A Dictionary of the Non-English Words of the Pennsylvania-German Dialect

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H of tbe

Bictionar

Bon^r3noU9b tClor&0 of tbe pennesU vania^Serman SJialect W,itb an HppenDii

BY

MARCUS BACHMAN LAMBERT,

A.M.

MEMBER OF THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1924

Copyrighted BY THE

1924

pcniw^lvanftsOerman Society.

EDITIOxN 600 COPIES

Ihiblication J.

B.

Committee.

BURNBTT BUCKBJraAM,

H. M. M. RICHARDS, UTT.D.

BLMBR

B.

S.

JOHNSON, PH.D.

LANCASTER PRESS. INC. LANCASTER. PA.

M.D.

an nwl" ^att^t un mei" Gutter

PREFACE The Pennsyivania-

The Pennsylvania-German dialect is a unique ling^istic phenomenon in the United States. The terri-

German Area

^^^^^ which it is Spoken has been for nearly two today to a large extent, a language island. On an State of Pennsylvania, beginning at the Delaware Water atlas of the Gap, draw a line in a northwesterly direction to the foot of the Pocono Mountains, thence in a southwesterly direction along the base of these mountains to Malich Chunk, thence along the northern slope of the Mahoning Valley to Pottsville, thence in a northwesterly direction to Shamokin, thence in a northerly direction to the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, thence along the North Branch of the Susquehanna to its confluence with the West Branch at Sunbury, thence in a northerly direction along the West Branch of the Susquehanna River to the northern boundar\^ line of Union County, thence in a westerly

centuries,

and

is

direction to Bellefonte, thence in a southwesterly direction to i\ltoona,

thence to the Youghigheny River, thence in a southerly direction through the Youghigheny Valley to Mason and Dixon's Line, thence eastwardly along this line to the Lancaster-Chester county line, thence

a northeasterly direction along this county line to the Schuylkill River, thence southeastwardly along this river to Norristown, thence in a wide curv^e to the northeast, leaving Doylestown a few miles to the south, to the Delaware River at New Hope, thence in a northerly direction along this river to the point of beginning. A line thus drawn will enclose roughly the area within the state which was originally settled largely by German and Swiss immigrants and since then has been occupied by their descendants. It includes all of the counties of Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster, Dauphin, Union, Snyder, Juniata, Perry, Huntingdon, Bedford, Somerset, Fulton, Franklin, Cumberland, Mifflin, Adams and York, and part of the in

counties of Monroe, Carbon, Bucks,

Montgomery,

Schuylkill,

North-

umberland, Center, Blair, Cambria, Westmoreland and Fayette. This area is almost exactly one-third of the total land area of the state. There are also sections of the state outside of this area which are occupied mostly by these people, like the Butler Valley in Luzerne County.

The line

not confined by the artificially drawn state between Pennsylvania and Maryland, but spread across the line settlers were, of course,

into Maryland,

especially

into

the counties of

Baltimore,

Carroll,

and Garrett adjoining the counties ot York, x^dams, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford and Somerset on the Pennsylvania side, and into the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Including the greater part of these counties of Maryland there is an unbroken area of about 17,500 square miles, or considerably more than twice the area of the State of Massachusetts, over which the Frederick, Washington, Allegany

dialect

is

spoken.

In the rural sections

it

is

the prevailing speech

today, in the villages of Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster and several

Susquehanna most of the business is still transacted in the dialect, and it is constantly heard on the streets and I have heard in business in the cities of Allentown and Reading. testimony given in the Lehigh County court within the last few" years

of the counties west of the

Pennsylvania-German, when the only reason for having it interpreted into English was the necessity of entering the testimony on the court in

record in English, as the judge, the lawyers and perfectly without a translation.

all

the

jurymen under-

estimated that in the Lehigh, Berks and Lebanon, the heart of the Pennsylvaniacounties of German section, between sixty and sixty-five per cent of the inhabitants can speak it today, and between thirty and thirty-five per cent of them stood

it

It is

When

one bears in mind the large English, ScotchIrish and Welsh element which settled in the section as early as the Germans and the great influx from every nation of southern and southeastern Europe during the industrial development of the last twentyfive years, this is remarkable. The two most remarkable facts about the dialect are (i) its persistence and (2) its homogeneity. Nowhere in Gemiany or Switzerland is there an area of such an extent over which so homogeneous a dialect is spoken. In fact, the PennsylvaniaGerman area is larger than the whole of Switzerland, in which dialects of three different languages are spoken. As a result of two visits which William Penn made to Early Germany, the first in 1671 and the second in 1677, two German and Swiss j^^^ companies were formed in Germany, the Creteld ^ Settlements in r~\ On Purchasers and the Frankfort Land Company. Pennsjivania August 20, 1683, Franz Daniel Pastorius, accompanied by ten persons, arrived at Philadelphia as the agent of the Frankfort Land Company. Their object was to look the ground over lor subseconstantly use

it.

The

German

numbering thirtythree persons, arrived at Philadelphia on October 6, 1683, by the ship This group ''Concord," the Pennsylvania-German "Mayflower."

quent

settlers.

first

actual

colonists,

under the leadership of Pastorius immediately began the settlement of Germantown, which was separated from the English settlement at Philadelphia by six miles of dense forest pierced only by a bridle path. Of the Crefeld Purchasers at least three came to Pennsylvania prior The only other accession to 1692, probably accompanied by others. to these in the last years of the century was a band of forty mystics under Johann Kelpius who settled on the Wissahickon in 1694. On October 23, 1710, a patent for 10,000 acres of land on the Pequea Creek, later a part of Lancaster County, was granted to two agents for the Swiss Mennonites, and the settlement of this section was begun soon after by these people. This colony received large accessions both A German Reof Swiss and of Germans, especially in the year 171 7. formed Society was formed in Goshenhoppen in 1717. In 1719 about

twenty families of Schwarzenau Baptists came to Philadelphia, Germantown, Skippack and Conestoga. In 1723 thirty-three families of Palatines, who had previously settled at Saugerties in New York and subsequently in the valleys of the Schoharie and the Mohawk, made their way from the latter section through the trackless wilderness to

down that they arrived at the mouth of the Swatara Creek, up which they proceeded to the section known as Tulpehocken, where they settled. In 1734 a considerable number of Schwenckf elders settled in Hereford Township, Berks County, and on nearby lands in Montgomery and Lehigh counties. The Moravians founded Bethlehem, in Northampton County, in 1741. There are no official records extant of the number of immigrants who entered at the port of Philadelphia prior to the year 1727, and the best that can be done is to estimate it. While the number of Germans and Swiss was not more than 20,000, this number was comparatively so large that it excited serious alarm, and on October 14, 1727, the Provincial Council adopted a resolution to the effect that a list of ail ''Germans and other foreigners" entering at this port must be submitted by ship-masters, and that said foreigners must sign a declaration of allegiance and subjection to the king of Great Britain. These lists are given by Rupp in his Thirty Thousafid Names. As the numbers increased, migration began across the Susquehanna, where the Germans almost everywhere supplanted the Scotch- Irish who had preceded them. *'As to the whole number of Germans in Pennsylvania in 1775," says Professor Kuhns, "many and divergent estimates have been given; nearly all agree, howe\'ef, in reckoning the proportion as about onethe headwaters of

river

till

the Susquehanna and thence floated

third of the population, a proportion which seems to have kept itself I unchanged down to the present day. If I were asked to give my esti- ? mate in regard to a matter concerning which authoritative data are wanting, I should reply, somewhat hesitatingly, as follows: Befon: 1727 let us assume the numbers to be 20,000, a liberal estimate; ad«; to this the figures 68,872, [the number given by the official lists from 1727 to 1775] making a total of 88,872; this added to the score or so 0; thousands due to the natural increase of the two generations since the earliest settlements would bring up the grand total to about 110,000." i For detailed accounts of the causes leading to this mass migration from Germany and Switzerland and of the founding of the colonies in Penn-

I

i

sylvania read Seidensticker:

Bilder aiis der deutsch-pennsylvanischen

Pennypacker: The Settlement of Germantown, Pennsylvania, arid the Beginning of German Emigration to North Afnerica, Kuhns: The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania, DifTenderffer: The German Immigration into Pennsylvania through the Port of The Germans in Colonial Times, Philadelphia, 1 700-1 775, Bittinger: Faust: The German Element in the United States. For an account oi early Pennsylvania-German settlements in Maryland consult Nead: The Pennsylvanin-German in the Settlement of Maryland in Volume XXII Proceedings of the Pennsylvania-German Society. These German-Speaking immigrants who settled in the The Dialect State of Pennsylvania came almost exclusively from southwestern Germany (the Palatinate, Baden, Alsace, Wiirttemberg, Hesse), Saxony, Silesia and Switzerland. A majority of them came from the Palatinate. Next in number were the Sw^iss. It is natural to suppose then, that the Germanic element in the dialect would be strongly pf^lzisch and schweizerisch. This is the case. The Pennsylvania-German dialect resembles the Westricher dialect of the Paiatinate more than any other. The Swiss admixture is only slightly noticeable in the eastern part of the section, but is very evident in the Lancaster-York district where the Swiss predominated in the early settlements. The constant intermingling of those speaking different dialects has had a smoothing-out and leveling effect, so that the PennsylvaniaGerman dialect is quite homogeneous. This homogeneity was further effected by the reading of German newspapers and books, especially of the Bible and books of devotion, and by hearing German sermons. This is not the place to make a comparative study of the influence oi the various dialects in the formation of the composite PennsylvaniaGerman dialect. I am merely making a record of the words. Geschichte,

]

f |

\

\

\ I

\

| \ |

|

J I

| ?

| 1

|

y While Professor Haldeman and Professor Learned have gone into considerable detail in their treatment of the influence of English on the German in the formation of the dialect, the really searching treatise on the subject still remains to be .written. The best exposition in a paragraph of the latent possibilities here is contained in an introductory note by A. J. Ellis to Professor S. S. Haldeman's Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English: ''While I was engaged with the third part of my Early English Pronu7iciation, Prof. Haldeman sent me a reprint of some humorous letters by Rauch, entitled Pennsylvanish Deitsch. De Campain Breefa fum Pit Schwefflebrenner

un de Bewy,

si alty,

gepuhlished oily ivoch in ''Father

Abraham

Perceiving at once the analogy betw^een this debased German with English intermixture, and Chaucer's debased i^nglo-Saxon with Norman intermixture, I requested and obtained such further information as enabled me to give an account of this singular modern reproduction of the manner in which our English language itself was built up, and insert it in the introduction to my chapter on Chaucer's pronunciation, Sufficient importance pMrly English Pronunciation, pp. 652-663. does not seem to have been hitherto attached to watching the growth and change of living languages. We have devoted our philological energies to the study of dead tongues which we could not pronounce, and have therefore been compelled to compare by letters rather than by sounds, and which we know only in the form impressed upon them by scholars of various times." I wish to add, however, that Mr. Ellis's characterization of the German in Pennsylvania-German as ''debased" German is likely to be misunderstood. Pennsylvania-German as it is spoken today is largely German as it was spoken by the peasants and artisans of southwestern Germany and of Switzerland two centuries and more ago and is in no sense debased, except as it has been influenced and changed by English. Dialectic German is not debased German. Modern High German was formed out of dialectic German. Many of the Vvwds in PennsylvaniaGerman are centuries older than the corresponding form in High German. If a Pennsylvania-German were to go to the Pfalz today and speak only Pennsylvania-German in his intercourse with the natives, except that he would insert a German word where the PennsylvaniaGerman is accustomed to use an English or a hybridized English word, he would find it difficult to persuade them that he had not been born and reared in the Pfalz. This test has been made. The percentage of English admixture varies from nil to twelve or fifteen per cent, depend.

.

.

ing upon the writer or speaker and the subject. Roncl thaler's Aheiidlicd and Fisher's Mei Buwli are beautiful poems in the dialect without a L. L. Grumbine's Der alt Dengelschtock contains single English word. only six-tenths of one per cent of English words, Harbaugh's Heemweh only one and two-tenths per cent. ^'''^'^ persons have ever written the words of the A Review of Previous Pcnns^'Ivaiiia-German dialect alike. Very few have been As it is consistent with themselves in writing them. fundamentally a German dialect, it goes without saying that German orthography should be made the basis of spelling it. But in doing this,

the writer encounters the necessity of inventing characters for three vowel sounds of frequent occurrence in the dialect which do not occur

German, or

one character for four sounds. In general, those scholars have used German orthography spelling. But there are exceptions to this, some basis their of as the Thus, of the three dictionaries of them intentional and purposive. heretofore in existence, all three use a spelling based on English sounds and the characters used to represent them. Dr. A. R. Horne, the compiler of the oldest dictionary, appended to his Pennsyhmiia German Manual (first edition in 1875), was a good German scholar. He states his reasons for using English sounds and orthography as the basis of his spelling in the preface to the second edition of his book (1895): **The great problem presented for solution, is how shall six to eight hundred thousand inhabitants of Eastern Pennsylvania, to say nothing of those of other parts of our own State and of other states, to whom English is as much a dead language as Latin or Greek, acquire a sufficient knowledge of English to enable them to use that language intelIn the hope that this Manual may serve as a guide to ligently? ... English, of and that it may facilitate the acquisition of the study the language, a thorough knowledge of which is indispensable to every Pennsylvanian, it is submitted to the public, for use in schools and in

of using

who have been good German

families."

Mr. E. H. Ranch, who was not a German scholar, says in the preface Hand Book (1879) I then commenced the work, and had gathered several thousand Pennsylvania Dutch words and had arranged them alphabetically with translations. But then I discovered my entire incompetency for such a work, by reason of a lack of sufllicient experience to make my spelling of words consistent and uniform. I became discouraged, and for the time abandoned the work. Since then I have had ample experience, and believe I have to his Pennsylvania Dutch

:

much improved and

very

simplified the spelHng,

which

is

strictly ac-

cording to English rules. The German rule would not be practical, hccalise from eighteen to twenty per cent of all the words commonly

Dutch are either English or a compound of Engand also because all the youth of our State is taught German, and lish to read English, and comparatively few receive any sort of German

used in Pennsylvania

education."

Mr. for

J.

C. Lins, compiler of the third dictionary, states his reasons

using the English spelling in the preface to the second edition of his

"It is not intended to instruct those who consider education completed, but to aid such Pennsylvania Germans as are anxious to acquire a knowledge of the English language. I do not claim this work to be a standard, because there is nothing of that kind in the Pennsylvania German language, but after careful study of different writers, I feel confident that it compares favorably with any, dictionary (1895): their

and

is

far superior to

many."

In each case the reason given for the use of English sounds and

orthography is practically the same. Let us compare a few of the spellings in the order H, R, L with each other and with the spelling of the present work: awa, ava, aiva, ewe; farspelling as the basis of

dich, faertich, fartich, faerdich; farlusa, ferlussa, ferlussa, verlosse; fal, fail, fail,

fehl;

farmara, fermara, fermaira, vermehre; kug'l, koogle, koogle,

obwarta, obwarda, obworda, abwarte; ochtza, auchtzae, ochtzse, achtzeh; oksel, oxle, oxle, achsel; redsha, retcha, wretcha, retsche; yagar, yager, yaiger, jaejer. The next important contribution to the lexicography of the dialect is a list of over 5,000 words which was published in Volume 26 Prokujjel; obshteiga, obshtiga, obshteiga, abschteije;

ceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1888)

HofTman.

by Dr. W,

J.

a reproduction of the list in the first edition of Dr. Home's work, but it also contains some new words. The spelling is the most interesting part of the work. Dr. HofTman was a proficient linguist and knew German both as a written and a spoken language, but in the spelling of his list he used the alphabet of the Bureau of American Ethnology in recording Indian dialects. His is the only writIt is largely

which this orthography has been used. Dr. HofTman was at the time an ethnologist connected w^ith the Bureau, and this

ing in the dialect in

fact doubtless

accounts for his use of this orthography.

After these

words are glossaries appended to texts. The longest of these is in Volume II of Daniel Miller's Pennsylvania German. Miller's spelling is based on the orthography of the only extensive published collections of

High German; he used the umlaut, as have many others, where the corresponding words in German have it, although the compound vowel sounds represented by the umlauted vow^els (a, o, li) in German do not exist in the dialect. He even used a for short English a in at. Professor Learned adopted for use in his scholarly treatise, The Pennsylvania Gerrnaji Dialect, an eclectic phonetic system with a number The of characters which are not used in either English or German. system of orthography for Pennsylvania-German is to write (or place) the vowels so that their quantity can be told at sight without the use of diacritical marks. To obviate the use of these marks Professor Haldeman wrote a vowel twice to Tobias Witmer used the same device. It indicate that it is long.

really difficult thing in devising a

produces such spellings as haas, graas, naas, gickerigii, iigel, hii", doo, soo, doot, duu, wuu, guut and, if a special character is adopted to indicate the sound of a in English marry, aeaer, seaerd, baeaer, w^hich are Moreover, he seems to have offensive to one who knows German. of long German a occurs in a few sound overlooked the fact that the words in Pennsylvania-German and that, if aa is written to represent this sound also, it is made to stand for two sounds, that of G a in \"ater (as in PG kar) and that of aw in E law (as in PG has). Mr. C. C. More, the most versatile linguist w^ho has ever written in the dialect and a master of German, writes his manuscript in the dialect in a thoroughly consistent spelling based on German. It happens that most of his stories which have been printed appeared in a periodical whose editor had ideas of his own about Pennsylvania-German spelling and, without Mr. More's consent, changed the spelling to conform to his own rules. I have gone into this detail to show the anarchy that has reigned in this But field, although the pronunciation is fairly uniform throughout. there is nothing exceptional about this, as the same state of affairs has obtained in the writing of every language until standards of spelling were established.

Phonology and

Quantity of Vowels vowel is long when doubled (only e and o are regularly doubled) deel, seel, moond, ool. geh, kuh, (2) A vowtI is long when followed by h: :

ihm, ohr, uhr. (3)

A vowel

is

long

when accented and

final:

bio,

denno, du, schalu,

la.

Exceptions:

me, ne", re, se, ze and the exclamations da and na these exceptions are really unaccented

de, di, e", ja,

and na. Except and come under

da, ja (8).

:

(4)

An

accented vowel

is

long before a vowel or a single consonant:

But

zue, groe, hole, deje, dir, mol, dot, kor, hur, rut, gut.

ab,

am, an,

far, fer,

as, ax, bin, bis, daer (art), das,

hen,

dem, den,

short in

em, en, es, um, un, var, vum,

des, eb,

ken, mer, net, ob.(but also ob), sin,

in,

it is

wem, wen. Many of these exceptions are really unaccented a sentence. (5) A few vowels are long before two or more consonants: ^rbs, aerd, &z. bluscht, busse, f^rscht, fuss, g^rde.. g&schde, gross, h^rd, huschde, kloschder, obscht, Oschdre, riisch(d)e, riiss, sa^rfe, vserscht, vun, was, in

G wert).

wSrt (=

An accented vowel standing before a double consonant or two more consonants is usually short: balle, sotte, sinke, luschde, helse. (7) Unaccented simple vowels are short (except o and u when final) (6)

or

guter, (8)

wammes,

keenich, saddan.

Unaccented

final e

and

i

are short: misse, alte, nimmi, hundli.

(9) In inflected words the vowel keeps the quantity of the stem: gradesweks (from wek), lobscht and geldbt (from lowe), kiischt (from

hOschde).

A great many words in PG retain the short vowel of old German which has been displaced in modern German by a long vowel or a diphthong: PG vatter, gaww^el, gewwe, nemme, giwwel, hiw^vel, howwxl, huddle for G Vater, Gabel, geben, nehmen, Giebel, Hiibel, Hobel, hudeln. Unless the rule of writing a vowel twice to show that it is long is adopted, so that every vowel is short when it is written only once, it becomes necessary to double the consonant in these cases to show that the preceding vowel is short. Professor Haldeman called this device ''this absurd mode.'* I do not consider his characterizaCurme says in his Grammar of the German "The doubling of consonants, which is so frequent in writings, is now limited to the one case that double consonants

tion justified.

Language Luther's

are used to ferable to

Professor

(p. 4),

show shortness

of vowel."

At any

rate, the device is pre-

one which necessitates the doubling of

entirely foreign to

i

and

u,

which

is

German.

The Vowels Each

vowel sounds in Pennsylvania-German w^hich, in conwith German spelling, I have represented by the characters e, i, o, u occurs both long and short. That is, the characters e, i, o, u represent either a long or a short sound. Whether the sound which each represents in a given word is long or short depends upon its posiformity'

of the

;

and its quantity is determined by the rules of quantitv' just given. There are seven variations of the a-sound. For the sound of long G a as in Vater (which occurs in onh* a few PG words, like ah, tion in the word,

The same

character is used for which occurs ver>' Masse, the same a-sound when frequently in PG. For the a-sound which takes the place in most PG words of the long G a, that of aw in E law, I have adopted the character For one of the other a-sounds, approximately that of a in E marn', a. This sound occurs both long and short I have adopted the character se. More correctly, PG long se -f r = a in E in PG and only before r. marr>' lengthened + ^ r. For the remaining a-sound, that of a in E at, This sound occurs only short in PG I have adopted the character ^. schpektakel)

I

use the character

a.

short, as in

G

satt,

words, except in the onomatopes m^h, bax, b^xi. Sound

Character

a

G

Occurs in PG only in the words ah, gitar, ha (= ha), kar, la, nach (rare), Elsewhere its place is taken in PG by a, schpektakel. as in PG has, dak, bade for G Hase, Tag, baden, or by long o, as in PG broche, nooch, nome for G brachen (to fallow),

Long:

E

a in

like

father or a in

Vater.

Name.

nach.

E what

Short: like a in

or a in

G

satt.

do not consider

I

necessary to use a separate character for this sound -f r, as the short a-sound merges into that of r. Takes the place it

in

PG

(i)

ot

short

G

gschtarwe,

G

a (PG

Narr);

glatt, bald, Ast,

(2) of

glatt,

short

nascht, narr,

ball,

G

o (PG marje,

Morgen, Sorge, gestorben);

of long

(3)

G

sarje,

G

o

G vor, Koriander, Dorothea) u (PG farricht, garjele, warscht, G Furche, gurgeln, Wurst) (5) of short E o in words from the E (PG (PG

var, karjenner, Darredee,

(4) of

short

G

;

aedapte, bax, verbatsche).

Long

a is

like

:

not in

aw

G and

it

in

E

awle, nahring,

G

glas,

f

(PG

ak, bawoll, lafe,

short

G

warten);

a

(

+ r)

law or au in

takes the place in Glas,

G

f

abein,

E author. This sound PG (i) of long G a (PG Nahrung)

;

(2) of

Auge, Baumwolle, laufen);

(PG mad,

G

au

(3) of

G

Magd, Garten, words from the E (PG

garde, warte,

(4) of several sounds in

gwart, lamaessich, jard). ae

Long: place in

like a in

PG

(i) of

E

marr>^ lengthened

long

G

a

before

r

(PG

+

*(r).

baer,

G

Takes the Bar);

(2) of

Ge

long

Schwer)

G

before

Ferse, Gerste);

G

aerde,

schmaert);

smart (PG

E

of

(6)

G

short

i

a before

baer,

ka^r,

e before r as in

G Vers,

her,

faerschde, gaerschde,

before

E

(5) of

;

(PG

before r

(4) of

First, irden)

charge,

cigar,

vaersch(t), hser, schwser,

Ge

short

(3) ot

;

(PG

r

r

faerscht,

E

bar, car,

tschaertsche,

siga^r,

E

(PG

as in

r

serve, Jersey

(PG

saerfe, Tschaertschi).

