A History of Cyprus: Volume 4 [Reissue ed.] 1108020658, 9781108020657

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CAMBRIDGE LIBRARY COLLECTION Books of enduring scholarly value

History The books reissued in this series include accounts of historical events and movements by eye-witnesses and contemporaries, as well as landmark studies that assembled significant source materials or developed new historiographical methods. The series includes work in social, political and military history on a wide range of periods and regions, giving modern scholars ready access to influential publications of the past.

A History of Cyprus Sir George Francis Hill (1867–1948), was perhaps best known as a numismatist, although his scholarly interests and accomplishments included a range of time periods and subjects. A classicist by training, Hill built his career at the British Museum’s department of coins and medals. In his forty-three years there he produced volumes on coins of antiquity; Greek history and art; coins, heraldry, and iconography of medieval and Renaissance Italy; and treasure troves. In 1931 Hill became the Museum’s director and principal librarian, the first archaeologist to hold this post. His four-volume History of Cyprus (1940–52) ranged from Cyprus’s earliest years to the twentieth century, and became the standard text on the subject. It is a valuable resource for scholars of the country, of antiquity and of the Mediterranean world. Volume 4 (1571–1948) reviews Ottoman rule, and and evaluates the then contemporary British presence in Cyprus.

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A History of Cyprus Volume 4: The O t toman P rovince. The British C ol ony, 1571-1948 George Hill

C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R SI T Y P R E S S Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paolo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108020657 © in this compilation Cambridge University Press 2010 This edition first published 1952 This digitally printed version 2010 ISBN 978-1-108-02065-7 Paperback This book reproduces the text of the original edition. The content and language reflect the beliefs, practices and terminology of their time, and have not been updated. Cambridge University Press wishes to make clear that the book, unless originally published by Cambridge, is not being republished by, in association or collaboration with, or with the endorsement or approval of, the original publisher or its successors in title.

A HISTORY OF CYPRUS

ICONOSTASIS ORIGINALLY FROM A CHURCH IN CYPRUS, 1760 Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum

A HISTORY OF CYPRUS BY THE LATE

SIR GEORGE HILL K.C.B., F.B.A. * * * * VOLUME IV

The Ottoman Province The British Colony I57I-I948 EDITED BY

SIR HARRY LUKE K.C.M.G., D.LITT.

Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford Sometime Commissioner of Paphos and Famagusta Author of Cyprus under the Turks

CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1952

PUBLISHED BY THE SYNDICS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS London Office: Bentley House, N.w. i American Branch: New York Agents for Canada, India and Pakistan: Macmillan

Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge (Brooke Crutchley, University Printer)

CONTENTS List of Plates

page vii

Preface

ix

Editor's Foreword

xiii

Documents and Publications Referred to

xvii

PART I

THE O T T O M A N Chapter I

PROVINCE

The Ottoman Organization

I

II

"Western Relations in the Seventeenth Century

37

III

Kapudan Pasha and Grand Vezir (1571-1785)

67

IV

Ascendancy of Dragoman and Bishops (178 5-1821)

100

Abortive Reforms (1821-1856)

142

Last Days of Turkish Rule (1856-1878)

222

The British Occupation (1878)

269

The Church under the Turks (1571-1878)

305

V VI VII VIII

PART II

CYPRUS UNDER BRITISH IX

RULE

Status of the Island

403

Constitutional Questions

416

Finance: Taxation

443

Finance: the Tribute

463

XIII

Enosis

488

XIV

The Church under the British

569

Antiquities

607

Strategic Considerations

613

X XI XII

XV XVI

vi

Contents

Appendix I Orthodox Archbishops of Cyprus, 1571-1950

page 619

Appendix II British High Commissioners and Governors Index Map

621 623 at end

LIST OF PLATES Iconostasis originally from a church in Cyprus, 1760, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum Frontispiece

(Photograph by courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum) BETWEEN PP. 8 AND 9

I The Buyiik Khan, Nicosia II Abbey of Bellapais in the 18th century III A corner of Famagusta in 1799 IV

