to the common people. People say "If you don't eat Sukiyaki you'll be left behind."

Brick construction

The two-story brick buildings and sidewalks in Ginza were a national construction project.

(Kanagaki Robun "Angu Raku Nabe" (National Diet Library))

The Meiji government encourages a switch from the kimono to Western clothes.

To prevent colonization by Western countries, the Meiji government rushes to establish government-owned factories and modernize the military. “Enrich the country, Strengthen the Military” is the Meiji motto. Citizens are encouraged to adopt Western culture. Western-style buildings appear, and gas lights and railroads are installed in towns. Perhaps the biggest change to the lives of the common people is the leveling of classes. The samurai-famerartisan-merchant stratification is abolished. Feudal lords and nobility adopt a European peerage system. The new government tries to reestablish diplomatic relations with Korea, which was in a period of isolation at the time. When Korea does not respond, Saigo Takamori and other government officials advocate invasion and conquest.

270

Satsuma Rebellion Timeline Students from Saigo Takamori’s private school in Kagoshima band into an army. Under Saigo as leader, they gather around 30,000 troops. The government mobilizes 60,000 troops in response. Saigo attacks Kumamoto Castle. The national army launches a surprise attack and sustain pressure until the siege lifts within two months. The battle continues until Saigo’s suicide.

The Satsuma Rebellion

Fro

mO

Hakata Kurume

sak

Nakatsu

Tabaruzaka

Usuki

Takase Kumamoto

Saiki Enodake

Nagai

Nobeoka

Hinagu Minamata

Hitoyoshi

Miyazaki Kagoshima

a

Miyakonojo Shibushi Major cities New government army route Satsuma army route

Iwakura Tomomi and others strongly oppose this action. Members of the interim government resign. Cracks form in the new government. Many young samurai are discontent, upset with their reduction in rank and privileges. Most painful is the loss of their yearly stipend. Adding insult to injury the new government outlaws the wearing of swords, the samurai’s badge of office. Eventually, this discontent escalates into large-scale rebellion. Under Saigo Takamori, these samurai launch the Satsuma Rebellion. It ends six months later, with the final charge of the samurai.

February 14 February 22

Satsuma army vanguard departs. Three days later Saigo Takamori departs. ❶ Satsuma army attacks Kumamoto castle ❷ Government troops launch a frontal March 4 assault against Tabaruzaka, ❸ Government forces fight the Satsuma March 19 army in Hinagu. ❹ Satsuma army begins withdrawal from March 20 Tabaruzaka. Sumatra army drops their siege of April 14 Kumamoto Castle. Satsuma army begins regrouping in April 27 Hitoyoshi. Government forces launch an allMay 30 out attack on the Satsuma army in Hitoyoshi. ❺ Satsuma army withdraws from June 1 Hitoyoshi and advances to Miyazaki. July 31 New government army occupy Miyazaki. Satsuma army defeated moving over August 15 Wada pass ❻ September Satsuma army pushed back to 1 Kagoshima and the hill of Shiroyama. New government army launches a total September attack on Shiroyama. Saigo commits 24 suicide, ending the Satsuma Rebellion. ❼

Important Historical Note Did Saigo Takamori truly wish to invade Korea? Seikanron was a theory that Japan should open Korea by force. Saigo was opposed to this. He himself was named ambassador plenipotentiary to Korea. He insisted on opening the country through peaceful negotiations. With the government decided and Saigo waiting to be dispatched, Iwakura Tomomi and others returned from their overseas tour. They worked behind the scenes to get Saigo’s appointment rescinded. Angry at this, Saigo leaves the government and returns to Satsuma.

271

Edo Period / Meiji Restoration Significant Events

The arrival of the black ships shakes Japan and spells the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. The country erupts into turmoil. A new government is established in Japan. The country is forced to open and begins making moves to a new future.

ÆP255

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ÆP259

Satcho Alliance established

8

Sakamoto Ryoma was worried civil war in Japan will weaken the nation, causing it to become a colony of foreign powers. Japan needs to unify to compete on the global stage. He convinces old enemies Choshu and Satsuma to cooperate. In 1866 they form an alliance.

Iwakura Tomomi Mission

With the end of the Boshin War, the new Meiji government is established. The immediate goal is “Enriched country, Strong Military.” In 1871, Iwakura Tomomi assembles a group as envoys to learn technology from abroad. Saigo and others remain behind and are called the interim government.

Sakamoto Ryoma

1835 – 1867 Tosa samurai who leads Japan to the Meiji Restoration.

ÆP271

9

Satsuma Rebellion

The abolition of the four classes means samurai lose privileges. With the Haito edict, they also lose their right to wear swords. Angry, they form behind Saigo Takamori and attack Kumamoto Castle. The Satsuma Rebellion is ultimately unsuccessful.

Saigo Takamori

Satsuma samurai who became the last pillar of the samurai.

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Satsuei War

In 1862, Satsuma samurai murder an Englishman who showed disrespect by crossing in front of the procession of Hisamitsu Shimazu, lord of Satsuma. This becomes known as the Namamugi Incident. The following year, a British warship bombards Kagoshima Bay in retaliation. The Satsuei War is short-lived due to the superiority of British weapons. Satsuma revises the ideals of sonno and seeks alliance with the United Kingdom.

4

Kinmon Incident

Satsuma (Kagoshima) and Aizu (Fukushima) are in charge of security for the shogunate and imperial court. Anticipating trouble, they expel the sonno joi-supporting Choshu clan (Yamaguchi). In 1864, Choshu attacks Kyoto to regain their standing. They are defeated in what is called the Kinmon Incident.

4 5

ÆP252

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Kumamoto

3

Kagoshima

272

ÆP255

Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce signed

In 1858, Ii Naosuke, Elder of the Tokugawa shogunate, is pressured by US Consul General Harris to sign the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Ii asks the imperial court for approval but signs without waiting for royal charter. Two years later, Ii is assassinated. From Ryukyu To Ryukyu

Kyoto

ÆP269

7

End of the Boshin War

The tobaku faction is taken by surprise when the shogun abdicates to the emperor. Instead of their intended coup d’état, they block the Tokugawa clan from holding any office in the new government. Angered by this, Tokugawa Yoshinobu gathers the former shogunate army, and in 1868 the Boshin War begins at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi. The new national army raises their battle flag in response. Yoshinobu eventually flees to Edo where he surrenders. The former shogunate army continues moving north until defeated in 1869 at the Battle of Goryokaku.

7

Hakodate

ÆP254

6

Shogun abdicates to the emperor

Choshu and Satsuma form the Satcho Alliance to overthrow the shogunate and reinstate the emperor. Sakamoto Ryoma previously favored the kobu gattai approach, but he sees where the winds are blowing and advises 15th Tokugawa shogun Yoshinobu to abdicate. On October 14th, 1867, the emperor is restored. This is the same date as a secret imperial rescript to overthrow the shogun.

6 8

Uraga

2

Edo

1

To United States

Shimoda

ÆP253

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The Black Ships arrive

In 1853, Commodore Perry of the U.S. Navy arrives in Uraga (Kanagawa) in black ships and demands the opening of the country. He returns to Japan the following year, and pressures them to sign the Convention of Kanagawa.

273

A CLOSER LOOK

Cool Japan in 19th Century Europe

Western Art and Japonisme

Vincent van Gogh admires Ukiyo-e and tries his hand at the style. When the shogunate opens Japan there is an immediate influx of Western culture. At the same time, Japanese culture spreads to Europe. There is a Japan boom called Japonisme. This was sparked by the 1867 Paris Expo, where Japan participated for the first time. Ukiyo-e prints were commonly used as wrapping paper for pottery for export. But their innovative composition and colors combined with the lure of exoticism catches the eye of Europeans. Ukiyo-e collectors are called Japonzuri (Japanese art lovers) and vie with each other for the quality of their collections. One such Japonzuri is French artist Claude Monet. A pioneer of Impressionism famous for his vibrant colors, Money painted the Water Lilies series. His

work La Japonese features his blonde wife Camille wearing a bright read kimono and holding a fan made of the same red, white, and blue as the French flag. The worlds of Ukiyo-e and Western culture combine. Another famous Japonzuri was Vincent van Gogh. He left behind many paintings popular in Japan as well, such as Sunflowers. One of the world’s preeminent landscape painters, Van Gogh admires Ukiyo-e artists and copies their work. Bridge in the Rain is an attempt to reproduce their work in oil paint. Van Gogh includes kanji copied from another print in a narrow space. Through Van Gogh, Ukiyo-e influences the worlds of European art.

