A Grammatical Sketch of Chimborazo Quichua

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BEUKEMA, R o n a ld W i l l i a m , 194 9A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF CHIMBORAZO QUICHUA. Y a le U n i v e r s i t y , P h . D . , 1975 Language, l i n g u i s t i c s

Xerox University Microfilms,

Ann Arbor, M ich ig a n 4 8 1 0 6

THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.

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A G r a m m a tic a l S k e t c h o f C h im b o ra z o Q u ic h u a

A D isse rta tio n P r e s e n t e d t o t h e F a c u lty o f th e G rad u ate S c h o o l of Y a le U n i v e r s i t y i n C a n d id a c y f o r t h e D e g re e o f D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y

by R o n a ld W il l ia m Beukema December 1975

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

ABSTRACT A G r a m m a ti c a l S k e t c h o f C him b o razo Q u ic h u a R o n a ld W i l l i a m Beukema Y a le U n i v e r s i ty

1975 The s t u d y i s a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e d i a l e c t o f Q uechua s p o k e n i n t h e C h im b o ra z o p r o v i n c e o f E c u a d o r and known a s Q u i c h u a . The d e s c r i p t i o n i s b a s e d on t e x t s e l i c i t e d fro m n a t i v e s p e a k e r s o f Q u ic h u a . The a p p r o a c h i s b a s i c a l l y t h a t o f S t r a t i f i c a t i o n a l g ram m ar. The s c o p e o f t h e d e s c r i p t i o n i s w i d e : p h o n o l o g y , m o r p h o lo g y , p h r a s e s t r u c t u r e , l e x o t a c t i c s , a n d s e m o lo g y . As a r e s u l t o f t h i s w id e c o v e r a g e , d e t a i l e d t r e a t m e n t o f t h e o r e t i c a l and h i s t o r i c a l p ro b lem s h as been s a c r i f i c e d e x c e p t i n t h o s e c a s e s w h e re s u c h d i s c u s s i o n m akes p o s s i b l e i n t e r e s t i n g and s i g n i f i c a n t s i m p li f i c a ti o n s o f th e g ra m m a r. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n t h e r e i s in c lu d e d a f o lk t a l e w ith a d e ta ile d a n a ly s is o f i t s s t r u c t u r e i n t e r m s o f t h e m eth o d s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e body o f t h e gram m ar. F i n a l l y t h e r e i s a s h o r t d i c t i o n a r y t h a t i n c l u d e s a l l w o rd s i n t h e c o r p u s on w h ic h t h e a n a l y s i s i s based.

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P reface T h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n g re w o u t o f a d e s i r e t o w ork ’ i n t h e f i e l d ’ , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n E c u a d o r , t h e l a n d w here I was b o r n b u t i n w hich I h a d n e v e r h ad t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o l i v e . My y e a r i n t h e f i e l d l i v e d up t o e x p e c t a t i o n s , l a r g e l y b e c a u s e o f t h e k i n d n e s s o f many p e o p l e . The s t a f f o f t h e G o s p e l M i s s i o n a r y U nion s t a t i o n i n C o l t a w ere v e r y h e l p f u l i n p r o v i d i n g u s w i t h a c o m f o r t a b l e home f o r e i g h t m o n th s a n d i n g i v i n g u s many o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o m e e t Q u i c h u a s . My i n f o r m a n t s w e re e x c e l l e n t . I w o uld p a r t i c u l a r l y l i k e t o t h a n k V i c t o r M anuel N a u la S . f o r h i s p a t i e n t h e l p . One h a r d l y t h i n k s t o t h a n k o n e ’ s p a r e n t s , b u t l a s t y e a r I came t o b e e s p e c i a l l y g r a t e f u l t o them a s t h e y h e l p e d o u t i n many w a y s . A fte r th e year of f ie ld

w ork was a c c o m p l i s h e d we moved

b a c k t o New Haven t o w r i t e u p t h e r e s u l t s a n d , i n a d v e r t e n t l y , t o l e a r n more a b o u t t h e Q u ic h u a l a n g u a g e t h a n I h a d i n t h e f i e l d . T hose c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a c a d e m ic e n v i r o n m e n t w h ic h made t h i s y e a r i n New H aven so p r o f i t a b l e a r e m any. T hose t h a t I can m e n t i o n , I w i l l . F i r s t , o f c o u r s e , a r e th e i n v a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n s w ith P r o f e s s o r s F lo y d L o u n s b u r y and S y d n e y Lamb. I d a r e s a y t h e r e w e re t i m e s when t h e y f o u n d me t r y i n g , b u t t h e y s t u c k it

o u t w i t h g e n u i n e p a t i e n c e , n e v e r f a i l i n g t o come up

w i t h h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s a n d r e a l i n s i g h t s . T hen t h e r e

