494 61 26MB
English Pages [164] Year 1980
A HANDBOOK ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING MATERIALS AND PERFORMANCE By
Donald
R.
J.
White,
MSEE/PE
DON
WHITE CONSULTANTS, INC, State Route 625 P.0. Box D Gainesville, Virginia 22065 Phone: 703-347-0030 TLX: 89-9165 DWCI GAIV
(:)Copyright Second
1980
Edition
All rights reserved. This book, or any thereof, may not be reproduced in any form the written permission of the publisher. Library Printed
of
Congress in
the
Catalog
United
Card
States
of
No.
parts without
75-16592
America
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to thank the many people who encouraged him to He expresses his appreciation to write this handbook on shielding. the individuals and companies who have furnished several of the illustrative figures, for which acknowledgements in this handbook have been made.
The author expresses his appreciation to his wife Colleen and Muriel M. Moeller for their assistance in typing, and in the many facets of logistics involved in preparation of the manuscript; to Luis F. Longoria III and Jane Backstrom for their drafting, HP-65 calculator computations, and the many others who have helped produce this publication.
ii
OTHER BOOKS PUBLISHED BY DWCI Design and Applications; Electrical Filters-Synthestis, (1) Reprinted December Inc. 1963, by White Electromagnetics,
published 1970. published
Electrical
Volume
2,
Electromagnetic
Interference
Volume
3,
Electromagnetic
Compatibility
Volume
4,
Electromagnetic
Interference
Test
5, Electromagnetic 1972.
Interference
Prediction
(3)
and
(4)
published
Techniques;
(5)
and Systems; Techniques;
Specifications;
EMI
1,
and Procedures; Methods
and
Noise
Volume (2) 1971.
(6)
published
1974.
published
1973,
1971.
Volume published
Standards,
Volume 6, Electromagnetic Interference (7) and Regulations; published 1975.
published
1971.
Frequency
Interference
Inc.
(8)
A Glossary
(9)
Mertel,
Encyclopedia
Series;
II
Noise,
(11) Volume
1977.
published
1979.
Volume
of
V
and
the
Control
Instruments
Specifications,
and Symbols; National
Radio
EMC
Multi-Volume
1978. Spectrum Management Techniques, Encyclopedia Series; published
M., EMC
Hart, William C. and Malone, Edward W., Lightning anda
Protection,
1979.
published
Series;
published
I of
Volume
Methods
Herman, John R., Electromagnetic Ambients and Man-Made III of the Multi-Volume EMC Encyclopedia Series;
(12)
Lightning
International
K.,
Herbert
Regulations,
Jansky, Donald (10) of the Multi-Volume
Volume
Abbreviations,
of Acronyms,
Test
Keiser, Bernhard Multi-Volume EMC
(13) the
EMC
the Multi-Volume
IV of
Volume
Encyclopedi
E., EMI Control in Aerospace Systems, Encyclopedia Series; published 1979
Feher, Kamilo, Digital Modulation Techniques in an (14) Interference Environment, Volume IX of the Multi-Volume EMC EncySeries;
in Medical Series;
Gard,
Electronics,
1979.
published
Procedures
Ships,
(15)
published
White, (16) (EMC Design (17)
Volume
published
1980.
Michael
Volume
of
F.,
Electromagnetic
X of
Control
Interference
the Multi-Volume
EMC
Encyclopedia
Donald R. J., EMI Control Methodology Synthesis); published 1978.
and
in Boats
and
Carstensen,
XXIV
1977.
the
Russell
V.,
Multi-Volume
[ 5 e e
clopedia
EMI Control
EMC
Encyclopedia
Series;
PREFACE There
exists
substantial
material
in
the
literature
on
the
subject
For Chap. 4 presents many references. of electromagnetic shielding. either an individual who has only recently been introduced to shielding or to a design engineer, however, much of the literature appears to be Missing in the either confusing or poorly organized for design use. all the princiincluding graphs design useful of series a are literature Thus, this mamner. understandable clear, a in presented variables pal handbook on Shielding was conceived to fill these voids.
This
handbook
does
not
cover
the
topics
of where
and when
to
shield,
These topics are covered in Vol. 3 of the and where to ground a shield. Rather, this handbook explains shielding theory EMC Handbook Series. and performance and presents many design graphs of shielding effective~ ness vs frequency as a function of shield metal and its characteristics, and E and H-fields and plane waves.
Regarding the impedance of the fields (E, H, or plane waves), tie For exliterature and manufacturers' data are often very misleading. ample, since the wave and circuit impedance which produced the field .are interlocked and since a circuit impedance is not infinite, E-field shielding effectiveness data are generally optimistic (too high) relaIn a converse manner, H-field shielding tive to actual performance. effectiveness data are pessimistic (too low) since a magnetic source This handbook clarifies and quantifies circuit impedance is not zero. these points, Another example of possibly misleading information is the use of MIL-STD-285 to measure and report the shielding effectiveness of test The reference test distance per MIL-STD-285 items to E and H-fields. Thus, for installations located in the is one foot (0.305 meters). near field which are greater than one foot from an interfering source, actual E-field shielding performance will be less and H-field performance will be greater than that reported by MIL-STD-285 measurements. The converse applies for application distances between sources and metal barriers which are less than one foot away as illustrated in this handbook.
The discussions and design data on shielding effectiveness in this In fact no real handbook are not restricted to homogeneous metals. room is homogenor cabinet, box, life and useful shielded compartment, configuration shield six-sided a of penetrations many eous since usually a shielded of integrity the reinstate to used Techniques necessary. are Shielding enclosure are discussed in Vol, 3 of the EMC Handbook Series. materials and performance of non-homogeneous metals are discussed in Some examples are pseudo-homogeneous shields this handbook on Shielding. Shields made of made from metal deposition and flame-spray processes. Examples include screens, small-aperture metals are also presented.
iv
PREFACE wire meshes, cable braids discussed herein together
and metalized textiles, with design data.
all
of
which
are
The appendices of this handbook are perhaps the most important of all material presented. They contain 42 pages of design shielding effectiveness graphs for several metals whose thicknesses range from 0.0001 mil (2.54 pm) to 1 inch (2.54 cm). For both near and farfield calculations and associated frequencies, the design graphs cover source-to-metal distances ranging from 10 cm to 10 km. Frequency coverage is from 10 Hz to 30 GHz. All data were run-off on the HP-65 programmable calculator. For those who have an HP-65, the program is presented so that they can develop and use their own magnetic card. There also exist many design graphs other than direct shielding effectiveness which the reader should find useful. The author of this handbook invites the user to communicate him. He especially invites comments, questions, or requests for further elucidation. December 1975 Germantown, Maryland
January 1980 Gainesville,
Donald
R.
White
USA
Second Virginia
J.
with
USA
Edition
TABLE OF CONTENTS ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING MATERIALS AND PERFORMANCE Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OTHER BOOKS BY THE AUTHOR PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1
SHIELDING THEORY
1.1
FIELD THEQORY
1.2
WAVE
1.3
METAL 1.3.1 1.3.2
1.4
SHIELDING 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5 1.4.6
CHAPTER 2 2.1
2.1.3 2.1.4
1.1 1.5
IMPEDANCE
1.8
IMPEDANCE Barrier Barrier
Impedance Impedance
of Metals of Metals
(t >> §) (t < 3¢)
1.19 1.19 1.29
Absorption Loss Reflection Loss Re-Reflection Correction
Total
Losses
for
1.9 1.11 1.14
EFFECTIVENESS
K »> 1)
Low-Frequency Magnetic Shielding Performance Degradation
Effectiveness
1.29
1.32 1.35
SHIELDING MATERIALS AND TESTING 2.1
MATERIALS
SHIELDING 2.1.1 2.1.2
No.
iid i1d iv vi viii ix Xiii
Homogeneous Metals Pseudo-Homogeneous
Small-Aperture Metals Shielded Optical Display
2.2
SHIELDING
2.3
MIL-STD-285
DENSITY
2.1 2.10
Metals
FOR WEIGHT-SENSITIVE
APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES CHAPTER 3 3.1 HOW TO USE THE DESIGN GRAPHS
2.19 2.24
Windows APPLICATIONS
2.28 2.34
3.1
TaBLE oF CONTENTS 3.2 3.3
ILLUSTRATIVE HP-65 3.3.1 3.3.2
EXAMPLES
PROGRAM
FOR SHIELDING
User Program I1lustrative
EFFECTIVENESS
Instructions Examples
CHAPTER4
REFERENCES
APPENDICES APPENDIX A
COPPER
A T-A6
APPENDIX
B
MONEL
B.1-B.6
APPENDIX
C
NICKEL
C.1-C.6
APPENDIX
D
IRON
D.1-D.6
APPENDIX
E
HYPERNICK
E.1-E.6
APPENDIX
F
78
F.1-F.6
APPENDIX
G
HIGH
Permalloy
PERMEABILITY
G.1-G.6
INDEX
vii
LIST OF TABLES Page
CHAPTER2 2.1
SHIELDING MATERIALS AND TESTING Relative Metals
Conductivity
and
Permeability
of
2.2
Weight per Unit Area Some Metals
2.3
Applicable
2.4
Relative Thickness and Weights of Some Metals for Yielding the Same Shielding
2.19
Line
per Unit Thickness
Selection
for
Use
in
Fig.
Effectiveness
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES
3.1
Definition of Permeability to Copper
3.2
Metal Use
3.3
Applicable Specified
3.4
HP-65 Shielding Steps
Class
Metal Class Based on and Conductivity Relative
for
Choice
Appendix Distance
of
Design
Appendix Graph
Effectiveness
viii
to for
Program
of
No.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig.
3 4 5
Electric-Field Strength vs. Source Distance Conceptual Illustration of Field Strengths vs, Source Type and Distance Wave Impedance as a Function of Source Distance Wave Impedance for Saveral Circuit Impedances Surface Impedance and Skin Deptl: of Various Metals vs. Frequency Barrier Metal Impedance Error in Zp Expression by
Assuming
.10 11 12 13 .14 .15 .16 17 .18 .19 .20
CHAPTER 2
Page
Title
No.