A Janissary (From Nicolas de Nicolay, Les Navigations.. .et Voyages faicts en la Turquie, Antwerp, 1576) BETWEEN PP. IO4 AND IO5

V The Dragoman Haji Joseph and his family, 1776 (Icon in the Church of the Phaneromene, Nicosia. Photograph by courtesy of Professor Talbot Rice) VI The Dragoman Hajigeorgiakis Kornesios (Photograph by courtesy of the Director of Antiquities and the Cyprus Museum) VII (a) Archbishop Kyprianos (Photograph by courtesy of Mr A. E. Benaki, Benaki Museum, Athens) (b) Sir Sidney Smith's cross (Copy of a drawing by Captain Algernon Langton. Photograph by courtesy of Lady Montgomery-Massingberd) VIII Sir Sidney Smith at the Siege of Acre (Oil painting by John Eckstein. Photograph by courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery)

viii

List of Plates BETWEEN PP. 296 AND 297

IX Throne of pine and walnut, carved, painted and gilt, 1779 (Originally from a church in Cyprus and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Photograph by courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum) X

Sultan Abdul Mejid, 1839-61 (From an engraving by Polydor Pauquet in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris)

XI 'A Blaze of Triumph!' (Cartoon by Sir John Tenniel, reproduced by courtesy of the Proprietors of Punch) XII The hoisting of the British flag in Nicosia, 12th July, 1878 (Reproduced by courtesy of the Illustrated London News) BETWEEN PP. 376 AND 377

XIII Fresco from the Cathedral of the Archbishopric illustrating the early history of the Church of Cyprus (Photograph by courtesy of the Director of Antiquities and the Cyprus Museum) XIV A page of Archbishop Hilarion Kigala's summary of the Acts of the Synod of 1668, written by Archbishop Paiisios (From Codex No. 1 of the Archbishopric, Nicosia) XV Lieut.-General Sir Garnet (afterwards Field-Marshal Viscount) Wolseley (From the Whitehall Review, 6 April 1878. Reproduced by courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery) XVI Archbishop Sophronios II (1865-1900) (From a painting in the Archiepiscopal Palace)

PREFACE The present volume was planned to cover the history of Cyprus from the Turkish Conquest down to the time of writing, and so complete the task which was, too light-heartedly, undertaken more than ten years ago. When the narrative had reached the period of the British Occupation, and the history of the subsequent seventy years had to be faced, two facts fairly soon became apparent. The first was that an adequate account of the events of those years and of the work which had been accomplished by Britain in the government and administration of the island would require a fifth volume; the second, that a critical treatment of many of the matters involved demanded a specialized knowledge quite beyond my reach. Perhaps it would have been best to lay down my pen at this point and leave the British regime to a more competent hand. But before I could bring myself to such renunciation, I had written certain detached essays for which the material had gradually accumulated under my hand. These are collected in the second part of this volume. In preparing them, the Colonial Office and Foreign Office documents enumerated in the list of my sources were consulted. Permission to examine them was granted on condition that the resulting draft should be submitted, as it was, to the authorities concerned. This does not, however, apply to the short chapter on Strategic Considerations, which does not reflect and which was not influenced by official policy as disclosed in any of the documents to which I was given access. The reader will not gather from these chapters any idea of the remarkable progress which has been made, especially in the last fifty years, in the development of what it would no longer be fair to call our Cinderella Colony. Rather will he find in them some explanation of why that progress has not been more rapid; as well as plain speaking about the mistakes that have been made. But it is well to remember the words of a former High Commissioner who in 1903, dealing with complaints of excessive taxation, said: All these discussions, however, appear to me to be unreal and to leave out the main point, which is that there can be no comparison whatever