Short: Hke a in

E

Takes the place

marry.

in

PG

(i) of

a before r (PG aer\vet, dserr, haermeniere, G Arbeit, Darre, harmonieren) (2) of short G e before r (PG waerre,

short

G

;

G

schpserre, baerrick,

G

i

Kirche);

G

(PG

before r

(4) of

G

narrisch,

horchle);

(PG

maerder, (8) of

G

-f-

a

(PG

the

G

G

MHG viirhin)

carpet, party

(PG

;

ie

Mahre);

before r

G

r

E

(PG

G

ii

fiirchten,

(PG

r

Morder,

(9) of short

before

(i i) of

G

o before

Morser,

baerscht, ii

maerde, baerscht, maerr,

G

short

G

diphthong

gaerdle,

(PG (PG

naerrisch, daerm, aerjer,

(7) of

haerchle,

vierzehn, vierzig);

faerrichde,

ig,

r

G

long

a before r

Biirste); (10) of long fiir

o before

(5) of

Darme, Arger);

maerscher, vaerzich,

G

short

morden, Borste);

(6) of short

werden, sperren, Berg); (3) of short G Wirt, nirgends,

waert, naerjets, kaerrich,

G

(PG (dG)

vaerzeh,

before r giirteln,

f^rrich, vaerri,

G

a as in the words hardly, (12) of the

haerli, kaerpet, paerti);

E

a-

sound as in guardian, yard (PG gaerdien, jaerd); (13) of E u as in turpentine and Durham, and of E i as in squirrel (PG daerbedien, Daerm, kschwaerl). This vowel is also heard in an intermediate length: PG aern, aernscht, w^rklich; but for the sake of simplicity I have marked it either long or short. Long: like a in E at lengthened. Occurs only in the onomatopes m^h, b^x, b^xi. Short: like a in E at. Occurs only (i) in English wwds or words of English origin like PG ^nt, g^mle, m^itsch from E aunt, gamble, match; (2) in words of German origin whose pronunciation has been strongly influenced by the English as in PG nat, m^^m, ping the r, E gad).

Long: in

PG

like

(I) of

in

E

long

G

a

Zeder, sehen, Ehre)

;

(from

g^^tt

gate or e in

G

PG

geht.

gaert

Takes the place

(PG

leje,

zedre, sehne, ehr,

(2) of

long

E

e

by drop-

a in baby,

PG

G

legen,

bewi.

E

Short: like e in

PG

(i) of

long

G

G

or e in

let

fett.

Takes the place

G

(PG gewwe, nemme, hewwel,

e

G

in the modified

in

geben,

second

nehmen, Hebel); (2) of short and third person singular forms

of the present indicative

and

of the second person singular

form

(PG

G

gebt, brecht, dreff,

i

of the imperative

gibt, bricht, triff);

(3) of

short

G

a

(PG ausschenne, benk, meschde, G ausschanden, Banke, masten); (4) of short G 6 (PG leffel, kenne, bellere, G Loflel, konnen, bollern); (5) of short a in E at (PG fiett, bendi, bender, E fiat, bantam, panther); (6) I have used the character for the flectional endings, although by some individuals the ending is pronounced more like the last a in E America: gute bohne, di alte lewe, di junge schtaerwe, denne ihre sache. Long: like i in in

PG

G

long

of

Short: like

PG

(I) of

short

bitten, Liste)

(PG

G

iw-Aver

chen);

E

in

G

G

(PG

(PG

ei

pin or

in

i

in

i

G ihn. Takes the G Igel, ihr, mir).

G

Takes the place

Sinn.

bin, kinn, bitte, lischt,

the

G

place

mir,

diphthong

(PG

ie

bicher, grijjelche,

G

li

(5)

grisch,

(PG

of

G

G

G bin,

Kinn, rijjel,

iiber, Biicher,

miller, grick, sin(d),

G

au (PG

Kreisch)

;

sifTer,

G

(7) of short

in

siwwe,

sieben, Riegel, Wiese. wieder; (3) of long

Kriicke, Siinde); of

igel, ihr,

(PG

i

short

(4) of

machine or

(PG

(2) of

;

wiss, widder, ii

i

E

i

Kriigel-

G

Miiller,

Saufer);

E

i,

G

e,

(6)

and y

bisnis, Balli, lickerisch).

note or o in G Bote. Takes the place o (PG not, rot, bohn, god, G Not, rot, Bohne, Gote); (2) of long G a (PG mol, do, no (nooch), noht, froje, wok, G Mai, da, nach, Naht, fragen, Wage): Is doubled (3) of G au (PG bio, gro, lo, G blau, grau, lau). in PG boot, soot, moond, nooch, ool, (G Boot, Saat, Mond, nach, Aal). Short like u in E cup or o in G Kopf Takes the place

Long:

E

o in

like

G

in

PG

(i) of

in

PG

(i) of

short

(2) of

long

long

.

:

Zoll)

;

hochzich, (3) of

(PG (PG

rock, noch, zoll,

G

Rock, noch.

offe, vojjel, gezoj je, bottschaft,

Ofen, Vogel, gezogen,

Botschaft, Hochzeit); u and o as in the words humbug, conductor, love-

(PG hambock, kandokter, lofTletter). Long: like 00 in E moon or u in G tun. Takes the place PG (I) of long G u (PG blut, hut, ruhr, rufe, G Blut, Hut,

letter

in

E

G

Go Go

;

Ruhr, rufen); (2) of long G o (PG wu, munet, buhn, G wo, Monat, Bohne) (3) of long G a (PG sume, rune, G Samen, (dG) rane) (4) of long E u as in E duty, use, cure (PG duti, juse, kjure); (5) of the sound of 00 in E raccoon or of o in E move (PG r^ickgun, mufe). Short like 00 in E cook or u in G gucken. Takes the place in PG (I) of short G u (PG dumm, schtunn, gfunne, G dumm, Stunde, gefunden); (2) of short G o (PG genumme, kumme, sunn, drucke, G genommen, gekommen, Sonne, trocken); (3) of long G o (PG hunnich, unne, G Honig, ;

;

:

ohne); (5) of

f iinfzig,

G

long

(4) of

short

G

(PG

ii

tiipfelig)

G ie

;

ii

(PG

dutt, sudde,

(6) of

G

G

au (PG

russle,

E

rieseln);

G

nuff

uff,

(PG (8) summon (PG tschumpe, summense); butcher, put (PG butscher, putte). (7) of

G

Tiite, Siiden);

luschdere, fuffzich, dupplich,

of

E

,

G

G liistern,

auf hinauf ) ,

u as in

(9) of

E

E

jump,

u as

in

E

Occurs only in the borrowed Greek w^ords synod and tyrann. Short: like

i

in

pin or

i

in

Sinn.

The Diphthongs digraph in PG to represent the long G a. It is used, therefore, only in words which contain long Laib, Saite, and laefer, G a in G (and in laeb and saet, Laufer), It is sounded like long PG e: thus, the ae in PG baehe is pronounced like the ee in PG beed or the first e in PG bete: PG baehe, saee, daet, raeche, raridaet, G bahen, saen, tat, rachen, Raritat. I have preserv^ed this diphthong in the word kaiser and I

have used

this

G

its

compounds and

haus, w^aisekind.

in the

It is

compounds

sounded

of waise:

like ai in

E

PG

waise-

aisle or ei in

PG

weiss.

Like

PG

ow

(i) of

draussen);

E cow or au in G laut. Takes the place in au (PG haus, saufe, drauss, G Haus, saufen, (2) of ou and ow as in E about, county, hound,

in

G

crowd, PG ebaut, kaunti, hauns, kraud. Like long PG e. I have adopted this digraph to take the place in PG words (i) of G ei: PG gsundheet, schwachheet, hserrlichkeet, bangichkeet, G Gesundheit, Schwachheit, Herrlichkeit, Bangigkeit (although the G forms of most

words which contain these

suffixes are also heard)

;

PG beed,

;;

heem, weech,

G

beide, heim, weich;

(2) of

long

G

G

6

(PG

schworen, toten, ostlich) (3) of schweere, deete, eeschtlich, Baumchen, berauchau (PG bcemche, bereechere, zeem, ;

G

Zaume).

ern, ei

Like

in

i

E

pine or

ei in

G

Pein.

Takes the place

in

PG

(PG keim, seit, leicht, G Keim, Seite, leicht) (2) of G au (PG meis, verseime, feischdle, G Mause, versaumen, fausteln); (3) of G eu (PG leit, heit, zigeiner, G Leute,

G ei

(1) of

;

heute, Zigeuner) -heit

PG ie

and

frequently retained in the sufHxes

(4) is

;

(5) of

-keit;

E

long

E

as in

i

pine, sign,

mind,

beind, seine, meinde.

Like ee in

E

meet or

ie in

G

Miete.

Takes the place

in

G bieten, niesen, (PG fiehle, hiet, wiedich, G fiihlen, Priester) (2) of long G Hiite, wiitig); (3) of short G u (PG riesel, G Riissel); PG

(i) of

G ie

(PG

biete, niese, prieschder, ii

;

E

the long

(4) of

sound of e as

in beat, meet, teacher,

PG

biete (to excel), miete, tietscher. oi

E

Like oy in

(PG

roi,

(2) of

woi,

G eu

Takes the place

boy.

G G Heu)

fischroijer,

(PG

hoi,

;

in

PG

Reihe, Weihe, (3) of

G ai

G ei

Fischreiher)

(PG Moi,

G Mai)

E E enjoy, employ, PG entschoije, emploije; (6) of E aw in E lawyer, PG loijer. In proper names it is written oy (but = oij Boyer, Moyer, Schloyer. (4) of

E

oy as

in

long

i

)

The Alsace,

as in

E

pie, crier,

PG

(i) of

boi, groijer; (5) of

:

and the early Pennsylvania-German

dialects of Switzerland, Wiirttemberg, Bavaria

whence many

of

came, have a number of real diphthongs; that is, they are not pronounced in one extended sound, but are a blend into each other of two vowel sounds, like uo, ua. It has always been a matter of surprise to me that there is no trace left in Pennsylvania-German of these sounds. Professor Learned remarks of the uo diphthong ''I have noted the sound especially in the speech of the Swiss Dunkards of York Co." I have never heard it. There is, however, in the speech of many Pennsylvania-Germans a draw^ling lengthening of the vowels (frequently intoned), so that every long vowel forms, as it were, a diphthong with settlers

itself.

Nasal \^owels and Diphthongs Few Pennsylvania-German writers have made any tempt to denote the nasahty

No

diphthongs. attention to

The

nasalit]/

one, so far as

am

I

at-

certain

aware, has ever called

(except in the

replaces

of

There are eleven of them.

of these sounds.

all

and

of the vowels

cases

of

the short

a-sounds and of de'ich for denk ich) a lost final n, but it does not per\-ert the sound of the vowel or diphthong as does the French in un, vin, as compared with une, vinaigre. It is alwa^'s final. There is no trace of the medial nasalization which is common in the Suabian dialects. The seeming medial and initial nasalization in such words as dra'geh" and u'm.ensch is really final, as dra' and u" are prefixes.

There

is

no nasalization

no

of o in

(for

nooch), as Learned

is. The nasalization is not as strong as in French, nor does it end abruptly as in French. There is only a slight passage of the breath through the nostrils in produc-

says there

ing

it,

and the

nostrils are slightly dilated.

As

it is

impossi-

any one can produce the sounds, append the following short sentences in which the pure and

ble to give directions so that I

The sounds the nasalized vowel stand in close proximity. only by having some discriminating can be correctly acquired person pronounce carefully these and similar sentences. tilde (') is used to indicate nasalization.

The Vowel or

Nasal Vowel or

Diphthong

Diphthong

a (short)

Examples

a'ha', ha'-a',

a'

ha'ha', aha'

(only ex-

amples) hqT (only example) bah", zah", za'schlipper

a

a",

au

au'

nau', brau", allau"

e (short)

e'

e', ne', ke",

e (long)

ee', eh', ae',

ah'

a',

aeh'

bee",

nee",

de'ich schteh",

meh',

schpae",

zaeh' ei i

mei",

ei'

(long)

o (long)

i',

ie'

oh", o' (for a')

hi

,

rei", fei"

grie

,

kie russ

soh", loh', o'fange (as localities)

u (short) u (long)

u'mensch, u'bennich

u' u',

uh'

du', suh", luh'

heard

in

some

^

Sentences.

Nau' kau.

Mer lache ha ha un saje ha'-a". Sak n^t h^". Fang a a". Gebb ne' gute kuche. Geh meh' naus. Wu sin sei' sei?

bennich.

nemm

Ich

Schtell die hi".

ken so

Des kann ken bu

Di kinner

loh".

un

sin wiescht

u"-

du".

The Consonants b,

The

p

labials

b and p are pronounced

G, except that the nor is the expulsion

lips are

like

b and p

E or

in

not pressed together as tightly,

breath after the lips are separated as explosive, as in pronouncing the corresponding letter They are, therefore, pronounced more nearly in E or G. alike than in E or G, and one frequently finds b written for Final b in PG is pronounced p, especially after initial sch. like

PG

p.

of the

b takes the place

in

PG

G

b in

(i) of initial

(PG

G binden, bohren, Bank) (2) of initial baschdnad, barrick, G Papier, Pastinake, Periicke; (3) of medial p in G (PG babbegoi, aschbe, lumbe. G Papegei, Aspe, Lumpen); (4) of final b in G (PG ab, grab, ob, G ab, Grab, ob) (5) of medial b in G before the ending e which is dropped in PG (PG nab, daub, reb, G Nabe, Taube, Rebe); (6) of initial pf in G (PG blicke, binne, bohre, bank,

p

in

;

G (PG babier,

;

G

blaschder, in

E

pfliicken, Pflaster);

PG

baby, bother, beef,

p in E as bens, backebuch.

initial

E

in

(7) of

initial

b

in

bewi, badder, bief);

PG

Polly, pence, pocketbook,

E

as

(8)

of

Balli,

G

in PG (i) of initial p in (PG pock, Pocke, Paar, Pulver); (2) of initial pf in G (PG poschde, peif, pund, G Pfosten, Pfeife, Pfund); (3)

p takes the place

par, pulwer,

of initial

p

G

in

pikter, pensil);

G

E

as in

E

party, picture, pencil,

(4) of final

Sumpf, Tropf, Dampf);

G (5)

PG

paerti,

(PG sump, dropp, damp, when doubled of medial G

pf

(PG gloppe, zappe, keppe, G klopfen, Zapfen, kopfen); (6) when doubled of double (and single) E p as in E slapping,

pf

sloppy, copybook, d, t

PG

In pronouncing the

schl^^ppens, schlappich, kappibuch.

PG

dentals d and

t

the tongue

is

not

it is in forming E or Nor, as also in the case of the labials, is the expulsion of the breath as explosive as in E or d and t. The enunciation of the South German dialects is sluggish

pressed as firmly against the teeth as

Gd

and

t.

G

and slovenly as compared with the enunciation

of

E

or of

North German. difficult of

For

this reason

the two labials

is

we

find that the

more

replaced largely by the less

but nowhere does p take the place of b. This is even more marked with the dentals, where initial t has been replaced almost completely by the less difficult d; there are only 56 words in the dictionary beginning with t. Most of the few words in PG which begin with t are rather uncommon, some of them being of non-German origin. The popular pronunciation here follows the pronunciation of the educated who most frequently use these words. INIedidifficult one,

and finally the t of G is not so frequently represented PG by d (PG ratte, hette, bete, rutsche, hott, G Ratten,

ally in

hatten, beten, rutschen, hat).

have written t after initial sch, but d after medial sch. There seems to be sufficient impetus after initial sch to form t fairly distinctly, but the tongue does not rebound sufficiently from forming a vowel + medial sch to form t -f a vowel, and so stops at the easier d. Final d is usually pronounced like t. d takes the place in PG (i) of initial G t (PG darr, dor,, I

dal,

G

Teer, Tor, Tal)

G

gerode, bloder,

(2)

;

medial

of

notig, geraten,

G

t

Blatter);

(PG (3)

needich,

of initial,

medial and final G d (PG ding, darrich, odder, scheede, rad, dod, G Ding, durch, oder, scheiden, Rad, Tod); (4) of medial G d before an ending which is dropped in PG (PG grad, lad, beed, G gerade, Lade, beide); (5) of E voiced th as in E bother, rather, either, PG badder, redder, eider,

ck

g

is

sounded

like

g

in

E

get or g in

G

Geld,

k

is

sounded

G except that the expulsion not as forcible as in the pronunciation of the corresponding letter in E or G. There is more variation in the use of these gutturals initially than of any other two letters, especially in words which begin with the consonantal combinations kl, kn and kr in G (G Klinge, knabbern, Krach, PG gling or kling, gnaw^vere or knaw^vere, grach or krach). The influence of E has developed a vowel between k and n of initial kn in a few proper names in a way that resembles the development of a vowel between i, Kanouse, Kaniper for r, or n and a following consonant: Knauss, Knelper. g occurs in PG initially only (PG gold, like

k

in

E

kind or k

of the breath

is

.

in

Kind

;

G

Gold, Christ, gucken), except in a few words of Latin origin (PG Regine, regischder, regiere, Medially its place is regiering) and in PG igel, schmuggle. Grischt, gucke,

PG

taken in

by

j

(PG

schlajje, rejje

aje,

and

reje,

rijjel,

boje, kujjel (note jj where the preceding vowel is short), Augen, schlagen, Regen, Riegel, Bogen, Kugel). At the

G

end

word k takes

of a

schteek, blok, bluk,

G

its place in PG (PG mak, wek, mag, Weg, Steige, Plage, Pflug).

k takes the place in

Initially

PG (i) of G ge +

participle of verbs beginning with h

G gehalten,

kuft for

(PG

h in the perfect

kalte, kenselt, kolt,

gehanselt, geholt, gehiift)

;

(2) of

ge

+

h

nouns whose stem begins with h (PG keil, kammer, kuddel, G Geheul, Gehammer, Gehudel). k also takes the place in PG (i) of initial or medial G k (PG koche, kalb, hoke, balke, G kochen, Kalb, Haken, Balken); (2) of E k and c (like k) (PG koort, k^^ndi, kammen, schpankich from E court, candy, common, spunky). Medial and final k after a short vowel is written ck in PG (PG packe, hocke, mick, fiuck, ba^rrick, kick (E kick), juckere (E to euchre)), g takes the place in PG initially and medially in words from the E which contain it (PG griement, figger, boggi, in verbal

E agreement, figure, buggy, congress). not occur initially. It is found in PG only in the Does combinations ch, chs, ck. In words from the E like decide kanggress,

C

s

ch

takes

As

its

place,

G

in

PG

diseide.

there are two of

these guttural sounds:

(i)

PG ich, blech, (2) after a back vowel, mache, boche, suche. The first one is not in E, the second is heard in the pronunciation of the Scotch loch. It takes the place in PG (i) of medial ch in G (PG woche, after a front vowel as in

as in

PG

kichelche, zucht,

G

Wochen, Kiichelchen, Zucht);

g in the noun and adjective ending essich, schteenich, wessrich, rig);

(3) ot

positions

the endings

(PG

-e,

G

in

G

-ig

(2)

of

(PG kewwich,

Kafig, Essig, steinig, wasse-

-en, -er in

G preG ohne, longer in G

a number

ot

unnich, newich, zwischich, hinnich,

neben, zwischen, hinter); (4) of a spirant h no (PG naecher, heecher, naher, hoher) and ot the ending Karre, PG karrich. in

G

-e

G

chs

Like x in chs in

G

(PG

E ax

or x in

G i\xt.

Takes the place

achsel, wachse, buchs, ochs,

in

PG

of

G Achsel, wachsen,

;

But when ch and s are in different syllables, wachsam, they are pronounced separately. Like f in E fin or f in G finden. Takes the place in PG (1) of initial, medial and final f in G (PG fackel, fahre,

Buchs, Ochs). as in

haufe, hoiTe, schof, (2) of f in

words

G Fackel,

iahren, Haufen, hoffen, Schaf); adopted from the E: PG frallick,

PG

in

fixe, affis.

E

Like h in is

used in

hat or h in

G

Hut (when

G to indicate that the PG

sounded).

preceding vow^el

When

to keep two vowels apart.

it is

so used

is

It

long and

not sounded.

it is

same purpose when the corresponding G word contains it, and when so used it is silent also in PG: PG uhr, kehl, maehe, G Uhr, Kehle, mahen. Is used initially and sounded as in G (PG hasse, hols, G It is written in

for the

hassen, Holz).

like

initial like y in E yes or j in G jetzt. When medial not sounded quite as open as when initial, but more y in E ''many a" in a sentence. It takes the place in

PG

(i) of initial

When it is

Joch); sijjel,

(2) of

j

in

G

(PG

bluje, ruje,

G

johr, jung, joch,

G

medial g in

(rarely of h)

G

Jahr, jung,

(PG

saje, feje,

sagen, fegen, Siegel, pfiiigen, ruhen)

words adopted from the E: PG jard, J^nki. Like 1 in E like or in G leicht. Takes the place in PG initially, medially and finally (i) of G I (PG lob, mole, mittel, G Lob, malen, Mittel); (2) of in wwds borrowed from the E (PG leikness, lew^vele, leiw4i). One of the most interesting phenomena in PG phonology is the development of a vow^el between an and the following consonant (PG (3) of initial

y

in

1

1

1

kellich, millich, schellem, sollich, lickt,

schellicks

and

schallack,

blosballick, kallick, gfol-

G

is,

however, not unique in PG, as

dialects of today.

It is

are a few cases of

the

1,

r

Like

and n

m

in

in

it

much more

it

Milch, Schelm, This phenomenon

Kelch,

solch, Blasbalge, Kalk, gefolgt, Schalk).

exists in the Palatinate

frequent after

Note the necessity

after n.

r,

and there

of doubling

such wwds.

E man

or

m

in

G

Mann.

Takes the place

in

m

medially and finally (i) of G (PG messer, amt, rahm, G Messer, Amt, Rahm); (2) of final n in a few Besen, and E words (PG besem, wasem, rassem,

PG

initially,

G

G

Rasen,

PG

E

rosin);

(3) of

m

mixe, semii, bassem).

in

words borrowed from the

E

n

E

G

Takes the place in PG initially, medially, and finally (i) of G n (PG nix, meene, bin, G nichts, meinen, bin); (2) of n in words borrowed from the E (PG nosse, Insch, kossin). nn takes the place in PG (i) of nn in G (PG brunne, rinne, wann, G Brunnen, rinnen, wann); (2) of nd in G (PG kinner, binne, nanner, Like n in

G

not or n in

Not.