Vincent van Gogh “Bridge in the Rain” (Van Gogh Museum Collection)

Hiroshige Utagawa “Sudden Shower over Ohashi” (From “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo”, National Diet Library Collection)

9

CHAPTER

The Birth and Modernization of Imperial Japan From the founding of the Empire of Japan to the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars YEARS

MAIN EVENTS

1885 (Meiji 18)

Ito Hirobumi becomes first Prime Minister

1889 (Meiji 22)

Proclamation of Constitution of the Empire of Japan

1890 (Meiji 23)

Proclamation of Imperial Rescript on Education. Opening of first Imperial Diet.

1894 (Meiji 27)

Outbreak of Sino-Japanese War

1895 (Meiji 28)

Treaty of Shimonoseki signed. Triple Intervention pact applied.

1901 (Meiji 34)

Yahata Steel Works opens.

1902 (Meiji 35)

Masaoka Shiki dies

1904 (Meiji 37)

Outbreak of Russo-Japanese War begins

1905 (Meiji 38)

Treaty of Portsmouth signed

1906 (Meiji 39)

South Manchuria Railway established

1909 (Meiji 42)

Ito Hirobumi assassinated by An Jung-geun

1910 (Meiji 43)

Proclamation of Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty

1911 (Meiji 44)

US–Japan Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed. Customs autonomy recovered.

1894 – 1905

Masaoka Shiki participates in the Sino-Japanese War as a war correspondent

The Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars “As I bite a ripe persimmon, the bell resounds. Horyu-ji Temple.” Poet Masaoka Shiki writes this famous haiku. He is born and raised in Matsuyama, Ehime prefecture. He discovers haiku at the Tokyo Imperial University (later University of Tokyo). Shiki studies literature with classmates such as Natsume Soseki. After graduation, he returns home and works for the newspaper “Japan,” founded by a friend of his uncle. He also publishes the haiku magazine “Hototogisu” and writes “Letter to a Tanka Poet.” Shiki criticizes Matsuo Basho, who until then had been sacred in the haiku world. He advocates realism and personal experience, creating a paradigm shift in haiku. Shiki’s realism has a powerful impact on Soseki’s novels. Ill since he was a student, Shiki develops pulmonary tuberculosis. He dies at the young age of thirty-four.

S k kr tt S k kr tt

S kkrtt

ch

ch

big news!!!

BAM BAM

ch

BAM

newspaper reporter and poet, masaoka shiki

the japanese fleet and qing fought off the coast of toyoshima!

TMP

WAA

has it finally started?

K

july 25, 1894. japan and qing china exchange fire off the coast of toyoshima. the sino-japanese war begins.

TMP TMP the meiji government pushes for a strong military to counter the western powers, but the first test comes from an asian country. they fight the qing dynasty on the korean peninsula.

china has long been the strongest power in asia. the japanese people are exhilarated by their victory against them.

masaoka shiki’s name goes down in history as a poet,

but at the time he works for a small newspaper. he volunteers as a war correspondent* several times but is continuously refused because of his pulmonary tuberculosis.

COUGH C OUG H

COU GH *war correspondent: a reported embedded with the army who reports on the war.

literary master and shiki’s friend, natsume soseki

you want to be war correspondent? how do you expect to survive a battlefield when you can barely endure you own room?

oh? is it one of mine?

this is a good phrase, with a sense of dynamism.

shiki wrote poems as a reporter,

yes! i want to tell people about a war i’ve seen with my own eyes!

suffering from illness, he writes 24,000 haiku in his lifetime.

sir! let me cover the battlefield!!!

in your condition? impossible.

president of shiki’s newspaper, kuga katsunan

S ig h let me help my country!!! if you feel that strongly about it, i’ll arrange it.

kuga can no longer fight shiki’s ambition. he is sent overseas.

i’m looking forward to some good articles.

“i go to war armed with catalpa bow, and pen and ink for my arrows.”

1895. shiki finally goes to qing as a war correspondent.

by the time shiki arrives at kinshu castle on the liaodong peninsula , the fighting is already over.

S

he leaves the battlefield after a month without ever seeing a shot fired.

HH

H

AA A “the cuckoo knows not the lantern of cruiser suma nor the light of repair ship akashi, ” from volume 4, “hanshin ochiki.”

COU

GH

COUGH

i-i haven’t accomplished anything yet.

japan celebrates the victory at liaodong peninsula and the sino-japanese war. shiki, however, is weakening daily due to tuberculosis. he is often hospitalized.

its looks like you made it home safe too. jun! i heard you were on a cruiser!

shiki’s childhood friend and navy officer, akiyama saneyuki. (jun is shiki’s childhood name)

i’m not out yet.

i wish i could say the same!

281

but what’s this noise about russia, france, and germany? interfering with the qing treaty and forcing japan to give back the liaodong peninsula!!!

france and germany have plans of their own, so they’re backing russia.

russia is aiming for manchuria and korea. they’ll lose their foothold if japan takes liaodong.

ahh… japan is strong in asia but still no match for the western powers.

the triple intervention forces japan to return the liaodong peninsula. if we can’t stand up to russia, we’ll be next!

russia soon takes control. japanese sentiment towards russia deteriorates.

1902. masaoka shiki’s house. on the verge of death from tuberculosis, shiki can no longer work at the newspaper.

C OUG H

S KKR T

T CH

this six-foot deathbed is my entire world. but i can still write!

war with russia draws near.

i must wield my pen for my country…!

masaoka shiki dies, age 34.

september. the weather is still hot.

“gourd flowers blossom over a phlegm-clogged buddha. gourd juice is too late to flush out this container of phlegm. the juice from two days ago sits untouched.” (from masaoka shiki’s “zetsuburi tsusanku.”

1904. The Russo-Japanese War begins.

the japanese army occupies the liaodong peninsula after a hardfought battle. russia has more than double their military power. japan wins the battle of mukden and occupies the lushun naval base.

in the tsushima strait, japan’s navy uses seven-stage tactics* to win a total victory against the baltic fleet**.

*seven-stage tactics: created by akiyama seneyuki, this strategy assumes a four-day battle and conducts a sequence of seven surprise attacks and pursuits. **baltic fleet: russia’s largest fleet, circling from western europe.

japan wins the russo-japanese war and takes its place on the world stage.

after that, the booming economy of world war 1 boosts its national power.

MEIJI PERIOD

1889 – 1911

With the writing of a constitution and treaty revisions, Japan transforms into a modern nation. Constitution of the Empire of Japan With the writing of the constitution, Japan becomes a Constitutional Monarchy. The architects base it on the Constitution of Prussia, which has a powerful monarchy. Japan’s constitution gives the emperor vast powers including command of the armies. The Cabinet has no control over the military. Constitution of the Empire of Japan Sovereign Emperor Role Cabinet Role People's Rights Military High Command

Emperor Sacred, inviolable head of state. Holds all rights of sovereignty. Supplementary institution to the emperor. Answers only to the sovereign. Guaranteed within the scope of the law as "subjects." Leader of the army and navy. Answers only to the sovereign.

Japan was the first constitutional nation in Asia.

The Constitution of the Empire of Japan is signed by the Emperor and all minsters. (National Archives of Japan)

Japan becomes the first constitutional nation in Asia.

The civil rights movement that takes place both before and after the Satsuma Rebellion spreads not only to the samurai but to the farmers as well. Under public pressure, the government announces the establishment of the Diet. On February 18, 1889, a draft constitution is presented to the Diet. It is signed into law, and Japan becomes the first constitutional nation in Asia. However, the emperor retains sole control over the military. The cabinet has no say in military matters, which leads to a corruption down the line.