x

Preface

between the condition of the island before and after the British Occupation.. • between such conditions and the conditions where every man's rights are scrupulously guarded, where women are safe, where justice is incorruptible and administered without fear or favour. On the other hand, the history of the Enosis movement makes it abundantly clear that the Cypriote Greek politicians for their part regard as unreal and beside the point any argument, based on the improvement of the conditions of life in the island, to the effect that Cyprus is better off than it would be if united to Greece. That significant progress has been made in irrigation, as the dams of Lythrodonda and Kophinou bear witness, although the problem of the Mesarea still awaits solution; that the people are supplied from fourteen Government nurseries with fruit trees, forest trees and vegetable seeds and seedlings; that the destruction of the forests by uncontrolled felling, grazing and burning, with the consequent defective catchment of the rainfall, is now more and more effectively checked and reafforestation proceeds steadily; that the grip of the moneylenders on the agricultural population has been loosened, thanks to such measures as the Agricultural Debtors Relief Law of 1940, the fixing of the rate of interest on any debt or obligation contracted after 1944 at not more than 9%, and the development of the Co-operative Societies; that there are nearly 700 elementary and over 40 secondary schools; that the anopheles mosquito has been destroyed in the greater part of the island; that there are now 870 miles of main roads (of which 720 are asphalted) maintained by the Public Works Department; that some .£800,000 is to be spent in five years in providing every village with a proper water-supply; that there are no unemployed; that—sure sign of the growth of prosperity—the population has risen from 185,630 in 1881 to 449,490 in 1946; and countless other facts that might be adduced— all these, they consider, are irrelevant. But the people of Cyprus, who benefit by them, might view them in a different light. Therefore their very existence must be denied, and the politicians must repeat in unison their parrot-cry that England must go since she has done nothing to help them. Jonathan Swift, in 1708, concluded his tract on the 'Sentiments of a Church of England Man with respect to Religion and Government' with words which I venture to borrow for my own purposes:

Preface

XI

I have now said all that I could think convenient upon so nice a subject, and find I have the ambition common with other reasoners, to wish at least that both parties may think me in the right, which •would be of some use to those who have any virtue left, but are blindly drawn into the extravagancies of either, upon false representations, to serve the ambition or malice of designing men, without any prospect of their own. But if that is not to be hoped for, my next wish should be, that both might think me in the •wrong; which I would understand as an ample justification of myself, and a sure ground to believe, that I have proceeded at least with impartiality, and perhaps with truth. My acknowledgements for assistance in the preparation of this volume must be expressed, in the first place, to the Under-Secretaries of State for Colonial and Foreign Affairs, to the Deputy Keeper of Public Records and to the authorities of the Quai d'Orsay for permission to consult the files of official documents relating to my subject. Most of those scholars "who have been mentioned in the Preface to Volume II have again laid me under deep obligation; especially must I thank Dr Loizos Philippou for making me free of a number of books otherwise inaccessible. Mr A. H. S. Megaw has again been most helpful, especially in the matter of the illustrations. And it would be inexcusable to ignore •what I owe for information from Turkish sources, which •would otherwise have been a sealed book to me, to Professor Paul Wittek, Dr Bernard Lewis (who actually read the typescript of five chapters of Part I) and Miss K. Henrey. I need hardly say that none of these Orientalists is to be held responsible for errors into which my unfamiliarity with the Turkish language may have caused me to stumble. G E O R G E HILL July, 1948