(3) of nt in G (PG hinner, G hinter, herunter, darunter). The inflecof G is wanting in most places in PG (G wir

Kinder, binden, einander);

runner, drunner, tional ending

n

trinken, die guten

PG

gesehen,

mer

Kuchen, gieb ihnen

etvv^as,

er hat nur einen

drinke, di gute kuche, gebb ne' ebbes,

Final n in sin mer, in me, an

hott juscht eener gsehne).

aer

me

assimilated to m: PG simmer, imme, amme. Final nn in PG wann mer and kann mer is assimilated to m PG wammer, kammer. A few words containing an n insert a vowel be-

is

:

tween

and a following consonant (PG

it

fennichel, finnif,

G Fenchel, fiinf, Hanf). Like ng in E sing or ng in singen: PG ring, fange, Harning. But when n and g (or k) are in different syllables they are pronounced separately (PG un-graut, unkoschde). Like nk in E sink or nk in G sinken: PG flink, schunke. hannef,

ng

nk q

G

Occurs only in combination with u. qu is nearly always like PG gw; occasionally like PG kw. Takes the place in PG of q in G words which have an initial q (PG quaele, quell, quitt,

r

G

qualen. Quelle, Quitte).

like either E or G r. Unlike E r it is but not as much as is G r. It takes the place in PG initially, medially and finally (i) of G r (PG rick, narde, gar, G Riicken, Norden, gar) (2) initially in words which have dropped he- of the G prefix her- (PG riwwer, raus, ruff, G heriiber, heraus, herauf) (3) of r in words borrowed from the E (PG rule, kjure, peddler). Owing to its trilled character many words containing an r insert a vowel between the r and a following b, ch, f j, k, m, p, or w sound (PG karreb,

Not pronounced

trilled slightly,

;

;

,

farreb,

faerrichde,

aerrijer,

schnarrickse,

warref,

nserrev,

warrem, aerrewet, G Korb, Farbe, fiirchten, arger, schnarchen, (dG) worf, Nerv, Kork, Markt, arm, Wurm, Arbeit). After an a-sound and before a sound begarrick, marrick, arrem,

ginning with a

t

or before n,

r is

frequently scarcely audible

and sometimes gatt, datt, fatt,

dropped altogether (PG dann, vanne, schwatz for darn, varne, gart, dart, fart,

is

schwarz). ss

,

Like

(PG

E

s in

(i) of s in

G

sit

G

or s in

It takes the place in

bis.

kisse, wisst, aus,

G Kissen, wisset, aus);

words which contain the voiced spirant

G

siwwe,

(PG

Seele, Nase, sieben)

mils,

PG

words which contain the voiceless spirant

schtols,

(3)

;

wans, runsel,

and c

G

of

G

s

(2) of s in

(PG

z in

Milz,

s

G

seel, nas,

-Iz

stolz,

and nz Wanze,

words borrowed from only rarely that one hears the buzzing G sound ot s before a vowel. Harvey Miller occasionally notes this sound and expresses it by E Runzel)

the

(4) of

;

E (PG

s

(like s)

sigaer, sistern, sober).

in

It is

z in his writings.

,

The sz of G words like Fusz, Risz, Schlosz, gieszen is always written ss in PG (PG fuss, riss, schloss, giesse) and sounded like ss in E miss. schb G sp is sounded and written schp when it is initial or final in PG (G Sprache, Wespe, PG schproch, weschp). When medial it is sounded and written schb (PG raschbei,

G

kaschber, ,^schd

G

St

final.

Raspel, Kasper).

sounded and written scht in PG when initial or When medial it is sounded and written schd (PG is

G Stock, rosten, Kost). Like in E for or v in G vergessen. It is preserved in all words in PG which contain v in G or dG, and in hybrid schtock, roschde, koscht,

V

f

compounds which have been formed with E words. latter

it

PG

occurs initially only:

In the

verschmottere,

ver-

schwappe.

w

Not

like

G w.

It is

made with

the lips in the position in

w^hich they are at the beginning of making E w, but the are not rounded as in making E w. Takes the place in

lips

PG

G w (PG war, wille, wunsch, G war, Wille, Wunsch); (2) of G w^ in the initial consonantal combinations schw and zw (PG schwinge, schwelle, zwinge, G schwingen, schwellen, zwingen) (3) of G b, both singly and doubled, (PG selwer, dowe, haw^ver, zuwvver, G selber, (i) of initial

;

toben, Haber, Zuber);

(4) of initial

E

w^h

and

medial E w and v in words borrowed from the wipp, waere, watsch, -welwet, wuewAver).

initial

E (PG

and

wiski,

X

E

Like X in of X in (2) of

ax or X

G words

(PG

G

Axt.

Takes the place

in

PG

(i)

G

Hexe, Faxen, juxen); in E words and hybrid similar sounds the X sound and

compounds (PG bax, z

in

hex, faxe, juxe,

Like

ts in

(I) of initial

haxet, mixelfuder, exkjuse).

E hats or z in G zanken. Takes the place

Gz

(PG

zarn, zimmlich, zucker, zwiliing,

ziemHch, Zucker, ZwilHng); vowel in words which have

(2) is

tz in

in

PG

G Zorn,

written tz after a short G (PG schwitze, katz,

G schwitzen, Katze, Klotz, schmutzig). This is a dictionary of non-English words in the PennsylContent of vania-German dialect. It contains 16,438 entries. I have The Dictionary jj^^^j^^^^ Pennsylvania-German words that have the same or a similar stem in both English and German. In the case of most of these words it would be possible to determine only after long investigation whether they are of German origin, or whether they came into the dialect from the English. To arrive at a reasonable certainty as to the origin of even one such word would require an amount of research that I have also included compound is beyond the scope of this work. words that are German in form, although they are a literal translation from the English and so are not used in German, e.g., rijjelwek, For special reasons a few words evidently of English grossfiehlich. The origin and a few more of doubtful origin have been included. exclusion, in general, of words wholly or partly of English origin leaves glotz, schmutzich,

some unsatisfactory gaps; thus, the common words bax, fens, Insching, But schtiem, tschumpe and their numerous compounds are missing. there is no rule of usage or authority by which it can be determined what English words should be included in a Pennsylvania-German There is a language border line along which there is a dictionary. considerable number of words which it is di^^icult to assign definitely to High German only, or to both High German and the dialect. This is

particularly true of religious nomenclature.

An

introductory note

explains the purpose of the Appendix.

The word atter the English definition gives the German, dialectic German, French, Latin, or Indian word, as the case may be, ot the same stem as the preceding Pennsylvania-German word. It does not always have the same meaning as the Pennsylvania- Germ an word. There is but one word in the dialect ot Dutch origin, and that may have come in through the English. This shows the absurdity ot calling the dialect *' Pennsylvania- Dutch." While Autenrieth's Pfdlzisches Idiotikon contains a considerable number of words of Hebrew origin that are in use

is not a single word of Hebrew origin Pennsylvania-German dialect. My constant reference books in the preparation of this work have been tlie Muret-Sanders Encyklopddisches Englisch-Dciitsches trnd Deiitsch-Englisches Worterhuch, Heyae's Deutsches IVorterbiich, Paul's Deiiisches Wdrterhuch, Kluge's Ety^nologisches Wor-

in

the Palatinate today, there

(except biblical

ierbiich,

names)

Autenrieth's

Worterbuch, ]Martin

in the

PJdlzisches

Idiotikoyi,

Schmeller's

und Lienhart's Wdrterbiich

Bayerisches

der Elsdssischen

Mund-

KaufTmann's Geschichte der Schwdbisdien Mimdart and Weise's Unsere Mundarten. My labors in finding the writings in the dialect were greatly lightened by Dr. H. H. Reichard's comprehensive bibliography in his Pennsylvania-German Dialect Writings and their Writers, published in \"olume XXVI Proceedings of the Pennsylvania-German I ha\'e, of course, collected words, definitions and verificaSociety. tions of words and definitions from scores of individuals. To all who have contributed in this way I tender my sincerest thanks. I take pleasure in acknowledging by personal mention the services of the following: Rev. J. P. Bachman, of Allen town, Pa., who read the greater part of Autenrieth's PJdlzisches Idioiikon with me and from it identified many words in the Pennsylvania-German dialect which were unknown to me; Mr. Melvin W. Fisher, of York, Pa., for the use of his copy of his father's '5 Alt Marik Haus Mittes in D'r Schtadt, now one of the rarest books printed in the dialect; Mr. Conrad Gehring, of Kutztown, Pa., who placed at my disposal files of newspapers containing his writings in the dialect; Mrs. x\mandus Hermany,

arteUy

Jacksonville, Pa., who kindly granted me access to the unpublished manuscript in the dialect of the late Edward Hermany; Dr. W. H. Holsberg, of Lebanon, Pa., who contributed a list of unusual words; Professor I. W. Kehs, of Pennsburg, Pa., for the words in the dialect peculiar to the ser\-ices of the Roman Catholic church; Mr. W. L. King, of Bethlehem, Pa., to whom I owe many plant names; Mr. C. C. More, of Camden, X. J., who kindly allowed me to read sufficient of his unpublished dialect manuscript to enable me to acquire his vocabulary; Rev» John Baer Stoudt, of Allentown, Pa., in whose library I found

of

several of the rarer

books in the

interesting words.

Through

dialect,

and who contributed a

list

of

the courtesy of Rev. Thos. R. Brendle, ot

Green Lane, Pa., I was permitted to copy words from a remarkable unfinished manuscript. It contains a list ot Pennsylvania-German plant names, by far the most extensive ever compiled, with their English and scientific equl\'alents, the derivation of the Pennsylvania-German

names and a mass of plant folk-lore all the more valuable because the few who still know something about it are fast passing away. The work is particularly strong in tracing the origin of the Pennsylvania-German terms and in explaining how several plants belonging botanically to different families came to have the same name, and how the same plant came to be called by different names. It was originally compiled by Rev. Thos. R. Brendle and the late A. S. Brendle, of Schaefferstown, Pa., and has lately been revised and enlarged by Mr. D. E. Lick, oi Fredericksburg, Pa. By it I revised the plant names which I already had collected, and from it I obtained upward of 280 additional names, I regret that the manuscript was not available in time to make it possible for me to add the scientific term after the English name, or to make It is also a matter of regret that it was necessary to cross-references. exclude many of the names because they are of English origin. I am indebted to Professor Gustav Herbig, of Munich, Germany, for the derivation of the words kaft, pannhas and vendere. But I am especially indebted to Rev. A. C. Wuchter, of Toledo, Ohio. Early in the course of the compilation he allowed me to examine a great part of his unpubSubsequently he read critically the lished manuscript in the dialect. complete manuscript of the dictionary. In the original plan only^ the more important of the separable verbs were included. Mr. Wuchter noted so many which have as good a claim to be recorded as those which were already entered, that the plan was enlarged and these were also included. But he also added many stem-words which do not occur in any other form in the dialect. Altogether he contributed more than one thousand words. Whatever merit the work may possess is due in no small part to his wide scholarship, thorough knowledge of the dialect and critical acumen. The interest which the members of the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania-German Society have taken in the preparation of the volume has made possible the prompt publication which the publications of the Society are noted.

of it in the style for

M. July, 1923.

B. L.

ABBREVIATIONS acc

accusative

JMH

adj

adjective

L

J.

Max Hark

adv

adverb

m

Latin masculine

A Dp

Appendix

MHG

Middle High German

art

article

n

neuter

cf

compare

conj

dat

conjunction dative

nom num

def

definite

p

dem

demonstrative

P

Palatinate dialect

der

derivation

PG

Pennsylvania-German

dG

dialectic (or provincial)

nominative numeral onomat onomatopoetic

German

past

pl

plural

dim(s) diminutive(s)

PP

perfect participle

E

English

Edward Hermany

pr prep

pronoun

EH f

feminine

pres

present

F

French

Q.

R RB

which see E. H. Rauch Rachel Bahn

G,HG German

H HLF

Home

A. R.

V.

preposition

H. L. Fisher

rel

relative

I

Indian

subj

subjunctive

ind

indefinite or indicative

sup

superlative

inf

infinitive

tr

translation

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS The

tilde

(')

indicates that the vowel or diphthong preceding

it is

nasalized.

The dash (— ) denotes the word previously defined. The sign (0 denotes that part of a word standing appel; ^blick;

The The

before

ij

:

aje

j|

=

ajeappel; ajeblick; ajeblicklich; etc. sign ('e

straw)

to

tie

with a gne^vwel.

ab+knebeln,

abgnickef*""], pp abgegnickt, to pinch off abknicken. (flowers, buds). abgiiippe[*""], pp abgegnippt, to unbutton, abknopfen, abkniiptie knots in yarn.

G

G

fen. abgotti""],

m,

G

Abgott. pp abgegratzt, to scratch or

idol.

abgratze[ scrape off.

G ablcratzen.

abgrawe[ "'"'], pp abgegrawe, to dig move by digging. G abgraben.

off,

re-

G

(off).

pp abgegrimmeit,

to

crumble

of.

abgegritzelt, to scribble a abkritzeln. Abm, precipice, abyss.

G

pp

G

abgrund[*"], grund. abgrutze[ '*"'], pp abgegrutzt, to cut poorly, mar by cutting. krutzen, krozze. ab abgschaerre pp abgschsrrt, to take the harness from a horse. ab+Geschirr.

G

+dG

G

Cf abschaerre. abgschjnackt[^''],

tasteless,

absurd.

G

ab-

G

ab-

geschmackt.

stumpy, worn

abgschtii2npt[^"'],

off.

gestumpft.

abgucke[ pp abgeguckt, to learn by looking on or by stealth. G abgucken. ["''], abhacke pp abkackt, to chop off. G abhacken. abhalte pp abkalte, to keep off or away, hold (as court). abhandle[''"^j, by trading,

G abhalten.

pp

"~],

abhang["'"'],

abkeilt,

to cry.

eens,

pp abkandelt, purchase,

G abhelfen. abhellel""^],

pp abkolfe, to give pp.

abkeilt,

to clear

redress. (of

slope.

abharriche

to get (rid of)

discuss.

G

ab-

abhenkef "^""l, pp abkonke, to unhook, take down or off", slope. G abhangen, abhangen. abhenkich[ "''"], sloping (also abhenkisch), dependent. G abhangig. abhewe[^ '"j, pp abkowe, to lift off. G abheben.

G

pp abkolt, to fetch, call for. abholen. abhowwlef-""], pp abkowwelt, to plane off. abhobeln. abhupsef^""], pp abkupst, to hop off or away. dG abhupse. i'bietef" pp a'gebotte, to offer, make a first bid. anbieten.

G

G

a''bieting[~"~'],

f,

G Anbietung.

offer.

a*biime["""], pp 3."gebunne, to tie fast, hitch (a horse) to a post, wean (a calf).

G

anbinden. " a"'binnrieme[~ riemen.

"

m,

G Anbinde-

tie-strap.

pp abgejakt, to drive away haswrest from, cheat. abjagen. abjochef""'"], pp abgejocht, to unyoke. abjochen. abkserze [*'"'], pp abgekserzt, to shorten, ab-

abjllje[" '"],

G

G

breviate. abkiirzen. abk^rzung["*^"'j, f, abbreviation. kiirzung.

G

Ab-

abkaerzungszeechel n, apostrophe, dash. G Abkiirzungszeichen. abkafe['*"^], pp abgekaft, to buy (from). G abkaufen. abkappe[ pp abgekappt, to give a quick retort, reprimand. G abkappen. abkehre['""], pp abgekehrt, to sweep off. G abkehren. abkeime["'"], pp abgekeimt, to remove sprouts (from potatoes). G ab-f keimen. abkeltre[""^], pp abgekeltert, to draw off wine, cider or vinegar from the lees. abkeitern. abkeppe[ ""'], pp abgekeppt, to decapitate.

G

G abkopien.

abkiehleC^], pp abgekiehlt, to

refrigerate,

G abkiihlen.

abkochef/""], pp abgekocht, to boil, parboil.

G abkochen.

pp abkumme, to get off, abkommen. escape. ablide[^""j, pp abgelade, to unload. abladen. ablaf[^ "], m, sluice, overflow. Ablauf. ablMe[* '"}, pp abgeloffe, to run off, drop off, run down, turn aside, start off. ablaufen. a' blanse ["""'], pp ^"geblanst, to begin to plant, anpiianzen. plant: en bungert

G

G Abhang.

pp abkarricht, to ascertain

by listening. G abhorchen. abhecMe[ """'], pp abkechelt, to

scold, crit-

G abhecheln.

abheele[^""], pp abkeelt, to heal, form a scab. abheilen. ablbeerei*""], PP abkeert. to grant a hearing, overhear. abhoren.

G

G

the

G abheilen.

weather).

abkummet m,

G

abheulen.

cool.

handeln.

icise.

abheilei"

sich, to

G

G abkriimeln.

abgritzle[^""'],

copy

abheere, abhoore[* pp abkeert, shed the coat. G abhaaren.

tily,

abgreische[*"~J, pp abgegrische, sich der hals, to scream oneself hoarse. ab-f kreischen. abgriinmle[^'"'],

3

abholei^""],

pp abgegnaw wert to gnaw

G abknabbern.

abgiie"vmle[*""],

G

Dictionary

abhelfe[^""'],

glanzen.

abglette[ pp abgeglett, to smooth. abgletten. abglitsche["""], pp abgeglitscht, to slide off,

beat

man

G

G

G

—

.

G

fi'blaudrel"'"], pp a'geblaudert, to persuade (some one) to buy or accept (something).

G an + plaudern. pp abgelauert, to watch

ablaure [*"'],

for,

G ablauern. lie in wait for, listen in secret. ablause[* ""1, pp abgelaust, to gain a thing by dG ablausen. craft or sharp practice. ableddref^""], pp abgeleddert, to give a good flogging. G abledern. ableejele[* "'^j,

pp abgeleejelt, to deny, shift ableugnen. to another. ablehnef^'"], pp abgelehnt, to refuse, deny.

G

blame

G ablehnen.

abgelejje, to be idle temporE lay (lie) off. S*'bleiwe[~""], pp a'gebhwwe, to remain in anbieiben. place. ableje[ '*"], pp abgelekt, to cast aside, dis-

ableie[*""],

pp

Lit. trans, of

arily.

G

G ablegen.

charge (temporarily). ablesel"""],

pp

abgelese, to read

G ablesen.

recite.

off,

pick

off,

G

Anblick. ^"blickf""], m, aspect, sight. I*blicke[-""'], pp a'geblickt, to behold, look at.

G

anblicken.

fi''blinsle[^''"],

wink

a'geblinselt,

pp

to blink or

G anblinzeln.

at.

m, shallow ditch across a road to turn off the water, thank-you-ma'am. G. Ablass. S"blose("'^], pp a'geblose, to start by blowing, blow upon. G anblasen. ablossi*^], m, allowance. G Ablass. ablosse[^''"], pp abgelosst, to leave off, grant ablos("*"],

G

ablassen. abluchse[ *""'], pp. abgeluchst, to get by trickery or cheating. abluchsen. a*bluje["""], pp a'geblukt, to turn first furrow. anpfliigen. abmache [*'"'], pp abgemacht, to mow, cut down, cut (grain), take off from. leave, rebate.

G

G

G

abmachen. abmaehe["'

pp abgemaeht, to cut

'"],

off

with

G

abmahen. a scythe. abmfierrickef""""], pp abgemaerrickt, to off.

G

ab + merken.

abmsertre['"'~j,

worry.

pp abgemaertert, to plague,

G abmartern.

abinatte["'""'],

out.

mark

pp abgematt, to

tire

(some one)

G abmatten.

abmeessle[* "], pp abgemeesselt, to chisel off, chip off. G abmeisseln. abinelke["~"], pp abgemolke, to milk (a cow) milk (.a cow) just after calving; dr\', abgemolke, said of a cow that is dry. G abrntclken.

abmessef"'"], pp abgemesse, to measure off, survey. G abmessen. abmole{^ pp abgemoit, to copy a picture,

draw.

G abmalen.

abmoschderef off vinegar.

pp abgem.oschdert, to tap ab-f-Moster.

abmunkle[*'"'], pp abgemunkelt, to prevaricate (in a matter). ab-f munkeln. abnemmef"*""], pp abg'^numme, to take from, btcGir.e less, wasi .iway, amputate, photo-"

G

-

;

—

^

,

—

abnerrnnesi"""], abnemmedef^"""], n, miras-

dG abnemme.

mus, waning, wasting away.

abnewwle["'"~'j, pp abgenewwelt, to lift (,of a abnebeln. fog), clear off. i''bohre[~""], pp a'gebohrt, to tap, bore. G

G

anbohren.

keep off: der hut abbehalten. abp^e[''""j, pp abgepart, to pair off. G abpaaren. abpetze[^''"], pp abgepetzt, to pinch off; eens to take a nip (drink). G ab-f dG petze. abqiiaele[*'"], pp abgequaelt, sich, to overwork, fret, worry. abqualen.

abpaldef"*""], abgepalde, to

—

—

G

.

,

G

Abraham, Awerham[~^"'], m, Abraham. G Abraham. abrahine[^ '"], pp abgerahmt, to take the cream from milk. G abrahmen. abrame pp abgeramt, to clear off (a table). G abraumen. abranke[^^"], pp abgerankt, to clear away superfluous shoots on vines or plants. G abranken.

pp abgerappelt, to

abrapple[""'~'],

rattle off.

E

Lit. trans, of rattle off. a"'breche[~"'^], pp a'gebroche, to

in

(a case or

make a hole package), break open. G

anbrechen.

pp abgerecht,

abreche[-'~'~'j,

to rake off.

G

abrechen. abrechle["""], pp abgerechelt, to square accounts, deduct. abrechnen. abreechej" pp abgereecht, to hand over.

G

G

abreichen. abreese, abreise["'""], pp abgereest, to go on abreisen. a journey, depart.

G

abreisse(* pp abgerisse, to tear off, part, vun, to leave. tear down, demolish; sich abreissen. abreiwe[" "''], pp abgeriwwe, to rub off, abrade. abreiben. a''bremie[~~''], pp a'gebrennt, to ignite, burn fast to the kettle in cooking. anbrennen. abrennei^^'j, pp abgerennt, to knock off in

—

G

G

G

running; sich's harn

—

.

G abrennen.

pp abgericht, to

abrichte["'~].

animals tricks, arrange.

train,

teach

G abrichten.

a^briehei""'], pp a'gebrieht, to scald, steep. anbriihen. in der schicke, to Abrilli^-'j, m, April; play an April fool prank. April. " abrillekalb['' " April -r n, April fool.

G

—

G

G

Kalb. a''bringe[~'"'],

make

j,

G

graph, wane (of the moon), grow shorter nix to refuse to accept (of the days) any compensation; im (n)de, in the wane of the moon. G abnehmen.

use of.

abriime['"'~'],

drip.

pp a'gebrocht, to

tell,

report,

G anbringen.

pp abgerunne, to run

off,

drain,

G abrinnen.

abriss['"'],

m,

plan,

design,

diagram.

G

Abriss. abritschef''""'],

pp abgeritscht, to

from, glide from.

dG

abritsche.

slip,

slip

A'brocklel"""), pp i'gebrockelt, to begin to to put crumbs in soup. chip; di supp

—

G

,

an+brockeln.

pp abgerode,

abrodel*""],

to

dissuade.

G

abraten. a'brodet"^""], pp a'gebrode, to stick to the anbraten, pan in frying. abrolle[^ pp abgerolic, to roll from or off, abrollcn. unroll. abroppel"'"''], pp abgeroppt, to pick off, pluck.

G

G

G abrupfen.

G

abroschde[* " pp abgeroscht , to rust off. abrosten. Anbruch. a'bruchl""], m, break (of day). abrufei^""], pp abgerufe, to call off, proclaim. G abrufen. a'bruinine[~""'], pp-a"gebrummt, to growl at. ^'j

,

G

G

anbrummen. abninde[^"^], pp abgerundt,

to round

off.

G

abrunden.

pp abgerutscht,

to slip

wear the nap off. G abrutschen. absaddle['* " pp abgsaddelt, to unsaddle.

off,

G

pp abgsaekt, to saw

off.

G

absagen.

pp abgsat, to

reject, revoke.

Absalamt"*""],

m,

m,

refuse,

decline,

G absagen. Absalom. G Absalom.