286

Revision of Unequal Treaties The Meiji government attempts to renegotiate the unequal treaties signed during the Edo period. In 1871, the government dispatches Iwakura Tomomi to open talks but negotiations failed. The government continues talks while proceeding with domestic development. In 1894, they abolish the Consular Court. In 1911, they achieve autonomy in customs and imports. 1882

Rokumeikan (National Diet Library)

Japan courts European favor and end unequal treaties by holding balls and such as Rokumeikan hotel. This fails due to domestic backlash.

1894

To counter Russia's southern expansion, the UK and Japan sign the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation. This puts Japan on more equal national footing. 1911 With the expiration of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, The US-Japan Treaty of Komura Jutaro Amity and Commerce (National Diet fully restores customs Library) autonomy.

1871

Meiji government dispatches the Iwakura Mission for preliminary negotiation on treaty revisions. Negotiations are canceled upon demands for foreigner to integrate into Japanese cities. 1858

The US-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce, and unequal treaty that strips Japan of consular court and customs autonomy. 1879 US tariff revision agreements fail due to opposition from England and Germany.

The Imperial Diet opens a year after the constitution is enacted. Consisting of two houses, the House of Representatives is elected officials while the House of Peers is the imperial court and noble peerage. Voting is limited to about one percent of the population, yet lawmakers cannot enact civil rights measures without the assent of the Diet. As Japan modernizes, it is hindered by unequal treaties signed with the West under the shogunate. Britain, fearing Russian expansion into Asia, is the first to revise these treaties. Japan finally gains equal status to other nations.

1891 Negotiations with Britain continue mainly as a bulwark against Russia. Talks as suspended after Foreign Minister Shuzo Aoki resigns in the Otsu incident.

1886

The Normanton case boosts domestic momentum for treaty revisions.

1889

Before the signing of a treaty, Foreign Minister Shigenobu Okuma is attacked. Negotiations are suspended.

Important Historical Note Were women in the Meiji period allowed to participate in politics? Although the Meiji period saw major women literary figures such as Yosano Akiko and Higuchi Ichiyl, women were not given suffrage and were not allowed to participate in politics. Yosano and Raicho Hiratsuka publish the magazine “Aosei” to educate women about liberation issues. Later, Raicho and Ichikawa Fusae form the New Women’s Association. They eventually win the right to vote.

287

TAISHO – SHOWA PERIOD

1876 – 1905

Constant war with Russia over Korea exhausts the nation. Sino-Japanese War Timeline 1894. Riots break out in Korea. Both Japan and Qing China seize the opportunity to move in and the Sino-Japanese War breaks out. Japan invested heavily in modernizing their army and defeats Qing. They demand compensation and territory. However, due to the Triple Intervention they are forced to return the Liaodong Peninsula.

4 September 17, 1894

The Japanese Combined Fleet and the Qing North Sea Fleet collide in the Yellow Sea. Japan sinks five ships of the Beiyang Fleet and takes control of the sea. Dalian

Lushun Weihaiwei

Yingkou

Mukden

3 September 6, 1894

Japanese troops capture Pyongyang.

Yingkou VS

2 July 29, 1894

Japanese troops occupy Seonghwan.

Pyongyang

VS

Hansung

5 February 2, 1895

Seonghwan

The Japanese army conquers Weihaiwei. Japan has complete control of the sea.

Gunsan Busan Shimonoseki

1 July 25, 1894

Immediately before the declaration of war, Japanese and Qing ships meet off the coast of Toyoshima. Japan wins this battle without casualties.

6 April 17, 1895

Peace treaty signed in Shimonoseki. Japan forces Qing to pay large compensation and cede the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan, and Penghu Islands.

佐世保

Conflicts over Korea lead to war with China and Russia.

To be on par with Western countries, Japan expands its interests. In 1876, Japan opens Korea with the Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity. In Korea, both pro-Japan and pro-Qing factions demand tax cuts. When the Donghak Peasant Revolution breaks out, Japan and Qing send in troops with the excuse of suppressing riots. However, after restoring peace neither army withdraws. The Sino-Japanese War begins. Japan beats the Qing dynasty. When signing the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan and Qing recognize the independence of the Korean Peninsula, but Japan receives the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan, and other compensation.

288

Russo-Japanese War Timeline After just forcing Japan to return the same territory, Russia takes advantage of the Yoshiwadan Incident to immediately occupy Liaodong. They continue to station troops in Manchuria even after the unrest is over. Japan forms an alliance with Britain and declares war on Russia. Russia

1895

Triple Intervention

After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Russia, France, and Germany pressure Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula. Japan complies, but anti-Russian public opinion grows.

Japan

Germany

France

Boxer Protocol 1901

Pressure to return Liaodong Peninsula

Qing declares war on the major world powers during the Boxer Rebellion. An alliance steps in to suppress them. Once finished, Russia continues to occupy Manchuria.

Russia

Enemies

Japan

1904 - Russo-Japan War

1902

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

Japan worries about Russia's occupation of Manchuria. Britain also sees the danger, and signs the AngloJapanese Alliance to protect rights in South Korea.

Japan

Russia

Enemies

When the Western European countries learn of Qing’s weakness after the Sino-Japanese War, they start making plans. Russia aims to advance into East Asia, and demands Japan return the Liaodong Peninsula. This leads to the Russo-Japanese War. Japan is again victorious. A peace treaty is mediated under the President of the United States, but because Russia spent all its resources in the campaign Japan can’t claim reparations. The war hurts Japan as well.

Allies

UK

Important Historical Note Was Shiki’s friend Akiyama Saneyuki the driving force behind the defeat of the Baltic Fleet? Masaoka Shiki’s friend Akiyama Saneyuki served as staff member of the Combined Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War. He planned the Baltic Fleet operation and invented the elaborate seven-tiered attack tactic. Saneyuki’s older brother Yoshifuru was also a soldier and is called the Father of Japanese Cavalry. Shiki, Saneyuki, and Yoshifuru’s lives were the subject of the novel The Clouds Above the Hill. This was also made into a television drama.

289

Meiji Period Significant Events 7

With its constitution, Japan becomes a modern nation. After winning two wars and revising unequal treaties, Japan joins the ranks of the great powers.

Changchun

8

Annexation of Korea

Japan takes control of Korea in1905 and places the Japanese Resident-General in Hansung. Ito Hirobumi is the first Resident-General. In 1910, the year following Ito’s assassination, the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty is signed. Korea becomes a protectorate of Japan. ÆP288

2

RussoJapanese War

Russia stations troops in China, and Japan declares war in 1904. With support of their alley Britain, Japan wins the Battle of Tsushima and takes the Lushun Fortress. They regain Lushun and Dalian.

8

Hansung

2

ÆP289

6

Sino-Japanese War

Following uprisings in Korea, the Sino-Japanese War breaks out in 1894. Japan’s modernized army defeats the Qing dynasty, and the US and UK mediate a peace agreement.

Akiyama Saneyuki

1868 – 1918 Navy staff who plans the Baltic Fleet operation.

ÆP288

3

Treaty of Shimonoseki

At a peace conference in Shimonoseki, Japan is granted territories such as Liaodong Peninsula as compensation. However, Russia wants Liaodong for its own. Together with Germany they pressure Japan into returning it.

6

3 4

Shimonoseki

Yawata

4

Yahata Steel Works

After the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese government opens a steelworks in Kitakyushu to build armaments. Incorporating German technology, the Yahata Steel Works plays a significant role in domestic iron demand.

290

7

South Manchuria Railway established

With their victory in the Russo-Japanese War, rail rights in Manchuria transfer from Russia to Japan. The South Manchuria Railway has administrative authority in the railway zone. Japan uses this as a foothold to advance into Manchuria.

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Death of Masaoka Shiki

Poet Masaoka Shiki dies in 1902. Shiki was ill, but until the second he died he continues to write haiku. He is a teacher of generations of haiku poets to come after him.

Masaoka Shiki

1867 – 1902 Poet. Struggles to develop haiku while fighting illness.