1 .1 1 .2 —_—
SHIELDING THEORY
t/s
Surface Impedance of Copper and Iron vs. Freguency and Skin Depth in Units of t/é Ratios Representation of Shielding Phenomena for Plane Waves Geometry of Metal Barrier Used in Explaining Shielding Effectiveness Absorption Loss vs. Freguency and Thickness for Copper Absorption Loss vs. Frequency and Thickness for Aluminum Absorption Loss vs. Frequency and Thickness for Brass Absorption Loss vs. Frequency and Thickness for Beryllium Absorption Loss vs. Frequency and Thickness for Monel
Absorption
vs.
Loss
and Thickness
Frequency
for
Iron Absorption Loss vs. Frequency and Thickness for Stainless Steel Absorption Loss vs. Frequency and Thickness for High-Permeable Metals Re-Reflection Correction vs. VSWR and Material Absorption Loss Shielding Effectiveness vs. Metal-to-Emission Distance and Surface Resistances Low Frequency, Shielding Effectiveness to Magnetic Fields
SHIELDING MATERIALS AND TESTING
2.1
Magnetization
Curve
2.2
Permeability
Curves
Some
H ard
Important B.
I and
(Solid)
Magnetic B-H
and Hysteresis
Quantities
of Iron, with are
also ix
used
are
u Plotted as
Loop
ITlustrated
Against
Abscissae
No.
s
CHAPTER 1
.12 13 .16 .16 .20 .21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .30 .33 .34
2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20
APPENDIX A Al
A.2 A.3 A4 A5 )
APPENDIX B B.1
B.2 B.3 B.4
Both
of Plastic
EMI
and
Static
COPPER
Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Source~to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Source-to-Metal Distance of Im Shielding Effectiveness of Copper
Distance
of 10m
Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Source-to-Metal Distance of 100m Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Source~to-Metal Distance of lkm Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Source-to-Metal Distance of 10km
MONEL
NN NN [a]
13 .15
Equipment Bleed
Shielding Effectiveness of Source-~-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source~to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of
Monel of 10cm Monel of Im Monel of 10m Monel
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
Mo N
Flame Spray Wire Metallizing Gun Thermo Spray, Metal Powder Metallizing Gun Plasma Flame Spray Metallizing Gun Shielding Effectiveness of Screen Wire to Plane Waves Light Transmission of Conductive Glass Shielding Effectiveness of Gold vs. Frequency for Source-to-Shield Distance of 1m Shielding Effectiveness of Gold vs. Freguency for Source-to-Shield Distance of lkm Aluminum Thickness and Weight vs. Frequency Correction in Shielding Effectiveness to Convert MIL-STD-285 Results to Another Distance
Source-to-Metal
no
for
Surface
~n
Interior
vs.
M
Coatings
on
Copper
vs.
Freguency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
.15 17 17
™
Functions
Coating
to
.21 2.25
N
2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14
Enclosure Conductive
Thicknesses
Relative
.26 NN
2.10
Conductive
Metal
.27 .31 .37
I
2.9
for Various
Conductivity Resistances
I
2.8
X
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Minor Hysteresis Loops Shown on Magnetization Curve Portrayal of Real World Situation Relative Permeabiiity vs. Frequency Relative Permeability vs. Magnetic-Flux Density Surface Resistance of Copper vs. Volume Resistivity
=
2.3
o~
LisT oF [LLUSTRATIONS
C.1
c.2 C.3 C.4
C.5 C.6
APPENDIX D D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 D.6
APPENDIX E E.T
E.2 E.3 E.4 E.5 E.6
NICKEL
Shielding Effectiveness of Nickel Source-to-Metal Distance of 10cm
Shielding
Effectiveness
of Nickel
Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance
Shielding
Effectivenass
of Im Nickel of 10m Nickel of 100m
of Nickel
Source-to-Metal Distance of Tkm Shielding Effectiveness of Nickel Source-to-Metal Distance of 10km
IRON
Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effedtiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance
HYPERNICK
for
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
vs.
Frequency
for
Iron vs. of 10cm Iron vs. of Im Iron vs. of 10m Iron vs. of 100m Iron vs. of lkm Iron vs. of 10km
Frequency
for
Frequency
for
Frequency
for
Frequency
for
Frequency
for
Frequency
for
Shielding Effectiveness of Hypernick for Source-to-Metal Distance of 10cm Shielding Effectiveness of Hypernick for Source-to-Metal Distance of Im Shielding Effectiveness of Hypernick for Source-to-Metal Distance of 10m Shielding Effectiveness of Hypernick for Source-to-Metal Distance of 100m Shielding Effectiveness of Hypernick for Source-to-Metal Distance of Tkm Shielding Effectiveness of Hypernick for Source-to-Metal Distance of 10km
xi
Freguency
vs.
Freguency
vs.
Frequency
vs.
Frequency
vs.
Frequency
vs.
Freguency
vs.
Frequency
oo
APPENDIX C
of 100m Monel vs. of lkm Monel vs. of 10km
W
B.6
Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance Shielding Effectiveness of Source-to-Metal Distance
4w ™
B.5
N
L1sT OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LisT OF [LLUSTRATIONS
F.4 F.5 F.6
APPENDIX G G.1
G.2 G.3 G.4 G.5 G.6
HIGH PERVEABILITY
Shielding Frequency Shielding Frequency Shielding Frequency Shielding Frequency Shielding Frequency Shielding Frequency
Effectiveness of High for Source-to-Metal Effectiveness of High for Source-to-Metal Effectiveness of High for Source-to-Metal Effectiveness of High for Source-to-Metal Effectiveness of High for Source-to-Metal Effectiveness of High for Source-to-Metal
xii
vs. 10cm vs. 1Im vs. 10m vs. 100m vs. 1km vs. 10km
FreFreFreFreFreFre-
Permeability vs. Distance of 10cm Permeability vs. Distance of Tm Permeability vs. Distance of 10m Permeability vs. Distance of 100m Permeability vs. Distance of Tkm Permeability vs. Distance of 10km
o
F.3
78 Permalloy Distance of 78 Permalloy Distance of 78 Permalloy Distance of 78 Permalloy Distance of 78 Permalloy Distance of 78 Permalloy Distance of
O
F.2
Shielding Effectiveness of quency for Source-to-Metal Shielding Effectiveness of quency for Source-to-Metal Shielding Effectiveness of quency for Source-to-Metal Shielding Effectiveness of quency for Source-to-Metal Shielding Effectiveness of guency for Source-to-Metal Shielding Effectiveness of quency for Source-to-Metal
o
F.
78 PERVALLOY
@
APPENDIX F
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS dB dB
absorption
loss
re-reflection velocity
of
cm
centimeter
Cu
copper
dB
decibel
Napierian
dB
loss
in
0.01
0.1
Bel
base
=
electric-field frequency
dB
electromagnetic =
=
in
meter =
=
10
wave
in
0.3937
air
=
1//ue=
3x108m/sec.
inches
loglo(power
ratio)
2.718
strength
in volts/meter
in Hertz
iron frequency
in MHz
magnetic-field
current
in
imaginary A/2nr
strength
=
=
E fields;
wave-to-metal meter
amperes/meter
amperes operator
for
in
100
angle
m/2
=
90
2nr/i
for
H
fields;
impedance cm =
1000
ratio, mm
=
degrees
Zw/Zm
39.37
=
= VSWR
inches
1
for
=
3.28
39.37
mils
plane
for
K21 feet
0.001 inch = 2.54x10 >cm = 25.4 um millimeter
=
nanometer
=
0.1
cm
10_9m
=
distance
from
distance
r
shielding
time
0.001
10-6mm
meter =
emission
=
10~3um
source
to
=
39.37x10_6 metal
barrier
loss
in
dB
(loss) (excludes
in
dB
re-reflection
thickness in
ratio
seconds
of
metal-thickness
voltage
in
voltage
standing
impedance
mils
in meters
effectiveness
reflection
metal
EMI
=
to
skin-depth
volts in
wave
ratio
ohms
barrier
metal
impedance,
circuit
impedance
in
Zm
ohms
xiii
for
any
t/$§
ratio
loss)
waves
LisT oF SyMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
/fi;7€;
=
=
a+jB
NN
=
plane-wave
N
1
E/H
R
>»
attenuation
W
t/§
phase
X
for
propagation
1
metal
voltage
3
of
transmission
coefficient
from
air
3
impedance
transmission
coefficient
from
metal
impedance
377
=
1207
ohms
constant
constant
o
skin
™
or
permitivity
m
ma
= wave
impedance
absolute
wave
depth
in
1§
constant
transmission
medium
=
permitivity =
permeability
absolute
air
to
air
medium
permeability relative
micrometer
=
voltage
wave
or
10—6m
=
=
of
air
= 47x
to
air
(or
10—3mm
reflection
=
to
coefficient
from
metal
of
medium
conductivity
relative
frequency
in
in to
henrys/m
mils
coefficient
reflection conductivity
lO—7
0.3937
air
surface
farads/m
copper)
from
in
interface
pour
coefficient
impedance
air
to
= 1/367%x10°
reflection
radial
interface
c/f of
permeability
metal
€8,
of
relative
wavelength
to
metal
of
permitivity
coefficient
mhos
metal
interface
air
interface
to
per
unit
distance
copper
radians/sec
= 2nf
ohms
impedance
(or
resistance)
xiv
in
ohms/square
(HAPTER 1 SHIELDING THEORY Eighty per cent of this handbook is design data of shielding effectiveness vs, several variables including metal type, metal properties, thickness, distance, frequency, etc. Most of the design and applications data are presented in the appendices. Basics and fundamentals of shielding are presented in Chaps. 1 and 2. Chap. 3 covers information on how to use the design graphs in the appendices including constraints and illustrative examples. This chapter, Chap. 1, presents tutorial information on shielding theory and materials. This includes field theory, near and far-field definitions, wave impedance, metal barrier impedance, absorption loss, reflection loss, and overall shielding effectiveness.