EDITOR'S FOREWORD With the same meticulous scholarship and detailed, painstaking research that he devoted to periods of Cypriote history so diverse as those of the Bronze Age, the rule of Byzantium and the mediaeval epopee of the Lusignan Kingdom, the late Sir George Hill has dealt with the three centuries of Ottoman government and the era of British administration which has followed it. In one respect readers of the first three volumes of his monumental History of Cyprus—monumental in much more than their extent—will feel compelled to disagree with their author when in the Preface to the first volume he says, with undue modesty, that it claims to be no more than a compilation. The work is a great deal more than that. For example, in the present volume, which brings the story down to our own day, he has given in the chapter on Enosis the first detailed, scholarly, objective and documented account of this political movement that has been written or even attempted. And in his pursuit of all possible sources of firsthand information he has explored, in connexion with his later chapters, not only the files of our Foreign and Colonial Offices but those of the Quai d'Orsay. Sir George Hill lived to complete, with his characteristic thoroughness, the last volume of his great work, no mean feat for a man who was about to enter upon his ninth decade. Unfortunately, he did not live to see it through the Press. That task has been entrusted to me; but, apart from the fact that it is ill tampering with another man's work, there has been little need for me to avail myself of the generous discretion in the matter of editorial revision left by the author to the person seeing the volume through its concluding stages were that task not to be vouchsafed to him. It is largely as regards transliteration that deviations from the author's original text seemed on careful reflexion to be called for. First, in the spelling of the more familiar and commonly used Cypriote place-names, such as those of the capital and other principal towns, irrespective of their linguistic origins. It has to be remembered that this volume, unlike its three predecessors, carries the story of Cyprus not only into modern but into contemporary times and that

xiv

Editor's Foreword

spellings appropriate to a volume deahng with classical antiquity and the Middle Ages might seem, if no longer in use to-day, archaic and pedantic, if not positively confusing, in one dealing with the present. So I have thought it best to alter Lefkosha, Larnaka, Lemessos, Kerynia to the forms in use in English to-day: Nicosia, Larnaca, Limasol, Kyrenia. Next, as regards oriental names of places, persons and offices, where the position is complicated by various factors. Not only do three languages contribute to these names: Turkish, Arabic and Persian. As regards Turkish, there are now at least two possible and quite diverse types of system between which to choose: a scholarly system based on the spelling of the word in the Arabic character; and, on the other hand, the official method of transliterating the language into the Latin character introduced into the Turkish Republic by the Government of the Atatiirk. This method is purely phonetic, taking no cognisance of a word's history and etymology. Sir George Hill had adhered, as he implies in his Preface, to neither scheme. But it is one thing to spell by the light of nature, another to depart from accepted principles. I have therefore ventured to alter his 'Hattisherif' and 'Hattihumayun' to 'Khatt-i Sherif' and 'Khatt-i Humayun' and have restored the 'kh' to words such as 'muktar' where not only etymology but pronunciation demand the change. I have placed an accent on the final 'e'—as in zade, khane, name, Idare, Mehkeme—where it seems necessary to indicate for the benefit of those unacquainted with Turkish that the ' e ' in those cases is not mute. I have decided against using the Turkish official system (under which, for example, Pasha becomes 'Pa§a') as that system, while simple and designed to facilitate the linguistic change imposed upon the Turkish people, takes as I have said no cognisance of etymology. Although I realize that some anomalies still remain, I have tried to adhere, except in the cases of proper names so well known as to have acquired accepted western forms (e.g. Abdul), to standard forms of transliteration. Again, there has to be borne in mind the fact that this volume, where it deals with the Ottoman period, is concerned with Turks, even when their names are Arabic. I have therefore used the familiar 'Abdul' in the case of Turks, such as Sultans Abdul Mejid and Abdul Hamid, while leaving 'Abd ar-Rahman' in the case of the Abbasid Khalif, an Arab. So also I have changed the author's 'kiaya' to 'kiehaya', which

Editor's Foreword

xv

denotes how the word is pronounced by Turks; the scientific transliteration would be 'kiethuda'. Lastly, I felt that regard must be had in a history of Cyprus to the accepted usage of the country; wherefore, to quote an example, I have altered 'zaptiye', an arbitrary transliteration, to the form familiar in Cyprus, which is 'zaptieh'. My task as editor has been lightened, as I wish gratefully to record, by the sustained vigilance of the Readers of the Cambridge University Press. H. C. LUKE 1951

DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS REFERRED TO Supplementary to the Lists of Books in Vols. I and II

I. BRITISH OFFICIAL References in roman numerals, when not otherwise indicated, are to the volumes of Accounts and Papers.

P A R L I A M E N T A R Y PAPERS TURKEY

1856.