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Revision of Unequal Treaties

The Tokugawa shogunate signs unequal treaties with the Western powers, and the Meiji government negotiates to revise these. Negotiations are difficult, but in 1894 the Consular Jurisdiction is abolished and in 1911, Japan regains autonomy over customs and trade.

1 5 9 Tokyo

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1

Adoption of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan

Ito Hirobumi drafts the constitution after returning from Europe. He bases it on the Constitution of Prussia, which had a strong monarchy. The Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted February 1889.

Ito Hirobumi

1841-1909 Politician from Choshu who became Japan's first Prime Minister

291

A CLOSER LOOK

Amidst experimentation, new forms of literature emerge.

Meiji Period Bungo and Modern Literature The penetrating psychology of Genbun itchi sets the foundation for modern Japanese literature. The Meiji Restoration impacts all Japanese culture including massive shifts in literature. The pioneer of modern literature Tsubouchi Shoyo writes The Essence of the Novel. In it, he decries the Edo period Gesaku, or Entertainment Novel, and its morality plays. He says, “First of all, we should describe humanity,” He advocates for realism in literature, objectively drawing portraits of human psychology. He also decries elaborate language. At the time, spoken language (colloquialism) and written language (literary language) are quite different. Futabatei Shimei writes The Drifting Cloud, the first modern novel in vernacular Japanese. Yamada Bimyo writes Butterfly in spoken, if not somewhat formal language, while Ozaki Koyo authors the popular book Golden Demon in what amounts to slang.

Young writers emphasize human emotions in the Romanticism movement. Chief among them are Mori Ogai’s The Dancing Girl, Shimazaki Toson’s Collection of Young Herbs, and Higuchi Ichiyo’s Child’s Play. With the Outbreak of Russo-Japanese War, Naturalism emerges to face the inner darkness of society and humanity. Tayama Katai’s Futon tells the story of lost love, basing it on his own life and nakedly describing his broken heart. This began the “I Novel” trend based on personal experiences. When Natsume Soseki arrives, he writes in anti-Naturalism called Yoyuha, or Leisure School. The style is characterized by stories a step away from the real world. His books I am a Cat, Bocchan, and Kokoro continue to be read today.

MAJOR WORKS Realism — Tsubouchi Shoyo "The Essence of the Novel" — Futabatei Shimei "The Drifting Cloud" — Koda Rohan "Five-storied Pagoda"

Naturalism — Kunikida Doppo "Musashino" — Shimazaki Toson "The Broken Commandment" — Tayama Katai "Futon"

Romanticism — Mori Ogai "The Dancing Girl" — Higuchi Ichiyo "Child's Play" — Kyoka Izumi "Koya Hijiri

Anti-naturalism and others — Natsume Soseki "I Am a Cat" — Saneatsu Mushanokoji "The Person who Came Out" — Nagai Kafu "French Monogatari"

Natsume Soseki's first novel I Am a Cat (Volumes, 1, 2, and 3, 1907). Initially intended as a single work, its popularity was such that Soseki wrote sequels. (National Diet Library collection).

Tanka / Haiku — Ishikawa Takuboku "A Handful of Sand" — Yosano Akiko "Midare Gami" — Masaoka Shiki "Hototogisu"

10 2

CHAPTER

Buddhism and Formation The Advance of the Modern Japan of a Nation Under the From Taisho Democracy to the PresentCodes Day Ritsuryo The Introduction of Buddhism and MAIN EVENTS the Establishment ofdies. the Taiho Codes 1912 (Taisho 0) Emperor Meiji The Taisho period begins. YEARS

1914 (Taisho 3) 1923 (Taisho 12)

Outbreak of World War 1. YEARS

Great Kanto Earthquake.

MAIN EVENTS 1929 (Showa 4) Outbreak of Great Depression Around 6th century Buddhism transmits to Wa 1931 (Showa 6) Outbreak of Manchurian Incident 587 Soga-Mononobe conflict Outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese War. Japan, 1937 (Showa 12) 592 Emperor Sushun assassinated by Soga no Umako Germany, and Italy sign Tripartite Pact. 33rd Empress Suiko ascends throne. Shotoku 1941 (Showa 16) Pearl Harbor bombed. Outbreak of World War II. 592 named regent 1945 (Showa 20) Tokyo bombed. Potsdam Declaration theissued. following year 1946 (Showa 21)

607 Constitution Ono of noJapan Imokowritten. sent as envoy to Sui dynasty

1960 (Showa 35)

618

1964 (Showa 39)

Tokyo Olympics 629 Tokaido Bullet Train .34th opens. Emperor Jomei ascendsheld. throne

1995 (Heisei 7)

Treaty of Mutual and Security Between Founding ofCooperation Tang. Sui dynasty is destroyed the the United States and Japan signed. following year

Great35th Hanshin Earthquake Empress Kogyoku ascends throne. Prince Yamashiro commits suicide the following year 2011 (Heisei 23) Tohoku Earthquake Isshi Incident. 36th Emperor Kotoku ascends 2013 (Heisei (Taika era 25) begins) 645 2020 Olympics scheduled to be held in Tokyo. throne the following year 642

663

Battle of Baekgang

667

Capital moved to Omi Otsu. 38th Emperor Tenji ascends throne the following year

672

Jinshin War

694

Capital transferred to Fujiwara-kyo

(Taika era ends) 701

Taiho code established

1918 – Present Taisho schoolgirl who lives through turbulent times

Modern Japan and International Affairs Japan tries to keep their focus on domestic affairs. However, by opening the country they are connected to the world. In order to grow into a modern nation, they need to build a position in the international community. Japanese politics become monopolized by the military. They form alliances with Germany and Italy to strengthen their global position and end up waging war on the world. Japan fights World War II. From the Great Kanto Earthquake to the booming economy of World War I, to World War II, and on to the Tokyo Olympics… a young girl student lives her life in these turbulent times. Truly she has walked through the modern history of Japan.

1918

another bowl!

chiyo! slow down! rice is expensive nowadays!

P TT PTT

taisho schoolgirl, chiyo age 16

fine…

Pch ack

ics

nom

Eco

ing

ok Lo

Up

A not h the paper says every­ thing’s good,

er !

Me t oo!

e Ric es c i r p d hol y d stea so how come things are so hard for us?

japan pays off its huge debts from the russojapanese war by exporting munitions and silk fabrics. an unprecedented boom comes with the development of heavy industry.

1914. world war 1 breaks out in europe.

hachi! good morning!

thanks for loaning me this.

hey chiyo!

not everyone shares the good times. soaring prices means suffering for many people.

what did you think?

Koko

ro

Nat Sos sume eki

I loved it!

oh! i saw the opera in asakusa yesterday.

rikizo taya’s* boccaccio was the best!

eeeeh! wasn’t that banned at school?

that’s why i’m only telling you, chiyo!

you’re so pretty. why don’t you try out for takarazuka revue?

*rikizo taya: (1899 - 1988): 年 opera singer from taisho to the showa period. nickname was taiki.

don’t be silly! hey, have you tried that new milk chocolate that came out?

Chiyo! We have to run!!!

…ah! what time is it?!

the wartime economy means rapid advances in mass media and popular culture.

time passes…

1923 sumi should be back soon…

H UUU S hhh

KKTTT

S hhh

K KTTT

chiyo, age 21

KKT

RRTTTLL

RRTTT

LL

B

TT

BRRAAKK

S

K

RRTT

TLL

BAAM M

Wh…

P

RI I

KAKANGKROOM KAKAN GKROOM

KAKANGKROO

M

SH

R R A K what’s happening?!

KRISH K

THNK THNK THNK THNK

R K A A MM

KA RO O O N K K

chiyo! are you okay?!

TH MP TH MP dear!

i’m fine… wh-where is dad? is he safe?

great kanto earthquake.

let’s get out of here. this house could still collapse.

a magnitude 7.9 earthquake hits directly under the surface. most of tokyo and yokohama are in ruins.

mom!

sister! masao! shizuko!

chiyo!