—

by

G absaufen,

abschaele[''"''],

evade.

pp abgschaelt, to

peel

G abschalen.

G

pp abgschserft, to taper. abscharfen. abscharre, abgschaerre[* pp abgschaerrt, to ab take the harness from a horse. Geschirr. abschserref"""], pp abgschaerrt, to scratch off abscharren. or away. abschaffei*""], pp abgschaft't, to gpt rid of, do away with, dispose of, repeal, discontinue; sich to work to excess. abschaffen. abschaume, abschame['*'"], pp abgschaumt, to take scum from liquids in boiling. G abschaerfej"""],

G

+

G

—

G

,

abschaumen. abschawe[*"''j,

abrade. abschei[*"],

hatred.

—

off;

G

,

G

G

abschissich["''"], steep. abschiissig, abschitte["^"], pp abgschitt, to pour off.

G

abschiitten. abgschittelt, to shake off, abschiitteln. pp abgschlacht, to slaughter.

abschittle[-'"^],

shake out

pp

(a rug).

G

abschlachde[" " abschlachten.

G

pp abgschlajje, to knock off, pronounce an article sold at a vendue;

abschlajje[^"'^j, 's

—

wasser

,

G

to urinate.

abschlagen.

pp abgschlamst, to

slope, taper. ab-j-dG schlam.sen. abschleckef"""], pp abgschleckt, to lick off.

G

G abschlecken.

""], pp abgschleeft, to drag off, by dragging. G abschleifen. abschleiche[" '"J, pp abgschiiche, to sneak away. G abschieichen. abschleife[^'^], pp abgschliffe, to grind off,

wear

off

G

oft',

G

G

abschnappe, abschnappe[^ ^ "], pp abgschnappt, to give a curt reply. G abschnappen. abschneidef"' "^], pp abgschnidde, to cut off, shear, aniputate. G abschneiden. abschnellel""'], pp abgschnellt, to fling snap the chalk-line in hewing timber. abschnellen,

m, horror, abhorrence, disgust,

G

abscheulich.

pp abgscheppt, to shovel off, take away from a liquid, skim off. abschopfen. abscherel"*""], pp abgschore, to cut ott with scissors. G abscheren.

abscheppel'*"''],

G

abschicke[*''"j, pp abgschickt, to discharge, sack (a beau). abschicken. abschiddsbreddichf* f, farewell sermon. ],

G

Abschiedspredigt.

"1,

m,

abschnitzlel-""],

G

G abschaben. G Abscheu.

abschleifen.

abschlenkre[""'], pp abgschlenkert, to shake off. abschienkern. abschliesse["*^], pp abgschlosse, to covenant, make an agreement. abschliessen. abschlippef^""], pp abgschlippt, to slip off, steal away. G abschliipfen. absclilofe[' ""], pp abgschlofe, to sleep off (the effects of drink). abschlafen. abschmeissef^ ""], pp abgschmisse, to throw off, deduct. dG abschmeissen. abschmelseC pp abgschmolse, to melt off, drop down in consequence of melting. abschinelzen.

abschmtt["

pp abgschabt, to scrape

abscheilichf^-"], abominable, detestable.

G

fire

G

off;

to get out of doing something,

,

to

G

G

sich

Abschied.

pp abgschosse,

abgschosse, faded. G abschiessen. abschiewel" "], pp abgschowe, to push off the sheaf from a dropper or self-rake reaper, postpone; sich to leave hastily. abschieben. abschinnef'""], pp abgschunne. to flay, fag out, o\'crwork. abschinden.

polish.

heel, ledge, pause, stop, para-

graph, sale of goods. Absatz. absauie['' '"], pp abgsoffe, to weaken sucking.

"'],

absclileefe[*

absatteln. absaeje[" "],

ab£atz[-*~],

G

m, departure.

'],

abschlamsef"*

abrutsche[^""],

absaje[^'"],

abschiedl""

abschiessef

section.

G

off,

G

Abschnitt.

pp abgschnitzelt, to whittle

off. abschnitzeln. abschpale{^ """I, pp abgschpalt, to hew logs roughly, break off in spalls. abspalten. abschpieie[^ pp abgschpielt, to play off, pretend, shirk. Lit. trans, of E play off. abschpinnei^"''], pp abgschpunne, to spin off; to tell a yarn. eens abspinnen.

G

—

,

abschprechef''"'"'],

G

pp abgschpnjohe,

to refuse,

deny, dissuade. G absprechen. abschprengei"""], pp abgschprengt, to blast off, force off, cause to break or fly off, cause to leave hastily. G absprengen. abschpriiigei""'^], pp abgschprunge, to leap or start suddenly, chip off. G abspringen.

abscliraekse[^

pp abgschraekst, to bevel.

'"],

G abschragen.

abschrauwe[* '~], pp abgschraubt, to unscrew. G abschrauben. abschreckeC""), pp abgschreckt, to scare off, losse, to be intimidate; sich net leicht not easily intimidated. G abschrecken. abschreiwe[* PP abgschriwwe, to copy. G

—

^•

abschreiben. abschrifti""], f, schrilt. abschiitte[^""'],

G

transcript,

copy.

G

Ab-

pp abgschritt, to pace

off.

abschreiten. abschtffinne pp abgschtaermt, to chase abstiirmen. away. abschtaenve['""'], pp abgschtarwe, to die, die absterben. out. abschta5r2e["'"'], pp abgschtsrzt, to fall off abstiirzen. or down. absclitaiiiinef^ ""j, pp abgschtammt, to deabstammen. scend from. abschtampef"*^"], pp abgschtampt, to stamp

G

G

G

G

G abstampfen.

off.

abschtatte[* ^ abstatten.

pp abgschtatt, dank, to thank.

G

abschtawe[" ""], pp abgschtabt, to remove dust from. G abstauben. abschtecke[-"'^j, pp abgschteckt, to mark off with stakes. G abstecken. abschteh'[* "], pp abgschtanne, to stand at a distance, begin to si -oil, lose taste, turn flat, die away (of plants), abstain. G abstehen. abschtehlel" '"], pp abgschtohle, to steal from, sneak away. G abstehlen. abschteije[* "], pp abgschtijje. to alight (from a vehicle), dismount. G absteigen. abschtellet''"'"'], pp abgschtellt, to unload, to stand at a distance. postpone; sich

—

G abstellen. -er

showing signs of decay:

dG

bam.

abstehnig. pp abgschtickelt,

to

abschticklef"""], stakes. ab-fdG schtickel.

G

set

pp abgschtimmt, to put to G abstimmen. abschtolpereC"""], pp abgschtolpert, to stumG ab+stolpern. ble away. abschtoppel*""'], pp abgschtoppt, to stop, abschtiinine[""'~],

a vote, vote down.

shut

off.

G abstoppen.

abschtrecke['"'"'],

ure, step off.

abschtreiche["

away,

level

pp abgschtreckt,

to

meas-

G abstrecken.

pp abgschtriche, to brush a mtcasure of grain. G ab-

"^],

G

dG ab—

,

reprimand.

G abschwenken.

abschwetzef"""], pp abgschwetzt, to dissuade,

G

abschwatzen.

absehneC"""),

G

serving. abselutt[^

pp abgsehne, to learn by obabsehen.

abselutt"""], absolutely, insist absolut. upon, by all means. absen^t[''""], obstinate, stubborn, difficult to dG absenat please, fastidious, finical.

G

e, to

remove

a''drdje[~'"], pp a'gedraje, to inform on, give informiation secretly. antragen. i^dredef^""], pp a'gedrede, to put in motion

G

with the

G antreten.

feet.

4'gedroffe, to meet (with), antreffen. across. fi'drehe(-'~j, pp a'gedreht, to turn on (as a i''dre2e['^""'],

pp

G

come

light).

^» care, attention, esteem; in nemme, to take care of, bear in mind; gewwe, to be careful, beware; ken uff ebbes hawwe, to pay no attention to a

achti"],

clock.

andachtig.

G abzehren. abzettle['*""],

eight

f,

G

adara['*''],

off

measure very

with a pair of compasses, exactly.

,

*],

Achttags-Uhr.

G andrehen.

^*dreiwe["^ '"], pp a'gedriwwe, to start driving, urge, carry on. antreiben. S'dreschel""'^], pp a'gedrosche, to begin threshing (generally as to first round with

G

flails).

G

andreschen.

ft"du''[~'], pp a'gedu", to antun. , to dress.

—

G

put on, dress; sich

G Advent. G ahnlich. resemblance. G Ahn-

f,

lichkeit.

G

Ahre. f, head of grain. he; rarely used as a mark of respect in addressing a person, usually a clergyman. When not stressed in a stintence, especially

aehrf], agr["],

in a question, it is pronounced er["'] and in pronunciation is joined to the preceding word like an enclitic: kann cer lese =

kanner

lese?

mitwill.

G

wann

aer

mitwiil

= wanner

G

G

G

fierbel[*"],

£errebel['*""'],

f,

strawberry.

G

aerfrischt,

to refresh.

G

erfrischen. serfrischimg[""*"j,

G

refreshment.

recreation,

f,

Erfrischung.

aergewweC*"], pp aergewwe, sich, to devote oneself, surrender, be resigned. G ergeben. aergreife["'~"'], pp sergriffe, to seize, comprehend. G ergreifen. £ergreiflich["""], comprehensible. G ergreitlich.

S2rgreifung["-^"],

G

comprehension.

f,

Er-

greifung.

fathom, find

aergrindt, to

pp

G ergriinden.

out.

aerhaltel"""], pp aerhalte, to support, tain, preser\-e. erhalten.

main-

G

arhaltung ["""j, G Erhaltung. serheehe["~"^j,

maintenance, preservation.

f,

aerheeht,

pp

G

to exalt.

er-

dG

G

Erbfeind. m, arch-enemy. erbcontagious, hereditary,

£erblich[^"'],

G

lich.

serblickel"""],

pp

catch sight

aerblickt, to

of.

erblicken.

G

s-;rbIos[~"], childless.

m,

jerblosserl""'], lassen.

erbenlos.

G

testator.

Erben-f

G

pea. Erbse. Erbschaft. asrbschaftl^"], f, inheritance. aerbse jj supp[~" 'j, f, pea-soup; =zaehler[~ ], m, demented person. £erd["j, f, eanh, world. Erde. serd appel[~""], m, Jerusalem artichoke; sballel"""], m, globe; =bebung, =bewung earthquake; =deel[~'], n, part of f, = the earth; (e )schooss[~ ' m, (lap of) the earth; -fleehi"'], pi, flea-beetles; =geischt £erbs['), serrebsf*"],

f,

G

G

ii

m, gnome;

^lichtl""],

lichtel(~"''],

n,

jack-o'-lantern, ignis fatuus; -reich[""|, n, globe; =schoiie[~''"], m.clod, lump of earth; =schpijjel[""~'], m, semaphora; -schtreiss ["'], trailing arbutus, gravel plant; pi, =scliwairLm[~"'j,

m, mushroom.

G

earthen. irden. aerdekloossi"""], m., clod. Erdenkloss. gerdich[~"i, earthy, earthly. erdig. 8erdisch[~"], earthly. erdig. «erfaliie["^'j, pp aerfahre, to learn, experience; versed, adept. erfahren. aerf^Jirung["'~"j, f, experience. Erfahrung. ^rfiileC erfullen. pp jerfiilt, to fulfill. fierdei""],

G G

G

G

,

G

G

serfiiiirigf''"' 'j, f,

*~],

aBrfiiine[~'"~'],

G G Erfinder. invention. G Erfindung. aerfunne, to invent. G er-

fulfillment.

Erfiillung.

m, inventor,

aerfinderl"*~l,

£erfindung[~

pp aerheiert, to obtain by Gerheiraten. aerhewer[^~"], m, elevator belt of a flouring mill. G Erheber. serholel""^], pp ^holt, sich, to recover. G

aerheierei""""],

marrying.

erbel. aerbfeind[~'],

—

glad.

make

to

hohen.

beere.

["^"j,

aerfreit,

pp

fierfrischel""*"],

aergrinde[""*"],

er.

inseparable prefix of verbs and derived er-. words. erbarmlich. aerbsermlichf"'"], miserable. aerbanne, a8rbarme[~'~"], pp a^rbarmt, sich, G erbarmen. to have pity, have mercy. ErdasrbeerC], E^beeri"^], i, strawberry. aer-["],

G

pp

erfreuen.

Advent[""'j(v = f), m, Advent. aehnlich[^"], similar, alike.

aehnlichkeitt"""],

»rfreie["-"],

f,

pp

finden.

pp aerfoddert, to require. erfordern. aerfolkC'j, m, result, event. Erfolg. serfoddre[''"'"],

G

G

erholen. serholungl'""],

G

recoverv'. Erholung. aerinnert, sich, to remem-

f,

seriimerei''*""], ber, recollect. * gerinnertmg["' "

pp

G f,

,

G

recollection.

erinnern. reminiscence,

memento,

Erinnerung.

aerjer[''''],

m, vexation, fury,

ssrjer[

aerrijer[^'"^],

G

Arger. worse, arger. aerjere["'""'], pp geaerjert, to vex, irritate; sich to be vexed. argern. serjerlich['^""], irritable, provoking, vexatious, vexed. argerlich. ],

—

G

G

,

G

serjemis[''^^], gernis. asrkeniie[~'"'"],

G

Ar-

aerkennt, to recognize,

G

vexation, irritation.

f,

pp

erkennen. serkemiiing[~""'],

f,

G

recognition.

Erken-

nung.

pp

aerkiiidiche["'''"'],

inquire.

aerkla8re["~~'],

G

serkindicht,

sich,

to

G erkiindigen. aerklaert, to explain,

pp

avow.

erklaren.

a5rklaerung[''""'],

f,

avowal, explanation,

G

Erklarung. aerlabnisf"'"''],

asrlangel"'*"],

obtain. 2erl^ we

G

permission,

f,

Eriaubnis,

aerlangt, to attain, acquire,

pp

G erlangen, aerlabt, to allow, permit,

pp

G

erlauben. aerlawing[~'~"I,

permission.

f,

G

Erlaub-f

ung. £eriebnis[''~''],

f,

experience.

G

Erlebnis.

serleesel"""], pp aerleest, to save, redeem. erlosen. Erloser. £erleeser("~^], m, redeemer.

G

serleesimgi'"^""],

aerlehecki^""],

f,

G

redemption. G Erlosung. box elder, G Erle-fHecke,

f,

G

aerleicht, to illuminate.

pp

ferleichte["~"'],

erleuchten.

G

lighten.

to

serleichtert,

pp

ierlelchtere["'~"~],

lessen,

erieichtern.

G

pp aerlitte, to suffer, undergo.

£erleide[""^

erleiden.

pp

sprlewe

through with.

pp

asrliejei"""],

to

aerlebt,

go

experience,

G

erieben. ^riojje, to trump

G

lies.

pp serlosst, to remit. G erlassen. aermahnel"""], pp aermahnt, to exhort, remind.

G

'

ermahnen.

£ermaimimg[^~~],

G

tion.

aennel[^"],

remonstrance,

f,

exhorta-

Ermahnung. m, sleeve. G Armel.

G Armelloch. sermer [*"], inner[~"], poorer. G armer. G Arm. gsnnlel*"], pp gea?rmelt, to hug. a2nnlich['*~], poorly. G armlich. senn5cht["], irmscht['], poorest. G armst. ssnnelloch[^"''], n, sleeve-hole.

pp iermuntert,

sermunterel"""^],

G

to encourage.

by armfuls.

'],

G

armvoll-

aem, eemt["], f, harvest. G Ernte. »rn[ "] = aer en. G er ihn, er einen. gemaehre, annaehre["~"], pp a?rnaehrt, to support; sich to subsist, live, make a |]

—

G

li\-ing.

am

'bred-

harvest-apple;

m,

harvest thanksgiving sermon;

f,

doughnut;

n,

=kichelche['*"""'],

n, harvest field; =kaerrich['^""'], home service. semde["~], pp geaernt, to harvest,

=feld[""'],

harvest

f,

ernten.

ameirel"""], pp aerneiert, to renew. neuern.

er-

ffimiedriciie["~~"],

pp

G

aerniedricht, to

emiedrigen. «mscht["], m, earnest, earnest. Ernst.

G

humble. adj,

seriousness;

G

a£mschthaft[^"'], sincere, serious, earnest.

G

ernsthaft, aemschtlichl*"], ardently, seriously, earnestly. ernstlich. leit["

harvesters;

pi,

'],

serntfeschtl^

"]>

n, harvest

a;rqmcke[''"*"],

f,

Erquickung.

—

G

aerschrecklichr'*"], terrible, horrible. erschrecklich. aerschtaunel''""], pp 2?rschtaunt, to astonish; erstaunen. sich to be surprised. erstaun£erschtaunlich["~"], surprising.

—

G

,

G

lich.

pp

aerschtijje,

aerschtickel"'*''],

pp

aerschtickt, to suffocate.

G

ersticken.

sei',

sersuchef"^"],

beseech.

G

pp aerwacht, to waken.

G

to

aersucht,

pp

aerwachel^''"],

erwachen.

pp aerwaehlt, to

£erwaehle[''~"],

refreshment.

to be confused;

G

pp

aerrett,

to save, rescue.

G

erretten. [" serrgeh"' "],

pp

aerrgange, to go astray.

G

irregehen. n, rattlesnake-plantain.

G

Irre

Kraut.

serwarte[^~~^],

wait

aerwe[~^],

pp

aerwirt,

pose.

G

pp

ae.n-icht,

errichten.

G

er-

to expect, await,

G erwarten.

for.

G

geaerbt, to inherit.

pp

?5rwecke["

erben.

G

er-

widen.

G

pp aerweckt, to rouse.

wecken. aerweitert,

pp

erweitern. aerwerl""], m, heir.

G

to

Erbe.

aerweL[""j, 25rrewet[*""], f, work, labor, employment, trouble; sich an di mache, to get to work; di schaft'e, to do the chores.

—

—

G Arbeit.

G

aerz['], n, ore.

Erz.

pp aerzaehlt, to Cf verzachle.

aerzaehlel"'""],

erzahlen.

tell (rare).

G

G Erzahler. G Erzahlung. breed. G erzie-

aerzaehlerl"""], m, narrator. aerzaehlung["~"], f, narration.

consummate ped-

G

pp a'gfackelt, to start something. anfackeln. a*'faerrichde[~ pp a'gfa^rricht, to draw the first furrows through a field in starting to plow, draw furrows through a plowed field for planting (corn or potatoes).

G

anfurchen. a"'fahre[~"~'],

to establish, dis-

pp

speak gruffly

to.

a'gfihre,

to drive ahead,

G anfahren.

a'faUel^'"'], pp a'gfalie, to fall upon, attack. anfallen. i"faiig[~"'|, m, beginning, origin. Anfang. a*fange[~""'], pp a'gfange, to begin, com-

G

mence.

arrichtei""'"],

elect.

wahlen.

a*'fackie[^"''],

refresh,

errettel'**"],

'],

ersetz-

ersuchen,

to

G

aerrgraut[*

G

terribly, awfully.

sersetzlich["

G

recreation,

—

confused;

G

to scale.

aerschteije ersteigen.

G Erntefest.

f,

wserre, to become confused. irre. aerreeche['~"], pp serreecht, to attain. erreichen.

-f-

pp

pp aerzojje, to hen. aerzphilischder[""''^]EH, m, Erzphilister. ant.

=zeit["'],

G erquicken.

quicken.

aerquiclniiig["'"*''],

asrrC],

home.

aerquickt,

pp

by

G erschleichen. aerschpart, to save. G

serzieje["~'^j, |j

harvest time,

G

aerschliche, to obtain

ersparen.

aBrweitre[~'~"^],

G

sems

pp

slow movements or delay.

,

erniihren.

appeil'' "

dich['""'],

G

G

scheinung.

lich.

ermuntern.

«rmvolIweis['^" weise.

G G

ffirschparel" ""j,

erliigen. jerlosse[''

argst. create.

erschafTen. asrscheine["~"|, pp jerschcint, to appear. erscheinen. eerscheinung[^-"j, f, appearance. Eraerschleichet"""'],

up

G

aerrickschtl^"], 8erkscht["], worst. aerschaffel"*"], pp a;rschafTt, to

G

G

anfangen.

i'fangsi""], at first, in the beginning, at the present time, as things are now; es waerd

—

it is getting to be so ... so , anfangs. a'fassel--"], pp a'gfasst, to take hold of. anfassen. A'faulei"'"], pp a'gfault, to begin to rot. anfaulen. 4'fechte, ^'fechdel^^"], pp a'gfochte, to attack, fi-ht, quarrel, tempt (by the devil). anfechten. fi'fechtung, ^'fechding["^"~], f, controversy, contention (usually legal). quarrel, .

G

rave, concern; sell geht dich nix a', that angehen. is none of your business. i"geheere(" G ], pp a'geheert, to pertain.

G

^"geldi""].

.

.

.

G

G

G

a'gfeicht, to moisten.

pp

ft'feichtel^'^J,

anfeilen. fi"feinde(^ ""],

G anfeinden.

begin to

a'gfeilt, to

pp

file.

a'gfeiert, to light, set

G

on

fire,

G G

anfuhlen.

G

n, sympathy, feeling for. d^fiehlesi^ Anfiihien. A"fiehre[~'"], pp a'gfiehrt, to lead, deceive, anfiihren. disappoint, quote, cite. &"'fiehriiiig[~'i, f, citation, deception.

G

G

Anfiihrung. a-gfillt,

pp

to

G

fill.

G

pp

a'gfranselt,

pp

a'gfi'atzt,

overbearing manner. i'fressel'^'j, anfressen.

set

with

pp

pp

G

to accost in

an-fFratze.

a'gfresse, to

a'gfrokt,

an

to

gnaw

make

at.

G

inquiry

G anfragen.

about. Bfterl'^],

to

G

anfransen.

i*fratze[-~^^j,

i''froje["""'],

patch.

to

a'gfiickt,

pp

anfiicken. fi'lranslel"'"], fringe.

n,

posteriors,

buttock,

anus.

G

After. aftergschaerr[*~'], n, quilor harness (the distinctive parts of which were a wide breeching and side or under-belly straps connected with the collar so as to enable horses to hold back a load better in going down hill).

G After -rGeschirr. a' gaffe [j^""'], pp a'gegafTt, to gape at.

G

angarten.

a"gebore[~ intuitive.

a''gelejje[~""'"], solicitous,

angelegen. a*'genehm["'"],

G

concerned

agreeable,

G

for.

delightful,

wel-

angenehm. an agreeable angenehmlicher Weise iXote

G

G

G

],

inborn,

innate,

hereditary,

G angeboren.

i'gebott[-"], m, hrst bid (at a public sale). G Angebot. ^'gedu^i"^"], clothed, dressed: gut G angetan. i"geii"(~'], pp a'gange, to begin, take fire.

—

.

a^gewehnef""'"], pp a'gewehnt, to accustom; sich ebbes G anto contract a habit. gewohnen. a*gewehnet[~ f, habit. G Angewohn-

—

,

'],

Angewohnung. a''gewwe[~""], pp a'gewwe, heit,

to suggest, report,

make a com-

lodge inform.ation against,

make a

—

declaration;

als, sich to claim to be. angeben. i'gfriere, a'frierej'"'], pp a'gfrore, to freeze fast to. anfrieren. a"'glaje[^'"'], pp ^'gegiakt, to accuse. anklagen. a^gleedel"""], pp a'gegleedt, to clothe, dress. ankleiden. a'gloppef^"'"], pp a'gegloppt, to knock (at).

plaint,

G

G

G

G

G

anfullen.

a'gfingert, to touch, handle.