1,1
FIELD THEORY
The purpose of this section is to present some relations about magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic fields as pertinent background to understanding and applying field theory. Since the literature is replete with discussions of Maxwell's equations and field theory, only a few aspects are presented here. The
oscillating from
E
electric
applying
8
doublet
(tiny
Maxwell's
ZoID7T sind _—__;E—___ 2ZoIDT
(Eg,
A
A
Er = T[(z‘?) H¢
where,
2 IDr sing|{_ [(2“1) = —-—)\2
and
dipole
equations:
ol
cos6
E,)
\3
)3
magnetic
(Hy)
in which
cosy
A Tnr
-
V2
fields
its
length
. siny
A + Tur
existing
(D
(1.10) :
Z521T
ZOZWr
Fig,
1
—3
(1.11)
> z, 1.4
impedances
(1.12) for
of
several
50,
To the extent that these conditions exist, the ohms. ion line impedances, then, never permit either a very wave impedance condition to exist when r >we and t>>8%
Q/sq.,
air
for frequency
(Eq.
(1.22))
is
in MHz
a purely
stant, whereas the intrinsic impedance of a metal resistive and inductive component. Consequently, the permeability and conductivity of the metal. Eq.
(1.24)
may
be
expressed
|Zm|= where,
Eq.
0
The
skin
369"urfMHz/or
conductivity
of
copper
o,
=
conductivity
of
metal
is
plotted
barrier
depth,
§:
in
Fig.
impedance
_a+) =3
Egqs.
1.5
of
oz
As
described
which
quency
is
approaches
a metal
=
later,
very
%% Two skin depths current flow. For
Often
con-
to
copper:
(1.25)
and
much
zero,
g
is
(1.26),
to
value)
copper
metals
sometimes
the
L
Y/Tfuo
surface
greater
&+,
various
mhos/meter
expressed
t,
terms
ohms/sq.
(1.26)
and
skin
Z 0.
the
is
defined:
>t
impedance
than
depth
skin
(1.27) is
based
depth,
on
t>>§.
a metal
= 86.5% and three skin depths = 95.0% of 99% of the current flow, 4.6 skin depths
thickness,
in
the surface thickness of a metal at any 63.2%%* of the current is flowing therein.
H
the
= 5.80x107
(absolute
as or
(1.23)
for
a=_/g'=l\/%§:= *
relative
relative
metals
/2=
The skin depth is defined frequency for which 1-1/e
ness
resistive
contains an equal Z; depends upon both
uQ/sq.
=
combining
(1.24)
=0.X0,
Zm
By
terms
o,
(1.25)
of
in
(1.23)
is
considered
1.9
to be
adequate
As
the are
when,
thick-
the
fre-
total required.
t>36.
METAL IMPEDANCE Sec. 1.3
So g B
z1901
L0000 20000
° €0000°gr
o
5
2000
Looo*
10000
210"
S 50000 fs C
S
5
2 &
Tl
p
:
1
ZH9E
T
L
i
ZH9L
7
*SA
ZHA00E
1
ZHAOOL
s|e3ap
T -
Snoldep
40
o
i :
TS
olpey
W
ZHWOE
Adouanbau4
=9
D\N:&L:?% e
w f?iiq_i@oo.
suyort
SLIW p6E = SBYIUL p6E'0 =
Kouanbad4
58
Q€ < 3 SSauyd Lyl [e33 :uoljdunssy
yidag
ZHWOL
3
.
!
pue
ZHWE
ulyS
]
.
5
v
M
aduepadw]
.
ZHWL
75
:
.
8dejAng
ZHA00€
LTt
:
- G|
Joow+
.
4nbL4
-t“ 2
§@
5
8
HE000
o004
ZHY00L
T
"
000
3
2
o ¥
to:
200"
o
w
o—_w
o3
.83 g
55
-
2aao
5
8
S 2
10"
20
)/2m), but do not result in the same SEdB in the near field since the wave impedances are different.
Fig. 1.8 shows the conceptual mechanism for determining shielding effectiveness. It is detailed in Fig. 1.9 and may be explained as follows. The incident field strength (an electric field is illustrated here) is considered as unity relative to itself. The reflected field
is:
- 1-K"_ P=Ix
-1
=0
for K >>
Zw
= wave
1 in Eq. applies if Eq. (1.50)
of
to
Eq.
(1.51)
as
the
voltage
standing-wave
(1.50). When Z,/Zy < 1, is defined as Eq. (1.51)
The relative transmitted field, Fgm»> metal-to-air barrier material is:
T of
0 > K
K = ZW/Zm
=
the
for
(1.47)
_ 1K Pam = T4
E,
The
(1.46)
forK=1
=41
where,
1
=1-p
just
the VSWR in which
inside
ratio
(VSWR)
concept still Im/Zy > 1.
the
left
edge
(1.52)
This field undergoes an attenuation in traversing the thickness the metal barrier which turns the associated loss into exothermic
1.15
of
Sec, L.4
SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS
INSIDE
Reflected
Wave
Barrier
Thickness,
Air
of
1 Pam
11—
Pamt— | T
(1
=
-
|Pha(1-Pam)e
Wave
2yt
e
2
.
Incident
-
T T e
Pmall-Pam'e
-2yt \\
\
Outside
Shielding
/
a1
e
P.ml€
T
Plane
(1-p
-
\
oo
2
\\pma(] Pam)®
Waves
-
) (1=
)e
-
‘t
e | ————————
Emerging Wave Beyond Shielding
'
Barrier
Pam
) -yt
——
/P
VAR
Wave
Air
—n—
Barrier
Metal
._T-
Reflected
for
Phenomena
Shielding
of
nternal
—
t
Representation
-
1.8
Figure
t
Wave
Attenuated Incident Wave ~
H, —t
QUTSIDE WORLD Metal
Transmitted
Wave
2
ENCLOSURE
\
Incident
OF
-3yt
(1-p ) (1= —_—
/—1—————’
Barrier
)08
-3yt
etc.
s=——
»
Metal
Propagation
Figure 1.9 - Geometry of Effectiveness (See Text)
Thickness, Constant Metal
t——
y = o + Jj8
Barrier
1,16
Used
=1_
in
Explaining
Shielding
i
Sec, 1.4 heat. at the
SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS
The arriving right inside
Ty
= Pame‘yt
= e—(a+j8)tfam
propagation
comstant
o = attenuation
constant
=
Y
where,
field results in a lower edge of the barrier:
B = phase
constant
t = metal
thickness
strength
Trr where,
Pma
Pmalar =
= metal-to-air
The relative barrier is:
pma(l
reflection
transmitted
field,
Tpp == 10 1- T,0 == e Eq. (1.55) is the tive number) when
shielding y>>1,
at
the
inside
pam)
to
the
(Eq.
right
(1.51)). just
outside
(1 pam)(l _ pma) expressed
as
a gain
(a nega-
When the propagation round-trip re-reflections
constant is not significant, one or more must be considered. For example, the re-
shift in propagating back interface of Fig. 1.9:
to
the
FRRe
e Vo
reflected
field
of
Eq.
(1.54)
=7
PLR The re-reflected barrier is:
field =
FLL field
tive
undergoes
e
YE,
strength, I IR -=
p
a second
inside
©
edge
pma(l T LL?
-2yt
P 2
attenuation
of
the
left
(1 - P
strength,
Tpp,
v
FAR
the
left
Finally, metal barrier
the is:
transmitted _
réT,_
=Yt
-
3
=3Yt
component
T (l_pma)rAR
=
e
1.7
»
Pra of
-3yt
1
_ 1
this re-reflected edge, the rela-
(1.58)
to
1
-
inside (1.57)
©am
Tpp 2 Pra
edge
)
becomes:
FLLe
phase
(1.56)
Undergoing a third attenuation and phase shift of in arriving back at the inside face of the right
field
and
metal-to-air
[ pam)
from
the
(1.55)
YE[(_
effectiveness
right
(1.54)
coefficient
Ipp,
(1.53)
jB8
+
a
=
©
impinging
= e_(a+j6)t(1-93m)
The re-reflected relative field strength I'gp, of the metal-to-air barrier of Fig, 1.9 is:
edge
metal
field
the
fam
right
!-0
outside
the
(1.59)
Sec, 1.4
SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS
Since the re-reflected the direct transmitted
field field
component of Eq. (1.59) of Eq. (1.55), they are
ry = e—Yt(l—pam)(l~pma)[%
. zYtpéa S
is coherent with coherently added:
4Yfg;a + ....‘]
(1.60)
First Multiple RoundRound trip Re-Reflections trip ReReflections The terms in the bracket constitute an infinite series (i.e., an infinity of re-reflections). The bracket expression can be simplified by writing this series in terms of its reciprocal. Thus, Eq. (1.60)
becomes:
r,o=e V10 T
)1-p
am
)(1-02ma 727t o
ma
(1.61) °
Eq. (1.61) may be expressed in terms of the impedance ratio of metal and metal-air interfaces by substituting Eqs. (1.50) and therein:
_
—atf2k
2
_ —at 4K _i~m
[l
Ip = e
Expressing
rather
SEdB
than
_
20
a
Eq.
gain,
(1.63)
and
loglo(l/TT)
where,
Re-Reflection
K-112 -2y¢ |71
(11'15) (m)[l - (R:q) e S——
as
_
20
K-1)2
_(E‘T'T)
e
]
(1.62)
-2vt|~! ]
(1-63)
S
Re-Reflection Correction Reflection Term (R) Absorption Term (A)
a loss
converting
=
the air(1.51)
loglo{}
(i.e.,
shielding
o t{(1+K) 2
K-1\2
it
to
decibels,
(B)
effectiveness)
there
P—ZK——-[%—(KII>
Term
e
results:
-2yt
(1.64)
Absorption
Loss,
AdB
= 8.686aut
(1.65)
Reflection
Loss,
RdB
=
(1.66)
Correction,
BdB
=
20
20
loglo(l+K)2/4K
loglotl-éKrl)z/(K+l)%k_zyt
(1.67)
Eq. (1.64) is plotted in graphs in the appendices in this handbook for several metals, metal properties, metal thicknesses, distances, and frequencies, This question will now be examined in further detail of its three loss components: ( 1) absorption loss, (2) reflection loss, and (3) re-reflection loss correction.
1,18
Sec, 1.4 1.4,1
SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS ABsorpTION Loss
Eq.