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iii w e re i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h o t h e r members o f t h e f a c u l t y and w ith

c l a s s m a t e s . Out o f m o st o f t h o s e t a l k s

I w as a b l e t o d i s t i l l s o m e th in g t h a t would c a l l f o r one m ore r e - w r i t e . F o r t h a t , I 'm n o t s u r e I 'm g r a t e f u l . Y a le U n i v e r s i t y w as h e l p f u l i n v e r y p r a c t i c a l w a y s . I ' m g r a t e f u l t o them f o r t h e

e x c e lle n t c o lle c tio n o f

Q uechua m a t e r i a l s i n S t e r l i n g l i b r a r y , and a l s o f o r t h e i r g e n e r o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f NDEA a n d NDAF f u n d s . The p e r s o n who h a s p r o b a b l y h a d t o t o l e r a t e t h e m o st f r o m my a c a d e m ic l i f e

i s my w i f e . Somehow, t h r o u g h s i x

y e a r s o f m a r r i a g e , a l l o f w hich I h a v e s p e n t i n s c h o o l , s h e h a s made home a good p l a c e to come a t t h e e n d o f t h e d a y . T h i s , i n s p i t e o f h a v i n g t o move t h a t home t o E c u a d o r and b a c k . And o u r tw o c h i l d r e n c e r t a i n l y come i n f o r p r a i s e a t t h i s p o i n t . They were,- a n d a r e , l i t t l e i n t e r e s t e d i n my s h o p - t a l k , so t h e y h a v e t a u g h t me how to put i t a sid e . New Haven h a s a l s o b e e n a good home t h i s l a s t y e a r b e c a u s e o f t h e w a rm th o f f e l l o w s h i p and t h e p r a c t i c a l h e l p o f th e p e o p l e i n t h e T r i n i t y E v a n g e l i c a l F r e e C h u rc h . More i m p o r t a n t t h a n e n v i r o n m e n t , h o w e v e r , my f a m i l y a nd t h e C h r i s t i a n c h u rc h h a v e g i v e n my a r e a s o n f o r w o rk in g and a r e a s o n f o r h a v i n g f a i t h

i n God. So I

come t o d e d i c a t e t h i s work t o M a r j , K r i s t i e , P e t e r , a n d t h e C hurch o f C h r i s t .

t

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C o n ten ts

In tro d u c tio n

1

C h a p t e r 1 : P h o n o lo g y

3

1 1 0 . Phonem es

3

111. A rtic u la to ry ch a rt 1 2 0 . C o m p o n en tial a n a l y s i s

3 4

121. C hart

6

122• C o n tr a s t

7

123• V a r ia tio n

10

1 2 4 • D e t e r m in e d f e a t u r e s

10

130. C lu ste rs

12

1 3 1 . R e s t r i c t e d phonem es

12

1 3 2 . G em in ate c o n s o n a n t s

12

1 3 3 . Vowel a n d g l i d e re s tric tio n s

13

134. N asal a s s i m il a ti o n

13

1 3 5 . A / an d / g /

15

1 4 0 . P h o n o l o g i c a l w o rd

15

1 4 1 . D is tr ib u tio n o f phonemes

16

142. N o n -c o n tra stiv e s t r e s s

16

143* C o n t r a s t i v e s t r e s s

17

1 5 0 . M orphophonem ic a l t e r n a t i o n

IS

C h a p t e r 2 : M o rp h o lo g y

19

iv

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2 1 0 . M o rp h o ta c tic s

20

2 1 1 . R o o ts and ste m s

21

212. S u ffix e s

22

a . V erb s u f f i x e s

23

b . Noun s u f f i x e s

27

213. E n c l i t i c s 2 2 0 . Bound m orphem es

23 29

2 2 1 . vV

29

2 2 2 . vD

34

223. v l

36

2 2 4 . vN

33

2 2 5 . nN

41

2 2 6 . nV

42

2 2 7 . nA

43

223. E n c l it i c s

43

2 3 0 . Word c l a s s e s

54

2 3 1 . P ro n o u n s

55

a . P erso n al

55

b . P o s se ss iv e

55

c . D e m o n stra tiv e

56

232. In d e fin ite s

56

233. Q u a n tifie rs

56

2 3 4 . N u m e ra ls

57

235* N e g a t i v e

53

236. P ro h ib itiv e

5$

2 3 7 . A d v e rb s

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233.