No. 2040, vol. LXI. Firman and Hatti-Sherif by the Sultan, relative to Privileges and Reforms in Turkey. 1856. No. 2069, vol. LXI. Correspondence respecting Christian Privileges in Turkey. 1857. Sess. 2, vol. xxxvxn. Abstracts of Reports on Trade for 1856-7. 1861. No. 2810, vol. Lxvn. Reports received from Her Majesty's Consuls relating to the Condition of Christians in Turkey. 1867. No. 3807, vol. LXXV. Despatch from Lord Lyons, respecting Reforms and Treatment of Christians in Turkey. 1867. No. 3854, vol. LXXV. Reports received from Her Majesty's Ambassador and Consuls relating to the Condition of Christians in Turkey, 1867. 1867. No. 3944, vol. LXXV. The same, Part II. 1879. C. 2427. See below, Foreign Office Papers, 3840. 1881. C. 3008, vol. c. Reports on the Administration ofJustice in the Civil, Criminal, and Commercial Courts in the various Provinces of the Ottoman Empire. CYPRUS

For the Consular Reports from 1856 to 1877 see the list in Cobham, Excerpta Cypria, p. 511. For Parliamentary Papers from 1878 to 1907 see the list ibid. pp. 514-16; and from 1878 to 1935, that in the Handbook, pp. 359-60. Add: 1892. Reports from Committees, vol. xi. Third Report of Committee of Public Accounts, 24 May 1892. 1899. Return to Order of House of Commons (1) of all sums paid since the Year 1879-80 out of moneys arising from Revenues of Cyprus in discharge of interest on the Turkish Loan; (2) of all sums voted by Parliament during the same period in aid of the Administration of Cyprus; and also of the Surplus remaining in each

xviii Documents and Publications Referred to year over and above the Payments made out of such Revenues on account of the Turkish Loan and laid aside by way of Sinking Fund together with the interest thereon. [Similar returns down to 1912-13 (H. of C. 318), vol. XLIX.] 1899. C. 9088, vol. cix. Treaties containing Guarantees or Engagements by Great Britain in regard to the Territory or Government of other Countries. Includes the Convention of 4 June 1878 and Annex. 1908. Cd. 4199, vol. LXXI. Report for 1907-8. 1909. Cd. 4905, vol. LIX. Report for 1908-9. 1910. Cd. 4964-18, vol. LXIV. Survey of Cyprus. 1910. Cd. 5372, vol. LXVI. Report for 1909-10. 1911. Cd. 5598, vol. XLVII. Duties and Responsibilities of the Inspector-General of the Home and Oversea Forces. 1911. Cd. 5898, vol. Lm. Report for 1910-11. 1912-13. Cd. 6430, vol. LX. Report for 1912. 1914. Cd. 7065, vol. LX. Report for 1912-13. 1914. Cd. 7174, vol LX. Report by Sir Ronald Ross on Prevention of Malaria. 1914-16. Cd. 7643, vol. XLVI. Report for 1913-14. 1914-16. Cd. 7622-56, vol. XLHI. Report for 1914-15. 1916. Cd. 8172-29, vol. xix. Annual Colonial Report (no. 903) for 1915-16. 1917-18. Vol. xxn. Annual Colonial Report (no. 941) for 1916-17. 1919-39. Annual Colonial Reports for the Years 1917-18 to 1938. 1929-30. Cmd. 3477, vol. xxm. Memorial from the Greek Elected Members of the Legislative Council (20 July 1929) together with the Reply returned by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 1931-32. Cmd. 4045, vol. vi. Disturbances in Cyprus in October 1931. 1939.

Cmd. 6051, vol. x. First Report (Part n) of Economic Advisory Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire. 1940. Colonial Development and Welfare Act (Public General Acts...of 1940, ch. 40). 1945. Cmd. 6713. Colonial Development and Welfare. Despatch (12 Nov. 1945) from Secretary of State for the Colonies to Colonial Governments. 1945. Return (no. 106) of Schemes made under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940, 1 April 1944 to 31 March 1945. 1948. Cmd. 7433. The Colonial Empire (1947-8). 1948. Annual Report on Cyprus for the year 1946. PARLIAMENTARY

DEBATES

Hansard's Debates, from 1878.