(1.65)
may
be
expanded:
AdB where,
Yy =
a +
jB
a
=
(1+j)
=
B8 =
since
g
>>
where,
(1.4)
for
metals
(1.69)
¥Ynfuo
(1.70) for
metals in in
(1.71) terms cm it
of t in becomes
mils (thousandths of for both the English
fMquror
dB,
English
=
1314.3tcm
fMHz“rcr
dB,
metric
and
(1.72)
o,
are
and
permeability
(1.73)
are
and
plotted
units
(1.72)
units
(1.73)
conductivity
in
Figs.
1.10
relative
to
through
1.17
copper, aluminum, brass, beryllium, monel, the exotic high-permeability metals¥*,
iron,
reflection loss relations are predicated upon at the metal-barrier interfaces. Thus, it is
the
for
Zy
impedances and
of
Eq.
(1.23)
Eq.
for
(1.49)
by
Zp:
Z,
where,
k = A/2mr
= 1/2nrf
k =
2rr/A
=
1
far
= Combining
For
copper
for
stain-
their
an impedance useful to sub-
equivalents
from
K = EE _ e kK A uo/so O/ A O N
*
an and
RerLecTioN Loss
The mismatch
stitute
we
3.338tmils
various metals: less steel, and
1.4,2
(1.68)
=
M
Egs.
8.686t vV mfuo
Vnfuc
If Eq. (1.68) is defined inch) and f in MHz, and for t metric system of units: AdB
=
= Yjwu(o+tjwe)
= Yjwuo
or,
= 8.6860t
Eq.
magnetic
stipulated
(or flux 2.1.4).
uy
for (1.74)
2nrf
materials and
r >
H
fields
1.74
:
(1.75) (1.76) (1.77)
yields:
the
varies
frequency,
low-impedance,
E fields
\/2m
(1.77)
(u,>1),
which
for high-impedance, for
fields,
through
condition
density)
AN
(
(+y)/mEu/o
Vuoao
Eq.
graphs
with
especially
ll]-g
are
both
accurate
only
magnetic-field
above
several
kHz
for
the
(see
Sec.
strength
SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS N
J49ddo)
Jo0i
ZHY00L
Aauanbau 4
ssauydoLyl
WN
pue
Adusnbau4
"SA
ss07
uolriduosqy
L
ydedn
siyp
- QL |
Ajp
is
Eq.
1.4.4
given
(1.92)
in Eqs.
is
(1.72)
plotted
in
and
Fig.
metal-barrier
~2Y I
(1.91)
. -3sin0.23A45 )| (1.92)
1
- 20 l°glo(l _ e—ztwhfuoe-jzt/wfuo) where,
and
(1.93)
(1.94)
(1.73)
1.18.
ToraL Losses For K >> 1
It may be a bit misleading to think of a reflection loss and reflection correction as separate terms. After all, a reflection should be the entire loss including re-reflection.
For
certain
_
SEdB
=
conditions,
20
loglo {e
where, wave
For
conditions
]
in which
mismatch
=
e
20 log,
When in
Eq.
vt
(or
(1.96)
t/§)
may
is
be
(1.64)
for
(1.95)
metal
K >>
1,
for
barrier
Eq.
K
- e—Zt/de‘th/6) Total
small
expanded
simplified:
(R'—"T)
t/s ’4_Ig( 1-e _ -2Yt)
very
greatly
= o = Jrfuo
i.e.,
¢/¢ %y(l
be
K-1\2 -2yt e
-
a substantial
Absorption Loss
term
may
[l
v//f
exists,
SE a8 = 20 log10
(1.64)
t/8| (K+1)2 7K
1/8 impedance
Eq.
1.29
a
impedance
(1.64)
>>
1
for
and
becomes:
(1.96)
K >>
1
(1.97)
Reflection Loss
(i.e.,
in
reloss
yt
power
—
X
o
§
g§a
s
.
zWiol
§=
S€
SL
zZ o3 2z
02
25
0
08 2E €0 g s
0§
s
0L
@
ZWiooL
S
002
2,31
Sec, 2.2 (475
SHIELDING DENSITY
(2)
3 m distance;
t = 6.8 mils
grams/mz).
Thus, aluminum away since the applications.
(175
um)
and W/A = 1,55
oz/ft?
will not work for magnetic sources which are only 10 cm shield would be too thick and heavy for weight-sensitive
It remains to compare the options in the above example for metals other than aluminum in order to determine if a lighter metal can be found with the same shielding effectiveness. The answer is obtained by using Eqs. (2.19) and (2.20) in which the ratio of tpj; is formed from
the
two
(or
more)
candidate
metals:
_ 9r1 (tmil)ratio
Eqs.
using
Table
(2.24)
and
(2.25)
the
information
2.4
- Relative
Metal Copper Monel Brass Steel S3 Netic Titanium Aluminum Magnesium
are
in
(W/A)ratio
=
computed
for
Tab.
2.2.
Thicknesses
the Same
Shielding
(Efiii)ratio
(2.24)
- 92
and
(W/A/mil)2
91
(w/A7mil)l
99
Tab.
Weights
2.4 of
Effectiveness
relative Some
(W/A/mil) yatio
1 24 .4 2.13 50 5.81 27.8 1.59 2.63
1 0.989 0.953 0.877 0.868 0.507 0.304 0.193
(2.25)
(see
to
Metals
copper for
by
Yielding
Constraints)
(W/A) ratio 1 24,1 2.03 43.9 5.05 14.1 0.483 0.509
The above table shows that steel is a very poor low-frequency magnetic shield as long as it is operated under t/§ 10), Eq. (1.64) becomes: =20
loglo(0.707Kt/6)
SE,. dB = 20 log where,
K = k =
Zw/zn1=
10
for
loss
for
is
significant
t/81
k x constant
A/27nr
reflection
(1.101)
Eq.(1.74))
E-fields
= 27r/A
for H-fields
=1
for
plane
waves
When Eq. (1.100) or (1.101) is applied for MIL-STD-285 for any two distances an error is developed which is a function of k alone. Thus, for any measurement distance, rp, and any user applied distance of ry, the correction in shielding efficiency, ASEqp, becomes:
ASE . = 20
loglo(rm/ru)
for
E-fields
(2.26)
=-20
loglo(ru/rm)
for
H-fields
(2.27)
for
plane
(2.28)
=0 in which
it
is
understood
that
both
rj
2,35
and
r;
are
waves in
the
near
field.
MIL-STD-285
Sec, 2.3 When one of the distances is the far field, Eqs: (2.26) and
in
ASEdB
=20
loglO(Zflrm/A)
in the (2.27)
for
E-fields,
r, =
20
loglO(A/ZWru)
in
for
loglO(anu/A)
in
for
log10
O/Zflrm)
for
(2.26)
distance
through
of
r;
ITlustrative
=
(2.32)
0.305
Example
m(12
are
in near
other
(2.29) r,
in
near
and (2,30)
and
r,
in
near
and (2.31)
and
r
in
near
and
fields
plotted
in
and
(2.32)
Fig.
any
is
and
field
far
inches)
the
field
far
in
r
and
H-fields,
r,
Eqs.
far
in
and
field
H-fields,
r 20
far
and
E-fields,
r = 20
near field become:
2,20
user
for MIL-STD-285
distance,
r,,
as
shown.
2.5
A manufacturer's literature states that per MIL-STD-285 a metalized silicone elastomer offers at least 90 dB of shielding effectiveness to E-fields at 10 MHz, 30 dB shielding effectiveness to H-fields at 10 MHz Determine the likely shielding efand 70 dB to plane waves above VHF, fectiveness at a distance of 10 meters,
From
and =
to
67
the
H
dB
Fig.
and
far
2.20,
fields
is
SEgp
field
+
the
23
correction
dB.
(H-field)
(ry>)\/2m)
at
ends at 4.8 MHz (ry = A/2m). (plane waves) = 70 dB, [1lustrative
Example
=
53
10
dB.
foil Since
(see at
a
curve
both
5
cm
a 10
Note
m
that
the
there
at
ry = 10
distance the
ry
is no
SEyg
10
= 10
m
m
m is
-23
(E-field)
distance
line
correction
in
for
is
Fig.
SEgp
dB in
2.20
2.6
this
dB
E fields
since
Thus,
The shielding effectiveness of aluminum was measured at
50
for
MHz,
foil
be
to
Thus,
M,
Fig.
distance
conditions
ASEgp = 20 logjg(5cm/100cm) 26 dB = 24 dB.
2.19). from
are
in
to H-fields of a 1 m distance a
What
protection
hostile
the
= -26 dB.
2.%
two mils (51 um) sheet at 42 kHz and found to
near
magnetic
field,
would
Eq.
be
field?
(2.27)
offered
applies,
Thus, SEgg (H-field) = 50 dB -
by
MIL-STD-28 Sec. 2.3
30URSLQ
02-
4dYlouy 00€
03 SI|NS3Y ZH9
§8Z-ALS-TIW 0€
ZHWL
Wl = 4
00€
03 SSBUDALIOD443 €
Kduanbauy
I4DAUOY ZHWOL
wog
BulplaLys
ZH300L
0¢
0e-
ZHAL
ul UOL3d3440) -0zg
ZH0
0¢-
oL-
PLLRA
0E
UOLIDRUUO)
ZHWOOL
ZHWoL
06
08
0L
09
0s
oy
0t
wool
oL-
A{UD
00€
:330N
g
L
0t
ZHA0L
ol
0€
m
ZHA00L
ol
00€
0z
ZHIL
404
apoL Z Ps prats-3 pazoaudooun (1) 10.2) magnetic metals, Appendix A (copper) is used, while for 0r < 0.2 magnetic metals, Appendix B (monel) is used. After selecting the appendix letter to use from either Tabs 3.1 or 3.2, as applicable, it remains to select the correct design graph within the appendix. Each apperdix subset is based on the distance between the EMI emission source and the metal barrier., Six such subsets are presented in each appendix as shown in Tab. 3.3 (the X corresponds to any appendix letter, viz., A.B.C, etc.). Having selected the applicable graph within the appendix, it remains to apply the graph to the problem, The graph may be used to determine either: (1) the resulting shielding effectiveness given the
metal
thickness,
required
metal
operating
thickness
frequency,
given
the
and
desired
3.2
E or H-field shielding
problem,
(2)
effectiveness,
the
Sec, 3.1 Table
How To Use THE DESIGN GRAPHS
3.2
- Metal
Class
for
Choice
of Appendix No.