D-dad…

he’s s-still inside…

fires break out in the wake of the earthquake. the scale of the devastation is enormous. 570,000 houses completely destroyed, either knocked down, burned out, or washed away. over 100,000 dead or missing.

six years since the earthquake japan’s recovers at a rapid pace.

they’re holding a reconstruction exhibition at hibiya park soon.

the total cost of the damage is three times the national budget. over six billion yen. the japanese economy is hit hard.

as the scars of the earthquake heal, the footsteps of war get closer and closer—

Luxury is the ! Enemy!!

and i heard the main road is going to be back in service. good as new!

299

1929. the usa stock market crash on wall street develops into the great depression.

each country deals with economic impact differently. japan, germany, and italy have no colonies. they raise the flag of imperialism* imperialism*..

*imperialism: policy to invade other nations states to acquire new territories and resources using military power.

ichiro banzai!!!

all boys twenty years of age are conscripted and forced to fight in the war. war.

1941. japan’s attack on pearl harbor results in full-scale war with the united states.

banzai!!!

chiyo’s second son, jiro i’ll give my life fighting for my country!

as the war situation worsens, the mandatory age is lowered. in 1944, jiro volunteers at fourteen years old. he heads to the battlefield. chiyo’s eldest son, ichiro

Notice of D eath. We regret to inform you Jiro wa s killed in battle, Fe bruary 3rd, 1944.

SOB

its apparent japan is losing the war. march 1945, about three hundred american military bombers conduct a large-scale bombing of downtown tokyo.

densely populated areas are attacked indiscriminately. over one hundred thousand ordinary citizens are killed.

… communicate that our to the empire governments accepts of the united the provistates, great sions of britain, china, their joint and the declarasoviet tion. union,

the age for obligatory military service is raised to sixty. about seven million people are sent to battle.

august 15, 1945. 124th emperor hirohito notifies all citizens of japan’s defeat.

the long war is finally over. Mom!!!

ichiro… i’m so glad you’re home safe…!

big brother!

… …

m-mom… about dad…

japan accepts the potsdam declaration.. general declaration macarthur takes command of the country.

the allies focus on rebuilding japan, japan, including enacting a new constitution. constitution.

We hereby proclaim the

unconditional surrender to the

Allied Powers of the Japanese

Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed

1945. it’s negotiated that japan surrender to three countries, the uk, usa, and china. conditions to end the war are also decided.

forces and all armed forces under Japanese control wherever situated.

1964

chiyo (age 64)

grandma! we have to go, or we’ll be late!

oh! sorry!

mom!

we got to get a move on.

ichiro!

kazuko and sachiko are here already?

japan’s post-war reconstruction is remarkable. televisions and cars are everywhere, and the tokaido bullet train connects the country. they enter a growth period of technological innovation.

its only four hours from osaka on the bullet train!

the tokyo olympics are held as a demonstration of japan’s new status. they show the world japan’s cultural and economic development.

everyone ready?

OK…

the economy continues to grow. the gnp is about eight trillion yen in 1955. by 1980, it is two hundred and fifty trillion. japan becomes an economic powerhouse.

lifestyles of citizens change drastically. convenience stores and fast food appear.

internet and mobile phones are widespread.

japan is again hit by national disasters, such as the 1995 great hanshin-awaji earthquake. earthquake.

however, in the 1990s the heisei economic recession begins.

japan is again hit by national disasters, such as the 1995 ..great great hanshin-awaji earthquake

the 2000s bring more challenges; budget deficits, a declining birthrate coupled with an aging population, environmental destruction, and complex international relations. along with that, a japanese scientist wins the nobel prize for non-linear processes, and tokyo again plans to host the tokyo olympics in 2020. overcoming national disasters and recessions are nothing new. as always, japan continues to move into the future.

305

TAISHO – SHOWA PERIOD

1912 – 1929

The Great Depression devastates Japan’s economy. Japan invades Manchuria in search of resources. The Taisho Democracy Prime Ministers In the Taisho era, there are active liberal movements such as the First Constitutional Movement and General Election Law for universal suffrage. The Prime Minsters reflect these times. Katsura Taro

Hara Takashi

As Grand Chamberlain, upsets boundaries between political office and the Court upon assuming office. First Constitution Movement breaks out. Forced to resign.

A commoner, many expected him to pursue universal suffrage on taking office. But in fact was cautious about introducing General Election Law.

Okuma Shigenobu

Yamamoto Gonnohyoe

A political scientist, he translated the word "democracy" into Japanese as "politics of the people." Insisted on introducing first universal suffrage bill.

After the Great Kanto Earthquake and an attack on Emperor Hirohito, Yamamoto resigns. All motions towards universal suffrage are tabled.

Terauchi Masatake

Kato Takaki

Aimed to suppress unconstitutional clan politics, but his inability to contain the rice riots caused by the Siberian Intervention lead to his resignation.

Enacted the General Election Law in 1925, which guarantee voting for all men over twenty five, quadrupling the number of voters.

(December 1912 – February 1913)

(April 1914 – October 1916)

(October 1916 – September 1918)

(September 1918 – November 1921)

(September 1923 – January 1924)

(June 1924 – January 1926)

All images from National Diet Library

With Japan and the world in economic crisis, the Japanese people find their voice.

By 1912, the turbulent age of the Meiji period is over. The Taisho period begins with financial difficulties. Distrustful of politics, people demand a voice. In the Meiji period, only wealthy property owners are eligible to vote—around one percent of the population. There is a movement to expand voting rights. The people also demand protections for freedom of speech, publishing, and assembly. The Meiji constitution is adopted and later the General Election Law guarantees voting rights to all men. This zeitgeist for social reform shapes what becomes to be called the Taisho Democracy.

306

Major National Reactions to the Depression October 1929. Following the New York stock market crash the world is thrown into economic depression. Britain is a bloc economy bulwarked by colonies. The United States stabilizes through the New Deal. However, Japan has little land, colonies, or resources. It invades other countries to build strength. USA

Japan Totalitarian Dictatorship

A decline in exports due to the Great Depression hurts Japan’s economy. The Army causes the Liutiahohu incident, then uses that as a cover to conquer Manchuria. This gains popular support, and Japan rushes into war.

UK

New Deal Policy

The Great Depression began in the US, and unemployment rates reached twenty five percent. Starvation was a severe problem. President Roosevelt promotes public works to create jobs. This stabilizes the country and achieves economic recovery.

Government

Invasion

Bloc Economy

Britain has vast colonies, such as India and Australia. They form the Commonwealth of Nations and trade back and forth to secure resources and food. They adopt a bloc economy based on high tariffs for any imports from other countries. Home country Other countries

Public works employment

Trade

High tariffs

The people Colony

Around the same time, the Sarajevo Incident breaks out. A war between Austria and Serbia escalates, dragging nations around the world into what would become World War I. Britain on the Servian side declares war on Germany on the Austrian side. Japan enters because of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. They invade German property in China and claim territory. The war is a huge boost for the Japanese economy. The war economy wipes out the debt and recession of the Meiji period. The boom is short-lived, however. The Great Kanto Earthquake and worldwide Great Depression severely damage Japan’s economy. This sets the stage for a military takeover of the government in a totalitarian dictatorship. Japan invades China, intending to expand territory and take resources.

Important Historical Note Did the development of girls’ schools give birth to Western women’s fashion? In the Taisho period, private and public girls’ schools were established. In the early days, schools focused on Western studies and English. Girls would listen to lectures in Western chairs. However, sitting in chairs was difficult in kimono, lifting the hemline. For school, women students were permitted to wear the male hakama, with their hair tied up in large red ribbons. This established the female student style seen so often in comics and television dramas.

307

SHOWA PERIOD

1931 – 1945

The Sino-Japanese War deteriorates US-Japan relations, leading to World War II. World War II Combatants Japan starts World War II by invading China. They form an alliance with Germany and Italy, called the Axis. Britain, France, and other countries form an alliance to counter the Axis called the Allies. The US is in a period of isolation but enters the war after being attacked by Japan.

Axis

Tripartite Pact of Japan, Germany, and Italy

Japan allies with Germany and Italy, who are expanding their power in Europe. Italy abandons the alliance in 1943, surrendering to the Allies. The German-Japanese alliance continues until Germany’s surrender in 1945.