P o s tp o sitio n s

5*

239* C o m p a r a ti v e

59

2 4 0 . C o n ju n ctio n s

59

2 5 0 . za

59

C h a p te r 3 : P h ra s e s

62

3 1 0 . Noun p h r a s e s

62

320. A d je c tiv e p h rases

65

3 3 0 . V erb p h r a s e s

66

3 3 1 . C o m p le m e n tiv e

67

332. P re d ic a tiv e

69

333* Q u o t a t i v e

71

3 4 0 . N o m in a l p h r a s e s

72

350. P o s tp o s itio n a l p h rases

73

360. A d v e rb ia l p h rases

74

C h a p te r 4 : L e x o ta c tic s

77

4 1 0 . S im p l e s e n t e n c e 411* P r e d i c a t e

73

412. S u b je c t

31

413• O b je cts

81

4 1 4 . A d v e rb s

82

a • T e m p o ra l

83

b . L o c a tiv e

84

c • M anner

35

d . M o tiv a tio n a l

86

e . A ccom panim ent

87

f . B e n e fa c tiv e

87

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I

415 • C o n n e c t i v e s

##

4 1 6 . O rder an d v a r i a t i o n

90

417* M u l t i p l e c o n s t i t u e n t s

104

4 2 0 . Compound s e n t e n c e s

10#

4 3 0 . Complex s e n t e n c e s

111

440. Q u o ta tiv e se n te n c e s

117

4 5 0 . N e g atio n

120

460. In te rro g a tiv e s

123

4 6 1 , Y es/n o q u e s t io n s

123

462* In fo rm a tio n q u e stio n s

125

470. C o n d itio n a l se n te n c e s

126

4#0. Im p e ra tiv e s e n te n c e s

127

C h a p t e r 5 : Sem ology

12#

5 1 0 , R o le s t r u c t u r e

129

5 1 1 . Q u ic h u a r o l e s

129

5 1 2 . A d v e rb ia ls

130

513* V erb s u f f i x e s

136

a . n a k u vV R e c i p r o c a l ’

136

b* c i vV ’ C a u s a t i v e ’

13#

c . r i vV ’ M e d i o - p a s s i v e ’

140

5 2 0 . L o c a tio n

143

5 2 1 . nA s u f f i x e s

143

5 2 2 . mu vV ’C i s l o c a t i v e ’

14#

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v iii

5 3 0 . Time

a a a

150

531* A d v e r b i a l s

150

5 3 2 . Verb s y s te m

154

a . T en se

154

b . A spect

154

5 33• n a Adv A l r e a d y 1

156

5 3 4 . r a k En f I m p e r f e c t i v e f

160

5 4 0 . E x p la n a tio n

161

541* C o n d i t i o n

161

542. P urpose

I 63

550. T ex tu al fu n c tio n s of e n c litic s

164

55 1 . C o n ju n ctio n

164

552, In te rro g a tio n

166

553* E p is te m o lo g y 55 4 . O p in io n

167

5 5 5 . C o n firm a tio n

169

C h a p t e r 6 : Sam ple t e x t

170

D ic tio n a ry

200

Sym b ols and a b b r e v i a t i o n s

225

B ib lio g ra p h y

230

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In tro d u c tio n . & $

Q u ic h u a i s t h e name g i v e n t o t h e E c u a d o r i a n

d i a l e c t s o f t h e K echua l a n g u a g e .

The d i a l e c t d e s c r i b e d i n

t h i s t h e s i s i s t h a t s p o k e n i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f C h im b o ra zo i n t h e c e n t r a l r e g i o n s o f t h e Andes h i g h l a n d s o f E c u a d o r . About o n e a n d a h a l f m i l l i o n p e o p l e s p e a k d i a l e c t s o f Q u ic h u a , My i n f o r m a n t s come fro m t h r e e c o m m u n itie s i n C h im b o ra z o , a n d s o t h e r e i s some d i a l e c t v a r i a t i o n among t h e m .