>300kHz
tal
1,
1
Co
Use
Metal Mumet
e Brass 917% 66% Brass Cadmium Chromium
to
Nicke Pe
Cu, Cu
34% %
1
Permall ermallo
Z
78 -
r
Steel,cold-rolled
rnick
H
Hiperco
Iron, ron Iron, Lead
=
e
commercial e ur cone 4% S
Su
Magnesium
anganese
Merc Monel
Table
3.3
Figure
operating lower metal
Appendix
- Applicable Number
Design
Nominal
Ry = 10cm
X.2
Ry
X.3
Rp = 10m
X.4
Rp
=
100m
X.5
Ry
=
lkm
X.6
R,
=
10km
and
useful frequency thickness, and E
for
Distance
X.1
frequency,
Graph
=
Applicable 30cm < Ry £
3m< Ry < 30m < R < 300m
p
06
KEYS
Ags £
7
gx$y
80
31;(1)3 31
71
CHS
RCL
40
CHS £ N
X
04
3407
02
80
Registers: Rl Frequency
R2.g, R3
ur
in
MHz
R4
¢t in
mils
R5 Ry in meters R6
Eor
H
1
or
3.8
Steps
71 3401 3402 09 71
CHS STO 7 RCL 8 1 = £ Vx RCL 7 £ LN
Program
EFFECTIVENESS
71
RCL 3
17,{
EEX
40
40
3401 81
7
SHIELDING
Title:
L R 42
LBL
30
0
Effectiveness
Shielding
f## 1513Program.
Card
0
- HP-65
3.4
Table
2
R7
working
R8
working
R9
80
42 32 07
35
08 02
50
100
Sec, 3.3
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
3.3.2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
The following examples will serve to illustrate the use of the HP-65 shielding effectiveness program, The results may be compared with those in the appendices* or in Sec. 3.2.
Example
#1
A sheet
of
1/16
inch
(i.e.,
62.5
to shield a box from a strong magnetic generator located 5 feet (1.52 meters) effectiveness in dB,
mils)
field away.
iron
is
being
considered
originating from a 60-Hz Compute the shielding
After loading the magnetic program card into the HP-65 calculator, key in fyp, = 60 x 10~ MHz = 60 EEX 6 CHS (sTO 1), 0y = .17 for iron (STO 2), uy = 1000 for iron (STO 3), t = 62,5 mils (STO 4), Ry = 1.52 meters (STO 5), and 2 for H-field (STO 6). To see shielding effective-
ness,
key
Example
label
"A"
and
see
24
dB,
#2
A piece of sensitive electronic equipment is located near (100 m) an A-M broadcast station antenna transmitting at 1250 kHz, Determine the shielding effectiveness of a 1/32 inch (31.25 mils) sheet metal aluminum box enclosure to E-fields or plane waves, as applicable. After loading the magnetic program card, key in fva, = (8TO 1), Oy = .61 for aluminum (STO 2), p, = 1 (STO 3), t = 4), Ry = 100m (STO 5), and 1 for E-field or plane wave (STO
see
shielding
effectiveness,
key
label
"A"
and
see
196
dB.
1.25 MHz 31.25 (STO 6). To
Note
that
196 dB would never be obtained in practice because of the penetrations required into and out of the box (see Chap. 11, Vol. 3 EMC Handbook Series). Also note that the near/far-field interface (Rp = A/2m) exists at 38.2 m. Thus, the box is located in the far field of the transmitter and plane-wave conditions apply rather than E-field conditions.
Example
#3
A ground-level nuclear detonation produces a broadband electromagnetic pulse (EMP) with most of its energy distributed in the 10 kHz band. From a distance of 5 km, the blast center looks like a magnetic source having billions of amperes. To protect electromagnetic equipment, specify the thickness of both aluminum and sheet steel to provide 300 dB isolation,
Key fyp, = .01 MHz (STO 1), o, = .61 (STO 2), uy = 1 (STO 3), t *
1If you like this program, other HP-65 EMC programs.
contact
S
Don
White
Consultants,
Inc.
for
Sec. 3.3
HP-65 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS
(this is a 2 (STO 6).
try
Again
mils,
(this
guess) = Key "A"
t = 1 inch try
t
it
=
is
For
a
(1000
800
seen
the
is
250 mils (STO to see SEgg =
sheet
guess)
mils
mils
that =
- STO
(STO
4)
SEgp
steel, 100
4),
key
o,
(STO
dB. =
Ry, = dB,
and
and
= 308
mils
4), 191
key
.17
4).
5000 m (STO 5), and H/PW = Since this is inadequate,
again
"A"
key
to
(STO 2),
Key
"A"
see
to
334
dB,
u, = 1000
"A"
to
see
SEgg
see
387
For
(STO =
526
1300
MHz
Next try t = 1/16 inch (62.5 mils) to see SEgg = 362 dB. mils, the shielding effectiveness is 308 dB, the same as aluminum,
dB.
t =
3)
700
and
dB.
t
For t = 50 700 mils of
Examgl e #4 A nearby an
(500
electric-field
m)
L-Band
strength
weather of
100
radar
V/m
in
operating
an
at
internal
room
in
a
creates
build-
ing where a computer is to be located. It is known that the computer, its peripherals, and all interconnecting cables will not be susceptible to radiation below 3 V/m, Thus, determine a relatively inexpensive shield for the computer room.
The required shielding effectiveness is the ratio of the electricfield strengths or 100/3 which equals about 31 dB, Consider the shielding effectiveness of 1 mil (25.4 um) household aluminum foil as one
possible
solution,
(STO
oy
lired
with
1),
Here
overlapping
=
.61
(STO
the
joints
2),
uy
walls,
taped
= 1
ceiling, in
(STO
place.
3),
and
flooring
Key
fyg,
t = 1 mil
=
(STO
would 1300
4),
be
MHz
so
R, = 500
m (STO 5), and E/PW = 1 (STO 6). Key "A" to see SEgqg = 169 dB, Thus, the aluminum provides an enormous shielding effectiveness and it remains to insure that door seams, power entrance, and the like do not create the mode of EMI entry.
3.10
CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES (1) Abramowitz, M,; Stegun, I.A,, "Handbook of Mathematical tions", Boulder, Colorado; National Bureau of Standards; 1964,
Func-
(2)
Shield-
Adams,
W.S.,
"Graphical
Presentation
of Electromagnetic
ing Theory", Proceedings Tenth Tri-Service Conference on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Chicago, I1l., Armour Research Foundation; pp. 421-499; November 1964,
(3) AF/BSD for Minuteman
Exhibit 62-87, "Electro-Interference (WS 133B)'", 6 December 1962.
(4)
A.L.,
Albin,
tronic
Design,
(5)
"An
"Optimum
Vol.
8,
No.
Investigation
3;
into
Shielding
of Equipment
Existing
Calibration
February
3,
Intensity Meters', Rome Air Development Report RADC-TR-64-527, January 1965. IEEE Transactions September 1967.
(6)
Bannister,
on
P.R.,
"The
(7)
Bannister,
P,R.,
"New
Shielding
on
Antennas
Effectiveness
Electromagnetic
for
and
Theoretical
the
Compatibility;
Plane
Vol,
(8) Blewett, J.P., "Magnetic Field Coils'", John Hopkins Applied Physics; 9) Boeing Aircraft Corporation Control Requirements (Equipment)",
(10)
R.M,,
"Ferromagnetism'",
(11)
Field
Bridges,
J.E.,
Huenemann,
1951.
Shielding
and
Measurement'",
EMC-10,
New
of Dipole
Vol,
Expressions
Shield
Methods
Rome, .
Case', No.
AP-15;
for
IEEE
1;
of
York;
Elec-
Field
Tech.
Antennas", pp
618-626;
Predicting
Transactions
March
1968.
Configuration Due to Air Core Vol. 18, p. 968; November 1947.
D2-2-2444, "Electro-Interference 5 March 1959.
Bozorth,
Nostrand,
Fields
Propagation;
Requirements
Enclosures",
1960.
Center,
Quasi-near
Control
R.G.,
IEEE
4.1
Princeton,
and Hegner,
New
H.R.,
Electromagnetic
Jersey;
Von
"Electric
Compatibility
REFERENCES
CHap, U Symposium
27C80;
Vol.
Record,
173-177.
pp.
(12)
Bridges,
J.E.,
"Proposed
(13)
Bridges,
J.E.,
Miller,
ment of sures", 10, No.
Practices
Recommended
1967;
18-20,
July
D.C.,
Washingtofi,
Measure-
the
for
Shielding Effectiveness of High-Performance Shielding EncloIEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol. EMC1; P, 82; March 1968.
Shielding Calculations', March 1968; p. 175,
IEEE
D.A.,
EMC
and
R.B.,
Schulz,
Vol.
Transactions;
"Comparison No.
EMC-10,
of
1;
Bridges, J.E., and Zalewski, R.A., '"Magnetic Field Pickup by (14) Flexible Braid Coaxial Cables'", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol. EMC-10, No. 1; March 1968; p. 130.
Bronwell, A,B., and Beam, R.E., "Theory and Application (15) Microwaves", McGraw-Hill, New York; 1945; pp. 337-339,
of
Brush, D.R., Schulz, R.B,, and Jorgensen, L., "Initial Magnetic (16) Permeability Measurements of RF Shielding Materials', Proceedings of 8th IEEE Symposium Electromagnetic Compatibility, July 1966,
Brush, D.R., Schulz, R,B., and Jorgensen, L., "Low-Frequency (17) Electrical Characteristics of RF Shielding Materials", IEEE Transactions on pp. 67-72.
Electromagnetic
R.,
Cacace,
(18)
and
Compatibility";
Hassett,
R.,
No.
10,
Vol.,
'"Investigation
(19)
L.,
Clough,
and
Power Frequencies'", through November 1,
Salzetti,
"Magnetic
J.,
March
1968;
of Measurement
Techniques for Transient Magnetic Fields'", Symposium National Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility; New York, New York,
at 30
1,
Digest, 7th June 28-30,
Induction
1965;
Susceptibility
Eighth Tri-Service Conference on EMC; 1962; Chicago, I1l., pp. 241-269.