Documents and Publications Referred to

xix

FOREIGN OFFICE PAPERS 1877-9. Turkey. Memoranda and Papers relating to the Island of Cyprus, 1877-9. Contains Report on Cyprus by E. H. H. Cullen based on information obtained chiefly from Consular Reports. 1878. 3835, 3836, 3897. Memoranda by Hertslet and Pauncefote on the Position of the British Government of Cyprus with reference to Privileges of Foreign Consuls under the Capitulations and of Foreign Countries in general under their Treaties with the Porte. 1879. 3840 (C. 2427). Report by A. E. Wild on the Forests in the South and West of the Island of Cyprus. 1879. 3979. Memorandum by Lushington Phillips on Judicial Arrangements (1 Oct. 1879). 1879. 4004. Correspondence relating to the Island of Cyprus 1878-9 (Oct. 1879). 1878. 4077. Francis Onofrio, V.C. Santa Maura, to Sir C. Sebright (14 Aug. 1878). 1878. 4089. Correspondence respecting the Deportation Ordinance in Cyprus (1878). 1880. 4094. Report of the High Commissioner for 1879. (Printed March 1880.) 1880. 4212. Memorandum by Philip Currie of Negotiations for the Capitalization of the Annual Payment due to the Porte out of the Revenues of Cyprus. 1880. 4319. Correspondence relating to the Island of Cyprus, June to December 1879. Printed Nov. 1880. 1881. 4361. Correspondence relating to the Sultan's Land Claims in Cyprus 1878-80. Printed Feb. 1881. 1881. 4373. Report on the Water Supply by R. Russell (Aug. 1880). Printed Feb. 1881.

1887. 5390. Papers respecting the Commutation of the Cyprus Tribute. Printed Feb. 1887. 1888. 5661. Precis of Correspondence on the Application of the Surplus Revenue of Cyprus to the service of the Guaranteed Ottoman Loan of 1855. By F. A. Campbell. 1888. 5662. Proposals for the Commutation of the Tribute. Precis by F. A. Campbell (24 Aug. 1888). Printed 7 Sept. 1888. Foreign Office Papers transferred to the Public Record Office

Consular Correspondence: F.O. 78. 1842-78. F.O. 195/102. 1831-46. F.O. 195/813. 1864-68. F.O. 195/1011. 1872-75. F.O. 198/13. Rapport quinquennial sur l'lle de Chypre (for 1854-1858). F.O. 309. Various consular records from 1801 to 1878. Cyprus. No. 65 of Handbooks prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office. London, 1920. HHCiv

b

xx

Documents and Publications Referred to C O L O N I A L OFFICE PAPERS

1883. Mediterranean no. 9. Report on the Evkaf Properties, Cyprus. By M. B. Seager. Printed May 1883. 1889. Mediterranean no. 32. Memorandum 28 Feb. 1889. 1943. Advisory Council. Address by the Governor on the Budget of the Colony for 1944. 12th Nov. 1943. Nicosia, 19431944. Advisory Council. Address by the Acting Governor. 14th Nov. 1944Nicosia, 1944. 1946. Advisory Council. Address by the Acting Governor. 17th Jan. 1946. Nicosia, 1946. 1946. Advisory Council. Sessional Papers nos. 1-5. 1948. Executive Council. Address by the Governor, 27 Jan. 1948. Nicosia, 1948. 1948. Despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Lord Winster, Governor of Cyprus, 7th May 1948. Colonial Office Papers transferred to the Public Record Office

CO. CO. CO. CO.