My

p r i n c i p a l i n f o r m a n t was V i c t o r M anuel N a u la S a n a y , who, a t t h e t i m e I w o rk e d w i t h h im , w as a m e d i c a l s t u d e n t i n t h e U n iv e rsid a d C e n tra l in Q u ito .

He i s fro m t h e tow n o f

P u lu c a te , and h as liv e d i n v a rio u s p a r ts o f th e c o u n try : G u a y aq u il, O rie n te p ro v in c e ,

and Q u i t o .

My o t h e r i n f o r m a n t s w e r e : J c s e M anuel N a u l a , J o s e M a j i , Ramona Bueno C h im bulem a. i n t h e com m unity o f T r o j e . Q u ito .

J o s e M anuel

N a u la was b r o u g h t up

He i s now a r a d i o a n n o u n c e r i n

J o s e M a ji l i v e s i n C o l t a and w o rk s a t t h e m i s s i o n

s t a t i o n t h e r e a s a g a r d e n e r a n d g e n e r a l h andym an.

Ramona

Bueno Chim bulem a i s a y o u n g g i r l who w orked i n o u r home i n C o lta . The c o r p u s on w h ic h t h i s gram m ar i s b a s e d c o n s i s t s p r i m a r i l y o f n a r r a t i v e t e x t s from t h e p r i n c i p a l in f o r m a n t. The n a r r a t i v e s a r e b o t h f i c t i o n a l and f a c t u a l .

A secondary

s o u r c e o f m a t e r i a l i s a s e r i e s o f r a d i o se rm o n s d o n e by J o s e M a n u el N a u l a .

The o t h e r tw o i n f o r m a n t s h e l p e d w i t h

m a t e r i a l e l i c i t e d to check h y p o th e s e s .

erm issio n ith o u t p u rth e r reproduction prohibited w Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. F Further without permission.

2

The m a t e r i a l w as g a t h e r e d d u r i n g a s t a y o f e i g h t m onths i n E cuador.

S i x m onth s o f t h e

p e r i o d was s o e n t i n t h e

v i l l a g e o f C o lta so t h a t th e la n g u a g e c o u ld be o b se rv e d *on t h e h o o f * w i t h o u t t h e i n c o n v e n i e n c e a n d i n a d e q u a c y o f s h o r t in fo rm an t s e s s io n s . T he t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l o f t h i s gram m ar i s p r i m a r i l y S tra tific a tio n a l.

The b a s i c p h i l o s o o h y i s t h a t t h e s y s te m

o f l a n g u a g e i s b e s t d e s c r i b e d by l e v e l s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . Each l e v e l o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n h a s a t a c t i c p a t t e r n o f i t s own, a n d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e o t h e r l e v e l s by p a t t e r n s o f re a liz a tio n .

’Ite m s 1 w ith in a l e v e l o f r e p r e s e n ta tio n

a r e p o s i t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n and f u n c t i o n in th e ta c ti c

p a tte rn of th a t le v e l.

I d e a l l y , t h e r e sh o u ld

b e a m in im a l amount o f v a r i a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e l e v e l s . F o r Q u ic h u a , I t a k e t h e r e t o b e f o u r l e v e l s o f r e p r e ­ se n ta tio n :

P h o n e m ic , m o rp h em ic , l e x e m i c , and se m em ic .

C h a p te r 1 d e a ls w ith th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e p h o n o lo g ic a l w ord a t t h e phon em ic l e v e l .

C h a p t e r s 2 and 3 d i s c u s s t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l w ord a n d t h e p h r a s e a t t h e m orphem ic l e v e l .

C h a p te r 4 d e s c r i b e s s y n ta x a t th e

l e x e m i c l e v e l , and C h a p t e r 5 i s a s k e t c h y a p p r o a c h t o m a t t e r s o f m e a n in g ( p o r t i o n s o f t h e sem em ic l e v e l ) t h a t a r e p e r t i n e n t t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e r e s t o f t h e g ram m ar.