Cohen, D., "A Shielded Facility for Low-Level Magnetic (20) ments", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1967; pp.
October
Measure1295~
2196.
Cole, (21) Design; Vol, (22)
York,
Collin,
New
N,H., "A Comparison of RF Shielding 10, No. 20; Sept. 27, 1962,
York
R.E.,
, 1960.
"Field
Theory
of
Guided
Materials',
Waves'",
Electronic
McGraw-Hill,
New
"Conical Logarithmic Sprial Antennas", General Dynamics/Astro(23) gautics, San Diego, California, U.S. Air Force AF33-(616)-7436; 1963.
4,2
CHaP, 4 (24) form Vol.
REFERENCES
Cooley, W.W., "Low-Frequency Shielding Effectiveness of NonuniEnclosures'", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; 10, No. 1; March 1968; pp. 34-43,
(25)
on
Cowdell,
R.B.,
"New
R,B.,,
"Simplified
Electromagnetic
167. (26)
Cowdell,
Compatibility
20,
1967,
(27)
DeMilt,
Dimensions
Compatibility;
Symposium
M.D.,
Record,
Loh,
in
Vol.
Y.P.,
10,
Shielding', No.
Shielding",
Vol.
27C80;
and
Showers,
1;
IEEE
March
1967
IEEE
Washington,
R.M.,
Transactions
1968;
pp.
158-
Electromagnetic D.C,;
July
"Resonance
18-
Proper-
ties of the Shield of a Coaxial Cable over a Ground Plane" (Abstract); IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility"; Vol. EMC-10, No. 1; March 1968; p. 135.
(28) Dinger, H.E., and Effectiveness of Various tory,
NRL
Report
(29)
Dolle,
Vol.
70C28-EMC,
(30)
Donohue,
No,
W.C,,
4103,
Van
Raudenbush, J., "A Technique for Measuring the Shielding Materials', Naval Research LaboraAD-9353,
January
Steenberg,
G.N.,
1953.
and
Jouffray,
0.L.,
"Effects
of Shielded Enclosure Resonances on Measurement Accuracy", Record of 1970 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,
bility
Grounding
Structures"
bility;
(31)
July
Vol,
14-16,
R.K.,
and
and
EMC-10,
No.
H.B.,
1970;
Eckersley,
Shielding
(Abstract);
Dwight,
Anaheim,
IEEE 1,
"Tables
A.,
'"Some
Considerations
Transactions
March
of
pp.
1968;
p.
Integrals",
417-420.
Electromagnetic
in
Titanium
on Electromagnetic 142,
MacMillam,
Compati-
Aircraft
1947,
Compati-
N,Y,
(32) Eckersley, A., "H-Field Shielding Effectiveness of Flame-Sprayed on Thin Solid Aluminum and Copper Sheets", IEEE Transactions on Electro-
magnetic (33) ence
1963;
Compatibility;
Vol,
10,
No.
1;
pp.
pp.
101-104.
10-3.
(34)
Epstein,
M.,
(35)
Erdelyi,
A.
McGraw-Hill, (36)
1968;
"Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book-Radio InterferReduction", Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ships; September
and
Schulz,
R.B.,
"Tables
of
Frequency Radio Interference Measuring tron Devices; Vol. ED-8, January 1961;
ings
March
Ervin,
Eighth
New
Ed.,
York;
H.W.,
1954,
"Shield
Tri-Service
sets', IRE pp. 70-77.
Integral
Termination
Conference
'"Magnetic-field
Transforms
Prediction
(Vol.
Method",
onr Electromagnetic
4'3
Pickup
for Low-
Transactions,
Elec-
2)",
Proceed-
Compatibility,
CHapP, 4 Armour
REFERENCES 1962,
October
CHicago;
Foundation,
Research
"Effects of Partial IEEE Transactions
Farhat, N.H., Loh, Y.P., and Showers, R.M,, (37) Shields on Transmission Lines at Low Frequencies",
on
Electromagnetic
Compatibility;
42-51.
and
R.R.,
(38)
Feber,
(39)
Ficchi,
Vol.
EMC-10,
1;
Shielding
"The
F.J.,
Young,
No.
March
"Electrical
Filtron Company, Inc., (40) Engineers", Prepared for U.S.
New
Jersey;
Vols.
1
and
2,
"Interference Reduction Army Electronics Labs.,
Accession
AD
619666
and
AD
IEEE Sym17-19,
1969 June
New
Hayden,
Interference",
Guide for Design Fort Monmouth, 619667.
Foster, J., Buegal, K., and Sowa, C., "Electromagnetic Lunar Orbiter', NASA, Document No. NAS 1-3800; January
(42)
Free,
EMI
"Radiated
W.R.,
in
Measurements
1964.
York,
(41) bility
Record of the 1967 IEEE Vol., 27C80; Washington,
pp.
of Electromagnetic
Pulses by the Use of Magnetic Materials", Record of the posium on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol. 69C3-EMC; 1969, Asbury Park; pp. 73-74.
R.F.,
1968;
Compati29, 1965.
Enclosure",
Shielded
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility; D.C., July 18-20, 1967; pp. 43-53
Free, W.R., et al., "Electromagnetic Interference Measurement (43) Methods-Shielded Enclosure', Final Report on Contract No. DA 28-043 AMC-02381 (E), EES, Georgia Institute of Technology; 1967. Free,
(44)
Testing of 0575, EES,
et
W.R.,
GM07-59-2617A, (45) Minuteman (WS 133A)",
(46)
Goubau,
and
Propagation,
(47)
Haber,
sures",
"Compact
al.,
Chamber
VHF Whip Antennas'", Final Report Georgia Institute of Technology,
G.,
F.,
Proceedings
AP-7;
on
"Generation
of IRE,
Interfaces'",
December of
Vol.
1959;
Standard
42,
Impedance
Control
"Electro-Interference 20 October 1959.
"Waves
Vol,
for
for
IRE Antennas
S140-S5147.
Fields
November
Power
Requirements
Transactions pp.
and
DAABO7-67-C-
on Contract 1968.
in
1954,
Enclo-
Shielded
Haber, F,, "Study of GSFC Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) (48) Design Guideline for Aerospace Communication Systems', Moore School of EE, University of Pennsylvania, Report No. 66027 for NASA, April 30,
1966, (49)
Harrington,
J.G.,
and
Schulz,
R.B,,
'"Design
of Minimum
and Maximum Effectiveness of Very-Low-Frequency Shielding', Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol, EMC-10,
4.4
Weight
IEEE No. 1;
CHap, 4
REFERENCES
March 1968; pp. 152-157. (50)
Wave Vol,
Harris,
G.R,,
"Precision
Filters for Carrier 11; April 1932; pp.
Methods
Systems", 264-283,
Bell
used
in
Constructing
Systems
Technical
(51)
Harrison,
C.W.,
Jr.,
"Transient
Electromagnetic
(52)
Harrison,
C.W.,
Jr.,
and
C.,H.,
Electric
Journal;
Field
Propaga-
tion Through Infinite Sheets into Spherical Shells and into Hollow Cylinders", IEEE Transactions Antennas and Propagation; Vol, AP-12; May 1964; pp. 319-334,
Papas,
"On
the
Attenuation
of
Transient Fields by Imperfectly Conducting Spherical Shells", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; Vol, AP-13; November 1965;
pp.
960-966.
(53)
of
Hays,
Nuclear
(54)
Vol.
J.B.,
Hollway,
21,
"Protecting
Explosions",
No.
D.L.,
10;
IEEE
"Screen
October
Communications
Spectrum;
1960;
Rooms pp.
and
Vol.
Systems
1;
May
from
1964;
Enclosures',
pp.
EMP
Effects
115-122.
Proceedings
660-668.
IREA,
(55) Hornbostel, D,H., and Becker, S,, et. al., "Study of Thin-film Interference Reduction Techniques'", AIL Division Cutler-Hammer, Deer
Park, New York; USAECOM Contract DA28-043-AMC-01970(E), 3rd Quarterly Report; July 1967. (Also, lst and 2nd Quarterly Reports. Final Report, May 1966 to October 1967).
(56) 1962.
Jackson,
J.D.,
'"Classical
Electrodynamics",
(57) Jabhnke, E., and Emde, F,, "Tables and Curves'", Dover, New York; 1945, (58)
ing
Jarva,
W.,
Waveguide
Shields",
"Shielding
Ventilation
Proceeding
7th
Efficiency
Panels
and
Tri-Service
(59)
Johnson,
W.R.,
Iaterference
et,
al.,
Functions
Calculation
other
Armour
"Development
Compatibility
of
(60) Jordan, Prentice-Hall, (61)
nik",
Kaden,
Springer;
a Space
NSA,
"Wirbelstrome
Berlin,
1959;
pp.
upd
Schirmung
71-85,
4,5
in
93-107.
der
Screen-
Interference
Foundation;
Vehicle
E.C., "Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; 1950. H.,
for
Electromagnetic
on Radio
9-73-5, TRI7, 08900-60001-T000; June 28, 1968,
York;
Formulas
Methods
Research
Specification'',
New
with
Perforated
Conference
Reduction and Electronic Compatibility; November 1961; pp. 478-498.
magnetic
of
Wiley,
Electro-
Contract
No.
Systems",
Nachrichtentech-
CHapP, 4
REFERENCES
(62) Kanellakos, D,P,, and Schulz, R,B., "New Techniques for Evaluating the Performance of Shielded Enclosures", Fifth Conference on Radio
Interference
Reduction
Foundation, (63)
IIT,
Karakash,
MacMillan,
(64) Phil.
J.J.,
New
and
Chicago,
York;
Electronic
I1l.;
October
"Transmission
Compatibility;
Lines
1950.
Armour
1959.
and
Filter
Research
Networks",
King, L.V., "Electromagnetic Shielding at Radio Frequencies", Mag. J. Sci.; Vol, 15; February 1933; pp. 201-223,
(65)
Klouda,
J.C.,
(66)
Kozakoff,
"Practical
Electro-Technology;
June
D.J.,
Aspects
1961.