Japan

Italy (Surrenders 1943)

Germany

VS

Allies

United States in the War

The United States does not participate at the start of World War II, only offering support to Britain and France fighting against Germany. The US continues to acknowledge Japan even after they establish a new government in Nanking, China. They only enter the war due to Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor.

Allies

Republic of China

Allies

United Kingdom

France

Allies

Allies

USA (Joins 1941)

Soviet Union (Joins 1941)

With the rise of totalitarian dictatorships, World War II begins.

Weakened by the Great Depression, the military takes over Japan’s politics while monopolistic conglomerates called zaibatsu control the economy. In China, the National Restoration Movement rises. Japan’s military worries about this spreading to Manchuria, and stages an explosion of the South Manchurian Railway, blaming it on the Chinese army. This gives them the excuse they need to take control of Manchuria (Manchuria Incident) and announce the founding of puppet-country Manchukuo. The League of Nations criticizes this and demands Japan withdraw from China. Instead, Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. The SinoJapanese War becomes a quagmire.

308

Timeline of World War II Japan conquers Manchuria following the Manchurian Incident, which sparks the second SinoJapanese War. The Pacific War starts in 1941. Japan is continually beaten back by the US which has overwhelmingly military power. Finally, Japan accepts the Potsdam Declaration in 1945, and World War II is over. Manchurian Incident (1931)

Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

September, 1931. Ishiwara Kanji leads the Kwantung Army to sabotage a railroad on the South Manchuria Railway in Mukden. They claim it was the work of the Chinese army and use it as an excuse to invade.

With Japan-US negotiations rupturing, Japan escalates to open war by attacking a US military base on Oahu, Hawaii. They gain command of the sea in the Pacific Ocean.

1930s Sino-Japanese War (1937)

The Kwantang Army and Chinese Army fight over Japan's incursion into China. The Konoe Cabinet succumbs to pressure and expands the front line. China signals its intention to resist, and war begins.

Atomic bomb (1945)

Axis Germany surrenders. The Allies issue the Potsdam Declaration demanding Japan's immediate surrender. Japan does not reply. In response, the US drops successive atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1940s Mainland Bombing (1944)

Japan's fortunes change after suffering defeat at the Battle of Midway. Saipan Island falls in 1944. The US leads bombing raids on the mainland Japan. 80,000 die in the bombing of Tokyo on March, 1945.

The United States annuls their trade treaty. Japan lacks natural resources and rely on imports for military support. They are in dire straits. World War II begins. Aiming to strengthen their alliance with Germany, who advances on the European front, Japan signs the Tripartite Pact. They ally with Germany and Italy as the Axis. This further breaks down relations with the US, who retreats into their isolationist policy. Hoping for a fast, decisive victory, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and declares war on the United State.

End of the War (1945)

The dropping of the atomic bombs kills more than 180,000 people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Emperor Hirohito accepts the Potsdam Declaration on August 15, 1945. World War II ends with the Emperor's broadcast. ...enduring the unendurable and suffering what is insufferable.

Important Historical Note Was children’s play influenced by the war? Immediately before the start of World War II, elementary schools were renamed to National Schools. The content of education became more nationalistic, including military training. Popular children’s games including playing soldier or nurse, or military-influence boardgames like Soldier Shogi. All their games were intended to inspire fighting spirit in children, and to make them long to be soldiers fighting on battlefields. When they came of age, many boys immediately volunteered for the military and got their wish.

309

SHOWA PERIOD

1941 – 1947

The fifteen-year war ends, and the occupying forces under General MacArthur democratizes Japan. Democratization Policy The democratization of Japan focuses on liberalization of women, encouragement of labor unions, education liberalization, elimination of oppression, and economic democratization. Women's Liberation

Labor Unions

The Five Major Reform Directives significantly revise the House of Representatives Election Law. Women's suffrage is recognized for the first time. In the initial post-war general election, thirty nine women are elected to the Diet.

The GHQ encourages establishing basic labor rights and forming labor unions to battle restrictive markets and low wages. Three Labor Laws are enacted and the Ministry of Labor is established.

The GHQ emporarily suspends classes on morals, history, and geography. In addition they enact the Fundamental Law of Education promoting mixed-gender education and the School Education Law which established new compulsory education institutions.

— Trade Union Law (1945) — Labor Relations Adjustment Act (1946) — Labor Standards Act (1947)

— Fundamental Law of Education (1947) — School Education Law (1947)

— Amendment of the House of Representatives Election Law (1945)

Abolish Oppression The GHQ forbids any antiEmperor or anti-personal property associations. They abolish the Peace Preservation Law and Special Higher Police that controlled thought crimes. They dismantle State Shinto. — Abolition of the Peace Preservation Law (1945) — Abolition of Special Higher Police(1945) — State Shinto Directive (1945) — Police Law (1947)

Economic Democratization

Education Liberalization

The GHQ makes dismantling the zaibatsu a central part of economic democratization. They call for land reform and return large plots of land to people for self-supporting farming.

These are the Five Major Reform Directives.

— Antimonopoly Act (1947) — Elimination of Excessive Economic Power (1947)

The war ends with the dropping of the atomic bombs and reconstruction begins.

Japan starts a war with the United States by attacking Pearl Harbor. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Midway, Japan’s hopes of victory vanish. However, Japan continues to fight even after their allies Germany and Italy surrender. The allies issue the Potsdam Declaration demanding the unconditional surrender of the Japanese army. However, the Japanese government choses to ignore it. Taking silence as a refusal, the US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the face of this Japan accepts the Potsdam Declaration.

310

The Constitution of Japan October 1945. GHQ orders Japan to reform its Constitution. The amendments submitted by the Japanese government are rejected by MacArthur. He commissions private citizens to draft a new document. The government then creates a new constitution based on this draft. The new constitution is passed by the Privy Council on November 3rd, 1946, as the Constitution of Japan. GHQ

Japanese Government

October 11, 1945

October 25, 1945

February 13, 1946

February 8, 1946

General MacArthur tells Prime Minister Shidehara Kijūro that Japan's constitution needs liberalizing. He dictates several required amendments.

MacArthur rejects Matsumoto's draft. He creates the MacArthur Draft and gives it to a private sector committee as a model. Sovereignty Constitutional Amendment Outline (Japanese government) Outline of the Draft Constitution (Private Constitution Study Group) MacArthur Draft (GHQ)

Peace

Emperor System

Emperor

War powers reside with the Emperor, with support by the Diet.

The Emperor's divinity is sacred and irrefutable.

People

Not addressed.

Emperor has no involvement in national affairs. All power is in the Diet.

People

Japan cannot Emperor is a wage war. figurehead.

After the surrender, GHQ (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) led by General MacArthur begins indirect rule of the Japanese government. This period is known as Occupied Japan. Japan is completely demilitarized so that they can never threaten the US or Asia again. Furthermore, they democratize Japan with a new constitution. The new constitution consists of three principles: Sovereign power of the people, Pacifism, and Respect for human rights. They make the Diet the supreme body of state power and relegate the emperor to a symbol unable to wield political power.

Following MacArthur's instructions, the government established a Constitutional Issues Investigation Committee chaired by Minister of State Joji Matsumoto. They draft amendments.

Chairman Matsumoto submits a conservative constitutional amendment outline, focused on preserving the emperor's sovereignty.

March 6, 1946 – May 3, 1947

The government receives the MacArthur Draft and writes a new constitution based on that. After some modifications by the Diet, the new constitution is submitted on October 7th. The new Constitution of Japan is accepted on November 3rd and came into effect May, 1947.

Three principles of the new constitution

j Sovereignty of the people k Pacifism l Respect for basic human rights

Important Historical Note Who really wrote the Constitution of Japan? With the amending of the constitution, not only the government but the people of Japan had opinions. Political parties and scholars shared what amendments they thought Japan needed. Most of them followed the basic structure of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan. However, some produced innovative ideas not bound by existing laws. A group called the Constitutional Study Group put forth a draft that was studied by the GHQ. Some say this draft was used as a reference for the MacArthur Draft.