C h a p te r 6

i s a t e x t u a l sa m p le a n d C h a p t e r 7 i s a s h o r t d i c t i o n a r y . M ost o f t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e a p p r o a c h a n d p h i l o s o o h y a d o p t e d h e r e a r e made c l e a r a s t h e d i s c u s s i o n u n f o l d s . F o r a n y i d e a s t h a t a r e n o t t h u s c l a r i f i e d , t h e r e a d e r may t u r n t o v a r i o u s w o rk s on s t r a t i f i c a t i o n a l g ram m ar, t h e m o st c o n v e n ­ i e n t b e i n g Lockwood 1 9 7 2 . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C h a p te r 1 Phonologyg

II

100.

Q u ic h u a p h o n o l o g y i s d i s c u s s e d i n f i v e m a j o r s e c t i o n s .

is

In th e f i r s t ,

§ 1 1 0 , phonem es a r e p r e s e n t e d b y m eans o f

an a r t i c u l a t o r y c h a r t.

T h e s e phonemes a r e t h e n a n a l y z e d

c o m p o n e n tia lly i n §120.

C l u s t e r s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n §1 3 0 .

S u p r a s e g m e n t a l s and t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l w o rd a r e p r e s e n t e d i n §140.

M orphophonem ic a l t e r n a t i o n i s t h e s u b j e c t o f

§1 6 0 . 110.

A r t i c u l a t o r y c h a r t o f Q u ic h u a p h o n e m e s.

(D e ta ils o f th e

p h o n e t i c r e a l i z a t i o n o f phonem es a r e p r o v i d e d i n § § 1 2 3 - 4 . )

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F ro n t

V o w els:

C e n tra l

Many b o rro w e d S p a n i s h w o rd s a r e p ro n o u n c e d w i t h t h e S p a n i s h v o w e ls e a n d o . c o n tra stiv e s tr e s s :

S tre ss:

T h e r e i s o n l y one

(1 4 3 )»

B o u n d a rie s:

W ord,

m orphem e, and e n c l i t i c b o u n d a r i e s h a v e o h o n o l o g i c a l re a liz a tio n s.

The s y m b o ls f o r t h e s e b o u n d a r i e s a r e ;

4

w ord b o u n d a r y ;

+

morpheme b o u n d a r y ; b o u n d a r y b e tw e e n vrord a n d ‘ e n c l i t i c

The s y l l a b l e b o u n d a ry i s $

120.

(143).

( 1 4 0 ),

C o m p o n en tial a n a l y s i s .

Phonem es may be d e f i n e d a s

b u n d l e s o f a r t i c u l a t o r y c o m p o n e n ts .

F u rth e rm o re ,

th e p a r ­

t i c u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f c o m p o n e n ts f u n c t i o n s t o d i s t i n g u i s h on e phoneme from a n o t h e r .

Com ponents t h a t f u n c t i o n t o

d i s t i n g u i s h phonem es we c a l l ph onem ic c o m p o n e n ts ; d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e phonem e.

th ey a re

C om ponents t h a t d e f i n e

( o r r e a l i z e ) a phoneme b u t a r e n o t n e c e s s a r y t o d i s t i n g u i s h i t fro m o t h e r phonem es a r e p h o n e t i c c o m p o n e n ts ; n o n - d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e p honem e.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

th ey a re

F o r e x a m p le : $

d e fin e d a s

The E n g l i s h phonem es / p / and / b / a r e

’v o i c e l e s s b i l a b i a l sto u * a n d ’ v o i c e d b i l a b i a l

s to p ’ , re s p e c tiv e ly .

’V oiced * i s a p h o n e m ic com ponent

t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e tw o phonemes (a n d h e n c e s u c h 1

m in im a l p a i r s a s / b i n / a n d / p i n / . )

’A s p ir a t e d ’ i s a

p h o n e t i c com ponent fo u n d i n t h e / d/ o f / p i n / , b u t n o t th a t of /sp in /. Com ponents a r e v a l u e s o f a d i m e n s i o n .

F o r e x a m p le ,

t h e c o m p o n e n ts ’ l a b i a l ’ , ’ d e n t a l ’ , ’p a l a t a l * , a n d ’v e l a r ’ are a l l

v a lu e s o f t h e d im en sio n ’p la c e o f a r t i c u l a t i o n * .