G anfingern. t*flicke[~~"'j,

G

],

survival of genitive ending after -lich). Angesicht. a'gesichtl''"'], n. face. angewacha"gewachse[" ], liver-grown.

G

pp

concern.

sen.

pp

fi'fingrei"^"'],

G

yearning,

n,

G

gesicht. a^fiedref"'"], pp a'gfiedert, to improve by anfiittern. good feeding. i^fiehlef^'"], pp a"gtiehlt, to feel at, touch.

a'fille["-1,

retainer.

G

Anfanger. i'fengerl"""], m, beginner. Affe. aSi"], m, ape, monkey, silly person. Affenaffegsichtl"""'], n, mask, ugly face.

G

earnest money,

a"genelimlicherweis[~ """""], in

to antagonize.

a'gfeindt,

pp

G anfeuern.

inspire.

n,

Angeld. a'gelejesf" Anliegen.

manner,

anfeuchten.

fi"feire[~'"],

angehoren.

come.

Anfechtung.

A'feilet-""'],

G

anklopfen. a^gnarret""^], pp a'gegnarrt, to snarl at.

G

anknurren. a 'gnawwre ["""], pp ^'gegnawwert, to nibble at, gnaw. G anknabbern. a^gnippel"""], pp a'gegnippt, to button on,

G ankniipfen.

tie on.

i'"gramise['^'^], pp a'gegraunst, to address in a gruff manner. angrunzen. a"'greife[~"'], pp a'gegriffe, to grasp hold on, attack, assail. angreifen. Angreifer. a"greifer[~""'], m, attacker. i^greische}""], pp a'gegrische, to scream at.

G

G

G

G ankreischen.

a~grieje[-""j, pp a'grickt, to get on .:in ankriegen. article of clothing), put on. Angriff. i'grifff"^"], m, attack. a*gritzie[~"''], pp i'gegritzelt, to scribble on. ankritzeln. a^gschtalti""'], m, manner of doing anything, mache, to prepare, action, move: so'n Anstalt. Cf i'schtait. get ready. angesteckt. a'gschteckti"""], infected. angestc-cha"gschtoche[~"'"], worm-eaten. en. 4"gschwell3[~""'], pp I'gschwolle, to begin to

G

G

G

!

—

G

G

G

swell. anschwellen. &"'gsehiie[""'], respected:

gut

G

—

.

G

an-

gesehen. a*gucke[~"'"],

angucken.

pp a'geguckt, to look

at.

G

i,

(month

m,

Aguscht['*],

August.

of)

G

August.

G

August, Aguscht("^"], m, Augustus. ah, ah('j, ah! oh! also exclamation of satisah. faction.

G

G aha.

aha'C"], aha! yes.

-i^h ft

pp a'kackt, to chop

4'hacke[~""], vegetables.

pp

A'haftet"^"], evil

G

G

pp

hoe

a'kaft, to cling to (especially

consequences).

A"halte[~"~],

into,

anhacken.

G

anhaften.

tion of Providence or warning to evil-doers; *wasser[ n, tears; =z4h"("""], m, eyetooth; szeije[~ ], m, eye-witness. f, awn. G Achel. eye (of human beings, animals and many plant-roots and tubers) ebbea im ha-A-we, to have some foreign substance in the eye, have something in view, watch something. G Auge. ^"'kemjnlingf"^ m, new-comer. G An-

ajjel, achelf*"], &k['], n, pi aje,

—

;

kommling. &*kette[~"~'],

a'kalte, to persevere, stop.

anhalten.

A"haltend[~''"], continuous (Note rare use of anhaltend. present participial ending).

G

pp a'gekett, to chain

anketten, ^"kindiche[""""], nounce, notify.

fast.

pp ^'gekindicht,

to

G an-

G ankiindigen.

G

akkediere['"'~"j, pp akkediert, to make an agreement, agree, get along with, dicker.

ft"hamche["^"""], pp a'karricht, to hsten to, anhorchen. take ad\-ice, heed. ft*hawwe[-*'"], pp a'katt, to wear (of clothes).

akkordieren. a'klach[~^], m, complaint. Anklag. fklewe, i'glewei"'"], pp a'geklebt, to paste on, fasten to by sticking on, adhere, cleave

appendage.

m, adherence,

4*hang[~~],

Anhang.

G

G anhaben.

ft"heele[~""], pp ^'keelt, to heal anheilen. on).

(together,

G

A*heemle[~'"], pp a'keemelt, to remind (one) of home, make (one) feel at home, have a longing for home. G anheimeln. 4*heemlich[~"^], homelike, comfortable. G anheimelnd. §''heere[-"'], pp a'keert, to listen to, heed,

G

by

a.ihoren. listening. a"helfe["^""], pp a'kolfe, to help (a person) anhelfen. put on an article of clothing.

perceive

G

G

i*henge[~""], pp a'konke, to adhere to. anhangen. Cf a'henke. A'henger, a*henker[^~'"], m, adherent, follower.

G Anhanger.

&'hengisch,

tenacious,

a''henkisch[~"''},

G

anhangig. sticky. t"'henke[~""'], pp a"kenkt, a'konke, to hang on, put on, append, adhere, form as fruit on tree or vine or as potatoes on the roots, transmit a disease; eeni

—

,

to tell a

lie.

G

anhangen.

G

anhetzen. 4*het2e[~'"'], a'ketzt, to incite. ^*hewe[~""], pp a'kowe, to start to lift, lift,

hold on

4*hitze[~""],

G

G anheben.

to.

pp

a'kitzt, to heat,

warm

up.

dream

of,

pp geihnt,

to suspect,

G ahnen.

think of. ^^"^g[~"]>

G

G G

my

!I

ment;

],

immediately; '"''],

=blick["~'"],

instantly,

==blicklich["

mo-

momen-

eyebrows; =deckel m, eyelid; =dokter[ m, oculist; -heitel[~"""], n, cataract (of the eye'; =hoor

tarily; =braue{~

pi,

['^1, f» eyelash; ^luschtf^"^], f, delight to the eye; ^mosl"""), n, estimate taken by the eye, eyesight; ssch&inlichf'"""], evident; ^schpijjel, schpickel[~"'~t, schpieU"""], ni, tragic sight, any ac: or result of an act held sp^-rr;

to. G ankleben. i'kneppei"""), pp a'gekneppt, to button on. G anknopfen. i'"kuninie[~""'j, pp a'kumme, to arrive; gut to prosper; druff to depend on; es druff losse, to take a chance. G an-

—

—

—

,

,

kommen. a'lache[~"'"],

G

pp

a'gelacht, to smile, attract.

anlachen. flafl"'], m, starting run.

G

Anlauf.

a-'lMej"""], pp a'geloffe, to form a mist on a surface, dim. anlaufen. a'lande[~~'~], pp a'gelandt, to land, arrive.

G

G anlanden.

i*'laiige[~"^"'],

a'gelangt,

pp

to

G

arrive.

anlangen. S.''langes[~''"], n, longing,

G

yearning.

An-

langen. Albrechtsleit[*"'], Albright later

pi,

known

followers of Jacob as the Evangelical

Association, aldar, altari'*"], aldor[""], m, altar, communion Altar, table. i^leief" pp a"gclejje, to be solicitous, have (something) at heart. anliegen. ^'lejei"""], pp a'gelekt, to commence, put grain in place preparatory to thrashing, go in with a will, invest. anlegen. i'liejel"'"], pp a'gelojje, to belie. an-

G

G

G

liigen.

Ahnung. U inkling. ahom[*"'](rare), m, maple. Ahorn. 4i[~"'], well! ai. goodness! Sje app el m, pupil of the eye; 'bletzlich[~^

G

G

anheizen.

fthne[""],

G

pheuom.enon, up as a visita-

—

all, every; nix, all in vain, all oflF; dak, every day; di supp is there is no more soup. G all. allau"'["''], m, alum. G Alaun. allbekannt["""'], notorious. allbekannt.

alin,

—

-e

,

G

alldiksgleeder[* ""'],

G

all

all

everyday

clothes,

dG allddgsig-f Kleider.

working clothes. alldewekt^""],

pi,

the way, the whole distance.

den Weg.

alldiweil[^''"],

certainly:

during this time, all the time, schlimm. is all die

es

—

G

Weile. all(e)daks(ich)[''^"''I,

everyday.

da gsi 3-. ailee'i."'

~],

alone.

G allein.

dG

all-

,

monopoly;

*sei'

handell""^ m, state of being alone. allein-f ig. alone. alleenichC""], aliegebott["''^1, allgebott['"'], every now and aliebott (bott = Partie, game; then. alio bott = every game, every time).

allee*

"

li

["^'1, n,

G

dG

alleheckl*~1,

alder

f,

(brush).

G

Aller-f

G alle-f f, Canadian moonseed. Kur. name applied in colonial Allemengel times to the northwestern part of Lehigh county because of the dire need of the early settlers. G alle-f Mangel, would seem, it evidently, allemnol'"""], G allem nach. ever>'thing considered. allemol[*""j, every timxc; (in responses like) amen, most assuredly. G alle-f-Mal. serrickscht['"'*1, worst of all; ^bescht aller [^"1, best of all; =erscht['~'~], the very first; allekur[''"],

1|

sfeinschtr^^j, tinest of all; ^greeschtC^^], largest of all; =hinnerscht[~'~'"'"j, last of all, hindm.ost; toschtr'i, last of ail; ^liebscht I dearest, most of all; des is mers like that most of all;=naekscht T^^], nearest

—

,

of all; most likely, presumably; -vedderscht foremost of ail; ^wieschtf""], ugliest of all, worst of all. allerdings[""'"j, sure enough, to be sure, of allerdings. course. allerhand['*"^], all sorts of, many kinds of; alierhand, various things. Allerheilichir "^~1,f, All Saints' Day (Nov. i). Allerheiligen. Allerheil un (aller) Seel, All Saints* and All Souls' Days {Now i and 2). allerlei, allerlee[""'], of various kinds, all

G

G

G

G allerlei.

everything. G alles-[allesmenannerf"'" miteinander. alleweD, anneweilC""], just now, now, a ago. dG alleweil. always, constantly. allfertt*"],

moment Cf

all

II

gebreichlicli["'

],

»gemei",

G

alt.

m, age; vun

alteri^''],

Alter. alterp"], mei', old beau. Alter.

-s

haer,

(from) of old.

my

G

allfort.

universal, customar>%=gemein[*''"], com-

^iwwer[' everymon(ly), universal; pans; =meclitich[~'^"], all where, in -menanneri'"^"], very; almighty, all, -wissendi' omniscient; altogether;

man,

my

husband,

G

+

G

Mann +Stock. alter alterschwech[*''^], f, infirmity of old age. alterweiwerglawe[''''~''"^],

m, superstition,

G

old-fashioned; =gro[""], hoary; =guckich[^''"], having an old look, aged, old-fashioned; n, last ^lichtl* "'j, phase of the moon; =melkich[*"''], nearly dry (of cows); 'Wsrre['*"'''], n, state of growing old: des is ken gschpass.

alt

II

fr%nkisch["""],

—

mei^jmy

alti'^''],

sweetheart. altifra[''"~],

f,

G

old woman, Alte.

my

G

common mugwort.

alte-f-

Frau. altimaed[''~~],

amn = an

f,

em, at

youth-and-old-age the,

on

the.

(plant).

Used with

G anlocken.

a'gelockt, to allure, entice.

pp

—

— —

— — schlimmschde. a'machef"""], pp a'gemacht, to mix, — ebber, to get into some light

sich bei anmachen. one's good graces. a''inaehe["""], pp a'gemaehr, to begin mowaround the field with the cradle ing, to make a way for the reaping machine. ;

G

mow

G

anmahen.

pp a'gema^rrickt, to mark

a^maBrricke[~

G

alsH, always, still, continue(d) to, in the habit of, be accustomed to, used to; while; than, as, but; noch, still, yet; un

G

f,

morello (cherr>').

G

Am-

arelle.

G Amerika. American. G ameri-

Ameriki["^'^'], n, America. amerikanisch[''""'~''J,

kanisch. i^messe[~"'"], pp a'gemesse, to take a person's anmessen. measure for clothing.

G

i^lossel"""], pp a'gelosst, to let on, pretend. anlassen.

on and on,

all

the tenses of the verb sei' -f- the infinitive of any verb to form the progressive form of that verb: ich bin schaffe, ich war schafFe, ich bin schafiFe gewest, &c. Thus every verb in the dialect (except sei') has the past progressive form, while sei' is the only verb which has the simple form in the past indicative. Also used to form beschde, the predicate superlative:

amerellei""^"],

Almosen.

my

wife,

=zeit[""],

fi'lockei^"^],

a

G

granny's belief. Altweiberglauben. alterweiwersummer[~' m, Indian summer. Aitweibersommer.

=zamme["

G

G

Alterschwache.

down, make a note of. G anmerken. ambos[~"], m, anvil. G Ambos. amenC^], amen. G Amen.

altogether, all at one time; always, ever. allidaksblnmm[" j, f, irapatiens sultans. G Aloe. allowei*'"'], aloe. almose[*"J, pi, alms, church collection.

my

altermanii(sschtock)[^^ ''], m, southern wood.

(a fire)

alsfert.

sgemee",

G

-f-\Vurzel. <[^}, old, stale.

G

Hecke.

sorts.

sometimes. dG alsemol. always, constantly. dG als furt. also{*"], that is. G also, alsodillwarzeli""*""], f, asphodel. Affodill alsemol[''""^],

alsfert[*"'],

—

alsdannj""], then.

—

als.

G

als^Jann.

—

amet[~"']=ohmet. Aiiiisch["'j, Amish. ainine[' '] = an me, at a. G an einem. ammenott*"'], ammenenti^""'], somewhere; anneschicke, to send to some place;

— — sunscht, elsewhere.

amscheli'"],

f,

G

robin, thrush.

an einem Ort.

G

Amsel.

,

Ammerielil""'^^], n,

Anna +

G

Mary Ann.

Marie amt, amptC], n,

office.

amts majin[*"J, m, m, administrator.

G Amt.

official;

il

{*

j,

G

a''najje!e[~ ], anna,L;eln.

G

pp

to

^"genajjelt,

nail

on.

G

chicory. Endi\'ie. wilder ordentlich. andlich, amdlich(*"], decent. Andreas. Andresi""], m, Andrew. ,

G

G

Day (Nov.

Andreasdak[* ], m, St. Andrew's G Andreastag. 30).

pp a'genumme, to accept, engage, put up with, suppose, adopt, take (as paint), join. G annehmen. anenanneri""'"], together, fastened together. G aneinander. angeU^"], f, fishhook, hinge of a door, sting G Angel. of an insect, awn (of grain;. ^ " Angelika. angeliga[^ "], angelica (plant). angle[^"'], pp geangelt, to fish. G angein. anke^'"], f, nape of the neck, back of the neck. dG ankel. ankel, onkelf""], m, uncle. G Onkel. an k er[^"], m, anchor. Anker, ankere[* pp geankert, to anchor. ankern. a"neiniiie[~""'],

receive,

G

G

G

—

thither: wu geschde nau' ? '] = hi sehn emol eener dG anne. For annebasse, annegeh' and all other compounds of anne see the corresponding compounds under hi'. Nearly every compound with hi' has a corresponding compound with anne, and with the same meaning in each

aniie[*

—

!

case.

Annemaria, Aimemareia["

f,

Ann Mary.

G Apri-

aimermol[*"

"],

G

ander. another time.

annerf*"], other.

G andermal.

annerschtf*"], aiineschder["^~], othenvise, different. dG annerscht, anders. aiire[*''] = an re, at a. an einer. aiis[''] = an es, at the, to the: Kellers, at ans. Keller's house. anschtatt(s)[^^], instead of. anstatt. aiitwart[*''], f, answer, reply, response.

G

G

—

G

G

G

Ant wort. antwartel"'""'],

respond.

pp geantwart, to answer,

G antworten.

reply,

G an+raffen. G Aron.

aran{~'], Indian turnip.

pp a'gerankt,

a*'raiike[~""],

by means

G

of tendrils.

to take hold

of

anranken.

a^rannef"""], pp a'gerannt, to roar at, growl

G

at.

4"'ranse[-

G

an+raunen. ^\], pp a'geranst,

anranzen. aranszvriwwe^""""],

to speak gruffly to.

Indian

f,

turnip.

G

Arons+Zwiebel. ardickell"*"], m, article, object. G Artikel. ardiiing[""'], f, order. G Ordnung. a'redei"'"], pp a'geredt, to address. G anreden. a'reihef pp a'gereiht, to baste; sich anreihen. to fall in rank. a*'reisse[~"'], pp a'gerisse, to take a part of a thing for use, tear into, use part of. anreissen. a'reiwet""], pp a'geriwwe, to ignite by rubbing, rub (with liniment). anreiben. ana^rejel"'"], pp a'gerekt, to touch. regen. a^retzef"""], pp a'geretzt, to accost in a surly manner, goad on, incite. anreizen. d'richtdischf""'^], m. dresser, kitchen table

—

G

G

G

G

G

G

for dishes. a'richtef"""],

Anrichteti^h.

pp a'gericht, to stir up, cause, put dinner on the table, cause trouble. G

anrichten. a^rieche-"'"], pp a'geroche, to detect by smelling, smell at. anriechen. a*'rielire[~"], pp a'geriehrt, to touch, mix by stirring. anriihren. arjel[*^], f, organ. Orgel. arjel ji schpieler[""'^|, m, organist; ^schuilil [*'"], m, organ-stool. arjets, ffirjets["''], somewhere. irgends. arm[''], arm['], m, arm. Arm. arm("], ann['], arrem[""], poor. arm. arinedei[ Armetei. ], f, poverty.

G

G

G

G anpacken.

fpaldei"""'], pp a'gepalde, to keep on (as a coat). anbehalten. picke[~"''], pp a'gepickt, to peck at: di

G

—

vejjel dun di ksrsche aposchdel[~'*''], m, anostle. Apostelg''e)scliichte[""^~'"'], .

G anpicken. G Apostel. f,

Acts of

G A^posteigeschichte.

"], f,

anne

haus[*'"i,

II

G

army.

armee[

n,

G

G

Armee. poor-house;

=(p)fiejer

m, poor director. armerl""], en, a pauper. G Armer. arm(e)slang[*""], alle, every minute, every ],

while:

di kinner

kumme

alle

—

un

em. G armslang? More probably P ameslang = amenslang, long enough to say amen. annschtuhl(" m, armchair. G Armstuhl. armselichl"^"], poor, needy, paltry. G armbloje

selig.

annsleiig[*''],

the

G

G

little

amenable.

antwortlich, a'packei"""], PP a'gepackt, to grasp roughly, antwartlichi*""],

k'ToSel'""], ppa'geraftt, to tackle something

G

Marie.

Apostles.

pick apples. G Apfel. appel bam[*"'], m, apple-tree; 'gnitze m, core of an appie. applichj'^], dappled. G apfelig. aprigos['""~|, f, apricot. Aprikose. aprigosebam("~~"'j, m, apricot-tree.

with might and main.

m, Anthony. G Anton. G an andem[""'], (very) likely, presumably. dem. m; andivi[''~''] =endivvi(v = f), sndivdi["'"*"], Aiidaim(i)|,'""'],

f

eppel breche, to

kosenbaum.

anniihen.

seize.

pi eppel, apple;

G

G an. on, along, by, in, of, to. a*naehe(~'"], pp a'genaeht, to sew on.

G Anna

m,

ii

=verweser

an("], at,

—

appel[*~],

lange. annut!/"],

f,

length of an arm.

f, poverty. armvoUi*"], m, armful.

G Armes-

G Armut. G Arnivoli.

.

G

jack-in-the-pulpit. Cf ar^nszwiv^'wel. a'geroppt, to begin to pick.

aronszwiwweU"^ Arons+Zwiebel.

],

f,

4'roppe[^"~], pp anrupfen. i*roschdei^"~], pp a'geroscht, to rust fast. anrosten. 4'*rote(~ "'J, pp ^'gerote, to advise, counsel. G anraten. Indian turnip, arrentschzwiwwell""""'], f, Arrentsch is a corrupjack-in-tiie-puipit. tion for G Arons, mistaken for E orange; Zwiebel. Cf aronszwiwwel. Arche. arrich[*"], f, ark. arrick, arrich[*''J, bad, uncommon; very; ich far kuche, I am very fond of cake. bin

G

G

+G

G

—

G

arrickscht['*''],

worst.

arse, posterior, buttocks, butt-end nei" egg; du sottsciit dich in dei'

m,

—

an schemme, you ought to be heartily ashamed

of

G

Arsch, of yourself. arsch backet"""'], m, buttock; II

G

m, buttock.

=kaerb["^"],

Arschkerbe; =Ioch[^^], n,

G

G

—

—

G

with a saw. d^sAjei"'"],

pp

ansagen.

a'gsat, to

announce, notify,

how many (in the game of ansiigen. fsaufet"^'"], pp a'gsofTe, sich, to start on a spree, begin to feel jolly (from drink). bring word, say

G

d^tte).

G

ansaufen. a*schaele[~'"], pp a'gschaelt, to begin to anschalen. peel. fschaffei"" "], pp a'gschafft, to acquire, procure, provide. anschaffen. i'schaue[~""], pp a'gschaut, to look at, view, behold. anschauen. Aspe. aschbet-*'], f, aspen. asche, esche[""], f, ash-tree. Asche. S'scheinl^"], m, appearance, indication.

G

G

G

G

G

G

Anschein.

—

G

an-

scheinlich.

Aschermiitwochr m, Ash Wednesday. G Aschermittwoch. i'schickei"""], pp a'gschickt, sich, to behave,

G

make ready, act (as if). anschicken. i*schiesse[~ pp a'gschosse, to announce or welcome by shooting: es neljohr

—

anschiessen.

a*sciilack{~"], m, placard, posted statement. Ans\ G Backerei. Becki^""], f, Rebecca. Becky. Rebekka. bedaerfej" '"], pp beda^rit, to want, need. G \\

G

bediirfen.

G

be-

stipulate.

G

to manure.

bedingef^*''], pp,

bedingt,

bedingen. bedingungl"

condition, stipulation, ar-

f,

rangement, terms.

G

to

Bedingung.

bedrdje["""],

official.

gebebert,

pp bedingt,

*

diingen.

G

pp beantwart, to answer a

beantworten. question. bebere[~~~], bebbere[^"~], pp prate, nag. P bobere.

bedinge["'

G

G

(fine).

G

bedrachdei"^"], pp bedracht, to view, contemplate. betrachten. bedrachdimg["*"], f, consideration, medita-

Beerdigung.

becher['*''],

f,

G

nung.

wollen.

mouth.

bedeitung[^~ "I,

G

bedeutend. bedeutend. significance, importance.

bedeitend[''~''], considerable.

G

baum-

G

bedeuten.

G

tion.

G

Betrachtung.

G

pp bedraje, sich, to behave. betragen. bedraueref""""], pp bedrauert, to bewail. betrauern. bedreffe[''^''], pp bedroffe, to happen, afflict, concern. betreffen. betriibt. bedriebt["~], sad, sorrowful. bedriebuiig{"~~'], f, sadness. Betriibung. bedrieje("~"], pp bedroje, to cheat, deceive.

G

G

G G

G

betriigen. bedriejer["~"], m, cheat, trickster, shark. Betriiger. bedriejereil"^'""], f, cheating, roguery. Betriigerei. bedrieklichf"""], bedriejerischf'^-'"'], decepbetriiglich, betriigerisch. tive. bedriewef"""], pp bedriebt, to sadden. betriiben.