311

SHOWA – HEISEI PERIOD

1950 – 2018

Japan’s recovery through economic growth slows due to complex international situations. The Economic Miracle In the mid-50s Japan’s economy achieves miraculous growth. However, the dollar crisis and oil crisis of the 1970s slow down economic momentum. Olympic Economy

14

Izanagi Economy

12

Tokyo Olympics

10

Second Oil Crisis

Dollar Crisis

8

First Oil Crisis

Economic growth rate (real) %

Jimmu Iwato Economy Economy

6 4

The 1964 Tokyo Olympics were the first ones held in Asia. 1 9 5 6

1 9 5 8

1 9 6 0

1 9 6 2

2 0

1 9 6 4

1 9 6 6

1 9 6 8

1 9 7 0

1 9 7 2

1 9 7 4

1 9 7 6

1 9 7 8

1 9 8 0

-2

From the Economic Planning Agency "National Accounts Annual Report 2000."

Twenty years of a booming economy followed by twenty years of crash. What will Japan’s future hold?

When the Korean War breaks out in 1950, it sparks a demand that super-charges Japan’s economy. Occupied Japan ends with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco which restores Japan’s sovereignty. Once more an independent country, Japan rejoins the international community. They enter a period of economic growth called the Jimmu Economy, named after Japan’s first mythical emperor. From 1955 Japan’s economic growth in unprecedented. The economic miracle lasts for about ten years. They advance in technological innovation and capital investment. They host the Olympics as a showcase for their new country. Japan rises from the ashes of defeat to become an economic powerhouse equal to the United States.

312

Postwar Reconstruction and the Future of Japan Japan impresses the world by moving on rapidly from the war, including the 1950s economic book, hosting the 1964 Olympic Games, and holding the 1970 World Exposition. However, during the Heisei era Japan is hit by recessions and huge disasters one after the other. Japan is again selected to host the Olympics in 2020 and keeps its eye on the future.

Expo '70

1970

2012

Tokyo Sky Tree® completed

1964

2008

Tokyo Olympics

1990s

2001

Heisei Recession

9/11 Terrorist Attacks in USA

1951 Treaty of San Francisco

2020

Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers

(Provided by Osaka Prefecture)

Projected date for Tokyo Olympics

2011

Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

Late 1980s

Bubble Economy

1958

1995

Tokyo Tower Completed

Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

1950s Economic Miracle

Japan’s economy temporarily stagnates due to the global oil crisis of the 1970s. The trade surplus of high tech and automobiles increases dramatically. Japan’s bubble economy swells due to unusually high trade and stock prices. But bubbles pop, and it collapses all at once. The recession begins. The country enters a period of stagnation known as the Lost Decades. In the twentieth century, Japan faces terrorism and territorial disputes. Tokyo again plans to host the summer Olympics for the second time. Japan moves forward day by day, overcoming setbacks and aiming for a bright future.

Important Historical Note Did convenience stores and fast food first appear in the 1970s? The economic miracle changed people’s lives. In 1971, the first McDonald’s in Japan opens in Ginza, Tokyo. In 1974, the first convenience store 7-11 opens in Toyosu, Tokyo. Convenience stores and fast food are rapidly assimilated into the busy lives of Japanese people. They become an integral part of everyone’s daily lives.

313

Trying to right a failing economy and acquire resources, Japan invades the Asian continent. However, the country becomes exhausted by the long war. In 1945, Japan finally loses that war. They then rise again, rebuild, and democratized.

Modern Era Significant Events

ÆP309

4

Manchurian Incident

Fearing a growing renationalization movement in China, the army sabotages a railroad on the South Manchuria Railway at Lake Liutiaohu. They claim it as the work of the Chinese army and use it as an excuse to invade Manchuria.

4 5

Liutiaohu

Marco Polo Bridge

ÆP313

9 Qingdao

1

Great Hanshin Earthquake

January 17, 1995. For the first time in history, a magnitude seven earthquake is recorded.

ÆP309

5

Sino-Japanese War

Tensions between China and Japan rise after the founding of Manchukuo. Their forces collide at the Lugou Bridge on the outskirts of Beijing. The Sino-Japanese war begins. Japan quickly occupies the capital of Nanking, but the Western powers support China. The war becomes a quagmire.

9

Hyogo

ÆP307 ÆP306

1

World War I

1914. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand drags all of Europe into war. Honoring the AngloJapanese Alliance, Japan declares war on Germany. They attack German colonies in Qingdao and the South Sea islands.

314

2

Great Kanto Earthquake

September 1, 1923. A massive earthquake hits the Kanto region, leaving Tokyo in ruins. The number of dead and missing exceeds 100,000. Because of rumors that spread in the aftermath, thousands of Koreans are killed.

ÆP311

7

ÆP313

8

Constitution of Japan

Japan is occupied by the Allies after their defeat. The GHQ orders the Japanese government to revise their constitution. In 1946, the new Constitution of Japan is adopted, focusing on citizen sovereignty, pacifism, and human rights.

Tokyo Olympics

In the late 1950s, the Korean War drives economic growth in Japan. In 1964 Japan hosts the Tokyo Olympics, the first time the games have been held in Asia. The world is impressed by Japan’s transformation.

1880 – 1964 GHQ supreme commander who led the democratization of Japan.

Douglas MacArthur ÆP309

6

World War II

In 1945, Japan attacks the US at Pearl Harbor, triggering the US entry into World War II. At first Japan dominates, but they lose ground as the war prolongs. Following the 1945 atomic bombings, the Japanese government surrenders unconditionally.

Miyage

10

2 3 7 8

Tokyo

ÆP307

3

Great Depression

In 1929, the Wall Street crash of the New York stock markets spreads to the world. The Japanese economy is hit hard. Companies go bankrupt and there is massive unemployment.

ÆP313

10

Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

March 11, 2011. A massive earthquake shakes the Tohoku region, followed by a tsunami. Many people die. In the disaster area, many are still not able to return to their homes.

315

Main Manga Characters

[592] Prince Shotoku became regent to 33rd Empress Suiko

[645] Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor (Emperor Tenji) Tenji) and Fujiwara no Kamatari take power in the Isshi Incident

Emperor + Soga clan

Kotoku

Kogyoku

iemoJ

Suiko

Sushun

Period

Kofun

[607] Prince Shotoku and Ono no Imoko dispatched as Japan's envoy to Sui dynasty China [643] Prince Yamashiro attacked by Soga no Iruka and commits suicide

Daio (Emperor)

[587] Soga no Umako defeats Mononobe no Moriya in Soga-Mononobe conflict

Decentralized local rulers

Yomei

Unknown if Imperial system established.

[Mid-6th century] Buddhism introduced to Wa from mainland China

Emperor

Yayoi

[Around 4th century] Yamato administration established in Yamato (Nara) region

[239] Himiko dispatches a messenger to Wei to receive a gold seal and a bronze mirror.

[Around the 3rd century] Himiko becomes the Queen of Yamatai

Ruler Paleolithic Jomon

[57 BC] Han dynasty presents a gold seal as tribute to the King of Na, state of Wa

[Around the 1st century BC] Wa is divided by small countries

[10th-4th centuries BC] Rice cultivation introduced to the Japanese archipelago from mainland China

[Approximately 30,000 years ago] Proto-Mongoloids arrive on the Japanese archipelago

Main Events

APPENDIX

Concise Chronology of Japanese History Asuka

Hereditary Government (Soga clan)

Himiko ?? – 248 ÆP8

Prince Shotoku 574 – 622 ÆP28

Naka no Oe (Tenji) 626 – 671 ÆP44

Gyoki 668 – 749 ÆP62 Cloister Rule (Emperor)

Murasaki Shikibu Birth and Death Date Unknown ÆP76

Taira no Kiyomori 1118 – 1181 ÆP94

Minamoto no Yoshitsune 1159 – 1189

ÆP94

[1185] Minamoto no Yoshitsune defeats the Taira clan in the

[1167] Taira no Kiyomori becomes Daijo-daijin

[1159] Taira no Kiyomori defeats Minamoto no Yoshitomo in the Heiji rebellion

Regency Government (Fujiwara clan)