Bolt,
A,T.,
and
in Evaluating Howard,
F.D.,
Shielded
Rooms",
"Shielding
Effec-
tiveness of Various Shaped Geometrical Enclosures in Terms of Normalized Parameters', Record of the 1970 IEEE Regional Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium Record; Vol. 70C64-REGEMC; San Antonio, October 6-8, 1970; pp. V-A-1 to V-A-11, (67) Solid
Larmor, Bodies'",
Ser.
5,
(68) tive
Lassiter, H.A., "Low Frequency Shielding Effectiveness Glass'', IEEE Transactions Electromagnetic Compatibility;
63
(69)
July
Vol.
J., "Electromagnetic Induction in Conducting London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Phil. Mag. and
17;
1964;
Levy,
Conducting June 1963;
January
pp.
1884,
17-30.
S.,
"Electromagnetic
Sheet between pp. 923-941.
Coaxial
Shielding
Cables',
Effect
of
an
Proceedings
of
Sheets and J. Science;
of ConducVol. EMC-
Infinite
IRE;
Vol.
Plane 21;
(70) Liaw, Y.S., "Calculation of Shielding Effectiveness of Cylindrical Cable at Low Frequencies", M.S. Thesis, Moore School of Electrical
Engineering,
University
(71)
R.H.,
Lien,
of
Pennsylvania,
"Radiation
infinite Dissipative Medium', January 1953; pp. 1-4.
(72)
and
Lindgren,
Associates;
E.A.,
1967.
from
John
Philadelphia;
a Horizontal
Hopkins
"Contemporary
1967.
Dipole
Applied
RF Enclosures",
in
Physics;
Erik
a Semi-infinite Vol.
A.
24;
Lindgren
(73) Lockwood, R,0., '"New Technique for the Determination of the Integrity of Shielded Enclosures by the Measurement of the Perpendicular Magnetic Field", Record of the 1967 IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol, 27C80; Washington, D.C., July 18-20; pp. 61-69.
4.6
CHap, 4 (74)
REFERENCES Loh,
Vol.,
EMC-10,
Y,P.,
"Shielding
No.
1;
March
Theory
1968;
of
pp.
Coaxial
Cylindrical
16-28.
Structures",
(75) Lyomns, W., "Experiments on Electromagnetic Shielding at Frequencies Between One and Thrity Kilocycles", Proceedings of IRE; Vol,
21,
April
1933;
pp.
(76)
Maxwell,
(77)
McAdam,
(78)
McDonald,
574-590.
J.C.,
"On
the
Induction
of Electric
Infinite Plane Sheet of Uniform Conductivity'", Doublin Phil. Mag. and J, Science (Proc. Royal No., 289,
Electronic
W.,
15
kHz
Mei,
and
EMC-8,
and
Van
No.
(80)
Meindl,
Technology;
J.D.,
Ph.,
Cleveland,
D,
Vol.
1;
March
1966;
"Low-Frequency Antennas of
dissertation,
7,
Pickup No.
"Shielding
Transactions
Calculation
Ohio,
"Solving
Interference
IEEE
Bladel,
"The
Lines'",
G,R.,
in
lar Cylinder", IEEE Transactions January 1963; pp. 52-56.
Transmission
D,,
Journal;
Taylor,
Region'",
Vol,
K.,
ISA
Effectiveness
Frequency
Compatibility;
(79)
Vandeventer,
G.M.,
Circuit-Grounding
to
and
Instrumentation',
Currents
and
Field
Technical
1968. (82)
Mendez,
(83)
Metcalfe,
Record of 69C3-EMC,
Papers
H.A,,
pp.
Scattering
External
Los
(84)
Miedzinski,
British
Electrical
1959.
"Meaningful
EMC
Measurements
J.,
and
(86)
D.A.,
R.H.,
and
and
Research
in
Caprio,
Screening
Assn.,
50
48.
the
by
Rectangu-
Vol.
to
Calif,;
Instrumentation', IEEE Vol. EMC-7, June 1965;
"Electromagnetic
Compatibility;
Miller,
Allmen,
Allied
(85) Miller, D.A., and ing Effectiveness at Low
magnetic
Angeles,
p.
in
Hz
AP-11;
Shielded
Institute
the 1969 IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Asbury Park; June 17-19, 1969; p. 137.
Von
and
in
8-16.
Propagation;
19,
R.E.,
60;
on Electromagnetic
Session
tion of Spectrum Signature tromagnetic Compatibility;
Apr.
Grounding
(81) Mendez, H.A,, "A New Approach to Electromagnetic Measurements in Shielded Enclosures', Convention Record WESCON,
Problems
4;
Reduction
Carnegie
1958,
in an
London, Edinburgh, and Soc.); Ser. 4, Vol. 43,
of
Field-Strength of the 1968 August
Shielded
20-23,
Enclosures",
Compatibility;
S.T.,
"Investiga-
Transactions pp. 218-232,
Theory
Technical
Vol.
and
on
Elec-
Practice",
Report
M/T
135;
Bridges, J.E., "Geometrical Effects on ShieldFrequencies', IEEE Transactions on Electro-
Vol.
EMC-8,
Bridges,
December
J.E.,
4.7
1966;
"Review
of
pp.
174-187.
Circuit
Approach
to
CHap, 4
REFERENCES
Calculate
Shielding
Compatibility;
(87)
Effectiveness',
Vol.,
10,
MIL-STD-285,
No,
1;
'"Method
Electromagnetic
Shielding
(88)
Moorthy,
S.C.,
(89)
Morecroft,
March
IEEE
Transactions
1968;
PP.
of Attenuation
for
Electronic
"Coupling
Measurements
Test
Between
on Electromagnetic
52-62.
for Enclosures
Purposes',
Coaxial
Cables
at
VLF
(0-50Kc/s)"
Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Contract NObsr 85170, Index S-FO 121511, 1965,
Magnetic
(90)
J.H.,
Fields'",
Moser,
and
Proceedings
J.R.,
Turner,
A.,
IRE;
"The
Vol.
"Low-Frequency
13,
Shielding
magnetic Field Source', Vol. EMC-9; March 1967;
IEEE Transactions pp. 6-18.
(91)
Empirical
Moser,
J.R.,
"An
Study
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic March 1968; pp. 112-125,
(92)
Osburn,
J.D.,
Morris,
Design and Fabrication the International IEEE
Vol.
70C28-EMC,
(93)
0'Young,
Anaheim,
S.L.,
Shielding
August
F.J.,
of
1925;
of Electric pp.
a Circular
Loop
Electromagnetic
of ELF
and VLF
Compatibility",
"Problems
Electro-
Compatibility;
Shield
Vol.,
Encountered
and
477-505.
Cans'",
10,
No.
During
1;
the
of an ELF-VLF-Shielding Enclosure', Record of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility;
July
14-16,
Goldman,
R,,
1970;
and
pp.
472-478.
Jorgensen,
L.,
"Survey
of
Techniques for Measuring RF Shielding Enclosures'", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol. 10 No. 1; March 1968; pp. 72-
81.
(94)
Patton,
B.J.,
"Magnetic
Shielding",
(95)
Patton,
B.J.,
"Room-Size
Enclosure
Dallas,
Texas,
Socony for
Mobil
0il
Geomagnetic
Co.,
Shielding',
Record of the 1970 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol, 70C28-EMC; Anaheim, July 14-16, 1970; pp. 89-96.
(96) Patton, B.J., and Fitch, J,L., "Design Shield", Socony Mobil 0il Co., Dallas, Texas. 97)
IEEE
(98)
Pearlston,
Third
National
Pearlston,
ing Considerations on Radio Frequency
C.B.,
C.B,,
1-6.
(99)
Plantz,
"Enclosure
Symposium
V.C.,
"Case
on
Shielding
RFI;
Schulz,
Cable
R.B.,
and
4.8
in
Washington,
and
in Electromagnetic Interference; Vol,
of
a Room-size Radio
D.C.,
Shielding,
Magnetic
Interference", June
Bonding
1961.
and
Ground-
Interference", IRE Transactions RFI-4, No., 3; October 1962; pp.
Goldman,
R.,
"Shielding
Density:
CHAP, 4
REFERENCES
An Electromagnetic Shielding Design Concept for Weight Sensitive plications'", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; 10, No. 1; March 1968: pp. 126-129.
ApVol.
(100) Plantz, V.C,, Schulz, R,B., and Goldman, R,, "Temperature Stress and Nuclear Radiation Effects on Electromagnetic Shielding" (Abstract),
IEEE Transactions on March 1968; p. 129.
(101)
Electromagnetic
'"Proceedings
of
216; 1965. (102)
sures
U.S.
10,
Proposed
and
Naval
Civil
(103) Quine, Effectiveness of
the
Third
Foundation;
(104)
2nd
Ramo,
Edition,
Conference
Phil.
Ryan,
Final
Radio
Interference
pp.
"Fields
S.,
Whinnery,
J.R.,
and
New
York;
Electronics',
B,E.,
and
Reduction;
315-329.
J.R.,
Mag.,
C.M,,
for
the
Electromagnetic
1953;
Wiley,
p.
Van
New
Schulz,
and Waves
244.
33-
Enclo-
Report
September
Duzer,
York;
R.B,,
Vol.
"Computer
1909;
pp.
Expression
Low-Frequency
Compatibility;
Plane Vol,
p.
524-552. for
Sanford, Magnetic
Radio",
and Waves Line
Electromagnetic
and and
EMC-10;
in for
Compati-
Inductance of a Conbei and Allied Func-
Predicting
Shield
Research
294.
"A Parallel-Strip
Effective Resistance of Computing the ber
17,
"Fields
1965;
Armour
in Modern
Case',
Shielding
IEEE
September
24-33.
(110) of the
1;
Memo
of
NBY-33220:;
Ef-
Transactions
1967;
(109) Salati, 0.M., "Recent Developments in Interference", actions on Radio Frequency Interference; Vol, RFI-4, No. 2; pPP.
No.
Technical
Calif,,
Contract
RF Susceptibility', IEEE Transactions Vol, EMC-7, June 1965; pp. 142-150.
fectiveness
94.
on
1957;
(107) Russell, A,, "The centric Main and Methods
on
Laboratory;
10,
Shielding
Compton,
Whinnery,
Roseberry,
(108)
Inc.;
S.,
Wiley,
(106)
tions",
NASA
Electromagnetic
Genistron,
Engineering
February
Ramo,
Testing bility;
for
Workshop',
Vol.