67. Correspondence to 1902. 68/1, 2. Acts, 1878-90. 69/1-17. Minutes of Legislative Council 1879-1902. 69/2. Minutes of Executive Council 18 86-1890. D E P A R T M E N T OF OVERSEAS TRADE

Report by J. B. Greaves on Economic Conditions in Cyprus and Malta, with a Note on the Trade of Gibraltar. April 1935. BOARD OF TRADE Report of the British Goodwill Trade Mission to Iraq, Syria, the Lebanon and Cyprus, April-May 1946. P U B L I C R E C O R D OFFICE Calendar of State Papers, Venice, x . London, 1897. B R I T I S H M U S E U M ( D E P A R T M E N T OF M A N U S C R I P T S )

Stowe 169, nos. 19 and 32. Wotton's Despatches of 22 June and 10 Aug. 1607. Additional 10,077. Decree of Parthenios IV, 1660. Additional 34.907- Capt. George Hope on Anchorages of Cyprus and Stjean d'Acre, 16 Sept. 1798. CYPRUS GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS The Cyprus Gazette. Nicosia, 1878-. Statute Laws of Cyprus. Annual volumes from 1924-. Nicosia, 1924-. See also Unofficial Publications, under Cobham, Fisher, Fisher and Russell, Howard and Gerahty, Hutchinson and Fisher.

Documents and Publications Referred to xxi Report on Forest Conservancy in the Island of Cyprus. By P. A. Madon. 1881. Reprinted. Nicosia, 1930. Survey of Rural Life. By B. J. Surridge. Nicosia, 1930. Census of 1931. Report and General Abstracts. By C. H. Hart-Davis. Nicosia, 1932. Finances and Economic Resources of Cyprus. By Sir Ralph Oakden. London (Crown Agents for the Colonies), 1935. Department of Agriculture. Annual Report for the Year 1936. By D. L. Blunt. Nicosia, 1937. Mines and Labour. Annual Report for 1937 by the Inspector. J. A. Bevan. Nicosia, 1938. Census of Cyprus, 1946. Tables of Population by Sexes, Religions and Economic Age-Groups. (Provisional.) Typescript, Jan. 1947. Census of Cyprus, 10 Nov. 1946. Provisional Results by Sexes, Religions and AgeGroups. (Supplement to Gazette no. 3288.) Nicosia, 1947. The Population of Cyprus from 1881 to 1946. By D. A. Percival. Typescript, 1947. A Ten-Year Programme of Development for Cyprus 1946. Nicosia, 1946.

II. UNOFFICIAL AIMUJANIDES (Achilles C ) . 'H E£EAI§IS TOU StKaiou TCOV HIKTCOV yancov Iv Kuirpcp.

In Kuirp. ITT. n. 1938. See also EMILIANIDES.

ALASTOS (Doros). Cyprus: Past and.. .Future. London: Committee for Cyprus Affairs. 1943. ALASYA (H. Fikret). Kibris Tariki (in Turkish). Nicosia, 1939. ALI BEY (Domingo Badia-y-Leblich, calling himself). Voyages d'Ali Bey el Abbassi en Afrique et en Asie. 3 v. Paris, 1814. Extract in Cobham, Exc. Cypr. ANDREWS (A. I.). Errors in the Ordinary Versions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In American Journal of International Law, xm. New York, 1919. Annual Register, The. London, 1931. ANONYMOUS. Chronicle (1800-78). Ed. Kyriazes. In K.X. vm. Larnaca, 1931. AnOZTOAOS BAPNABAI. "Ep6o(j;a6alov irspioSiKov TTJS 'EKKAnaias Kuirpou. B. Nicosia, 1929-36. TTccvTiyupiKov TEUXOS. 1931.

ARISTARCHI BEY (Gregoire). Legislation Ottomane. Publ. par D. Nicolaides. 2 parts. Constantinople, 1873-4. ARMSTRONG (E.). Tuscany and Savoy. In Cambridge Modern History, in. Cambridge, 1904. ARNAULD (Antoine) et NICOLE (Pierre). La perpetuite de la Foy de I'Eglise Catholique touchant I'Eucharistie, 1. Paris, 1669. ARTHUR (Sir George Compton Archbald). Letters of Lord and Lady Wolseley. 1922. See also MAURICE. 6-2

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