D im e n s io n s do n o t t h e m s e l v e s c o n t r a s t - w i t h one a n o t h e r . For t h is reaso n ,

’l a b i a l ’ does n o t c o n t r a s t w ith ’ s p i r a n t ’ .

B e c a u s e t h e two c o m p o n e n ts a r e on d i f f e r e n t d i m e n s i o n s , ’p la c e o f a r t i c u l a t i o n *

and ’m an ner o f a r t i c u l a t i o n ’

r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e y a r e in c o m m e n s u r a b le . Some c o m p o n e n ts a r e d e t e r m i n e d ;

t h a t i s , th e y occur

p r e d i c t a b l y in a c e r t a i n e n v iro n m e n t.

F o r e x a m p le s ,

n a s a l s i n Q u ic h u a a r e a lw a y s v o i c e d , so we sa y t h e com ponent ’ v o i c e d ’ i s p r e d i c t a b l e i n a phoneme w i t h t h e n a s a l c o m p o n e n t.

T h is g e n e r a l f a c t a b o u t t h e la n g u a g e

n e e d n o t be m e n tio n e d i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f any one n a s a l . I n s t e a d we s t a t e i t on ce i n a s e c t i o n o f t h e d e s c r i p t i o n r e s e r v e d f o r such s ta te m e n ts , in t h i s c a se §124. Some d e t e r m i n e d c o m p o n e n ts a r e d i s t i n c t i v e i n o t h e r e n v iro n m e n ts;

some a r e n o t .

As a n e x a m o le :

’v o i c e d ’ i s

d i s t i n c t i v e f o r s t o p s , t u t d e t e r m i n e d f o r n a s a l s i n Q u ic h u a . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a p i c a l a r t i c u l a t i o n i s a lw a y s d e t e r m i n e d fo r th e d e n ta l s to o s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

A c o m p o n e n t i a l a n a l y s i s o f Q u ic h u a phonem es i s g i v e n

I

§

i n t a b u l a r fo rm i n 1 2 1 .

I n 1 2 2 , t h e c o n t r a s t s b e tw e e n com­

p o n e n t s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by l e x i c a l e x a m p l e s .

P h o n e tic

v a r i a t i o n o f t h e c o m p o n e n ts i s p r e s e n t e d i n 1 2 3 ; c o m p o n e n ts a r e d i s c u s s e d i n 1 2 4 ;

d e te rm in e d

and i n 125 a c a s e o f

p h o n e m ic o v e r l a p p i n g i s m e n t i o n e d .

I n 126 Q u ic h u a

co n so n an t c l u s t e r s a re l i s t e d and e x p la in e d by r u l e s S.:

v;

u s i n g c o m p o n e n ts .

121.

C h a r t o f Q u ic h u a c o m p o n e n ts . Ve

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7

N o t show n i s t h e co m p lex phonem e, / t s / .

A com plex

phoneme c o n t a i n s tw o c o m p o n e n ts f r o m t h e same d i m e n s i o n a n d may b e t h o u g h t o f a s a p h o n e t i c c l u s t e r .

Its

d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l word i s t h a t o f a s i n g l e s e g m e n t , s o i t i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a phonem ic c lu s te r,

/ t s / h a s t h e two c o m p o n e n ts Cl and Sp t o

s p e c i f y t h e m an ner b y w h ic h i t i s a r t i c u l a t e d .

122.

C o n t r a s t b e tw e e n c o m p o n e n ts .

R a th e r th a n i l l u s t r a t e

a l l p o s s i b l e c o n t r a s t s b e tw e e n Q u ic h u a c o m p o n e n ts one by o n e , I p r e f e r t o g i v e e x a m p le s o f e a c h ohoneme i n c o n t e x t a lo n g w ith i t s

c o m p o n e n tia l d e f i n i t i o n .

The r e a d e r can

r e a d i l y s e e t h e c o n t r a s t b e tw e e n a n y two phonem es o r a n y tw o c o m p o n e n ts s i m p l y b y c o m p a r in g w ords c o n t a i n i n g t h e phonem es o r c o m p o n e n ts i n q u e s t i o n .

Of c o u r s e , t o g i v e

a l l p o s s i b l e e n v ir o n m e n t s a n d a l l m in im a l p a i r s i s im p o ssib le in a l i s t

o f re a so n a b le le n g th .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

/ p / : L b : p a y ’ ( s ) h e ’ , 'a p u f l o r d f , la m p a f s h o v e l ' . /t/:

D: t a n d a

/c /:A l:

»b r e a d ’ , y a n t a ’ f i r e w o o d ’ .

cag ra

’ f i e l d ' , a c k a ’m uch’ .