G

G

G

G

pp bedrunke, sich, to become betrinken, bedroddiei"""'], pp bedroddelt, sich, to be anxious or solicitous, be hdgety (over. something). G bei-Trodel.

bedrinke tipsy.

G

,

'

bedroffeC"],

confounded, confused.

afflicted,

G

betroffen. bedruck[" betnich["~],

G

m, fraud,

deceit.

Betrug.

bedruiike[^''"],

tipsy.

into.xlcated,

G

be-

trunken. bee^C], n, leg. G Bein. beed[i, both; alle both. beide. beemche(^"], n, Httle tree. Baumchen. beer, bier['], f, pear. G Birne. beerebam, bierebam[^"' "], m, pear-tree.

—

begnadiche,

G

go in the hole

begrawe ['-'],

f,

iniquity, malicious(in d^tte).

Der. unknown.

command,

befehU"-], m, Befehl.

happen.

G

order, charge.

G

pp

G

G

G

befinne ["''], pp befunne, sich, to be (as to one's health or condition); wie befinnter sich? how is he doing (of a sick person)? befinden. bebefleckei""*'], pp befleckt, to taint.

G

G

flecken. '

^],

pp

befoigen. befoljimg["*^],

befolkt, to obey, observe. f,

observance.

G

G

Befolgung.

to free, deliver, befreien. rescue, emancipate. befreiungf"""], f, deliverance, rescue, release, Befreiung. discharge, exoneration. befreindef'^'], pp befreindt, to befriend.

pp

befreie[""''j,

befreit,

G

G

G

befreunden. befriedichef""""], pp befriedicht, to satisfy, befriedigen. discharge (a debt). befriedichimgf""""], f, satisfaction, content-

G

G

Befriedigung. pp befrokt, to question; sich befragen. to inquire, consult. begejaei""^"], pp begejnet, to meet, befall.

ment.

befroje

G

— G

G

pardon.

G

Begnadig-

pp begraemt,

G

G

burial. sich,

Ee-

to com-

griimen.

pp begrawe, to bur>\

G

be-

begrecksel""*"], pp begreckst, sich, to complain. be-fkrachzen. begreife["~"'], pp begriffe, to comprehend, conceive, understand. begreifen. begreiflich["'~"j, conceivable, intelligible, easy. begreiliich. begrenkei""*^], pp begrenkt, to begrudge.

G

G

G

bekranken.

m,

begriff[''~'j,

bettelmann beguckef"^"'], nize.

G

—

im — wie der

comprehension;

idea,

arr hott's

di iaus.

G

im

BegrifiF.

pp beguckt, to look

at, scruti-

begucken.

pp behaerzt, to embrace. G beherzen. behaerziche ["""], pp behaerzicht, to take to heart. beherzigen. behaft[""], arUicted (with), subject to. G behiserze[""'"J,

G

behaftet. bhalde['"'], pp same as inf. pp gepalde, to keep. G behalten. behandle[''"^''], pp behandelt, to treat. G

behalde["*~'j, paJdeC'"],

behandeln.

—

f, treatment; schlechti maltreatment, bad treatment. G Behand-

behandlungi'^''"],

lung. behapde[~'~"],

pp behapt, to assert, maintain. behaupten. beheeflich['^ complaisant, attentive. Probably G behaglich influenced by E behave.

G

behelfei""'], pp beholfe, sich, to behelfen.

G

make

shili:.

pp behenkt, sich, to put on trinkets or jewelry for ornament. be-

begegnen.

belienge["'

begehrf ~], m,

desire, request.

G

begehre("'~"'],

pp begehrt, to

desire,

demand.

f,

funeral,

n,

to be about to:

befiihlen.

befolje["'

begna-

pp

G

befohle, to command, order, bid. befehlen. befeschdichef""""], pp befeschdicht, to fasten, strengthen. befestigen. befiehleC" "'], pp befiehit, to touch, feel of. befelile[''''],

to m^ake happy,

graben.

befalle, to befall,

pp

G

ung.

Bosheit.

typhoid fever.

G

G

begnadigen.

begraebnis[''~"], grabnis. begraeme[''~''], plain, repine.

ij

ness, spite. beet["] geh', to

vesture.

begnaedichel""""],

begiiadichung["~^''],

G

beesheet, beesheit[^

clothing,

f,

dicht, to pardon, favor, grant a favor.

Birnenbaum.

befallel"-"], befallen.

Bekieidung. begleedungl"^"], Bekieidung.

G

G

bees["], cross, angry-, offended. bose. bees ding["^], n, felon, whitlow; =fiewer ['""], n,

begleedef'^- "], pp begleedt, to accompany. begleiten. begieedingi'""], f, clothing, moulding.

beglicket""*"], pp beglickt, bless. begliickcn.

G G

,

,

G

G

Begehr. wish,

begehren.

G

begierich['~"], desirous, eager, greedy. begierig. begiericiikeetC"'"], f, greediness, eagerness. Begierigkeit. Beginn. beginni"-], m, beginning, origin. beglaje, beklajer""], pp beglakt, to bewail, to make a complaint, commiserate; sich

G

G

—

,

G

beklagen. complain. begleedef"^"], pp bcglcedt. to clothe, bekleiden. or>:e, inv^:;r -\ irh.

G

hangen. behiedesi"""'], beiliiedes['""I, by thunder, actually, really. (Gott) behiir es. behietep""], pp behiet, to guard, protect, preserve. behiiten. beliilflichr-*1, helpful, useful. behiliiich. bei["J, near, at, amidsr, among, by, in, with,

G

G

G

G

at the house of, during. bei. separable pretix of verbs and preiix o:

bei-["],

derived words. fill

an

beif'j,

f,

cradle.

bei£erwer[~^

"j,

G

bei-.

Cf beijo. m, coheir.

G

Beierbe.

rennsyivania-Lrertna-'i Uictionary pp beigebrocht, to bring, adbeiintroduce, aiiude to.

beibringe[-^""'],

minister, bringen.

G

f,

G Beicht-

stuhl.

pp gcbcicht,

beiclite['^''],

edge.

G

to confess, acknowl-

beichten.

m, bolt

beidel[~^],

G

G

G

G

G

Beifall.

beifalle[~'"'],

pp

mind, recollect.

beigfalle, to come to one's beifaiien.

G

G

m, mug-vvort, artemisia. beifussl"'], Beifuss. beigrieje["'"], pp beigrickt, to get, fetch, acquire, procure. bei-rdG kriegen. beihaJtel"''^], pp beikahe, to keep in place. beihalten. beiholel"'"], pp beikolt, to fetch, bring near. beiholen. beijaje[~"^], pp beigejakt, to drive together.

G

G

G

G

beijagen. beijo[~"], f, cradle: a-by (in a lullaby).

—

beijobei, beijoli, hushbuie, boje, puje. beiktimiiie[~'""], pp beikumme, to come to a meeting, come fcrtuiiously, come from: wu kummscht du bei? beikommen. ,

dG

G

beil["], n,

G

hatchet.

Beii.

pp beigeloue, to come to a gathering, come by chance; beigelofTe, stray: so en beigeloirni katz. beiiauten. beilel""], pp gebeilt, to hew, cut. beilen. beileiwe["~"j net, on no account, not as you value your life, don't (you) dare to. dG beilafe[~

G

G

beileibe. beileje[-^"''],

pp

compromise, beilo[^''],

beigelekt, to lay by, save,

G

settle.

hush-a-by.

Cf

"beilegen.

beijo.

beilocke["''^],

pp beigelockt, to call (fowls, dogs), entice. beiiocken. beim["] = bei em, by the; gleene, at retail, in small lots; Bachraan, at Bachman's place. beim. beimel"'] = bei rne. bei einem. beimissef"""], pp beigemisst:, to be constrained to appear, must 'De procured. beimiissen. beinahl"-], nearly, almost. beinahe.

G

—

—

G

G

G

G

beinamel"

""],

m, nickname.

G

G

Beiname.

beLnannerf"""], together. beieinander. beino, beinooch['~i, almost, appro.ximately.

G

Lemahe.

G

mm

G

pro\-ide.

(of a fiouring-mill), scro-

Beutel. tum, purse. Beutelbeidelduchl"""], n, bolting-cioth. tuch. beidie, beitle[-~], pp gebeidelt, to bolt (flour). G beuteln. beidraje[~'"], pp beigedraje, to carry to, conbeitragen. tribute. beidricke["^"], pp beigedrickt, to press beidriicken. against. beifElire["'"l, pp beigfahre, to haul to a certain place, convey hither by vehicle. beifahren. beifall[~"], m, applause, approbation, assent.

G

G

beire(~'! = bei re. bei einer. beiricke^ j, pp beigerickt, to move or take a sea: near, approach. beiriicken. beinife[-"j, pp beigeruie, to call near or in. brirufen. ef" ' bei sa together. beisammen. beischaffe[^'~j, pp bejgschafft, to procure,

G

G

Belchte. confession. beichtschtulil[~ "j, m, confessional. beicht['],

25

G

beischanen.

beisciiieete{-"j, pp beigschleeft, to drag near or up to. beischleifen. beischpiel[~'j, m, example, warning.

G

G

Bcispiel.

bei5chprlnge[~"

pp beigschprunge, to run up to, succor. beispringen. beischteier[-'"], f, contribution. Beisteuer. beischteh't"']. pp beigschtanne, to assist, heip, succor. beistehen. beiss^';, m, bite (of an apple or of bread). beissen. beisse[~"j, pp gebisse, to bite, itch, be pungent. beissen. beissich[""}, biting, prone to bite, sharp, pungent, itchy. beissig. beisszangi Beisszange. f, pincers. beitsch:*:', f, whip. Peitsche. beit3che[~'!, pp gebeitscht, to beat, lash, knc-ck. peitschen. beiwani"'], n, byword, adjective. Bei-

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

won.

G

beiwek''"'], m, by-road, lane. Bciweg. beiwohjie[~ "], pp beigewohnt, to attend, be present. beiwohnen. beizeitf ~], in good tim.e. beizeit(en). bejae["~'-. pp beiat, to afiirm, answer in the

G

G

amrmative.

G

bejahen.

pp bejammert, to bewail, L-emcan. bejammern. bekannti' "j, known, familiar, acquainted. bekannt. bekarm:er[" * Bekannm, acquaintance.

bejininiere["'^'"'],

G

G

G

ter. * "

bekanntmacliel' "], pp bekanntgemacht, to announce, publish, introduce. G bekanntrr.2c.~en.

beka nnimadiuiigf ^ *'"^], f, public notice, advertisement. G Bekanntmachung. bekanntschaftt^'*"],

acquaintance.

f,

G

Be-

kanntrohaft.

bekehrdeq'"'], en, a convert. G Bekehrter. bekehrepp bekehrt, to convert; sich :o become converted. G bekehren. bekelmiiLgi''""'], f, conversion. G Bekehrung. ' bekenne pp bekennt, confess, acknowledgeG bekennen. bekennmisi""], n, confession. G Bekennt-

—

.

bekeschdidie['

pp bekeschdicht,

G

nish !>xi. ijoard.

bekimmerei""'],

to fur-

bekostigen.

bekimmert, sich, be concerned about.

pp

tro-zie oneself,

to

G

b^k'-.— mem.

brkimnerlicJi;

],

pitiful,

poorly.

G

be-

.

bekimmeniis[^*~"'],

G

concern.

f,

Bekuni-

niernis.

G

Beklagter. beklachderf""^^], m, defendant. BebekJajer, beklaejer["''^"), m, accuser. klager. bekreftiche[~ pp bekrefticht, to confirm, Lekraftigen. assert strongly. bekummef""'"), pp bekumme, to receive, agree (of food), become, fit weli (of a garment).

G

G

G

bekonmien

E

become).

belijre['-"],

(in last

two meanings from besiege.

G

to burden,

G

to

bel^jert,

pp

belagern.

pp belaschdet,

belaschdef''*^], belasten.

G

belebt. beleidicht, to insult, beleidigen. ofTend. insult, ofTence. beleidichuiig["~"'^], f, belebt[""^], vivacious.

pp

beleidiche[~~''~'],

G

G

pp

G

mit, to cover with.

belekt,

belegen. belewe[^~"], pp belebt, to \'ivify, enliven. beieben. beliebti'^l, liked, in favor, beloved, popular.

G

G

beliebt.

belie jet" """j,

beUn,

f,

bella[*"],

pp

G

belojje, to belie.

G

beliigen.

(now obsolete). king and queen of trumps

bell.

Bell

^

in

the

G

game

Bella, but der. obscure. of datte. belle["^], pp gebellt, to ring a bell, serenade a

Cf

bell,

gebellt, to tattle.

G

newly-married couple.

bellen. gnippei[* m, bell-clapper; ^schtrick m, bell-cord. bellere['"~'j, pp gebellert, to ask continually, boiiern. importune, pester. bellliammel["""], m, bellwether, leader (of

bellel*"],

belle

pp

II

[^^"1,

G

a gang). G Bellhammel. belohne, beluline["^^"l, pp belohnt, to reward, compensate, recompense. G belohnen. belohnung, belohmng[~'^~], f, reward, compensation. G Belohnung. belowe["'^"'l,

belsH, m,

pp belobt,

to praise.

pelt, fur, matte-. arter>\ ],

G

Bulle-f

rv'e

hour.

G

Cf r>-e

Pumper-

G Bund. m, bundle. G Bundel. bundlef"'''], np gebundelt, to bundle (referring to the past custom of bundling). PG bundel, but word is of E origin. bimgen[''^], m, orchard. dG bungert. " bundn, m, covenant.

bundel[^"],

buiigertgras['' "], n, ert Gras.

+G

m,

busch["],

orchard grass.

woods,

!

bummelhannesl"

],

!

dG

bung-

dG

country.

forest,

May

appel[''""], m, apple, mandrake: =bain[""], m, forest tree; -gnippel, =kiiippel ["'""'], m, clodhopper; ^iandi""], n, woodland;

busch

il

country people;

sieiti" "],pl,

forest-fly,

horsefly;

=vojjel['*"''],

m,

=imck[*"],

f,

m, dittany;

-tee[^'],

thrush; =wisem['*

'"],

m.,

m, road through the

woods. buschdiwe[*"^], m, letter (of the alphabet). G Buchstaben. buschdawiere[" '""], pp buschdawiert, to spell. G buchstabieren. buschich['"], bushy. G buschig. bus, pus. bussH, call for a cat. buss bank["'"], f, bench of repentance, anxious bench; =dak["'], m, day of repent-

G

li

ance, fast-day. f, repentance; atone for. Busse.

buss(e)[~"'],

— du', to

repent,

G

G

bussem[*"'], m, bosom. Busen. bussi[^ ], f, female pudendum. bussel. Pus. bussil^i, f, bussli["'], n, cat, pussy. bussikatz['' " Busekatze. f cat, pussy cat. butter, budderi""], m, butter. Butter. butter beer["""j, f, partridge-berrv-, checkerberry; 'blummf/""'], f, buttercup, crowfoot; also marsh marigold, cowslip; =bock l^" \, m, frame on wnich a churn rests: ^bohnl""], f, butter bean, lima bean; =fass

dG

G

G G

,

[*

nickel.

bmnmi"], bang plump

G

bang.

il

Pulsader.

m, coarse dark hea\-y

bread of unbolted

jar, jolt,

bums.

forest moss; =wek[*'],

worse).

bulla

bummern

busch.

rascal, hardened from, the nose. In part of the Palatinate this is a term of abuse. Possibly from the F bougre (heretic and

bucker["'

G

down.

person,

bumineralischf'"'"''],

bumpe

baum.

— —

Old Peter TumbleBummelhans.

crastinating

q. v,

G bumm.

m, slothful and pro-

~

n churn -haSel" ,

butter;

"

;

sleffeU*"""], ni,

,

m, butter-crock for working

wooden spoon

=messer[^

],

n, butterknife;

mil-

,

lich["~"1, f, buttermilk; ^moddel[^^^^], f, butter-print, velvet leaf; ^nussi'""], f, f, butter-print; butternut: =press["""], sschissel['*'"'"], f, wooden dish in which

butter

worked;

is

swarzelf''

f,

],

=vojjel[*

ni,

],

reedbird;

wild ginger; =zuwwer[*

m, butter-tub. core of an apple, core of a boil, burnt wick of a candle, long wick-end on a burning fat-light. G Butzen. butzei'~j, pp gebutzt, to clean, dress up: baem to trim trees; frucht haus to curry horses; to winnow grain; geil to expel the placenta (of domestic sich

huizel""'], ni,

— —

—

;

,

—

—

,

,

G

animals).

butzemann[* " butzerei['^~'"},

butzen. butz iifra[*"],

putzen. m, scarecrow. (confounded) f,

P butzemann. cleaning.

G

didif"''],

daef""], die["^"j,

daechiich,

charwoman;

=liimpe[""''],

m,

mop.

dG butzig. placenta. PG butze. buwe leisi"""], pi, tickseed, Spanish needles, all species of Bidens whose seeds are narrow in proportion to their length; =rutsch(~""'], f, loose girl; =schtofft[~''~^], des, (these) boys, mischievous boys; =schtreech[~"'J, pi, boy-

n, intestinal fat (of cattle); n, intestinal fat (of hogs); =verschtoppijig[''"""'], f, constipation, -schmalsl'*''],

—

G

.

G

Dach.

pp gedachdelt, to

beat, flog.

G

dachteln.

dach

I!

droSi^'^], =draf["'"], ^dropsl""^],

m. eaves;

m, ridgepole; fenschder[""^], dormer window, skylight: =giwwel['*"''],

=fsrsclit[*'], n,

m, point

at the gable-end; of the roof ^kandeli"""], m, rainspout; ^ladel*'"], m, hatchway (of a roof); ^petti""], f.puriine; =rut[*'], f, purline; =schlupper[" m, (a) thatch; =schtuhl drifting snow; ^schtrohf/ [*"], m, wooden support of a roof, strut. dachs["], m, raccoon (a misapprehension where used), groundhog, short-legged dog.

G

Dachs. dachsbeenicli['*""'],

—

—

.

baptism.

f,

G

G

G G Taufe. .

.

G

G

G

daclidle['*"],

G

dry, lean. durr. f, place for drying vegetables and fruits: ebbes uiT di Darre. du". dasrrel-" diirren. pp gedeerrt, to dry, cure. daetl"], past subj of du"; used as auxiHary toform past subj of most other verbs: ich geh", wann . tat.

II

—

!

fettl""],

dafel["1, f, slate. Tafel. dif eltre[^"'"], pi, sponsors; =ieit[~"], pi, sponsors; =nanie[~""], m, baptismal name; sschein, sschei'[~"], m, baptismal certificate; =wasser[~'"^], n, baptismal water. dahasr[* "I, for that reason. daher. dSjebruchl""^], d^sbruch[~~'], m, break of day. Tagesbruch. dijenacht[ dlk un nacht, continually,

initially.

there; da["], used as an exclamation, hoschdes, there! there you have there! da. it take it dab['], deaf, without kernel (of nuts and grains). taub. dach["], n, roof, head: ich gebb der eens ufTs !

G diirfen.

may. dasnn

c

D da["],

G

dafe[~~J, pp gedaft, to baptize, christen. taufen.

G Tau.

m, dew.

G der.

Imitating the bark of a

Does not occur

da['],

(rel pr).

G

G

daff'],

bowwow!

who

^ -], n,

Terpentin. turpentine. dsBrbediene{"~^~''], pp gedairbedient, to apply turpentine. Terpentin. daereweil ["""], meanwhile. der Weile. d2erfe["^], pp gedserft, to dare, be allowed, daBrbedien['

dserr[^],

buwu[""], dog.

G

G

G

who. der. dserC], (die, das, as, wu),

daerrl^j,

ish pranks.

daily.

—

butzing, II

daejlicht""],

daedaef"^ '] geh", to go bye-bye (in speaking to children), dG dada. d(ee)r, der, d'r[~'], {di, (e)s), 's), the. der. daer['], (die, des), this (one); wu, the one

butzich['*"], short, stunted. butze['^''j, f,

daeklich,

tiiglich.

11

f,

m, father. dG dade, datte. pp gedat, to thaw. G tauen. pp gedat, to deposit dew. G tauen.

bandy-legged.

G

dachs-

beinig. Dachs. dachsi[""], m, (der glee'), shorty. dachs-fig. dachsich["*^], stooped, bent. diide, datte, dadi"], m, daddy, father.

G

G

dG

dad. Cf grijndqd App. ^ daddeldaub, dardeldaub[' G Turtekaube.

'],

E

f,

turtle-dove.

G

G

everlastingly.

G

Tag und Nacht.

i'fang["""^], m, dawn; =iicht[~""], n, light of day, daylight. dajeweis[~""], several days in succession, now and then a day. tageweise. dak['], m, pi daje, day, daylight; heit iwwer vaerzeh two weeks from today; hoscht du dei" des lewes! did you ever! sei' (mei', dei") des lewes net, never; dajer drei, three days or so. Tag. dak buchf""], n, journal, daybook; =dieb

d^jes

11

G

—

— ,

—

G

11

[""], m, idler; =lenner[~"^], m, laborer, daylaborer; =loch[~''], n, small cellar window, any opening in a wall; ^loh", 'luh'"[~"], m, day's wages, wages; ^wzBrkf""], n, day's work; =weis[""], by the day, now and then

a day. dakleniiere[~""^], pp gedaklennert, to do day-laborer's work. taglohnern. druff, the day daks['], during the day; devor, the day before. after remnant Tag. of the use of the genitive. dakshelling[~""'j, f, daylight. Tageshelle. Tal. d^["], n, valley, vale. Taler. d^er[~"], m, dollar.

G

;

—

—

A

G

G

G G

?

not("-), f, dollar aster; =weis['^'"j, dollar

dAler

bill;

;ros["-),

f,

by

dent, impression, dimple.

f,

P

G damit. dammi^j, m, dam; do will ich ivvwer der Seh", well, I'll be hanged (damned). damit, demit[""], therewith.

— G

Da mm. j|

n,

G

men.

G

Dampf. m, vapor. dampet""], pp gedampt, to give off vapor, smother, steam, stew. G dampfen. dampgnoppC'], m, boiled dumpling (eaten with milk and sugar). Dampf Knopf. dainpicb['*"], steamy, vaporous. damipfig. dampnudel['' ""], f, boiled dumpling (the gnopp of schnitz un gneppj. G Dampfnudel. Daniel, Danjelf""], m, Daniel. dank!"], m, thanks, gratitude, reward. G dampi"*],

G

G

+

G

Dank. pp gedankt, to thank, give thanks, return a salutation. G danken. dankbar[" "], thankful, grateful. dankbar, daiikbarkeet[""j, f, thankfulness, gratitude.

danke[''''],

G

Dankbarkeit.

f, thanksgiving serm.on; thanksgiving feast day; =sajung[" "], f, thanksgiving, dankeswartl""'], worth thanking for. dankenswert. danki, denki["~'], thank you, thanks. (ich) danke. danksajel*""], pp dankgsat, to offer thanks. G danksagen. dannn, then, next, pray: was will aer un wann, now and then; mer hen schee' wetter, we certainly are having fine weather. dann, denn. dannetwannf*""'] =dann un wann. dansH, m, dance. G Tanz. danse[^"], pp gedanst, to dance. G tanzen. dapeetl""], naekscht am, in the nick of time, just in time, high time; uit em on the point (of). Tapet. dappe['*''], pp gedappt, to grasp for, fumble, step heavily, walk clumsily. G tappen. )|

breddichl""^],

=fescht['"'j,

n,

G

G

— —

—

G

—

G

,

G

dappe['"], m, footprint. Tappe. dappele["^''], pp gedappelt, to step, fidget (of a horse). tappeln.