J.P., "Theoretical Formulas for Calculating Shielding of Perforated Sheets and Wire Mesh Screens', Proceedings
(105)
Communication
Magnetics
Specification
Buildings',
1962,
the
Compatibility;
IRE May
pp.
83-
Trans1962;
R.L., "Basic Magnetic Quantities and the Measurement Properties of Materials', NBS Monograph 47, 1962.
(111) Schelkunoff, Waves', Proceedings
S.A., "Transmission Theory of Plane of IRE; Vol, 25, November 1937; pp.
4.9
Electromagnetic 1457-1492,
CHap, 4
REFERENCES
(113) Schor, F.W., "Measurement of RF Leakage in Connectors', IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Multipin Electrical Compatibility; Vol.
10, No. 1; March 1968; pp. 135-141. (114)
Schreiber,
0.P.,
kets'", Proceedings of tion; Armour Research 359.
"Designing
and
Applying
Second Conference on Foundation, Chicago,
RFI
Radio Il1l.;
Washington,
D.C.,
June
1961.
(116)
Schulz,
R,B.,
"Feasibility
Study
(117)
Schulz,
R.B.,
"ELF
(118)
Schulz,
R.B.,
et.
al.,
(119)
Schulz,
R.B.,
and
Clapsaddle,
of
Shields
and
Gas-
Interference ReducMarch 1956; pp. 343-
(115) Schreiber, 0.P., "Some Useful Analogies for Gasketing'", IEEE Third National Symposium on Radio
ence;
Nostrand,
Van
Schelkunoff, S.A., "Electromagnetic Waves", (112) Princeton, New Jersey; 1943; pp. 223-225, 303-306.
RF Shielding and Frequency Interfer-
Shielding
Techniques",
Presentation to Interference Reduction Branch, Engineering Support Services Department; U.S. Army Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey; May 1964; pp. 4-5.
meability ity; Vol.
and
Materials", IEEE 10, No. 1; March
Effectiveness
Shielding
VLF
Transactions on Electromagnetic 1968; pp. 95-100.
"Shielding
Theory
and
of High-PerCompatibil-
Practice",
Proceed-
ings, Ninth Tri-Service Conference on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Armour Research Foundation, Chicago, I1l.; October 1963; pp. 597-636.
R.L.,
"Electrocompatibility
Aspects of Microelectronics'", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol., EMC-6; January 1964; pp. 37-46. Design'', IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic No., 1; March 1968; pp. 168-175.
(120)
Schulz,
R.B,,
Huang,
Compatibility;
(121)
Schulz,
R.B.,
Plantz,
D.R.,
Shielding ity; Vol.
Resonance', IEEE 10, No. 1; March
G.C.,
and Williams,
V.C.,
and
(122) Schwartz, R.F,, "Bibliography on Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Philadelphia; 1954.
(123)
tions
shenfeld,
on
pp.29-34.
(124)
S.,
"Shielding
Electromagnetic
Siegel,
N.S,,
of
Field
Shielding Vol,
10,
"Low-Frequency
Compatibil-
Radio-Frequency Shielding", University of Pennsylvania,
Vol.
Coupling
4,10
"RF
Electromagnetic
Cylindrical
Compatibility;
"Near
Brush,
Transactions on 1968; pp. 7-15.
W.L,,
Tubes',
10,
No.
on Aerospace
1;
IEEE
Transac-
March
1968;
Vehicles",
1970
CHaP, 4
REFERENCES
IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility 14-16, 1970; pp. 211-216.
(125) Sommerfeld, A., "On graphy", (in German), Ann. 1153. Stirrat,
W.A.,
"Antenna
(127)
Stirrat,
W.A.,,
"USA
(128) 1941,
Stratton,
Conference
on
Model
for
Electromagnetic
ECOM
California;
RFI
Work",
Proceedings,
Compatibility;
to
Chicago,
Shielding
Compatibility;
"Electromagnetic
July
of Waves in Wireless Tele81; December 1926; pp. 1135-
Contribution
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic 1, March 1968; pp. 63-66.
J.A.,
Anaheim,
the Propagation der Phys.; Vol.
(126)
Tri-Service 1963.
Record;
Theory",
Theory",
Vol,
EMC-10,
McGraw-Hill,
Ninth
Il1l.,
No.
New
York;
(129) Stuckey, C.W., Free, W.R., and Robertson, D.W., "Preliminary Interpretation of Near-Field Effects on Measurement Accuracy in Shiqlded Enclosures', Record of the 1969 IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility;
Vol.
Sunde,
(130)
Induction",
69C3-EMC,
E.G.,
Bell
"Switching
Telephone
Labs.
Thomas, A.K,, "Magnetic (131) VLF Region', IEEE Transactions
10, No.
l; March 1968,
Shielding
Center
(Unpublished
Against
Atmospheric
Memorandum).
Shielded Enclosure on Electromagnetic
pp. 142-152.
Design in the DC and Compatibility; Vol.
(132) Toler, J.C., and Evans, R., "Shielded Enclosure Specification in Perspective", 1970 Regional Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium Record; Vol. 70C64 - REGEMC; San Antonio, October 6-8, 1970; pp. IIIAQ1-ITI-A-3.
(133) U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, '"Proposed Specification for Electromagnetic Shielding of Enclosures and Buildings", Final Project Report, Contract NBy-32220, Port Hueneme, Calif., 31 July 1963;
pp.
97-113.
(134)
Vaska,
C.S.,
(135)
Vaska,
C.S.,
(136)
Weber,
E.,
"Problems
in
Shielding
Electronic
Proceedings Conference on Radio Interference Reduction; Armour Research Foundation, December 1954; p.p. 86-103
Frequency 1956.
Shielded
"Theory,
Rooms",
Design
and
Chicago,
Evaluation
of
Pa.,
Report
NADC-EL-54129,
Fields",
Wiley,
New
Johnsville,
"Electromagnetic
Engineering
Equipment',
4.1
York;
1950.
Ill.,
Radio
Aug.
CHaP, 4 (137)
REFERENCES Weck,
R.A.,
tronics Command, 2775; July 1966.
"Advanced
Fort
Shielding
Mommouth,
New
Techniques",
Jersey,
Technical
U.S,
Army
Report
Elec-
ECOM-
(138) Weck, R.A., "Thin-Film Shielding for Microcircuit Applications and a Useful Laboratory Tool for Plane-Wave Shielding Evaluations", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol. 10, No. 1; March 1968; pp. 105-112.
(139)
Weck,
R.A.,
(140)
Weinstock,
and
Lump,
C.J,,
U.S. Army Electronics Command, Fort Report ECOM-2798; January 1967,
G.L.,
"Thin-film Monmouth,
"Electromagnetic
Shielding
New
Jersey,
Interference
Measurements", Technical
Control
Within
Aerospace Ground Equipment for the McDonnell Phantom II Aircraft", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; Vol, EMC-7, No. June 1965; pp. 85-92, (141) Wheeler, H.A., Antenna", Proceedings (142) Whiteside, IEEE Transactions 291-297.
Spherical Coil as an Inductor, Shield, or Vol. 46, September 1958; pp. 1595-1602.
H., and King, R.W,P,, "The Loop Antenna as a Probe'", Antennas and Propagation; Vol. AP-12, May 1964; pp.
(143) Wills, A,P., cal and Cylindrical
(144)
"The IRE;
2,
"On the Magnetic Shielding of Tri-lamellar Shells'", Phys. Rev.; Vol. 9; October 1899.
Wright-Patterson
Air
Force
Base,
for Aerospace Systems Design', Vol. AFSCM 80-9, Code SEG (SEPSM); Basic
Ohio,
"Handbook
of
Spheri-
Instructions
4, Electromagnetic Compatibility Issue, 20 April, 1964.
4,12
COPPER A APPENDIX
0E € ZHIL 00€ ZHWOOL
W &
0E
40 8VURISL] [ LI9W-02-224N0S ZHoOL
-
€
ZHWL
ZHWL
J0F Adusnbauad ZHWOL
€
ZHA001L
ZHA00L
0¢
0E
*sA 4addo) jo 00€
00€
ZHAOL
€
€
\
ZHAL
ZHAL
SsausA 1199443
S
ZHAOL
08
G
2
2=
ZHOOL
BuLp|aLys
00€
SaAeM
0E
:
X
- L'y
aduepaduy-mo
-
ZHOL
o4nbi4
0
02
08
g
=
ool &
ozl 23
o
N%.N
s
002
J 0818
s
3
"
v
3 09l & "
g
Jaddoy
wg
Ly
-
plati-3
1=t =i pue pue | |0
S ont
>
&3 o9l K4v
002
& o8l =
a22
022
ov2
ZHOL
00€
ov2
0¢
092
ZHOOL
092
022
sanem
2
00€
oy
ZHWOL
3
0E
082 ZHIL
m
ZHWOOL
oy
.
B~
00€
09
€
09
0z
0
woQ
w
=001
2
ZH90L
@ouepadut-yb Ly ort
@ ozl =
E
0¢
082 00€
A.l
COPPER APPERDIX A
0 0z
o
022 ove
092 082 00€
0€
0¢
€
ZHIL
ZHIL
Wl 40 dduR3SLA ZHIOL
€
LLw
Jadd
=41 pue |4
ZH90L
ZHWOOL
ZHWOOL
0¢
0E
|B}IBY-03-924n0S 00€
00€
404 ZHWOL
ZHWOL
ZHWL
ZHWL
ASusnbaug €
€
sA 00€ bau
470
00¢
0€
U3
ZHA0L
ZHAOL
€
€
ZHAL
ZHAL
42ddo) Jo SSauaAL}D844] ZHA001L
ZH¥00L
ZHOOL
0g
0
02
ob
! 002
02¢
ove
092
082
00€ ZHOL
\§
ZHOL
- z*y aunbLy
SaARM
1-ubtH
0¢
plati-3
PLaL4-H
aouepadw]-mo
Bulplalys
00€
ZHOOL
ETES
00€
A.2
BuLp(atys
o ©
Q >
o o
=] ~
09
@
o