[1156] After the Hogen Rebellion, Rebellion, samurai loyalties are divided between Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Emperor Sutoku

Antoku

Takakura

Rokujo

Nijo

Go-

Shirakawa

Horikawa

Go-Ichijo

Sanjo

Ichijo

Uda

Koko

Seiwa

Kanmu

Shomu

Genmei

Monmu

Tenmu

Kobun

Tenji

Saimei

Nara

[1086] Emperor Shirakawa begins Cloister Rule

[1017] Fujiwara no Michinaga became Daijo-daijin. His son Yorimichi takes office as Regent

[Around 1010] Murasaki Shikibu writes "The Tale of Genji"

Central Administration (Emperor)

[894] Sugawara no Michizane ends envoys to Tang

[884] Fujiwara no Mototsune takes office as Kampaku

[858] Fujiwara no Yoshifusa takes office as regent

[794] 50th Emperor Kanmu relocated to Heian-kyo

[743] 45th Emperor Shomu decrees the construction of the Great Buddha

[710] 43rd Empress Genmei relocated to Heijo-kyo

[701] Fujiwara no Fuhito and others complete the Ritsuryo Code

[672] Prince Oama (Tenmu) defeats Prince Otomo (Kobun) in the Jinshin War

[668] 38th Emperor Tenji takes the throne at Omi Otsugu

[663] Wa defeated by the Silla-Tang alliance at the Battle of Baekgang

Asuka Heian

Samurai (Taira clan)

Main Manga Characters

Minamoto no Yoritomo 1147 – 1199 ÆP94

Hojo Tokimune 1251 – 1284 ÆP112

Kusunoki Masashige ? – 1336 ÆP130

Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1537 – 1598 ÆP164

[1600] Ishida Mitsunari defeated by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara

[1592.1957] Hideyoshi Toyotomi invades Korea in Bunroku and Keicho

[1582] Nobunaga Oda commits suicide at Honno-ji.

[1575] Oda-Tokugawa forces defeat Takeda Katsuyori in the Battle of Nagashino

Go-Yozei

Ogimachi

Period

Muromachi

[1573] Muromachi Shogunate ends with the exile of Ashikaga Yoshiaki

Muramachi Shogunate (Ashikaga clan)

[1568] Oda Nobunaga enters Kyoto and installs Ashikaga Yoshiaki as Shogun

Emperor (Go-Daigo)

GoTsuchimikado

Go-Komatsu

Komyo

[1467] The Onin War fights over the succession to Ashikaga Yoshimasa

Go-Daigo

Go-Uda

Go-Toba

Emperor

Nanboku-cho

[1392] Ashikaga Yoshimitsu unifies the Northern and Southern Dynasties

[1338] Ashikaga Takauji became Shogun

[1336] Emperor Go-Daigo moves to Yoshino, separating the Northern and Southern Dynasties

Regency Government (Hojo clan)

[1134] Kenmu Restoration under 96th Emperor Go-Daigo

[1333] Kamakura Shogunate ends with Hojo Takato's suicide

Ruler Kamakura Shogunate (Genji clan)

[1274.1281] Hojo Tokimune defends Japan against two Mongol invasion

[1203] Hojo Tokimasa appointed as Shogun Regent

[1192] Minamoto no Yoritomo appointed Shogun

[1185] Minamoto no Yoritomo given authority to collect the commissariat tax and appoint jito stewards

Main Events

Kamakura Sengoku

Sengoku Warlords (Oda Æ Toyotomi)

Oda Nobunaga 1534 – 1582 ÆP164

Ikkyu Sojun 1394 – 1481 ÆP146

Ishida Mitsunari 1560 – 1600

ÆP182

ÆP182

Tokugawa Ieyasu 1542 – 1616

Oshio Heihachiro 1793 – 1837

ÆP220

Ōishi Kuranosuke 1659 – 1703 Æ

Sakamoto Ryoma 1835 – 1867

ÆP238

Saigo Takamori 1827 – 1877

ÆP256

Masaoka Shiki 1867 – 1902

ÆP276

Imperial Japanese Army Tokyo Olympics held

[1946] The new Constitution of Japan is ratified

Showa

Taisho

Taisho

[1941] World War II breaks out

[1937] The Second Sino-Japanese War breaks out

Emperor (Taisho Æ Meiji) [1931] The Manchurian Incident

[1923] The Great Kanto Earthquake

[1914] World War I breaks out

ijieM

Komei

Ninko

Kokaku

Nakamikado

Higashiyama

GoMizunoo

Meiji

[1904] The Russo-Japanese War breaks out

[1894] The Sino-Japanese War breaks out

[1889] Meiji Government ratifies the Constitution of the Empire of Japan

Tokugawa Shogunate (Tokugawa clan) clan)

[1877] Saigo Takamori commits suicide in the Satsuma Rebellion

[1873] Saigo Takamori and the Interim Government's Korea plans are vetoed

[1868] The Battle of Toba-Fushimi begins the Boshin War

[1867] Yoshinobu Tokugawa reverts authority to Emperor

[1866] Sakamoto Ryoma mediates the Satcho Alliance

[1858] Ii Naosuke signs Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States [1860] Ii Naosuke assassinated at Sakuradamon Incident

[1853] Commodore Perry arrives at Uraga

[1841] Mizuno Tadakuni institutes Tenpo Reforms

[1837] Oshio Heihachiro revolts but is soon suppressed.

[1787] Matsudaira Sadanobu institutes Kansei reforms

[1782] Great Tenmei famine

[1716] Tokugawa Yoshimune institutes Kyoho Reform

[1702] Oishi Yoshinaka kills Kira Uenosuke in the Ako Incident (47 Ronin)

[1615] Ieyasu Tokugawa defeats Toyotomi in the Siege of Osaka

[1603] Tokugawa Ieyasu becomes Shogun

Edo Showa

The People

Chiyo 1902 – ?

ÆP294

This comic is based on the following books for reference. In cases where no accurate record remains, we are solely responsible for the contents.

References: [Easy to Learn Japanese History] by Shunichiro Kanaya (Sakurasha) Ÿ [Japanese History that Japanese People Should Know] by Shunichiro Kanaya (PHP) Ÿ [Textbook of Unusual History] by Yamamoto Hirofumi et al. (Shinchosha) Ÿ [Detailed Japanese History, Revised Edition] Sasayama Haruo and Fifteen Others, (Shinchosha) Ÿ [Japanese History B Glossary] edited by the National History Education and Research Council (Yamakawa) Ÿ [Revised Detailed Record of New Japanese Historical Materials Collection] Supervised by Shozo Sakamoto and two others, [Latest Japanese Historical Chart, Third Edition] by Toyochika Hokazono, editor-in-chief (Both from Daiichi Gakushasha) Ÿ [Latest Historical Documents] (Meji Tosho Publishing) Ÿ [New Japanese History] (Hamajima Shoten) Ÿ [All Colors are Easy to Understand! Japanese History] (Seitosha) Ÿ [Visual Illustrated Japanese History] (Nihon Bungeisha) Ÿ [Illustrated Japanese History], [Illustrated Recent History] , [Illustrated Modern History] (All by Seibido Shuppan) Ÿ [World History Tells you! Japanese History You Don’t Know] (Tatsumi Publishing)

Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. www.tuttlepublishing.com MANGA DE IKKI NI YOMERU! NIHONSHI Copyright © 2018 Shunichiro Kanaya English translation rights arranged with SEITO-SHA CO., LTD. through Japan UNI Agency, Inc., Tokyo English Translation Copyright © 2022 Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Staff (Original Japanese Edition) Fujishina Haruichi, Ishino Toi, Futahiro Tokihiko, Tanaka Heko, Rigai Mayu, Takemura Kei, Gettei Saya, Asada Nuppe, Homazo, Sora Asuka, Date Ren, Appe, Nonaka Naomi, MYPLAN Corporation, WADE Co.,Ltd. Library of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data is in process. ISBN: 978-4-8053-1670-2 ISBN: 978-1-4629-2380-9 ebk, 1(2212IN) First edition 26 25 24 23 5 4 3 2 1

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