G

dapperl""], quickly, at once: dapper, tapfer.

kumm

tramp,

—

.

G

dapperschpringi" " -fschpringen. dappes, dappel['~],

f,

diarrhoea.

m,

clumsy

dG

dG dapper fellow.

G

Taps. dappich, tappischi^"], clumsy, awkward. dG dabbig, tappisch. darjel(^"'], m, vertigo, dizziness. G Torkel.

G

darjelef^'^j, torkeln.

pp

gedarjelt, to reel, stagger.

G

darrni'i, darremf*"], pi dasrm, gut, intestine.

G

Darm.

G Taumel.

||

—

darne

bruscht["^], f, breast of a dam; =gras pond grass; ^hijjel[""'], hijel['""j, m, breast of a dam. damdainine('"J, pp gedammt, to dam.

damin

G

taumlich. darm saett"'], f, gut string, catgut; 'Sucht f, dysentery. darn, dann, dorn[^j, f, thorn; grieni greenhigh blackberry; brier; hochi im ak, Dorn. thorn in the flesh, eyesore.

darmiicht*"], dizzy.

dollar.

dall, dell.

G

darmeU*"], m, dizziness.

!j

dall, dell("],

dank

,

— —

,

,

G

sweet-brier; =schpell["*"'~'], f, red haw, scarlet thorn; =schtock[^ m, i|

ros["''"],

f,

thorn-bush. darnich, dannich[-*"], thorny.

damooch('~j, dennoocli[^~], darnach. Cf denno. darr[''],

m,

im

tar;

—

sei',

G

dornig. thereafter.

G

to be tipsy.

G

Teer. darre[^"],

pp

gedarrt, to tar.

Dane dee [""],

f,

Dorothy.

G

G teeren. G Dorothea,

darrichf*"], tarry. teerig. darrich[*"], through, throughout;

G

—

un

—

thoroughly. durch. darrich-["'"], separable and inseparable prefix of verbs, and prefix of derived words. G durch-. darrichaus["''~], throughout, on the whole, by all means, positively; net, on no account. durchaus. darrich badei*"""], to wade through; =beisse P^'^ji to bite through; ^blettre[" "~"], to turn the leaves of a book; -blicke['^"''~'], to peepthroutrh; ^blose[^ ], to blow through, spend; =boh.re[""""], to bore through, perforate; =breche[-' to break through; ], =brenne["' to burn through, make a hole by burning, elope, run away; =brijjeie to beat soundly; =bringe["~'"y], to squander; 5bringer[* m, spendthrift; ], =brode[''"""], to fry through; =draje["'^'"'], to bear through (a burden); -drede[-"'" ], to wear through by treading; =dresche to to Hog soundly; ^dricke["^ press through; =drickle[^ ], to dry thoroughly; =dringe[''"''''j, to penetrate, permeate; 'dringlichl""*"], penetrable; =driwto we["'"'*"], cunning, sly; =dropse['' in drop, filter through; i(e)nanner['' confusion, helter-skelter; =(ejweck["'"'^"'], throughout, on an average; =faiire[* ], to drive through, pass through (like a shudder); 'fahref""""], streaked, veined; sfall[^""'], m, diarrhoea; to fall ^failef"* through, fail; sfaiile[~'""'], to rot through; «fiehre['*""''], to carry through, execute; sich =fresse['*^ ], to eat through, corrode; to make one's way under difficulties; , =geh-''[^''"], to go through, run away, escape; *gucke['"""'], to look through; shackef"""'^], to chop through with an ax, to lash till the skin breaks; ^jajet" chase or drive through, squander; =kiimme [* to come through, come off (well); j, =Iaf["*""), m, diarrhoea; 4afe[" ], to walk through, run through; =leddere[*^ ], to thrash soundly; =ieichte['""'"j, to shine through; -lese[""""], to read through, peruse, pick over; =losse[^"""'], to allow to pass through; =:inaclie[* ^"^'j, to experience,

—

G

!|

—

'

finish;

•nassf""*],

,

=nemine

wet through;

[•*'"''],

to take through, carry out, put through the sprouts; =reesei ], to travel -reide[' through, traverse; to ride ], through; sreisse[^ to tear in two; j, 5reiwe[*''""J, to rub through, chafe; ^rutsche to wear through by rubbing; ], I* -scha^ei to convey through; sich to make one's vcay with difficulty; =schau' to shudder, thrill -scheinei* drel" to shine through; ^schLiessei^"'"], to shoot through, get streaked, spread (of colors); =schiininere[* """'], to giimnier through; =scliinne[^"~"], to fray; sich to get

—

;

—

through

v-ith difficulty; variegated; 5schlajje[-

through, soak through;

,

=schlachtich['""'"], ], to knock or kick sich to force

—

,

one's way through, get through as best one can; 5SchJ[eefe[^~ ""], to drag through; »sclilippe[* to slip through, escape; sschlitzei*"""], to slit through; -schluppe [* =schjieide[" J, to creep through; J, to cut through, cut in two, intersect; sschnittf*""], m, intersection; so im on the average =schiiittlich[" " on the average; =schnuffle[' to snoop through, !, rummage; ^schtechef"' ], to pierce, punc=schtecke["''"''], to stick through; ture; =schteh''[''""], to endure to the end; 5Sclitewwere[" to search in every part, rummage; sschtreiche['' to make a ], mark through, cancel =seline[* " " to look through, see through, look over (a book); =seilie["' j, to strain through, filter; =setze to enforce, carry out; *sichtich transparent; =suche[ search ], to through, ransack; =suddre[*"^''], to seep through; swachsf*"'"], m. boneset, thoroughwort; =weeciie[" ], to soak through, fiog thoroughly; ^wiehief' " to rummage through; switschei""""], to sHp through, escape; =wolle[^ ], to want to go through; szieje[* ""'], to pull or drag through; sziick[*""], m, main beam in a building, girder; szuckef"'^'"'], to shudder, tw^itch; »zwenge[*''"''J, to force (an object) through; 5zwinge[''"""], to force (a plan) through. darriclmaimer graddle[* crawl to ], around in great confusion; 'machei*" to jumble up, turn topsy-tun.-\ =w^iehle ["*" to turn things topsy-turvy.

—

,

;

;

jj

;

darriclis[-'"']=darrich esr

darrlogel, darrlokel[''"~'],

darrjockel[^

''"'],

m,

(suspended from the axle of a wagon on long trips). G Teer-fP logel

tar-keg

-)fui[""], faugh! ugh! don't touch. pfui. fiik['], rabbet; aus de fuje sei', to be out of

G

G

joint. Fuge. fundement["'''*], n,

giirteln,

G

Funda-

G

Gartner. gasrdlerf*"], m, gardener. Dims of garrdli, g3srdel[^~'], n, little garden.

G Garten. gsrdnerC"], m, gardener.

sschtee

funggierej""^], pp gfunggiert, to act, function. fungieren. Funke. ftiiLke['"'J, m, spark. funfuiikel(najel)r.\ei[''"^~'' "1, brand new. kel(nagel.)neu. fuiikle["'"], pp gfunkelt, to sparkle, glisten.

G

.

G

G

G

funkeln.

—

G

G Gartner.

— — mer wolle — sehne, we

willingly, gladly, be likely to; hawwe, esse, to like (to eat), be fond of;

geern["],

to be fond of, like;

G

await with interest.

will

gern. barley.

Gerste.

G G

f,

gad, whip, switch, fishing pole.

Gerte. gegaerbt, to tan, give a beating.

pp

gerben.

G Gerber. tannery. Gerberei. geerwer grub[''"'"], f, tanner's vat; =loh[*""], tanbark. gaerwer[^''],

m, tanner.

g£ervverei[""'~j,

G

f,

i|

m;

gOErwersgaiilf"'""],

—

em

uff

gaffet*"], pp gegafft, to gaii'en.

gape, stare,

G

way.

gall[1,

gfusselt, to finger or hunt in the dark. fusseln. fussre[*"'], pi, fuzz. Fussel. Cf gfusser, fusselig. fussrichl*"], fuzzy. futschf"], lost, done for, ruined, come to fussle[*"],

pp

G

G G

and onomato-

also exclamatory futsch.

nothing;

G

poetic.

f,

G

gift, talent.

gackeli*"],

f,

G

Gabe.

chattering

pp

silly

woman.

G

gegc^ckert, to cackle, chatter.

gackern.

gackel[""], gackerli[* ~'^], n, egg (in gackel. child's talk). gackrich, gackrich[^"'], cackling, talkative.

gacki,

dG

G

gackern

-fig.

G

chatterer, tiresome talker. gacks =cackle, cackle. gackse[""'], pp gegackst, to cackle, chatter.

gacks["'],

f,

G

gacksen. gaebt['J, past subj of gewwe. gaehie)!""], steep.

G

m, gallows. G Galgen. m, scoundrel; »hols[*""], n, gallows- wood; so falsch wie balky as hell (of a horse) ;=schtrick[^'"'], m, scamp; ^vajjeU""""], m, rascal.

galje[*^],

galje

jl

dieb["""],

f,

—

G

gall.

Gaile. gallon.

gall[~J, galiun["'^], f

galleblecbi

lone galle

!!

,

n,

,

G

Gallone. gallon measure.

G

Gal-

-f Blech.

fiewer[*""''],

n,

green as gall;

'grie"

bilious fever;

=schtee

m,

gall-

stone.

G

Gallapfel.

G

gackeln. g4ckere[*"'^],

n, tell-tale.

galleppeli^""'], pi, gallnuts.

G gab["],

gaffmaul["

tell tales.

G gaffen. G gaffen -\-G Maul.

gafflicbi^"], inattentive, fidgety.

,

fuss

G

afoot.

,

Gcrbcr-i-dG gaul.

Fuss. on foot. m, foot; zu bad[^"], n, foot-bath; ^bricki-"], f, foot-bridge; =dappe[~~M, rn, foot-print; send[~^], n, foot-end: =genger[~'' J, m, pedestrian; =halt[~"], f, footing; 5pad[~"), m, footpath; =schtooss[~'], m, kick; ^sohl ["], f, sole of the foot; =wek[~'j, m, path-

fuss['],

G

m,

gasrschde[~''],

gasrschtl"],

g^rwel*"'],

mauerl""^ f, foundation wall; "j, m, foundation stone,

i]

G

garden.

to

gegserdelt,

pp

gaerdief*^], giirtnern.

gsert, g^tt["'],

foundation.

ment.

fundement

G

zone.

girdle,

gegzerdelt, to girdle (a tree).

pp

gflerdlef-*"],

team (horses alone or horses and

f,

girth,

belt,

Giirtel.

funfzigjahrier,

fuggadivus["~"^"], Vc-cativus.

m,

gaerdel[*"],

G gabe.

giih.

gaehre, jaehre[~''], pp gejaehrt, gejohre, to ferm.ent. G gahren. gserde, g^ddep^], gegaerdt, to whip, switch. G Gerte.

Gallewochf^""], f, week of October i6. Gallus -fWoche, although popularly associated with Galle. Gallus, around whose cell the town of St. Gallen grew up, is the almanac saint for Oct. i6. This name has become confused with Galle (E gall) in the superstition: wammer sauergraut macht wa?rd's bitter. in der galopp, golopp[ ''], m, gallop (nursery rhyme).

G

—

G

,

Galopp.

g(a)mander[''*^], der. gamber[*''], gang!"],

— G

,

m,

m, germander.

m, camphor.

G

G

Gaman-

Kampfer.

errand; im straightway, directly.

entry-, corridor, gait,

going; eenes

-s,

Gang.

gangbarf'*

"],

G gangbar.

passable.

gansH, f, goose, silly person. G Gans. gansH, whole, quite, entire(ly). G ganz. gajisert[""], gir['],

m, gander.

quite, ver>';

—

dG nix,

gansert.

nothing at

all;

—

—

G Geback.

kenner, none at all. net, not at all; gar. gar. giT['], sufficiently cooked, done. Garbe. garbn, f, pi garwe, sheaf.

geback["'-'], n, (continual)

gardej^

region. Gebirge. geb^ffz, gebeffzi""], n, barking, quarreling, wrangling. baffzen. gebambel["'^"], n, dangling. dG bambele. gebeckf" n, baked things. Geback. gebeil"'"], n, building. Gebaude. gebeis^i""^], n, incessant biting or itching. G beissen. gebelki''-'], n, beams (of a structure), frame-

G

G

G

gdrde

m, garden. G Garten, bauf^"'], m, horticulture; =benedikt ^hack j, blessed thistle, holy thistle; diijel""^"], f, common f, garden hoe;

~1,

ji

(~"'],

white

-nejjli[^

lily;

],

n,

carnation;

m, sweet pepper, peppers; vegetables, greens, garden truck; =sekt[~ j, m. (cultivated) lettuce; swek["^''"], m, garden path, »peffer[~"~'], ssachf"""], n,

garjelf""],

throat,

f,

gargle,

cordial;

dG garjel ("

di

—

G Gurgel,

abschneide, to cut one's throat. gorgel. 11

m, braggart; m, tool used by coopers.

^reisser

bloserl-*"'^],

],

garjele[*"^j,

gegarjelt,

pp

to

gargle.

G

gurgeln.

G

Garn. gorn["], n, yarn, worsted, net. Garn -f Schlupf. gamschlupp["^"j, m, mesh. dG goschel. garsche[""], handful. Gurte. gart, gatt['j, f, girth, belly-band. Gartengirte au '{""'], m, garden-fence. (This rare word, zaunkeenich and zaun. za'schlipper are the only compounds conZaun.) Cf zau'. taining the gaschdich, garschdicli[*"'], nasty, disagreeable.

gam,

G

G G

7.

G

G garstig.

G

Gast. gassf"], f, occurs (e^cept in the contemptuous meaning of a gossip) only in compounds: Wassergass, Butzegass, Romigsgass, in which the original meaning of (narrow) Gasse. street has been lost. dG gaul (G Pferd does not gaulf'], m, horse.

G

occur). dG gauntsch. gaunsch["], f, swing. gaiinsche[~~], pp gegaunscht, to swing.

dG

pp gegauzt, to bark

(of dogs).

gauze.

G

G

G

i!

adjectives, adverbs and nouns; in a great number of verbal nouns containing the idea of repetition or duration (sometimes unpleasant) from v/hich the infinitive ending has been dropped; in the perfect participle of verbs (except inseparable verbs) but when the verb begins with f or a sibilant Talso in esse) the geprefi.x:

in

;

becom.es g-, when the verb begins with h the ge--f-h becomes k; in geh', gewwe, grieje, kumm.e, wserre ge- is omitted in the

G

perfect participle. ge-. gebabbell"*"], n, (incessant) chatter or bab-

G

n,

gebserricksf"'"'"],

mountains, mountainous

G

G

G

G

G

work.

Gebalk. n, continued importuning or nagging, G boUern. gebembel, gebambell"^"], n, loitering, dillydallying, killing time. dG bambele. gebetC"], n, prayer. G Gebet. gebetbucht""""], n, prayer book. G Gebetbuch. gebellerf"'*^],

G

gebettei[" betteln. n, incessant begging. gebischf""], n, bush, bushes. Gebiisch. gebiss[^"], n, (set of) teeth, bit (of a bridle). Gehiss. geblabberl" * chatter, idle talk. n, •*

G

G

G

plappern. (continual) bawling or lowing.

geblffirr['^^], n,

G

plarren.

geblasdider['

G

salve.

*''],

n,

G

blafTen.

(continual) applying of

pflastern.

geblauder[''~~^], n, (continual) talking, chatter, talk, gossip. plaudern.

G

geblieti""], n, blood, familv, relationship.

G

Geblut.

G

geblietr~], n, bloom^'s). bliihen. Creblase. blowing, boasting. geblumint[^ flowered. gebliimt. gebochf"''], n, boasting. Gepoch. bollere. geboUerl^""], n, rumbling noise. geboref"""], born; en geborni Laubach, nee

G

G G

Laubach. G geboren. Geburt. gebort, geburtf""], f, birth. geborts blatzf"""], m, birthplace; sdak["'*'], m, birthday.

G

jj

gebott["'~'], n, bid, offer,

ment; di zehe G Gebot.

-er,

the

command, commandTen Commandments.

G

Gen, (continual) boasting. prahl. gebrauch[''~], m, custom. Gebrauch. Gebraus. gebrausl""^], n, rustling, roaring. gebrebel["~ n, palaver, (continued) nagging. dG brebele. gebreddichf/'*^!, n, preaching, long-winded talk. predigen. gebrallf

G

fork, tine.

bling.

child),

dG

dG

gauzer[""], m, obstinate cough. dG gauze. GawTel[~''j, m, Gabriel. Gabriel. Gabel. gawwel[^"j, f, fork. gawwele[*"~], pp gega-^-welt, to fork, pitch gabeln. (hay). gawwel grdsl""*], n, finger-grass; ^schtiel [**"], m, fork handle; =wekf/"'], m, fork in the road; 'zinkei*"""], i, prong of a g^-rii

(a

gebaren.

geblos[""^], n,

gauntsche. gauzei"^^],

G

give birth.

geblafff"*], n, barking.

gaschtn, m, guest.

baking.

pp gebore, to bear

gebaeref""^."],

babbeln.

G

G

customary.

gebreichlich

G

gebrauch-

lich.

(continued) crying or bawli.ag.

gebrill[^"], n,

G

Gebriil.

knocked out, done up, exgepritscht 'psum.

flickering.

without

(continual)

n,

gflackerl''"],

gips["'], ni,

G

G

torpid,

gfiehllosf""], gefiihllos.

.

_

G

sense of touch, repeated Gefiihl. act of feeling or touching.

gfiehl['], n, feeling,

7

G

m, moulder.

feeling.

falscht.

gfrok["], n,

giessen.

giesser["^"j,

PP gegipst, to sow (a field) with gypsum, term applied to the sickling of grain by small children (EH). G gipsen. gipser[*"], m, term applied to a tovr-headed child who accompanied his parents to the harvest-field and cut grain with the sickle as he was able (EH). G Gipser.

Gefangnis. gfengnisl'"'], n, prison. Gefass. gfessf"], n, vessel, receptacle.

gefrais

G

gierig. voracious, avaricious. to sprinkle, pour, cast.

pp gegosse,

ii

G

felgen. fallowed. f^efallig. gfellichf';'']. obliging, agreeable. gfemchkeet[-'-"], f, favor. Gefalllgkeit. gfelscht[''], counterfeited, alloyed. ge-

gfelkt[''],

G

gickser.

giesskaim[~~'j,

gfaclirlidi[~"],

gfahr['],

dG

giericli{~"J,

giesse(~''J,

en.

G

gickserp"], m, sting (of an insect), hiccough.

glaff, klaff['^],

f,

key

(of

glaech.

a piano or organ).

G Klave. gUje, klije[-_~], pp gegl^kt, to complain, lament, be indisposed. G klagen. glak, klak('), f, complaint. Klage. glamjn, klaiiiin("'], f, clothes-pin, clamp. G

G

Kiammer. glammhoke, klammhokef* '"], m, crane-hook, dog (in lumbering). G Klammerhaken.

G

glansC], m, lustre, splendor, glitter. Glanz. glappe, klappe[""J, pp geglappt, to tally, agree, clap (hands). klappen. gl^s["], n, glass. Glas. glas ak[-^'], n, glass eye; =graut["'], n, pale

G G

|i

touch-me-not; rich weed; skarrellf"'"'], f, glass bead; =schajik[-"'j, m, china cupboard; =voll(""], n, glass(ful).

glase[~"],

(made) of

glatsch[''j, f, glatt[^j,

glass.

gossiping

smooth, slippery,

—

G

woman.

glasern,

G

Klatsche.

sleek, insinuating;

net arrick hargeh", to keep house in a slovenly manner, act rudely or boorishlv.

G glatt

glatt. ij

smooth-bore rifle; -eisf/'], on ground and trees, ice-storm.

bichsf""], f,

n, glazed ice

,

glavier(""^], n,

piano. G Klavier. gcglabt, to believe, think, sup-

giawe(""], pp glauben. pose. Glauben. gl^wei^"], m, belief, faith, creed. kiebrich. glebich[~~], sticky. red clover; glee, kleei'J, m, clover; roder white clover; grosser roder weisser Klee. mammoth clover. glee", klee*('j, small; beim gleene, at retail; gleone zwiwwle, onion sets; en gleenes, a baby, small child; iwwer en gleenes, "yet klein. a little while." glee blatt["-'J, n, clover leaf; --blumm[^1, ^butzer f, clover flow^er, globe amaranth; [^^^], m, clover huUer; =feld[-^], n, clover fieki; shoi[~"], n, clover hay; =kopp[~"], m, clover flower; =schprau[~ '], f, clover chaff; =some, »sclitengel[~^"], m, clover stalk; *sume[~"~], m, clover seed; =wlsein[~""], m, clover sod. pi -er, clothes. gleed['], n, garment; Kleid. gleede, kleede[^"'], pp gegleedt, to clothe. kleiden. gleeder bsrschtl^""'], f, clothes brush; =hoke l"""^], m, clothes hook; =kaininer[-~""], wardrobe, clothes closet; *schtubb[~''"], f, room for hanging up clothes. kleinsmall limbed. gleCglidderichl"^

G

G

G

—

—

—

,

,

G

G

dG glanzig. gleppre, kleppre["~'], pp gegleppert, to rattle, beat (eggsj. klappern, kiappern. glepprich, klepprichC'^], ratthng. klapprig, glessak[^'], n, wall-eye. Glasauge. glensichl""], brilliant.

G

G

G

glessel, glesslit'*"], n, Httle giass(ful). Dims of Glas. glessera[ "'], vitreous. glasern. glessichi'* "] ak, glass eye. glasig. giessur[^~], f, glazing. Glasur. glessure["-"], pp geglessurt, to glaze.

G

G

G

G

G

glasuren. glett, klett['],

burdock, burdock bur.

f,

II

G

G

||

G

gletteise[^'"] eisen. glettere [*""'], klettern.

(rare),

pp

G

sadiron.

n,

geglettert,

Glatt-

climb.

to

G

G

glettewarzel[ f, burdock root. Klettenwurzel. glewe[^^], pp geglebt, to stick, adhere. G kleben. glewerich["~~], gelatinous, clotted. kle-

G

berig.

—

glickn, n, luck, fortune, good luck; winsche, to congratulate, wish success. G Gluck. glicke["*"j, pp geglickt, to succeed in, have

good luck. G gliicken. * m, marble, testicle. G Klicker. glicklichj*"], lucky, happy, successful. G

glicker[

gliederig.

G

Kleinigkeit. gleenichkeet[~""], f, trifle. gleenischlangewarzeiC""*"'"^], f, seneca snake root. klein -i-Schlangenwurzel. glees["], m, track of a wagon, rut. Geleis. glei['], soon, without delay, at once.

G

G

G

gleich.

G G

gleich. gleichf"], equal, alike, like, same. gleichdeitend[" synonymous. gleichdeutig. gleiche[~"], pp gegliche, to like, love. The E adj like (similar) is gleich in PG; a verb was formed from this adj for the verb to

gliicklich.

glickiicherweis[*"""], fortunately, luckily, as luck would have it. gliicklicherweise. glickschussl*"], m, unexpected success. Gliick -fSchuss.