/ £ / : F r : 6 a sk i-

’ t o r e c e i v e ’ , k a rr £ is ’ s e v e n ’ .

1

/ k / : V e : k u - ’t o g i v e ’ , ’ a c k a ’m u ch ’ , s u k ’ a , o n e ’ . / ’/ : L r :

» ay ca ’m e a t ’ , »uma ’h e a d ’ , ’ i n t i

’su n ’ .

/ b / : L b : b a c u k ’ l a m b ’ , h a m b i ’m e d i c i n e ’ . tj

t>

/ d / : D: d a n t a ’ t a p i r ’ , r u n d u ’h a i l * . /d /:F r:

P

d u s ’God*.

/ g / : V e : garw a ’ d r i z z l e ’ , t s a g m a - ’ t o c u l t i v a t e * .

i p p

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/ p h / : L b : p h a n g a ’ l e a f ’ , phuyu ’ c l o u d ’ .

*

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’t o p u sh * .

/ c h / : A l : c h im b a ’ b r a i d ’ , c h u k a ’ s a l i v a ’ .*

$

/ 6 h / :F r : £hapa ’ s t u t t e r r e r ’ . / k h /:V e : k h ip a ' a f t e r ' ,

/ts /:

I

IP

D: t s a w a r

k h a r i ’m an’ , k h i z a

’l a z y * .

’ c a b u y a ’ , m itsa ’ s t i n g y ’ .

(cabuya i s a c a c t u s - l i k e p l a n t , th e f i b e r s o f w h ic h a r e u s e d i n m aking t h e Panama h a t ) . /s/S /!/:

*


’t o c h o o se* >

OQ * sakm a- * to

EQ sa g m a- ’t o b u t t * .

T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , a t l e a s t one e x c e p t i o n t o t h e h i s t o r i c a l r u l e a n d t h a t i s f o u n d i n t h e o n o m a t o p o e t i c word [w a x y a] / w a k y a / * to make

a ru s h in g n o ise * .

S y n c h r o n i c a l l y , / k / a l t e r n a t e s w ith / g / b e f o r e o t h e r i?

m orphem es b e g i n n i n g w i t h v o i c e d ph o n e m e s.

T h is r u l e

a p p l i e s a c r o s s b o t h morpheme a n d w ord b o u n d a r i e s , e g . / m i c i / + / k / ’ s h e p h e r d ’ , / m i c i / + / g / + / w a n / ’w i t h a shepherd’ ;

/ r a n d i / + / k / 'b u y e r * ;

/ r i r k a / ’he w ent t o b u y ’

140.

P h o n o l o g i c a l w o rd ,

/ra n d i/ + /g /

(1 6 0 ) .

^ h e members o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l

w ord a r e t h e s y l l a b l e , c o n t r a s t i v e s t r e s s , and n o n c o n tra stiv e s tr e s s . |

C V (C)

The Q uechua s y l l a b l e i s s y m b o l iz e d

$ r e p r e s e n t s th e s y l l a b l e b o u n d ary .

V

r e p r e s e n t s t h e t h r e e v o w e ls / a i u / a n d C r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o n s o n a n t s , w h ic h a r e a l l s e g m e n t a l phonemes i n Q u ic h u a t h a t a r e n o t v o w e ls.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

16

T here a r e th r e e l e v e l s o f n o n - c o n t r a s t i v e s t r e s s . They a r e s y m b o liz e d i n t h i s way:

" 'p r im a r y s t r e s s ,

' s e c o n d a r y s t r e s s , and ~ weak s t r e s s

(142).

C o n t r a s t i v e s t r e s s i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e sym bol The p h o n o l o g i c a l word i s s i m p l y a s t r i n g o f s y l l a b l e s : J c v

( C) l e v

(C) . . . .

141.

D is tr ib u tio n o f phonemes in th e p h o n o lo g ic a l word.

We d i s t i n g u i s h f o u r p o s i t i o n s i n t h e Q u ic h u a p h o n o l o g i c a l w ord f o r c o n s o n a n t s . WORD INITIAL:

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