G

glickselicht"-"], glicksfalll*"],

G

gleicherweisf""

gleicherweise. "], likewise. gleichewaErt[""'], n, par value. gleich

G

+

Wert. gleich llfellichl"^"], equally; =feniiich[~"~], uni-

G

happy.

m,

G

gliickselig.

godsend,

windfall.

G

Gliicksfall. glied['], n, pi

limb. glieder

glieder and glidder, member, Glied. band["""'], n, ligament; =schinaerze pl» rheumatic pains, pain in the

G

jj

like.

form;

G

Klette.

limbs.

G

gliedich[~"], red hot. glutig. gliedwasserf'""], n, synovial fluid.

dG

glierig.

G

Glied-

wasser.

G

=gewicht["''"'], n, equilibrium; ^giltich

gliftse, kliftsel*"], pi, rocks, wilds.

unconcerned;

glimpnich. glimblichi*"], gentle, mild. glimpel, klimpelf"*"], n, small lum.p, small roll (of butter). Dim of Klumpen.

ference;

=giltichkeit[~''""], indif-

'gsinnt(~^],

likeminded; -lafend simultaneous.

[^'~], parallel; ^zeitich[~

gleichheet, gleichiieit[~ "], f, parity, equality. Gleichheit. gleichms[~~], n, parable. Gieichnis. gleie, kleie[~^j, f, bran, shorts. Kleie. glemm, klemmn, U pinch, quandary, dilemma, scrape. Klemme. glemme, klemmei*"], pp geglemmt, to pinch; sich der finger to pinch one's finger.

G

G

G

G

G klemmen.

—

,

G

gliinzen.

glensendi*"], shining, resplendent. zend.

G

glimpie, k]iinple["'~], pp geglimpek, to form a kliimpern. lump (of butter in churning). Kiinge. gling, klingf"], f, blade (of a knife).

G

G

G

glan-

G

klingel[ '*'], f, bell, sieighbell. Klingel. glingel, klingeU-"], m, ball (of yam), crewel. glingel,

G

Klungel.

glingle, klinglei*"], pp geglingelt, to tinkle, jingle, ring. klingeln. dG gliiisle[""], pp geglinseit, to flatter, pet. glinzele. glitsche, klitsche["* pp geglitscht, to slide, slip. glitschen. glitschglitschich, klitschichi*"], slippery.

G

G G

glennerf^"}, smaller. kleiner. glennschti'], smallest. kleinst. glensei*"], pp geglenst, to glitter, shine.

Klufte.

G

G

erig.

G

glitschiwippil^"*"], imitating the sound of scissors in cutting. glitzere(*^"j, pp gegiitzert, to glitter, shine. giitzern. glitzericli['*'"'], glittering, glistening. glitz-

G

G

G

erig.

G

Glocke. glockeblummf"""'], f, columbine; blue-bell, Canterbury' bell. G Glockenblume. gIofder[~"], n, cord (of wood). Klafter. giofderholsf^""], n, cord-wood. G KlaftergIock[1,

bell.

f,

G

holz. glooe, klooe[~"], f, claw, cloven foot, paw, clutches. Klaue. glooe[~"], pp gegloot, sich fascht, to lay hold

G

G

of.

glooe

I!

kJauen.

fetti"""^], n, neat's-foot oil;

sfuss[~""],

m, cloven

il

G

glor, klor["], clear. klar. glore, klore[~"], pp geglort, to clear, clear up.

G

klaren.

glorensich["'*"], clear, simple, whole:

sand.

der —

Probably an exaggerating compound

built on glor. Cf hesseidonisch, glotz, klotzi"], m, block, segment of a tree-

trunk. G Klotz. glowe, klowe[~ m, (wire) staple. dG klowe. gluck, kluck[~], f, hen (when with chicks), brood-hen. G Glucke. gluck, kluckn, cluck, cluck of a liquid running out of a bottle. G glucken. gluckezwiwwel[* ], f, multiplier onion.

G

Glucke -fZwiebel. gluckse, kluckse[^''], pp gegluckst, to cluck, gurgle. glucksen. glucksen. glucksichf*"], clucking.

G

G

glumpe, kluinpe[^^], m, lump,

roll (of butter),

G

heap. Klumpen. glumpe['"], pp geglumpt, to lump, form^ (as butter in the churn). Verb formed from

klumpen, glumpich, klumpich ['"'], lumpy.

glundn,

f.

slattern, loose

gluppe, kluppef*"],

—

grieje.

G

knackrig. gnacksel""], pp

knacksen. gnackwarscht,

f,

woman.

G klumpig. G Klunter.

hands, clutches:

in di

Kluppe.

giitd(e)(~^|.

gnade

crack.

to

knackwarschtf^"],

G

grace.

f,

f,

G

hard

Knackwurst. G Gnade.

anxious bench; =zeit f, [""], f, time of grace. gnaedich[~"j, gracious. G gnadig. gnalij knalin, m, clap, loud report, crack; uff un fall, suddenly, in a hurry. Knall. j|

bank[~""],

—

G

pp gegnallt, to make a loud report:, crack. knallen. gnalleise["""'], n, (facetious for a) worthless giieile[^"'],

G

—

dunner uns holy smoke! great Scott! great guns G Knalleisen=E gun. gnailerf^"], m, cracker (of a whip). G gun;

!

I

Knaller. gnailhitt,

f, hovel, dilapidated house. dG gnallhiitt =

kiiallhitt[*"'],

building,

bawdy

Hurenhaus.

snap at (some knappen. pp gegn^ppert, coire. G knap-

gnqppe["""], pp gegn^ppt, to one) (as a vicious dog).

G

gn^ppere[" " pen. gnapps, knapps["], close, stingy, scarcely; un just about; -er not, barely. knapp. gnappsei""^], pp gegnappst, to be sparing with, stint. G knapsen. gnarre, knarrei"], pp gegnarrt, to snarl, growl, grumble, scold. knurren. gnarre, knarre {'"], m, knot (in lumber).

—

G

,

G

G

Knorren. gnarreloch[""'], n,

knot hole.

G

Knorren-

loch.

G

gnanich,

knarrich[*"I, knotty, gnarly. knorrig. gnarrich, knamch["^], prone to grumble. knarrig. gna(r)schle[* '], pp gegnarschelt, to gnash.

G

dG knarschen. gnarwel, gnsrwel, knarwel[""], m, gristle, cartilage. G Knorpel. gnarwlich, gnaerwlich, knarwlichl""], gristly, gnarly [ot a tree, apple, or a roughly healed

G

wound). knorpeiig. gnarze, gnazze, knarze[*"], m, stumpy old tree, nubbin, blemish in fruit caused by the sting of an insect, core of an apple.

G

Knorz.

gluschdef" =luschde. glut["], f, glow, heat. Glut. gnabberel*'"], pp gegnabbert, to stump about. knappern =klappern. gnack, knack["], m, skein, knot. Knack = E crack, snap; perhaps applied to a skein of yam because the reel on which it was wound gave a crack for a certain number of revolutions. Knocke. Also

G

G

G

G

gegnackst,

smoked sausage.

gnalle, knalle,

foot, kloppe[^"],

pp gegloppt, to knock, pound, beat, rap, hammer. G klcpfen. = glopp halme[*'"j, m, worn-out roue; hengschti"'^], m, stallion whose testicles are congenitally in, or have receded into, the abdominal cavity and so can not be gelded. G klopfen =wallachen -f-Hengst; =sclitee~ ["*'], m, shoemaker's lapstone. gloppichesf"'""'], ebbes, something to hammer with. G adj formed from gloppe. gloppe,

gnacke, knacke[*"], pp gegnackt, to tick, crack, break partially. G knacken. gnackeref"""'], pp gegnackert, to creak, be unsteady (as a table). G knackern. gnackrichi*"], tottering, unsteady, rickety.

gnarzich, gnatzich, knarzich[*"'], deformed and imperfect (of trees and fruit), knotty. knorzig. gnaimse[~'j, pp gegnaunst, to grumble. dG

G

gnauen.

gnawwere, knawwere["'''~], pp gegnawwert, to gnaw, nibble. G knabbern. gnechel, kneciiel[*"J, m, ankle, knuckle. G Knochei.

gnecht, knechtn, ni, male servant, hired man G Knecht. or boy. gneeterich("""^], ni, knotweed, knot-grass. Knoterich. gnefze, gn^zei""], pp gegnefzt, to quarrel.

G

dG

gnefze. gnefzer{*"], m, barking cur.

gneppef" "'], knopfen.

quarrelsome

dG

gegneppt,

pp

person,

.

small

gnefze.

button.

to

G

lumps. gneppschiih[""J, m, button-shoe. schuhe.

immature, dG knatschig. gnewwel, knewwelf*^), kiiewel[~"j, m, gag, stick used for twisting a rope or strawband, bolt at the end of a chain, skein,

G

gnewv/le, knewwle["'"], pp gegnewwelt, to gag, twist tight. G knebeln. gnewwere, knewwere["~''], gegnewwert, to \'ariant of knabbern. scold, nag. gnickn, n, nape or back of the neck, neck: Genick. verbreche. es gnicke, knickeC'], pp gegnickt, to bend and knickcrack without breaking entirely.

G

G

en.

G

m, knock-

giiicker{*"],

gnick gnackf""], tick tock.

Onomat. stingy-.

dG

gnickser['"'], m, miser. dG knickser. gnie, knief'i, n, knee, elbow of a stovepipe.

G

Knie. gnie dief[^ '], up to the knees; =hoch[-'|, knee-high; ^gschprungei"""], knee-sprung; »kapp[~"], f, knee-cap; =kehl["'], f, posterior part of the knee-joint, hock; -scheib (""I, f, knee-cap; ^wandi"'], f, part of the wall between the roof and the floor of a j|

garret.

pp f,

gegniet,

to

helleborus

kneel.

G

viridis.

G

a knot.

G

Nieswurz.

pp gcgnippt, to

tie in

kniipfen. gnippel, knippel[*"l,

m, club, cudgel, coarse fellow. G Knuppel. gnoche, knoche["~'j, m, bone. G Knochen. gnoche knoche fi^ssi*'"], n, caries; =gaul ["*'"], m, skeleton (bony) horse; ^jserrijel ['""'"'1, m, skeleton. G Knochen -f dim of Jaerrick =E George; 'jockel['~'"^], m, skeleton, rag and bone collector. G Knochen + I;

ji

Jockel

=dim

ogy;

:maim[

of Jakob;

m,

4ehr[*"'], f, osteolskeleton, bone col-

=mehl[*""j, n, bonemeal; =miehl bone inili; ^wehf""""], n, bone ache. gnochich, knochich [*"!, bony. G knochig. gnoddel, knoddeli""], m, small lump, chunk, chunky person, turd, com.pact hard round lector;

[""I,

f,

droppings of many animals. G Knodei. gnoddel aerwetf"'^'], f, tedious job, sm.all chores; 'Supp[''"j, f, =riwwcisupp; =woll jl

G

G

dG

G

knatschen, knatschen. gnopp, knopp['], m, pi gnepp, button, lump; schnitz un gnepp, dumplmgs cooked with dried apples; gnepp im kopp, tricks; gnepp hinnich der ohre hawwe, to be tricky, bear watching; vum e" bu, stout chap; Knopf. dicker stout person. gnopp holsl''"], n, sycamore, buttonwood;

—

—

G

,

|i

-lochf""], n, button hole. gnoww(el)loch, knowweiioch,

—

m, garlic; wilder Knoblauch.

knicksen.

gniee, kniee[~^], knieen. gnieswarzell"""],

gnolie, knolle[^"], m, lump (of sugar), tuber, Knollen. clod (of earth), gnollich, knoliich ["'^j, lumpy. knollig. gnootsche, knootsche{~"'], pp gegnootscht, to handle overmuch, hug, fondle. knot-

[*"'],

Knicker.

pp gegnickst, to be

gnickse['"],

and

schen,

Knebel.

—

pp gegnoddelt, to work in a slow poky manner. Verb formed from

gnoddle[*"'],

gnoddel. bread),

of

(especially

soft sogg>'.

gnetschichf""

giiippe[*'],

^

dere.

G knopfig. G Knopf-

gneppich[*''], covered with

hank.

f, wool from the rear quarters of a sheep where it is mixed with manure. PC gnoddel 4-G WoUe; -wolie[^''""'l, made of gnoddeiwolL ^"j, n, cloth made from gnoddelwolleduch(^ gnoddeiwolL PG gnoddelwoll -f G Tuch. gnoddere, knottere[""' pp gegnoddert, to grumble, scold. dG knoddere. gnodderichi^""], grumbly, sulky. dG knoa-

,

knoww(e)lich wild garlic.

G

pp gegnufft, to beat with the fist, pummel, hammer lightly, quarrel. knuffen. gnuschdre[''^], pp gegnuschdert, to be occupied with trifles. Probably knuspern. god['], f, godmother. G Gote. gogelsksem, godelskssml"""], f, cocculus Tndicus. Kockelskorn. goh goh !["] (kumm goh, goh), call to cows, coboss, co-boss. Swiss goh. gold[^], n, gold. G Gold. =schmiit[" gold amschell*""], f, oriole; m, goldsmith; =schaum['' "], m, beaten gold (film); =schtick[""j, n, gold-piece: =warzel l"^1, f, goldthread. golden. gGldel""], golden. goldgelb. goldegehlC""], golden yellow. Goldengoldendurf-*"'], golden tincture. gnuffe, knu5e[*"],

G

G

G

!

li

G

G

G

tur.

golrawe, kolrabi[~'~"], m, kohlrabi. Kohlrabi. golrieb["'], f, rutabaga. Kohlrube. golrabi,

G

gosch["], f, mouth, mug. gossduch[^''], n, gusset.

G G

Gosche.

dG

gosstiichel.

m, god, God; mei'

gott[^],

goodness!

G

— nochemoU my

Gott.

gottebaermiich['"'^''J,

awful.

G

Gott-f-er-

barmlich. ackerl^ m, cemetery; *blut{^"'|, spotted St. John's- wort; sdinschtC"], m, divine service, worship; =gabe[^ U |, gift of God, alms, a child; ^hausl"""], n, all church; ^Icreftel^"""], pi, mat, with possible means; -lieb['''"], f, divine love,

gottes

li

charity;

'Telch[""], n,

=wart["'"'j, n, Scripture.

kingdom

of

God;

1 t

G G

Gottfried. Gottfrii*^], m, Gottfried. gottheit(* Gottheit. f, divinity. Gottlieb[" '], m, Theophilus. Gottlieb. ungodly, wicked, go', tale, afTair,

history-.

G

Geschichte. gschicki"],

rechter

kann

knack; —m,gewwe, he hasn't

knack.

ser

G

schlafen.

gschmeesf'], n, rabble, undesirable persons. G Geschmeiss. slender,

gsciinieidich[~''],

G

svelte.

ge-

schmeidig. Cieschmeiss. gschmeiss[*], n, throwing. gschmier['j, n, smearing, smeary work, mess.

G

Geschmier.

G

genajjel, forged nail. schniiedet. gschmunseli"^"], n, (continual) smiling, grinning. Geschmunzel. gschnacker[^"'], n, (incessant) chattering. gschinittner[''-]

G

G G

gschnarricks[^''], n, snoring. Geschnarch. Geschnatter. gschnatter[^ "J, n, chattering. gschnauf['], n, breathing. Geschnauf. schnappern. gschnepper[''"], n, chattering. gschnitzel("^], n, whittling. Geschnitzel. gschnuffel['-"j, n, snuffling, secret rummaging. Geschnuffel. gschockelf], n, rocking. Geschaukel. gschossei""], gone to seed (of plants). (in die liohe) goschossen. gschpass, schpassH, m, fun, pleasure; mache, to be funny, joke; voll funny, humorous. Spass.

G

G

G

G

scheft.

pp gschehe, gschehne, to happen; gaern gschehne, you are welcome, don't geschehen. mention it. gsciieit{"], clever, intelligent; net gans recht not having all one's senses. G gescheit. gscliehe[~"'],

—

G

gschlummerl" '^j, n, (continued) slumbering, G Geschlummer. gschmack(~), m, taste. G Geschmack.

G

working, manner of working.

Verbal noun from schatfe. gscheftn, n, business. G Geschaft. gschefti"], n, wooden part of an old-time gun or

G

Geschnacker.

dishwater. gschaff["'],

Geschleich. (continued) jerking or schlenkern. fidgeting. gschlof['], n, continued or unusual sleeping. n,

G

Gescharr. schaiik['*"],

G

movement.

gschlenker[*"j,

G

Gesauf. gschaerrn,

73

G

compliments.

Kraaselbeer: -kopp[-'~'"l, m, curlyhead. G Krauscl -fKopf. grussle["'"], pp gegrusseit, to curl. G kraubeer,

man uicnonary

sich

ken

quite got the

G

ge-

G

Ge-

—

G

gschpassichi"'"], funny. gschpassvojjel(^"'^], m,

chap.

G

spassig.

droll

Spassvogel. gschpautz["], n, (constant) schpautze.

—

schiittel.

gschlauder, schiauder[~''], n, same old story. G schlaudern. (constant) slobbering, gsciilawwer[*"j, n, senseless talk. G Geschlabber. gsciilecht["'], n, sex, genex-ation. G Geschlecht.

funny

person,

gschpettel[*"], spottcl.

pranks.

n,

sneering, derision.

pi,

tales;

dG

spitting.

—

G

mache,

Geplay

Cf schpichte.

gschpiel['], n, (continual) playing.

Suabian gschiss 'nx; =rieme[* m, leading rope or strap; sschtarrich[^'"'], stubborn, obstinate; =schtick[''"'], n, neck (of beef); sweh[^'], n, sore throat, quinsy. Halt. ha]t[-], f, hold. haltbar. lialtbar[*"j, tenable. halte[*''], pp kalte, to hold, keep, last, stop, to keep (a observe, conduct; karz person) short in money; bleiwe, to be halten. to diet. stuck; sich im esse

G

G

—

balwediler['"'~~'],

m,

— —

,

G G Halb

,

half dollar.

Taler.

—

-i-

half;

en

— sechse, half past

woman,

dak,

G

five.

—

G

Hammel.

hammelche, hainin(e)li[*"''], n, calf. to nurse, suckle. ammeli -w,-erheifelt, to overiiberhaufen. whelm with. iwwerhewe[~'"~"], pp iwv,erhowe, sich, to injure oneself by lifting too much, presume. iiberheben. iwwerliitze[*'"'~], pp iw^'erkitzt, to heat over; pp iun^-erhitzt, to overheat; sich to become overheated. uberhitzen. iwwerho!e['"'~"], pp iwwerholt, to catch up with, repeat. Uberholen.

G

G

G

—

G

G

G

iw\^'erhosse[*""'^], pi, overalls. Uberhosen. iwv/erhuppe[""'"'"j, pp iwwerhuppt, to skip,

G

pass by, omit. iwwerkoche[^ over.

iwwerme[^""] =iwwer me. iwwennenschlich[*"""], superhuman. iibermenschlich. iwwern[-*^] =iwwer en. iwwernacht["""], overnight.

iwwemaehe[^

G

iiberhiipfen.

pp iwwergekocht, to

boil

pp iwwerkumme, to conquer, overcome, pre\'ail. Tr of E overcome. iwwerl^de[* ], pp iv.^-ergelslde, to load over; PP iwTX'erldde, to overload, surfeit.

G iiberladen.

G

],

pp iwwergeloffe,

G

G

G

lastig.

—

iwwerletzich[*"*'"], and there; here schtofft, remnants. Cf ee'letzich. iwwerlewef"*^ j, pp iwwergelebt, to live over again; ["""^"], pp iwwerlebt, to outlive. uberleben-. ivwerlieferef"*"^""], iwwerliffere, iwwerliwwere[" pp iwwerliefert, to deliver, hand over. iiberliefern. ivrwerlossef" pp iw^erlosse, to entrust, relinquish. iiberlassen,

G

G

G

=iwwer em. iwwen2ia'che["* ], pp iwwergemacht, to make over, repeat; pp iwwermacht, to

iwwerm[*"'j

G

iibermachen..-

iwwermaessich(*"""l, extra\-a-gant. massig. iwwennarjel"' iiberm.orgen.

in confusion, iibereinander-fhinein.

take upon one's

iwwernumme,

self,

to undertake, take charge of, of, overtake. iiber-

],

day

after

G

iiber-

tomorrow.

G

advantage nehmen.

take

pell-

pp iwwergenumme, to take over; [""'*"'], pp

iwweniemine[*

iwwerpackef^"""], pp iwwergepackt, to pack over. G uberpacken.

=iwwer re. pp iwwerrascht, to surcome upon suddenly. G iiber-

iwwerre[-*~"]

iwwerrasche['' prise,

raschen. iwwerrechle[~"'*"], pp iwwerrechelt, sich, to make one's computation too high. iiberrechnen. iwwerrescht["""], rn, remainder, remnaiit. liber rest.

G G

m, overcoat.

iwwerrockf"'"'"],

G

Uberrock.

iwwerTumple["''^''], pp iwwerrurapelt, to take by surprise. iiberrumpeln. iwwers[''"J =iwwer es. iwwersaufe[~'"~"], pp iwwersoffe, sich, to drink too mmch. iibersaufen. iwwerschafiei"""'^], pp iwwergschafft, to do over. iiber schaffen. iwwerschaudref^"-"], pp iwwerschaudert, to have a chilly sensation. iiberschaudern. iwwerschich [-'"], upwards. dG ubersich.

G

G

G

+dG

iwwerschiesse[^ ], pp pass rapidly over; to overreckon, flush. iwwerscliinne[^""'~'],

to run over; r"""]* PP i^vwerloffe, to give a feeling of, chill. iiberlaufen. iwwerleje[* ], pp iwwergelekt, to postpone; T"""]* PP iwwerlekt, to consider, ponder. iiberlegen. iwwerleselidich[*' iiber], troublesome.

transfer,

iibernahen.

G

iiberkochen.

iwweikumme

iwwerlafe[*

iibernacht.

pp iwwergenaeht, to sew

G

over again.

G

G

iwwemannemei mell.

scheit.

87

G

skimp,

do

G

iwwergschosse, to pp iwwerschosse, uberschiessen.

pp iwwergschunne,

something

to

perfunctorily.

G

iw^'ergschlajje,

to

iiber -f schindcn.

iwwerschlajje[''

],

pp

tumble;

["^'"l. pp iwv/erschlajjc, to surprise, temper (air in a room), cover with a

thin coat of paint. iwwerschlechtich[^

G

G iiberschiagen, overshot (mill-wheel).

iiberschlachtig.

iwwerschieefep""'"],

drag

(a field).

G

pp iwwergschleeft,

to

iiber H-schleifen.

iwwerschmelsel""""']. pp iwwergschmolse, to iiberschmelzen. melt again. iwwerschiniere[^"""], pp iwwergschmiert, to iiberschmieren. daub, do work hastily.

G

G

iwwersclinappe

pp iwwerschnappt,

to talk indiscretely, iiberschnappen.

sich,

betray a secret.

G

pp iwwergschneppt, to

iwwerschneppe[^ ], G iiber -f fall over from top-heaviness. schneppe. iwwerschpimie["'"^^], pp iwwerschpunne, to cover with webs, enmesh. G iiberspinnen. iwwerschreiwe[^ ], pp iwwergschriwwe, to

G

iiberschreiben. rewrite. iwwerschrift['~"], f, superscription, address. (jberschrift.

G

iwwerschritte[^""'~],

over or too

pp

far.

G

i\vwergs